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The anatomical – morphometrical and histological study
of larynx in sheep and goats
S.E.J.ALSadi
Coll. of Vet. Med./Univ. of Mosul
Abstract
The larynx is a valve separating the respiratory system from the upper digestive
tract.Which lies between the root of the tongue and trachea. The larynx is an irregular tube
suspended by the hyoid apparatus and is partly contained with in the inter mandibular
space.The larynx is the upper expanded portion of the wind pipe which is specially modified
for the production of voice. The larynx in sheep is longer, wider and thicker than in goats. The
larynx has ten muscles in sheep and goats. As well as in both animals have five cartilage two
cavities and eight ligaments.The laryngeal glands in sheep were more than in goats.
Histologically thickness of the layers in sheep were larger than in goats. In addition the
collagen fibers and mast cells in larynx were more in sheep and in goats.
Introduction
The larynx is complicated structure
consists of four basic anatomical
components . It is an apparatus made up of
cartilages, ligaments , muscles and mucous
membrane, which guards the entrance to
the lower respiratory passages (trachea,
bronchi ,and lungs). It is the house of the
vocal cords (1,2,3), the major cartilagnous
and ligamentous structures which make up
helps the larynx during the swallowing and
it is necessary for an effective cough as
well as allowing air to pass in and out of
mouth (4).The larynx is a short
cartilagnous tube that act as a valve via the
action in spiration of foreign bodies. It
provides apassage way for air conduction
as some filtration analogous to the iris of
the eye (5,6,7).The available literature
(8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) studied only the
anatomy and the relations of these
cartilages muscles , ligament to each other
on the other hand , recent interest in the
condition of subglottic stenosis and post in
tubational stenosis of the lower respiratory
tract led to a search through the literature
and to determine the measurements of the
larynx. However morphometric studies on
the larynx in domestic animals are
scarce.The present investigation aimed to
provide the basic information for anatomy
and histology of the larynx which is
necessary to physiology ,pathology and
surgery.
Materials & Methods
The materials for the present study
consisted of sixteen larynges of adult
healthy sheep and goat obtained from
mosul slaughter house, The age of these
animals ranged from (1-3) years, half of
these specimens were of male animals and
the rest of female ones of both sheep and
goat . The total body length and age of
each
animal
were
listed
before
slaughtering.
The
specimens
were
refrigerated, then disected the cartilages,
muscles, cavities and ligament were
separated very carefully from each other
and cleaned then the specimens were
studied
anatomically.
Various
measurements were taken from the inner
surface with help of a divider and give the
measurements by vernier using the were
taken(fig:1-A) and two diameter, transvers
and
dorsoventral
(16,17).For
the
histological study, the larynx were
removed
(10-15)
minutes
after
slaughtering . The larynx content was first
placed by normal saline. Small pieces,
represent epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid,
arytenoid and corniculate regions of the
larynx were placed in (10%) neutral
buffered formalin. Embedded in paraffin,
cut at six microne. The sections collected
were stained by H&E and Masson trichrom
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stain. Ten serial sections were selected for
each region and measurement by vasopan
with factor (8) lins (10). The mean and
standard error were calculated for each
region The data were statistically analyzed
by unpaired students (t- test). (17,18,19).
Results
Gross observation of larynx :
The larynx in both animals were
situated in the inter mandibular space
where extent to the third, fourth and fifth
cervical vertebra, It forms the lower part of
the anterior wall of the pharanx and the
base of the skull. The structures of the
larynx are supported by the hyoid
apparatus, a series of many small bones
that articulate with the temporal bone of
the skull.The chief arteries of the larynx
are cranial and caudal laryngeal branch
derived from the cranial thyroid artery
which supplied all region of the larynx.
The lymphatic vessels consist of cranial
cervical deep lymphnode, some of lymph
nodes pass to the crico thyroid ligament
and the front of the cranial part of trachea.
The nerves are derived from the cranial
and caudal recurrent laryngeal nerves. The
cranial laryngeal nerves pass on the laterl
wall of the larynx through the thyroid
foramen of the larynx then divided into
two branches lateral which innervate crico
thyroideus
muscles,
others
branch
innervate mucous membrane and vocal
cord. The caudal recurrent laryngeal nerves
enter the larynx of the medial aspect of the
thyroid lamina to supply all intrinsic and
extrinsic muscles except the crico
thyroideus muscles.The wall of the larynx
consist
of
cartilages,
ligaments,
membranes and muscles.
The cartilages of the larynx :
The skeleton of the larynx composed of
three large and two small cartilages into
both aniamles (fig1-B&C):
1. Epiglottis cartilage : Is the rostral
cartilage which projects over larynx
close and open the larynx during
swallowing. The epiglottis is leafshaped like but a cordate leaf in goat
and an abovate leaf in sheep. It
consist of two surfaces (lingual and
laryngeal ), two lateral borders, abase
and apex. The apex in sheep are
rounded but in goat are pointed. It
was related dorsally to the caudal
part of the soft palate.
2. Thyroid cartilage: Is the largest
cartilage of the larynx that forms the
most lateral and ventral portion of
the cartilaginous laryngeal skeleton.
