The Auk 112(3):633-648, 1995
COMMENTS
ON THE
SOME
STATUS
NORTH
OF REVIVED
AMERICAN
OLD
NAMES
FOR
BIRDS
RICHARD C. BANKS AND M. RALPH BROWNING
NationalBiological
Service,NationalMuseumof Natural History,
MRC 111, Washington,
D.C. 20560, USA
AnSTRACT.--We
discuss44 instancesof the use of generic, specific,or subspecificnames
that differ from those generally in use for North American (sensuAOU 1957) birds. These
namesare generally older than the namespresentlyusedand havebeen revived on the basis
of priority. We examinethe basisfor the proposedchangesand make recommendationsas
to which namesshouldproperlybe usedin an effort to promotenomenclaturalstabilityin
accordancewith the International
Codeof Zoological
Nomenclature.
Received
22 February1994,
accepted
5 September
1994.
THEINTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION
of Zoological
Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N. 1985) promotesstability in scientificnames of animals through the
use of the InternationalCodeof Zoological
Nomenclature(hereinafter the Code). A primary
tenet of the Codeis the principle of priority,
which statesthat the earliestvalidly proposed
name for a genus or speciesshould be used,
although some exceptionsare possible.There
are, however, differencesof opinion about the
validity and applicability of some early-proposednames.Furthermore,somesourcesof scientific nameswere published before or after the
generally accepteddate of publication(Browning and Monroe 1991),a situation that can alter
thepriorityof namesderivedfromthosesources.
The discoveryand use of an older name for a
taxonoften createsa conflictbetween the principle of priority and the stability that derives
from the continueduse of a name that haslong
suAmericanOrnithologists'Union [AOU] 1957)
birds.
We do not discuss the use of old names
that
are necessarilyrevived becausea taxon is divided into two or more taxa, unless there is an
additional problem involved. Those situations
are no less important, but require an analysis
of validity of the basisof the "split," which is
beyondthe scopeof this study.We do not discusschangesnecessitatedby decisionsof the
International Commissionon Zoological Nomenclature (hereinafter, the Commission) not-
ed by and incorporatedby the AOU (1973,1983)
unlessthe decisionhasbeen violated by an author after 1973. Also, we do not discuss name
for a speciesin the literature can be confusing
for amateursand for biologistswho do not spe-
changesabove the level of genus.
For brevity, Opinions of the Commissionare
cited here only by number and year of publication. Before December 1959, these appeared
in Opinionsand DeclarationsRenderedby the InternationalCommission
onZoological
Nomenclature.
From December1959 to the presentthey have
been in the Bulletinof Zoological
Nomenclature.
Both are official publications of the Commis-
cialize
sion.
been establishedand used (seeOlson 1987).The
concurrent
use of more than one scientific
in nomenclatural
name
matters.
Eachproposedchangeresulting from the revival
of an old name should be evaluated
crit-
ically to determine whether the basisis sound
and whether it is likely to lead to nomenclatural
stability.Although someproposedchangesimplicitly have been rejected,by being ignored,
only a few havereceiveda thoroughpublished
evaluation.The purposeof this paper is to provide
such an evaluation
mendations
on which
to make
recom-
of the alternative
and
names
Names are discussed in the order of the AOU
(1983) Check-list.Eachsectionis headed by the
shouldbe usedin instanceswhere changeshave
been proposedthat affect North American (sen633
revived
and current
names of the taxon. We set
forth the basisfor the difference,followed by
our analysis. Finally, we recommend acceptanceor rejectionof the proposalwith a citation
of what we believe is the properly used name.
In someinstances,we alsosuggestthat a ruling
by the Commissionwould be appropriate.Since
the junior author beganwork on this paperseveral yearsago,someof the problemshavebeen
resolved in other reports. We mention those
634
BANKS
ANDBROWNING
[Auk,Vol. 112
briefly to provide a full record of proposed synonym of Circus.Amadon (1954) gave reasonsfor
the continued useof Polyborus,
and hasbeen followed
changesof which we are aware.
(AOU 1983,Sibleyand Monroe 1990).However,Banks
Podiceps
caspicus
(Hablitzl, 1783)vs.P. nigricollis
(Brehm, and Dove (1992) have shown that the type speciesof
Falcobrasiliensis
of Buffon,is not identifiable
1831).--Oberholser(1974)usedthe specificname cas- Polyborus,
picusfor the Eared Grebe (in the genus Proctopus) and that the genericname thereforehasno standing.
despitethe fact that it had been suppressedby the Caracara Merrem is the earliest available name for the
Commission(Opinion 406, 1956;seeAOU 1973).This genus (Hellmayr and Conover 1949) and should be
and someother casesof the useof suppressednames used (AOU 1993).
FalcogyrfalcoLinnaeus, 1758 vs. F. rusticolusLinby Oberholser(1974) may be becausehis manuscript
on the birds of Texas(publishedposthumously)was naeus,1758.--Portenko(1972:264)usedFalcogyrfalco
not completelyrevised and updated by the editor. for the Gyrfalcon,a name proposedon a later page
than Falcorusticolus
(Linnaeus1758).Although PorThe name nigricollis
shouldbe usedfor this grebe.
Sulapiscator(Linnaeus,1758) vs. S. sula(Linnaeus, tenko gave no reasonfor his use of that name, he
1766).--Oberholser (1974:86, 970) used the specific apparently followed Dementieff [sic] (1938), Dename piscatorfor the Red-footed Booby, admitting ment'ev and Gladkov (1951), and other Russianworkthat four specieswere confusedin the original de- ers. Most others have followed the AOU (1910) and
scription and that the name had been rejected by Harteft (1915);the latter showedclearly that the two
earlier authors(e.g. Peters 1931) as indeterminable. namesapply to the same speciesand that rusticolus,
Oberholser'sdiscussionsuggeststhat he had reser- althoughprovideda meagerdescription,haspriority.
vations about the use of piscatorand that he was fish- More recently,Hudec and Cerny (1977)usedrusticolus
ing for a justificationfor that name.We recommend relative to the Russian birds. We recommend the continued use of Falcorusticolus
for the Gyrfalcon.
the continued use of Sulasulafor this species.
Phalacrocorax
brasilianus
(Gmelin, 1789) vs. P. olivaCatoptrophorus
semipalmatus
speculiferus
(Cuvier,1829)
ceus(Humboldt,1805).--Browning(1989a)hasshown vs. C. s. inornatus(Brewster, 1887).--Phillips (1962b)
speculiferus
Cuvier may be an early
that Phalacrocorax
brasilianus
(Gmelin, 1789) properly notedthat Totanus
appliesto the Neotropic(formerly Olivaceous)Cor- namefor the westernpopulationof Willet, and sugThe matter
morant, and this decisionhasbeen acceptedby Sibley gestedthat it be usedrather than inornatus.
and Monroe (1990) and the AOU (1991).
Plegadis
mexicana
(Gmelin, 1789)vs.P. chihi(Vieillot,
1817).--Oberholser (1974:971) used mexicanaas the
specificname for the White-faced Ibis, citing what
seemsto bea decisionby HellmayrandConover(1942:
301). However, Hellmayr and Conover did not discussthe matterin the referencecited. Hellmayr and
Conover (1948a:266) used the name chihion the basis
that "Tantalus
mexicanus Gmelin
seems to be uniden-
had been discussedby Hellmayr and Conover (1948b:
129), who quoted Berlioz's report that the type of
speculiferus
had the colorof nominatesemipalmatus
but
the proportions,especiallythe long slender bill, of
inornatus.
They believedthat a changein nomenclature, from the long-usedinornatus
to speculiferus
was
inadvisable--presumablybecausethe identity of the
type, from an unknown locality, was not definite.
Phillips (1962b)rejectedthat conclusionbecausehe
tiffableas to species."We recommendthe continued
believed
use of chihi for the White-faced
recommendthat speculiferus
be consideredunidenti-
Ibis.
Brantacanadensis
major(Rea, 1888) vs. B.c. interior
that the color difference
was seasonal. We
fiable and that inornatus be used for the sake of sta-
Todd, 1938.--Oberholser (1974:971) used the name
bility.
CapellaFrenzel, 1801 vs. GallinagoBrisson,1760.majorfor the populationsof CanadaGoosegenerally
known by the subspecificname interior.Rea (1888) The genericnameCapellawasused(AOU 1931,1957)
even though the
comparedthe geesefrom two areas,as indicated by for the CommonSnipe (gallinago),
Oberholser(1974),one at MooseFactory,at the south- Commissionhad declaredGallinagoa nomenconserern tip of JamesBay, and one farther east, at Rupert vandum(Opinion 67, 1916)and placedCapellaon the
River and the eastcoastof Hudson Bay. These pop- OfficialIndex of Rejectedand Invalid GenericNames
ulations otherwise have not been considered distinct
(Direction 39, 1956;see Mayr 1963).However, some
(e.g. AOU 1957). Rea used the term "major" only in authors (see Wetmore 1958, Tuck 1972) questioned
on the basisthat it had not been proan apparentlydescriptivesense,asfollows:"ThisAn- usingGallinago
serCanadensis
(Major?)insteadof beingfound feeding posedasa genericname,and rejectedthe decisionof
.... "We do not agreewith Oberholserthat this con- the Commission.Todd (1963) and Oberholser (1974)
above). Most austitutesthe proposalof a name. We believe that "ma- also used Capella(but see Podiceps,
jor" has no nomenclaturalstanding,and recommend thors now (AOU 1983,Sibley and Monroe 1990) use
the continued use of interior.
Gallinago,and we recommendcontinued use of that
Caracara
Merrem, 1826vs.Polyborus
Vieillot, 1816.-- name in compliancewith the Commission'sruling.
Rubicola
Richardson,1831vs. PhilohelaGray, 1841.-Hellmayr and Conover (1949:281)stated that Vieillot's name could not be usedfor the genusof the Oberholser(1974:979)substitutedRubicolaas the gecrested caracaras, but rather should be treated as a
neric name for the American Woodcock for Philohela,
July1995]
Status
ofRevived
Names
635
then in current use,citing a supplementto the AOU
pacuthu(Gmelin, 1788).--Browning and Banks(1990)
showedthat the basisfor the name wapacuthu
is indeterminable,but more likely a Snowy Owl (Nyctea
than the GreatHorned Owl that it isapplied
earlier name, and valid, though introducedappar- scandiaca)
ently by mistake."Later,the AOU (1931:109)reversed to. The name arcticaSwainsonthat was onceapplied
its position and usedPhilohelabecausethere was no to the Great Horned Owl populationwest of Hudson
evidence that Rubicola had been intended as a new
Bay is preoccupiedby a name for the Snowy Owl.
nameand that "it seemsan obviousmisprintfor Rus- Hoy's (1852) name subarcticus
is the next available
ticola,a name applied to the EuropeanWoodcock." name and should be usedfor that population.
Peters (1934:279) also used Philohela,but attributed
Micropallas
Coues,!889 vs.Micrathene
Coues,1866.-the nameRubicola
to "Vieill." Jameson.We agreethat Oberholser(1974:985)usedMicropallasas the generic
Rubicola
has no standingand that Philohelashouldbe namefor the Elf Owl. Coues(1889)had proposedthat
usedas the generic name for the American Woodcock name to replaceMicrathenebecausethe latter was preif that speciesis consideredgenericallydistinct from occupiedby MicrathenaSundevall. Peters(1940:135)
and the AOU (1957) used the earlier Micrathene bethe Old World woodcocksplacedin Scolopax.
ColumbadomesticaGmelin, 1789 vs. C. livia Gmelin,
causeit was no longer preoccupiedunder the "one1789.--Oberholser(1974) followed Stejneger(1887), letter rule" of the Code. We recommend use of the
who believed that the RockDove (or pigeon) should older name, Micrathene.
be known by the specificname domestica
rather than
Dryobates
Boie, 1826vs. Dendrocopos
Koch, 1816vs.
livia.Both namesare basedon Columbadomestica
l• livia
Picoides
Lac•p•de, 1799.--Oberholser(1974:987)used
(Gmelin 1789:769).Oberholser (1974:983)believed that
Dryobates
as the generic name for mostof the "pied"
Gmelin'svarietal name liviahad essentiallythe same woodpeckerson the basisthat Dendrocopos
was prebasisasthe speciesname domestica,
and that the latter occupiedby Dendrocopus
Vieillot. Voous (1947) had
thereforeshouldapply.The factthatOberholser(1974) shown that the names differ accordingto the oneplacedthe speciesin the genusLithoenas
has no bear- letter rule, and that Dendrocopos
couldvalidly be used
ing on the specificname.
for these woodpeckers.Delacour (1951) and Short
The name domestica
first appearedas Columba
oenas (1971)mergedDendrocopos,
including Dryobates,
with
l• domestica(Linnaeus 1758:162, 1766:279), where it
Picoides,
but Ouellet (1977) revived Dendrocopos
for
wasbasedon sourcesreferring to both the RockDove the Old World four-toed forms in the complex.The
and the Stock Dove (C. oenas).The references cited as Americanfour-toedspeciesshould remain in Picoides
the basisof domestica
by Gmelin (1789) also refer to unlessthey are consideredgenerically distinct from
more than one species(contraOberholser 1974),but both the three-toed Picoides and the Old World fourthosecited for liviarefer solely to the RockDove. We
toed speciesof Dendrocopos,
in which caseDryobates
rejectOberholser's(1974)changeand believe that Co- is available.
lumbalivia Gmelin, 1789 is the proper name for this
Comopusmesoleucus
(Deppe, 1830) vs. C. borealis
Check-list.In the reference cited, the AOU (1923) replaced Philohelawith Rubicola"becausethe latter is an
species.
Ectopistes
canadensis
(Linnaeus, 1766) v$. E. migratorius(Linnaeus, 1766).--It has long been known that
the namescanadensis
and migratorius
in the Linnaean
genus Columbaboth apply to the PassengerPigeon,
and that the former has page priority, although the
latter has had almostuniversalusage(Coues1880).
Oberholser(1918)proposeda changefrom migratorius
to canadensis,and the AOU Committee
on Classifi-
(Swainson,
1832);andC.coopen'
(Nuttall,1831)vs.Contopusborealis
(Swainson,1832).--The specificname
mesoleucus
for the Olive-sided Flycatcher, whether
treatedin Contopus
or Nuttallornis(both of masculine
gender), originally appearedas "Muscicapamesoleuca
Lichtenst."with a very sketchydescription,in a work
generallyattributedto Lichtensteinbut actuallywritten by W. Deppe (seeStresemann1954:90)who used
Lichtenstein'smanuscript names.The name mesoleu-
cationand Nomenclaturelistedthis proposedchange
cuswas not used until Salvin and Godman (1889:80-
(Oberholser 1919) for consideration. The committee
81) suggestedthat it might apply to the Olive-sided
Flycatcher,for which they used the then widely accepted name borealis.Ridgway (1907:507)similarly
suggestedthat mesoleucus
might be an older name for
borealis,
but expressed
his doubtby prefacingthe name
with two questionmarks.Hellmayr (inCory and Hellmayr 1927)was the first to establishmesoleucus
(in the
genus Nuttallornis)as the presumably proper name
for the species.Hellmayr (inCory andHellmayr 1927:
189) designateda specimen in the Berlin Museum
(2402, from Oaxaca,Mexico, presumablyfrom the F.
Deppe collectionmade for Lichtenstein)as the type
of mesoleucus,
stating that it was a representativeof
the "smaller eastern form." Most authors accepted
apparentlyfailed to act,retainingthe namemigratorius
(AOU 1931).Hellmayr and Conover(1942),however,
used canadensis.
Oberholser (1974:984) repeated his
argument,but useof migraton'us
prevails (AOU 1983,
Sibley and Monroe 1990).
In fact,Stephens(1819)is the first reviser(I.C.Z.N.
1985, Art. 24) by virtue of having pointed out the
identity of the two namesand deliberatelyselecting
migratorius
as the name of choice.We rejectOberholser'sproposaland recommendthe continued use of
Ectopistes
migratorius
Linnaeus, 1766, p. 285, for the
PassengerPigeon.
Bubovirginianussubarcticus
Hoy, 1852 v$. B. v. wa-
636
B•a•r,s
ANDBROWNING
Hellmayr's (in Cory and Hellmayr 1927) action and
the namemesoleucus
replacedborealis
for severalyears
(e.g.Oberholser1930,AOU 193I). However, van Rossera (1934) showed that Hellmayr had erred in selecting a type for mesoleucus,
and claimed that the
name really applied to a South American flycatcher
in the genus Elaenia.Most authorsquickly accepted
van Rossem'sanalysisand reinstatedborealisas the
specificnameof the Olive-sidedFlycatcher(e.g.AOU
1945,1957,Traylor 1979).A few recentauthors,however, notablyPhillips (in Phillips et al. 1964,in Phillips and Short 1968,in Monsonand Phillips 1981)and
Wolters (1977) revived the use of mesoleucus,
appar-
[Auk,Vol. 112
and usedb. borealis
for the westernpopulationand b.
cooperifor the eastern.
Browning and Monroe (1991)have shown that Nuttall's "1832"
manual
was available
for sale in Decem-
ber 1831and that it predatespart 2 of Swainsonand
Richardson's "Fauna Boreali~Americana,"
which was
publishedin February1832.Thus, the earliestvalid
namefor the Olive-sidedFlycatcheris Contopus
cooperi
(Nuttall, 1831). Most recent authors have followed
Wetmore (1939) and have considered the Olive-sided
Flycatchera monotypicspecies;thus,the namecooperi
hasfallen into disuse.With the recognitionthat cooperi Nuttall is the earliest valid name for the species
entlyfollowingHellmayr(inCoryandHellmayr1927) (seeabove), it must be used instead of borealisSwainand rejecting van Rossem's(1934) arguments,but son.There maybe a tendency,for the sakeof stability,
without so indicating.
Van Rossem(1934) pointed out that at leastpart of
to attempt to retain the more familiar borealis.However, if the division into two (or more) taxonomic
units, already recognizedby many older workers as
shownabove,is upheld by future work, anothername
the Lichtenstein/Deppebrief descriptionof Muscicapamesoleuca
("Graugr'ftnlich"= grayish-green)does
notapply to the Olive-sidedFlycatcher.Furthermore, for the eastern birds would have to be coined. Swainthe specimenchosenby Hellmayr was originally la- son's name borealis is available for the western subbeled (presumablyby Lichtensteinor Deppe) with a speciesif an east-westsplit is recognized(as by Obdifferent name, whereas the name mesoleucawas on
erholser 1974),the easternform being the nominate
a specimenof anotherspeciesin that collection.We cooperi.The third name, majorinusBangsand Penard
agreewith van Rossera(I 934)that Muscicapa
mesoleuca remains available for the population recognized in
"Lichtenstein"W. Deppe, 1830doesnot apply to the southernCalifornia and northern BajaCalifornia by
Olive-sidedFlycatcher.Whether that nameappliesto Todd (1963).
Contopus
musicus
(Swainson,1827)vs. C. pertinaxCaa different speciesof flycatcher,as van Rossemconcluded(seeTraylor1979:128),isirrelevantto the pres- banisand Heine, 1859.--Phillips(in Phillipsand Short
ent problem.It would appearthat the way is clearfor
1968)reportedthe discoveryof the supposedtype of
the continued use of borealisSwainson, 1832 based on
a bird from Cumberland House (=Carlton House),
Saskatchewan,for this species.
Nuttall (1832 = 1831) basedthe name Muscicapa
cooperion a bird from Mount Auburn, near Boston,
Massachusetts,
and coinedthe English name still used
for this species.Todd (1963:485)noted that Swainson'sname Tyrannus
borealis
"narrowly escapedbeing
a synonymof Nuttall's Muscicapa
cooperi... alsopublished in 1832 but presumablylater in the year."
Bangs and Penard (1921) were the first to divide
the Olive-sided Flycatcherinto easternand western
subspecies.
Theyusedthe nameborealis
for the eastern
form and named the western one N. b. majorinusin
recognitionof its larger size.Van Rossera(1934)used
the name b. borealis
for "the larger, westernsubspecies" and applied the name b. cooperito the eastern
race. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937) usedthe namesin
the same manner, and Moore (1938) and Braund and
McCullagh (1940) usedb. cooperi
for the easternsubspecies.Wetmore(1939)did not considerrecognition
Swainson's(1827) Tyrannulamusica.He identified it
as a Greater Pewee, but provided no basis for his
identification.Phillips had earlier (Phillipset al. 1964)
adoptedthe namemusica"becauseboth the description and the name itself apply so clearly to this species"(in Phillips and Short 1968),although Cory and
Hellmayr (I 927)consideredmusica
unidentiflable.The
name musicawas later used by Monson and Phillips
(1981),but apparentlyno other authorshave usedit
in preferenceto pertinax.
Traylor(1979:129)consideredmusica
a nomenoblitum
becauseit had appearedin the literature only once
(Salvin and Godman 1889) sinceits original description. The name also was used by Sharpe (1901) and
Dubois(1903).The only recentusesof musicathat we
have been able to determineare thosecitedaboveby
Phillips and his coauthors.We recommendthat the
specificname pertinaxbe usedfor the GreaterPewee,
as it has been by the great majority of authors for
morethan a century,and that Tyrannulamusica
Swainson be considered a nomenoblitum(I.C.Z.N. 1985, art.
of eastern and western forms warranted, and Sutton
(I 943), van Rossera(1945), and Blake (I 958) reflected
23b) as suggestedby Traylor (1979).
Empidonax
obscurus
(Swainson, 1827) vs. E. wrightii
uncertaintywhether one or two formsexisted.Todd Baird, 1858.--Oberholser (1974:988) revived TyranSwainson,1827 for the Gray Flycatcher,
(1963)recognizedtwo forms,but restrictedthe larger nula obscura
western birds to southern California
and northern
on the basisthatthe namehaspriority overEmpidonax
BajaCalifornia,usingb.majorinus
for it and b.borealis wrightiiBaird, 1858 and applies to the samespecies.
for most of the North
American
birds.
Oberholser
(1974:564,989) again recognized an east-westsplit
He stated that "the color and structural characters, as
well asthe measurements
given by Swainson... agree
July 1995]
Statusof Revived
Names
very well with the Gray Flycatcher.... "Baird (in
Baird et al. 1858:922)had suggestedthat the name
obscurus
may apply to (=be a compositeof?) two distinct species.Brewster(1889) concluded,as did Phillips (1939), that the name obscurais unidentifiable,
and it hasbeen regardedas a nomendubium.
The ho1otypeof obscurus
apparently is lost (fide Oberholser
1974).
We cannot determine
what structural
or color char-
acters of obscurus
Oberholser (1974) believed to be
637
that, until Swainson'stype (from Mexico) was found
and studied, "it seemsto me that we are justified in
ignoring the name pusillusand adopting--or rather
retaining--that of traillii for the flycatcherwhich we
havejustbeenconsidering."Although severalwriters
have discussedthe identity of pusillasincethat time,
none has used that name for a speciesother than
Phillips and Rea (as cited above).
The name Platyrhynchus
pusillusSwainsonmay be
considered a nomendubium,but the lack of use in most
diagnostic.The measurements
of wing and tail given
of this centuryalsoqualifiesit for the statusof nomen
by Swainson(1827) do not conform to thoseof either
E. wrightii or oberholseri
(cf. Johnson 1963), and the
descriptionof the color is applicable to more than
oblitum, which we recommend.
We further
recom-
mend that Empidonax
minimus(Baird and Baird, 1843)
be acceptedasthe propername for the LeastFlycatchone speciesof Empidonax.
We agreewith Rea (1983: er. We note the irony of effortsto conservethe name
187)that Oberholser'ssuggestionshouldbe rejected, pusillus,usedby Swainson(in Swainsonand Richardand suggestcontinueduseof Empidonax
wrightiiBaird, son 1832)after his own introductorycommentsthat
1858.
the nomenclatureof the small American flycatchers
Empidonaxpusillus(Swainson, 1827) vs. E. minimus was so confused,becauseof inadequateoriginal de(Bairdand Baird,1843).--Phillips et al. (1964:87)and scriptionsby early authors,that "it becomesutterly
Monson and Phillips (1981) revived Swainson'sname impossibleto make use of their names or their synpusillusfor the LeastFlycatcher,generally known as onymies" and that most of the names then in use
Empidonax
minimus,
but did not give the original ci- should"be expungedfrom our systems.... "We furtation for the name or the reasonfor its use.Rea (1983: ther note Rea's (1983) observation that "... Swain188)followed Phillips et al. (1964)in the use of pus- son's name must stand unless it can be demonstrated
illus,indicatingthat it wasbasedon Platyrhynchus
pus- conclusivelyto be a nomenoblitum(a gamesometaxillusSwainson,1827and discussingthe rationalefor onomistsplay to avoid their supposedfundamental
the changefrom minimus.
Perhapsthe bestdiscussion principle,priority)." We believe that the fundamental
of the identity of the two nameswasby Todd (1963: obligationof taxonomists
is to promotestability,and
482), who chose to retain minimus"to avoid further
that the principle of priority is but one way in which
changesand confusionin the nomenclatureof this thiscanbeeffected.
Weseenostabilityin resurrecting
a name of uncertain basis that has been used in several
difficultgroup of birds."
Swainson(1827) named and briefly describedPla- differentways to replacea name that hasbeen used
uniformly for most of a century.
tyrhynchus
pusillusfrom the "maritime parts of Mexico." Later, Swainson (in Swainson and Richardson
Hirundoalbifrons
Rafinesque,1822vs. H. pyrrhonota
1832)gavea detaileddescription,with a colorplate, Vieillot, 1817.--There have been a number of flipof a bird from Carlton House, Saskatchewan, under
flops on the specificname of the Cliff Swallow. The
the name Tyrannulapusilla.There is no known extant name HirundolunifronsSay, 1823 was used for some
type specimenfor either name, although Swainson 50 years,until Sclaterand Salvin (1873) substituted
mentions (in Swainson and Richardson 1832) compyrrhonota
Vieillot, 1817.Both nameswere usedsubparing the Carlton House bird with one from the
sequently,until Ridgway (1904)consideredpyrrhonshoresof Mexico. On the basisof that comparison, otadoubtfulasapplyingto the speciesand attempted
Swainsonclearlystatedthat T. pusillarepresentedthe to stabilizethe useof lunifrons.Rhoads(1912) discovsame speciesas his Platyrhynchus
pusillus,which he
ered an early newspapercolumn by Rafinesquethat
hadincorrectlyassignedto thatgenus.Bairdand Baird containeda descriptionof the Cliff Swallow under
(1843)believed that the wing formula of pusillus,
as the name Hirundoalbifrons,
which wasadoptedby the
given by Swainson,differed from that of what they AOU (1931). However, Hellmayr (1935:29)reverted
named minimus.
to the useof pyrrhonota,
statingthat "With the excepWithin the genus Empidonax,
the name pusillahas tion of the blackishlower belly which may easilybe
been treated in several ways. Baird (in Baird et al.
construedasreferringto the duskyundertail coverts,
1858)treatedit asa speciesoccurringgeographically Azara's description,upon which Vieillot's name was
between E. traillii and minimus.Coues (1884) treated
based, is quite accurate .... "The AOU (1957, 1983)
it asa speciesalignedwith, possiblythe sameas,traillii followed Hellmayr's treatment,asdid Peters(in Mayr
and replacingthat form to the west.The AOU (1886) and Greenway1960).Rea(1983:196)declaredthat "By
consideredtraillii a subspeciesof pusillus,a species no stretchof the imagination can Vieillot's descripdistinct from minimus. It is not certain, however, that
tion of Hirundopyrrhonota,with its blackish lower
any of those authorswere using pusillusfor exactly belly and a russetbrown forehead, be construed to
the same speciesthat Swainson did. The confusion apply to our northern Cliff Swallows .... "and that
was summarizedby Brewster(1895), who suggested the name lunifronsSay, 1823 "should stand unlessH.
638
BANKS
ANDBROWNING
albifrons
Rafinesque,1822, provesacceptable."Phillips (1986:33)similarly rejectedpyrrhonota,
and found
albifrons
acceptable.
We agree with Hellmayr (1935) that the descriptions by Azara and Vieillot are accuratefor the Cliff
Swallow, exceptfor the blackishabdomen.In fact,
there is no other swallow to which thesedescriptions
couldapply. We disagreewith Hellmayr that the reference to the blackishbelly can be construedas referring to the under tail coverts,which are no more
dusky in the Cliff Swallow than the rest of the underparts.It is possiblethat the individual examined
by Azara, presumablyone purchasedby him (Salvin
and Godman1889),wasaberrant,perhapspartly melanistic.Another possibilityis that the bird had been
stained,perhapsby a chemicalsuchasmercuricchloride (corrosivesublimate)usedas a preservativeduring preparation.The useof this substance,
which can
stain feathers,hair and skin black, as a preservative
for birds hasbeen documentedas early as 1771(Williamsand Hawks 1987).Without having the specimen
(presumablylost)availablefor study,we cannotfully
explain the single characterthat might rule out its
identityasa Cliff Swallow,but plausibleexplanations
exist.
There is no indication that Vieillot (1817) saw the
single specimenthat Azara had. Apparently his description was basedentirely on Azara's (1802-1805,
1809) published accounts. Phillips (1986) stated
stronglythat the descriptionof the foreheadas"brun
rousstitre"
ruled out the eastern Cliff Swallow
because
[Auk,Vol. 112
coerulescens,
independentof regardingthe Floridabirds
specificallydistinctfrom the westernScrub-Jays.
Bartram's (1791) names are invalid because he did not
usebinomial nomenclature(Opinion 447, 1957).
Troglodytes
insularisLawrence, 1871vs. Thryomanes
sissonii
(Grayson,1868).--Phillips (1986:140)usedinsularisfor the Socorro Wren rather than sissonii,which
Taylor (195I) hadrediscoveredand madeknown after
some80 years.Phillips (1986)expressedthe view that
"names'published'only in newspapersor obscure,
non-technicaljournalsand never circulatedamong,
or madeknownto, contemporaryscientists"shouldbe
placedin the categorynomenoblitum(comparehis use
of albifrons
Rafinesque
for the Cliff Swallow).We agree
that Taylor (1951) might well have made use of that
category,had it existed under the Codeas then accepted,as insulariswas the only name used at that
time. However, sissonii
hasbeen acceptedand usedto
the exclusionof insularis
since 1951(e.g. Blake 1953,
Miller et al. 1957, Paynter in Mayr and Greenway
1960, AOU 1983, Sibley and Monroe 1990). We recommendthe continueduseof sissonii
for this species,
whetherit isplacedin Troglodytes
asby Phillips(1986)
or Thryomanes
as by the AOU (1983).
Troglodytes
domesticus
(Wilson, 1808) vs. T. aedon
Vieillot, 1809.--Oberholser (1934:88) was the first to
point out thatthe commonlyusednamefor the House
Wren, aedon,was antedatedby Wilson'sSylviadomestica for the same species.The situation was further
discussedby Oberholser (1974), and the priority of
domesticus
was confirmedby Browningand Monroe
(1991).
only juveniles,which could not be in Paraguayin
winter, have brown foreheads.Phillips also noted
that "If Vieillot simplyrepeatedAzara,he erred;Azara
gave the foreheadas "biancaacanelada... hastala
mitad del ojo."Althoughnot stated,it is obviousthat
Phillips referred to the Spanish edition of Azara's
The name Troglodytes
domesticus
also was usedby
Aldrich and Bole (1937),Suttonand Burleigh(1940),
Huey (1942), Sutton and Pettingill (1943), Brandt
(1951), Monson and Phillips (1981), Rea (1983), Phillips (1986), and perhaps others. However, some of
work. The 1809 edition, translated into French and
these same authors (Aldrich in Jewett et al. 1953, Bur-
annotatedby Sonnini, usesthe wording "Elle ale
front d'un brun rouss•tre qui s'etend au-dessusde
l'oeil .... "It is much more likely that Vieillot based
leigh 1958, 1972,Phillips 1962a,Phillips et al. 1964,
Sutton 1967)also have used Troglodytes
aedonfor the
samespecies.Virtually every majortaxonomiccompilation hascontinuedthe useof aedon,
includingbut
his account on the French edition
of Azara rather than
the Spanishone. The discrepancyseemsto be one of
translationor interpretationby Sonnini. It is impossible to know what generalizedFrench or Spanish
colornamesof nearly two centuriesagomeanin modern English ornithological color characterization.
However, many Cliff Swallowsfrom populationsin
easternNorth America have foreheadsthat are pale
cinnamon or pale reddish brown (Browning 1992)
rather than pure white.
We agreewith Hellmayr (1935)thatVieillot's(1817)
descriptionof Hirundopyrrhonota
applies to the Cliff
Swallows
not limited to AOU (1957, 1983), Miller et al. (1957),
Paynter(inMayr andGreenway1960),Wolters(1980),
Godfrey (1986), and Sibley and Monroe (1990). Becauseof the physiologicaland ecologicalstudiesby
S.C. Kendeigh and his studentsfrom the 1930s
through the 1960s,the House Wren hasbecomeone
of the most thoroughly studied Americanbirds, and
there
is a vast nontaxonomic
name
T. aedon. The name
literature
that uses the
aedon is universal
in the
popular literature of North American birds.
Despitethe fact that domesticus
has unquestioned
of eastern North America. The name has
priority and hasbeenusedin recentyears,although
unquestioned
priority overeitherlunifrons
or albifrons, inconsistentlyand by only a few authors,we believe
and we recommend
its continued
use.
thatthe stabilityof nomenclaturewould bestbe served
Wilson,
Aphelocoma
fioridana(Bartram,1791)vs. A. coerules- by suppressionof the name Sylviadomestica
1808,and the continueduseof Troglodytes
aedonVieilcens(Bosc,1795).--Phillips (1986:46)usedfioridanafor
the FloridaScrub-Jay
generallyknown asAphelocoma lot, 1809 for the House Wren of North America.
July1995]
Status
ofRevived
Names
RegulusBartram, 1791 vs. CorthylioCabanis, 1853
and OrchilusMorris, 1837 vs. RegulusCuvier, 1800.Despitethe Commission'sruling that Bartram's(1791)
namesare not valid (Opinion 447, 1957),Oberholser
(1974:995)usedthe generic name Regulusof Bartram
(type speciescalendula)rather than CorthylioCabanis
(type speciescalendula)
for the Ruby-crownedKinglet. This actionprecludeduseof the later Regulus
Cuvier (type speciesregulus)for the Golden-crowned
Kinglet. To fill the void, he found the name Orchilus
Morris (type speciesregulus).
Because
Bartram's
name
has no
nomenclatural
639
concludedthat the bird is a poorly illustrated immature Mountain
Bluebird.
We cannot respondto Phillips's doubt that specimens from interior or western North America reached
Germanyby the dateof Bechstein's
writing. "Virginia" in the late 18th centuryincluded an areafrom the
Atlantic to western Illinois and north to Michigan
and southern Ontario (Goss 1990). This area was bet-
ter exploredin the 1790sthan Phillips (1991) suggested.There are recordsof the Mountain Bluebird
as far east as southern Ontario, New York and Penn-
sylvania(AOU 1983) and North Carolina (Boozer
standing,Regulus
Cuvieris not preoccupied
andshould
be used for the genus of kinglets. CorthylioCabanis
remainsavailablefor the Ruby-crownedKinglet for
those who chooseto separateit from the firecrests
(e.g. Wolters 1980).
Muscicapa
latirostris
Raffles,1822vs.M. dauurica
Pallas, 1811.--The AOU (1987)addedthe Gray-breasted
Flycatcherto the list of North American birds and
followed Watson(in Mayr and Cottrell 1986:318)in
using the specificname dauurica.Gibson (in Phillips
1991:132)usedthe specificnamelatirostris
on the basis
that Pallas' work was not published until 1827 and
dauuricatherefore,is, antedatedby latirostris.
The date
of publicationof Pallas'Zoographia
Rosso-Asiatica
was
a matter of contentionfor many yearsuntil the Commission(Opinion 212, 1954)fixed 1811as the publi-
1986).The type specimenof currucoides
is not in the
Darmstadt Museum (R. Kinzelbach in litt.) and apparentlyis missing.
Although Bechstein's(1798) descriptionand illustration are less than perfect, we believe that each
representsthe Mountain Bluebird. We recommend
that S.currucoides
(Bechstein,1798),in usefor 85 years,
cation date for volumes 1 and 2 of that work (for
Bombycilla
garrulus
carolinensis
(Miller, 1776)vs.B.g.
pallidiceps
Reichnow, 1908; and Bombycilla
cedrorum
historyof that decision,seeHemming 1951).We fol-
be retained as the name for the Mountain
Bluebird.
Lucar Bartram, 1791 vs. Dumetella S.D.W., 1837.-
Harper (1942),Oberholser(1974),and Phillips (1986)
usedLucaras the genericname for the Gray Catbird
on the basisof priority, but Bartram'snamesare not
available (Opinion 447, 1957). Allen (1908a:23)and
Olson (1989) determined the identity of S.D.W. as S.
D. Wood,and Olsondiscussed
the rather shakybasis
for the name Dumetella.
low the decision of the Commission and recommend
Vieillot, 1808 vs. B. americanaWilson, 1808.--Ober-
dauurica
asthe appropriatespecificname.The English
name Asian Brown Flycatcherwas later adoptedby
the AOU (1989) and is used by Sibley and Monroe
(1990)and by Gibson(in Phillips 1991).
holser(1974:996)usedthe subspecificname carolinen-
SialiaarcticaSwainson, 1832 vs. S. currucoides
(Bech-
stein, 1798).--Phillips (1991:113)substitutedthe specific name arcticafor the Mountain Bluebird, generally known as Sialiacurrucoides.
The AOU (1908)had
replaced arcticawith currucoides
on the basis of a
manuscriptby C. W. Richmond,which we are unable
to locate in the files or archives of the National
Mu-
seumof Natural History. Phillips (1991:114)believed
that neither the descriptionnor plate of Bechstein's
currucoides
resembledany bluebird, and that the locality given (Virginien = Virginia) was not in the
range of the species.
Bechstein's(1798)descriptionof currucoides
(translated for us by L. Overstreet) noted that the broad
brown-grayedgesto the darkishbrown dorsalfeathersproducea blue-grayappearance,and that the primarieshave similar edges.The edgingsof the tail
feathers appeared whitish, and the ventral surface
was dirty white, with the chin or throat ashy gray.
This descriptionagreeswith someimmature USNM
specimensthat are exceptionallybrown and that are
unmottledventrally.After examiningBechstein's
plate
121, Browning agreeswith Phillips (1991) that the
bluish color of the flight feathersis lacking, but he
sis for the North
American
form
of the Bohemian
Waxwing (Bombycilla
garrulus,)basingit on an illustration in J.F. Miller's Icones
Animalium.
Phillips (1991:
2) rejectedthis changefrom the familiar pallidiceps
on
bothgeographicandchronologicalgrounds,pointing
out that the American population of B. garruluswas
not known in Europe in the 1700s. Swainson (in
Swainsonand Richardson1832:237)reported that the
first American specimensof that specieswere taken
in 1826. Miller's plate must have been of a European
B.garrulus,
of which carolinensis
mustbe considereda
synonym.Because
carolinensis
cannotapplyto American BohemianWaxwings,the subspecificname pallidiceps
Reichnow,1907,shouldbe used.
Actually,the nameLaniusGarrulus
l• Garrulus
carolinensishad been used by Linnaeus (1758:95)for a
waxwing or "chatterer"illustratedby Catesby,well
before Miller used it. Linnaeus (1766:297)repeated
the name but placedit in Ampelisrather than Lanius
and cited prior useof carolinensis
by Brisson,as well
as referring to the plate by Catesbyand to one by
Edwards, both of which are undoubted Cedar Wax-
wings.The nomenclaturalconfusionwascompounded by the fact that no one distinguishedthe Cedar
Waxwing as a speciesdistinct from the Bohemian
Waxwinguntil Wilson (1808)describedand named
the former (Bonaparte1824).
640
BANKS
ANDBROWNING
The name carolinensis,based on either Linnaeus or
[Auk, Vol. 112
vaceus(Linnaeus, 1766).--Oberholser (1974:997) and
for
Brisson,was usedfor the CedarWaxwing, in Ampelis Phillips (1991:203)usedthe specificname virescens
or Bombycilla,
at leastsporadically
betweenabout1817
and 1862(seeRidgway 1904:112).We have been unable to determinewhy that name was discardedin
theRed-eyedVireoratherthanthegenerallyaccepted
olivaceus.In addition, Oberholser (1974:710) used the
specificnamecalidrisfor the Black-whiskered
Vireo,
whereasPhillips (1991:201)usedaltiloquus,
although
shouldbe usedfor that specarolinensis
hasnot been usedfor the CedarWaxwing he believedthat olivaceus
for well over 100 years, it should be considereda cies. Both authors placed these two speciesin the
nomenoblitumand its use suppressed.
genusVireosylva
ratherthan Vireo,but that doesnot
Wilson(1808)proposedthe nameAmpelis
americana affectthe problemof the specificnamesexceptin the
for the CedarWaxwingin volume 1 of his American gender-relatedendings.
The root of this problem is that sometaxonomists
Ornithology,
publishedin September.
Vieillot's(1808)
favor of the name cedrorum Vieillot,
1808. Because
publicationof the nameBombycilla
cedrorum
for that acceptLinnaeus' name Motacillacalidris,basedon Edspecies
alsowaspublishedin September(Browning wards(1750)plate 121of the "AmericanNightingale,
and Monroe 1991:396).Bothnameswere used(along Luscinia
calidris,"of Jamaica,as referring to the Blackwhiskered Vireo. Others believe that calidris is not
with carolinensis)
in the first half of the 1800s.Vieillot'snameeventuallygaineduniversalusagebecause basedon, and cannotbe used for, any kind of vireo.
1807waslongaccepted
asthedateof publication.We If that is so, somebelieve that Linnaeus' (1766) Musact as first reviser (I.C.Z.N. 1985, Art. 24) and select cicapaolivaceais the earliestname for the Black-whiskBombycilla
cedrorum
Vieillotasthe namefor theCedar ered Vireo, despitethe fact that it has been used alWaxwingratherthan Ampelisamericana
Wilson.
most exclusivelyfor the Red-eyedVireo. If olivacea
Burleigh (1963) restricted the type locality of B. applies to the Black-whiskeredVireo, then virescens
cedrorumVieillot to Pennsylvania.The type locality is next availablefor the Red-eyedVireo. If olivaceais
is next
of A. americana
Wilson is alsoPennsylvania(Hellmayr used for the Red-eyed Vireo, then altiloquus
1935).Thus americana
is not applicableto either the available for the Black-whiskered Vireo. Some would
for the
westernor northernsubspecies
of cedrorum
described rejectolivaceaas a compositeand use virescens
Red-eyedVireo and altiloquus
for the Black-whiskered
by Burleigh.
Ptiliogonys
Swainson,1827vs. Ptilogonys
Swainson, Vireo.
1824.--Browning(1989b)showedthat Swainson's
inThe specificname calidriswas not, as far as we can
tendedappendixto an 1824exhibition catalogby Wil- determine,appliedto any speciesof vireo until Baird
liam Bullock never was published, and that the ge- (1866:331)"restored"it for the Black-whiskeredVireo
neric name for the silky flycatcherswas spelled Pti- then (as now) generally called V. altiloquus.Baird's
liogonys
when it firstappeared(Swainson1827).The
use of calidris was based on his belief that "There can
samepublication information applies to the specific be little questionthat the figure of Edwards,upon
namecinereus,
the typespeciesof the genusPtiliogonys. which the name of Linnaeus is based, refers to the
Swainsonusedthe spellingPtiliogonys
in severalpub- Jamaicanlong-billed Vireo,although he doesnot satlicationsspanninga decade,but eventuallychanged isfactorilyexpressthe colorof the underparts."Ridgto Ptilogonys
(for detailsand references,seeBrowning way (1904) followed in the use of calidriswithout
1989b).In additionto correctingthe citationfor these comment. Bangs and Penard (1925:205-206), howtwo names,Browning (1989b)suggestedthat the ge- ever, stated explicitly that the name calidris,"based
netic name should be usedas originally spelled,Pti- on Edwards'American Nightingale, is unrecognizaliogonys,
lastusedin the literatureby Ridgway(1887). ble. The plate certainly doesnot representa Vireo."
Phillips (1991)followed Browning(1989b)for both Hellmayr (1935) followed Bangsand Penard (1925)
in rejectingcalidris
for the Black-whiskered
Vireo.Obthe citationand spellingof the genericname.
DespiteSwainson'srepeateduse of Ptiliogonys
for erholser(1974:998)continued to apply calidristo the
severalyearsbefore he amendedthe name to Ptilo- Black-whiskeredVireo, but Phillips (1991) followed
gonys,Sibley and Monroe (1990:506)recommended Bangsand Penard (1925) in rejectingit as representthat Ptiliogonys
be regarded"asan 'incorrectoriginal ing somethingotherthana vireo.We agreewith those
spelling'"and that Ptilogonys
"shouldbe regardedas who rejectcalidrisas unrecognizable,or at least not
a justifiedemendationandthe well-usedspellingpre- applicableto any speciesin the Vireonidae.
served." The AOU (1991) followed Sibley and MonTo what speciesdoesthe nameolivacea,
the earliest
roe (1990) and indicated the intention of petitioning name applicable to a vireo, apply? Linnaeus (1766)
the Commissionfor preservationof the currentspell- basedMuscicapaolivaceaon three references,which
ing and usage.We recommendthat the currentspell- he obviouslybelieved were to the samespecies.He
ing Ptilogonys
be maintained until a ruling is made first cited Edwards'(1750) plate 253 of Muscicapaoliby the Commission(Code,Art. 80). However, no pe- vacea,secondCatesby's(1731-1743) plate 54 of the
tition has been filed at the time of this writing.
"Red-eyedFlycatcher,"and third Brisson'sreference
Vireocalidris(Linnaeus, 1758)vs. V. altiloquus
(Vieilto Muscicapa
jamaicensis.
The first and third of these
lot, 1808), and Vireovirescens
Vieillot, 1808 vs. V. oil- refer to what is now called the Black-whiskered Vireo,
July
1995]
Status
ofRevived
Names
641
but the nameolivacea
isgenerallyusedfor the secondmentionedRed-eyedVireo. The questionis whether
olivacea
shouldbe appliedto the Black-whiskered
Vireo,becauseit wasfirstmentioned,or to the Red-eyed
Vireo becauseof that usagein most of the past 150
mend that the nomenclature of AOU (1957, 1983) and
years.
luteafor the MagnoliaWarbler,his basisbeing the
1776paperby Linnaeusdiscussed
by Peters(1950).
Thesituationisthe sameasthe preceding,luteabeing
one of the namessuppressedby the Commission
(Opinion412,1956).
Dendroica
magnolia
Wilsonshould
We believe that the problem was effectivelyresolvedby Bonapartein 1850. Bonaparte(1828) first
placedolivaceus
into Vieillot's (1808)genusVireo;he
later (Bonaparte1838)transferredit to his new genus
Vireosylva.
When Bonaparte(1850:330)alsoplacedaltiloquainto Vireosylva,
he placedEdwards'plate253,
part of Linnaeus'sbasisfor olivacea,
in its synonymy.
In the synonymyof olivacea,
Bonaparte(1850:329)listed Catesby'splate 54, the secondpart of Linnaeus'
basisfor olivacea.
Thus,Bonapartenot only recognized
the compositenatureof olivacea,
but he sortedout the
piecesand establishedthe principle for the AOU's
(1957, 1983)statementthat olivacea
is based"mainly"
on Catesby'sillustrationof the Red-eyedFlycatcher.
Linnaeus's (1766) citation of three sourcesas the
basisfor Muscicapa
olivacea
canbe likened to the naming of a speciesfrom a seriesof syntypesof mixed
species.We believethat Bonaparte(1850),in principle
if not in words,designatedCatesby'sillustrationas
the lectotypeof Muscicapaolivacea.
We hereby des-
ignatetheRed-eyedFlycatcher
of Catesby's
Nat.Hist.
Carolina,vol. 1, page54, plate54, asthe lectotypeof
MuscicapaolivaceaLinnaeus1766.With the name olivaceusfirmly in place for the Red-eyedVireo, the
earliestnamethatappliesto the Black-whiskered
Vireo is altiloquus
of Vieillot 1808.
Vermivora Linnaeus, 1776 vs. Helmitheros Rafin-
Loweryand Monroe(in Paynter1968)be followed
for the speciesinvolved.
Dendroica
lutea(Linnaeus,1776)vs.D. magnolia
(Wilson, 1811).--Oberholser (1974:1000)used the name
continuein use for the Magnolia Warbler.
Dendroica
breviunguis
(Spix,1824)vs.D. striata(Forster,1772).--Oberholser(1974:1001)
appliedthe name
Alauda(Anthus)breviunguis
Spixto the BlackpollWarbier in the belief that MuscicapastriataForster was a
homonym
ofMotacilla
striata
Pallas,1764,anOldWorld
flycatcherlater transferredto the genusMuscicapa.
Wolters(1980)usedthe specificnamebreviunguis
and
placedthis speciesin the genusLineocantor.
LoweryandMonroe(inPaynter1968:32),the AOU
(1983:619),and Monroe (1989) have shown that becausethe two species
calledstriatawere neverin the
samegenusconcurrently,Forster'snamecannotbe
consideredpreoccupied
by Pallas'name.It is, therefore, available for use in Dendroica.Further, the iden-
tity of breviunguis
Spixis not clear,as indicatedby
Hellmayr(1906).We have examinedthe plate and
descriptionthatapplyto breviunguis
andcannotidentify themwith any knownspecies.
We believethat
Dendroicastriata (Forster, 1772) must continue in use
as the name of the BlackpollWarbler.
Richmondena
Mathews and Iredale, 1918 and PyrrhuloxiaBonaparte, 1850 vs. CardinalisBonaparte,
1838.--Oberholser (1974), without comment, used
mitherosvermivorus
(Gmelin, 1789);and Helminthophila Richmondena
as the genericname for the Northern
esque,1819;Vermivora
areericLinnaeus,1776vs. Hel-
Ridgway,1882vs. Vermivora
Swainson,1827.--The
nomenclaturalconsequences
of the "discovery"of a
paperwritten by Linnaeus(1776)and publishedasa
catalogue
to platespublishedby GeorgeEdwardsfrom
1743 to 1764 have been discussedby Peters (1950).
Petersnotedthat Linnaeus'listingof Vermivora
americ
Cardinal (cardinalis),
and Pyrrhuloxia
for the Pyrrhu1oxia(sinuata).
This may be becausehis manuscript
wasnot updatedafter the Commission(Opinion 784,
1966)validated Cardinalis
of Bonaparteas the name
fora genusintowhichbothcardinalis
andsinuata
had
been merged(seeMayr et al. 1964).Paynter(1970)
for thespecies
formerlyin Richmondena
for the Worm-eating
Warblerconstituted
botha new usedCardinalis
The AOU (1973)replacedRichmongeneric name, antedatingHelmitheros
and preoccu- and Pyrrhuloxia.
but did not acceptthe mergerof
pying Vermivora
Swainson,and a new speciesname denawith Cardinalis,
until 1976.We recommend
followingthe
predatingvermivorus
of Gmelin. Phillips et al. (1964) Pyrrhuloxia
adoptedthechanges
necessitated
byacceptance
ofthe decision of the Commission.
Linaria Bartram, 1791 vs. PasserinaVieillot, 1816.informationpresentedby Peters(1950),without comusedthe
ment. Oberholser(1974) also acceptedthe package, Harper (1942)and Oberholser(1974:1008)
usingVermivora
americ
of Linnaeus,1776for theWorm- BartramgenericnameLinariafor the North American
Bartram'snames
eatingWarblerand the genericnameHelminthophila buntingsgenerallyplacedin Passerina.
(Opinion447,1957).
Ridgway,1882,for all the speciesgenerallyconsid- wererejectedby theCommission
ered to constitute
Vermivora.
The correctgenericnamefor the Americanbuntings
However, the Commission(Opinion 412,1956)sup- is Passerina.
Oberholseria Richmond, 1915 vs. Chlorura Sclater,
pressed"all new namesor new spellingsfor previouslypublishednamesproposedby Linnaeus"in his 1862.--Oberholser(1974:1009)usedthe genericname
for the Green-tailedTowhee in place of
1776paperand,additionally,placedthegenericname Oberholseria
VermivoraLinnaeuson the Official Index of Rejected ChloruraSclaterusedby othersat that time. He gave
andInvalid GenericNamesin Zoology.Mostauthors no reasonfor his action(perhapsnonewasneeded),
of the genericnameto the
after 1956 have acceptedthat decision.We recom- but devotedhisdiscussion
642
BANKSANY BROW•I•C
chronologicalrelationshipof the earlier publications
of the nameChloruraby Sclater(1861-1862)and Rei-
[Auk, Vol. 112
(1983:683)disposedof Hortulanus
by indicatingit has
no standing.
Brisson(1760:269) used the name Hortulanusin the
chenbach (1862-1863).
The Green-tailed Towhee was carried in Pipilo in
senseof a genus-groupname,as a subgenusof Emberiza.The type species,by tautonomy,is l'Ortolan =
early AOU Check-lists.
Ridgway (1896) separatedit
under the name Oreospiza,
later (Ridgway 1901:399) EmberizahortulanusLinnaeus, 1758. He included sev(=Emberiza
notingthatChlorura
Sclaterwaspreoccupied
by Chlo- eral other species,to wit: H. arundinaceus
Linnaeus), H. ludovicianus(=? Pheucticus
rurusSwainson. Richmond (1915) proposed Oberhol- schoeniculus
(Linnaeus)),H. CapitisBonaeSpei (=? Emseriato replaceOreosp&a,
which alsowaspreoccupied. ludovicianus
Whenthe "one-letterrule" waschanged,Chlorura
was
no longer consideredpreoccupiedand, as an older
name, replaced Oberholseria(AOU 1947). Reichenbach'suseof Chlorurawasnot mentionedby the AOU
(1947).
Oberholser (1974:1010) concluded that Chlorura
berizacapensis
Linnaeus),H. carolinensis
(=Dolichonyx
oryzivorus(Linnaeus)),and H. nivalis(=Plectrophenax
nivalis(Linnaeus)). Vieillot (1807) apparently used
Brisson's
genusandexpandedit by addingHortulanus
erythrophtalmus
[sic](=Pipiloerythrophthalmus
(Linnaeus)), H. albicollis(=Zonotrichiaalbicollis(Gmelin)), and
H. nigricollis(=Sp&a americana
(Gmelin)). The same
genericname was later usedby Leach(1816)who
included H. glacialis(=Plectrophenax
nivalis)and H.
montanus(=Calcariuslapponicus
(Linnaeus)). We believe that it is clear that Vieillot (1807) was merely
using the name of a genus establishedby Brisson
sumed earlier date of Reichenbach's (1862-1863) Chlo(1760)and adding speciesto it. In his 1807work, on
ruraprecludeduseof Sclater'sChlorura,necessitating the pageson which the genericname Hortulanusis
the use of Oberholseria.
used,Vieillot alsonamedthe currently acceptedgenSclater's(1861-1862) work wasissuedin parts,with
era Vireo,Icteria, and Pinicola.In the paragraph for
the signaturecontainingthe nameChloruradated 17 each of those names, Vieillot (1807:iii-iv) wrote of his
August1861;Ridgway(1901:399)gavethat asthe date intention of proposingthe new generic namesin a
of publication.The signaturewasavailableto Cabanis volume of that work. No similar statement was made
in January1862 (Zimmer 1926)and must have been with any of the three usesof Hortulanus,indicating
published some time in 1861. ChloruraReichenbach that he did not intend or believeit to be a new genus.
waspublishedbeforeJuly1862accordingto Mathews Vieillot (1807) must have taken Hortulanusfrom Bris(1925).The evidentpriority of Sclater'snameis con- son (1760).
trary to Oberholser'sconclusion.
Vieillot did not usethe genericname Hortulanusin
Chlorurawas again merged with Pipiloby Sibley tater works (1816, 1819), but transferred the three
(1955). We follow Sibley (1955), Paynter (1970:168) specieshe had placed in it to other genera.Other
Sclater was preoccupiedby ChloruraReichenbach,
proposedfor someestrildidfinches.Accordingto Oberholser,the part of Sclater's(1861-1862) work in
which Chlorurawas proposed did not appear until
May 1862,but the part of Reichenbach'swork using
Chloruraappearedin March or April 1862. The pre-
and the AOU (1976, 1983), and recommend the use
of Pipilochlorurafor the Green-tailedTowhee, with
the reminder
that Chlorura Sclater
should
be used if
that speciesis consideredto be generically distinct
(e.g. Wolters1980).
Hortulanus
Vieillot, 1807vs. PipiloVieillot, 1816.-Oberholser (1974:1010)used the generic name Hortulanusinsteadof the generally acceptedPipilofor the
towhees (other than the Green-tailed Towhee), ex-
pressingthe belief that Stone(1907) had properly
fixed Fringillaerythrophthalma
Linnaeus as the type
speciesof Hortulanus.
Vieillot (1807)wascreditedwith
the formationof the genericnameHortulanus
by Ridgway (1901),Stone(1907),Allen (1908b),Phillips(1962b,
1986), and Oberholser (1974). This causednomenclatural problemsbecauseHortulanusVieillot, 1807 predatescurrently used names of genera for which his
three includedspeciesare the type species,and under
the rule of priority would replaceone of them. The
statusof Hortulanusand the consequencesof the selection of a type specieswas discussedat length in
the early 1900swith no definitive outcome(for references,seeHellmayr [1938:565]and Phillips [1962b]),
and we see no need to repeat that here. The AOU
authors (Leach 1816) continued to use the Brissonian
name. Indeed, it was used at least until 1875 (Giebel
1875).Vieillot (1816)establishedthe genusPipilo,using asthe type species(1819)Fringillaerythrophthalma
Linnaeus,which he had formerly placedin Hortulan-
Brisson's
(1760)genericnameswereconsidered
valid by the Commissiondespitethe fact that Brisson
was not consistentlybinary (or binomial) in his nomenclature(Opinion 37, 1910;Direction 16, 1955).It
was not until 1963 (Direction 105) that the validity
of Brisson's(1760) generic nameswas restrictedto
thosenamesthat appearedin pages26-61 of the TabulaSynoptica
AviumSecundum
Ordinesthat appeared
at the beginningof volume 1. Hortulanus
did not appear in the Tabula,but was introducedon page 269
of volume3. Thus,Hortulanus
wasan availablegeneric
name from 1760 until 1963; it should be considered
a junior synonymof Emberiza
Linnaeus,1758.The fact
that a speciesonce placed in a genuswas later used
asthe type speciesfor a different genusdoesnot affect
the availabilityof the later name,and Hortulanus
does
not have priority over Pipilo Vieillot, Zonotrichia
Swainson,or SpizaBonaparte.Effortsby Stone(1907),
July1995]
Status
ofRevived
Names
Allen (1908a:23), Phillips (1962b), and Oberholser
(1974) to invalidate HortulanusVieillot, 1807, would
have been unnecessaryif they had realized that Vieillot was using a valid Brissoniangeneric name, not
creatinga new genus.We seeno conflictthat prevents
643
World speciesof rose finches. Groskin (1941, 1950)
used both Carpodacus
and Erythrinafor the American
speciespurpurea
(he usedthe lattergenericnamewhile
J. L. Peterswas editor of the journal). Many authors
have usedthe name Erythrinafor speciesin the group
the useof PipiloVieillot, Zonotrichia
Swainson,or Spiza without indicatingthe author or datefor the generic
Bonaparte.
name, somealso recognizingCarpodacus
as distinct.
Zonotrichiapensylvanica
(Linnaeus, 1776) vs. Z. alBrehm(1828)included,in a list of birds,the generic
bicollis(Gmelin, 1789).--Oberholser (1974:1012)used name Erythrinafollowed by descriptive vernacular
the name pensylvanica
for the White-throated Spar- names for the speciesE. rubrifronsand E. rosea.No
row. The situation is identical to that in the account
other information was provided to identify either of
of Dendroica
luteaabove.The Linnaeanname pensyl- thosenames.The name rubrifrons
had not previously
vanicawas suppressedby the Commission(Opinion been used for a bird in the rose finch group and is a
412, 1957).The proper name for the White-throated
nomennudum (Oberholser1974).The nameroseamay
Sparrow is Zonotrichiaalbicollis.
refer to FringillaroseaPallas,asStresemann(1922)and
Sturnellaludoviciana
(Linnaeus, 1766) vs. S. neglecta
Audubon, 1844.--Oberholser (1974:1004)believed that
the Linnaean name Sturnusludovicianus
applied to the
Western
Meadowlark
and should
be used instead
of
Audubon's name. Linnaeus (1766) based the name
ludovicianus
on a descriptionand illustration by Brisson, with the locality "Louisiana," that Oberholser
(1974) thought "perfectly" representedthe Western
Oberholser (1974) suggested, but Hellmayr (1938)
considered it indeterminate. We agree with Berlioz
(1929), Hellmayr (1938), and Paynter (1968:267)that
ErythrinaBrehm, 1828 must be considereda nomen
nudum.
Kaup (1829) useda new generic name, Carpodacus,
for birds in the rose finch group; Gray (1842) designated FringillaroseaPallasas the type species.CarpoMeadowlark.
Oberholser
noted that Brisson's "text
dacuswasusedinsteadof Erythrinafor the assemblage
explicitly mentions, and the plate clearly shows,the
distinct and separatedbarson wing and tail feathers." of rosefinchesuntil the 1920s,when Stresemann(1922)
The term "Louisiana"at that time included a large and Hartert (1923,1932)revivedErythrinaBrehm,1828.
Berlioz (1929) was the first to show that Erythrina
area within the range of both the Western Meadowlarkandthe EasternMeadowlark(Sturnella
magna). Brehm, 1828 was a nomen nudum but that Erythrina
Bangs(1899) regarded the descriptionof ludovici- Brehm, 1829 was valid although predated by CarpodacusKaup, 1829.
anusas "indefinite" and the AOU (1901) stated that
Brehm (1829) used the name Erythrinafor the spethe name"doesnot satisfactorilyapply" to the Westwhich he describedand newly named.
ern Meadowlark, acceptingneglectainstead. We be- ciesalbifrons,
lieve that the plate in Brisson(1760) does not show He equatedhis name E. albifrons
with "Pyrrhularosea
clearlywing and tail barring (contraOberholser1974). Ternre.,FringillaroseaPall." Berlioz (1929) and HellFurther, the charactersof that barring do not serve mayr (1938),amongothers,acceptedalbifrons
as idento distinguishthe two speciesof meadowlark;these tical to rosea,consideringit the type speciesof Erycharacters
are subjectto considerable
geographicand thrina.Brehm's(1829)descriptionwasbasedon a live
individualvariation(Lanyon1962).Wing andtail bar- bird that he identified as a first year male. Hartert
ring are not among the four "best" charactersfor
(1932:61) examined the specimen of that particular
separatingthe meadowlarks(Rohwer 1972).We agree bird and identified it as representing the nominate
with Bangs(1899) that the charactersin Brisson'sdesubspeciesof E. erythrina.Wolters (1953) also equated
scription and plate do not permit specificallocation thosetwo species,and wasfollowed by Paynter(1968:
of the bird. We recommend
that Sturnus ludovicianus
Linnaeus, 1766, be considered a nomen dubium,and
that Sturnellaneglecta
Audubon, 1844be acceptedas
the proper name for the Western Meadowlark.
Erythn'na
Brehm,1828vs.Carpodacus
Kaup, 1829;and
ErythrinaBrehm, 1829 vs. Carpodacus
Kaup, 1829.-Oberholser (1974:1009)used ErythrinaBrehm, 1828
rather than Carpodacus
as the generic name for the
Purple (purpurea),Cassin's(cassinii),and House (mexicana)finches,on the basisthat Erythrinais not pre-
229).Erythrinaalbifrons
Brehm= LoxiaerythrinaPallas
must be consideredthe type species(by monotypy)
of ErythrinaBrehm, 1829 despite Brehm's own misidentification
of the bird.
The name Carpodacus
appearedin April 1829,and
Brehm's second use of Erythrina as a generic name
appearedin July 1829 or later (Berlioz 1929).Carpodacusclearly haspriority and should be usedfor the
speciesroseus
and its closestrelatives.This might include the 21 speciescombined into the genus Carin the senseof Paynter(1968),theAOU (1983),
occupiedby ErythrinusLac•p•de and that Erythrina podacus
predatesCarpodacus.
Wolters(1979)placedthesethree and Sibley and Monroe (1990) or only the species
and trifasciatus
if severalgeneraare recognized
species,along with the Old World specieserythrina, roseus
in the genusErythrinabut usedthe name asproposed as by Wolters (1979). If the speciesare divided into
in a later paper by Brehm (1829);Wolters (1979) also generaand subgeneraasby Wolters (1979),the North
American speciespurpurea,cassinii,and mexicanaare
recognizedCarpodacus
as a distinct genusfor two Old
644
BANKS
ANDBROWNING
generally associatedwith the Old World specieserythrinain the genusErythrinaBrehm, 1829.
[Auk,Vol. 112
of North American birds, 4th ed. American Or-
nithologists'Union, Lancaster,Pennsylvania.
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.
Union
This work was completed while the authors were
with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. We thank S.
L. Olson, H. Ouellet, and A. Rea for comments on
parts of the manuscriptwhile it was in preparation.
We thank
C. Hahn
and L. Overs•reet
for assistance in
the library of the National Museum of Natural History, especiallyfor accessto old and rare literature.
M. Brand provided help from the library of the Museum of ComparativeZoology. W. Maane, L. Overs•reet,and E. and S. G. du Plesseashelped with •ranslation. R. Symondsprovidedinformationon the holdings of the museumat CambridgeUniversity, and R.
Kinzelbach searchedfor specimensin the Darmstadt
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1945.
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A. L. Gardner
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