The thyroid cartilage consist of two
right and left quadria laminae, which
were united ventrally forming the
body an acute angle in middle line of
body consist of subcutaneous
projection laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple) Dorsally, the thyroid
laminae are expanded to form rostral
and caudal cornua, the caudal cornua
is long and narrow in sheep but short
and broad in goat. Thyroid fissure
separates the rostral cornua from the
rostral border of the cartilage,
leaving a small foramen at the depth
of the fissure.
3. Cricoid cartilage: The most caudal
cartilage of larynx form a complete
ring or signet ring. The cricoid
cartilage is wide dorsally and narrow
ventrally. It consist of a dorsal plate
called lamina and narrow ventro
lateral part called the arch. The
lamina has median sagittal crest, the
cartilage has two surfaces (dorsal,
ventral)
and
two
borders
(cranial,caudal). The arch of the
cricoid cartilage was more concave
in sheep and goat.
4. Arytenoid cartilage: Pyramid in shape,
two in number consist of three
surface (dorsal medial and lateral )
and three borders (ventral,medial and
lateral) meet with each other by three
process (muscular ,vocal and
articular) with apex and base, at the
base of the cartilage the ventral
border forms the vocal process. The
muscular process in the medial
dorsal border, the articular process in
the lateral dorsal border was pointed
in sheep and goat. The apex of the
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arytenoid cartilage in sheep are more
curved.
5. Corniculate cartilage: Small cartilage on
each side of the arytenoid cartilage.
They were like –horn process more
curved in goat than in sheep. Consist
of two surfaces
(dorsal and
venterl)two borders (cranial and
caudal) apex and base.
The Ligaments and Membranes of the
larynx:
The ligaments of the larynx are extrinsic
which connect the larynx with hyoid bone
and the trachea. The intrinsic ligaments
which connect the several cartilages of the
larynx to each other (fig1-D).
Extrinsic ligament:
1. Thyrohyoid membrane: In goat the
ventral part of this membrane may be
thickened in which case it is termed
the thyrohyoid ligament but in sheep
it is
considered as a sheet of
connective tissue extending from the
rostral bordors of the lamina and the
body of the thyroid cartilage to the
caudal borders of basi hyoids bone.
2. Hyoepiglottis
ligament:
Which
extended from the lingual surface of
the epiglottis to the body of the hyoid
bone . It was small ligament and like
–band shape.
3. Crico Trachcal ligament: This ligament
connect the caudal border of the
cricoid ligament with the cranial
border of the first ring of trachea.
This is broad ligament in two
animals.
Intrinsic ligament:
4. Thyro epiglottic ligament: Was a long
ligament in sheep but short in goat,
it extended from the base of
epiglottic to the body of the thyroid.
5. Cricothyroid ligament: Consist of two
ligament in sheep but one broad
ligament in goat. It is extended from
the rostral border of the cricod
cartilage to the body of the thyroid
cartilage .
6. Cricoarytenoid ligament: It connect the
cranial and ventral parts of the
lamina of the cricoid to the medial
surface of the aryteroid cartilage.
7. Transvers arytenoids ligament: It was
extended between two angles (medial
and dorsal) of the two arytenoids
cartilages and it is similar in sheep
and goat .
8. The focal ligament which presents on
either side and extends from the
vocal process of the arytenoids
cartilage to the dorsal suface of the
body of thyroid cartilage.
Cavity of the larynx :
The cavity of the larynx extended from
the laryngeal inlet to the caudal border of
the cricoid cartilage. It is the space
enclosed by the laryngeal cartilages,
muscles and ligaments. It is divided into
two part by the projection of the vocal
folds (two flaps of tissue in side the larynx
which contain the muscular vocal cord and
a small median ventricle is present in both
animals) (fig1-E&F).
1. Vestibule: It is wide and triangular in
shape. The part of the cavity is
located between the laryngeal inlet
and the level of the vocal folds. The
boundaries of vestibule are dorsally
the epiglottis and
the body of
thyroid cartilage, latrally the medial
surface of the arytenoid cartilage
ventrally,
the
arytenoideus
transversus muscles (fig:1-E&F).
2. Infra glottic cavity: It is elleptical form
extended between the vocal fold and
the caudal border of the cricoid
cartilage, and is bounded by the
cricothyroid ligament and the inner
surface of the cricoid cartilage
(fig:1-E&F).
The muscles of the larynx :
The laryngeal muscles cover the
laryngeal cartilages, they were divided into
extrinsic and intrinsic muscles .
The extrinsic muscles:
1. Sterno thyroid muscles: Arise with
sternohyoid
muscles
laterally
originated from the sternum and
insert on the thyroid cartilage. These
are long muscle strap shape in sheep
and goat.
2. Thyrohyoid muscles: This is strap
muscles connect between the lingual
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process of hyoid bone and thyroid
lamina (fig2-D).
3. Hyoepiglotic muscle: This small muscle
like band shaped originated from the
body of the hyoid bone and inserted
in the lingual surface of the epiglottic
muscle (fig2-A).
4. Crico pharangeal muscles: It lies on the
dorsal surface of the cricoid
cartilage. It is originated from larynx
and inserted from the pharanx. The
muscles has strap shape in sheep and
goat.
5. Thyro pharangeal: It lied on the lateral
surface of the laminae of thyroid
cartilage and originated from thyroid
cartilage. It is broad muscles inserted
in the pharanx (fig2-A&B).
The intrinsic muscles:
6. Arytenoideus transverses muscles: It
arises from the muscular process of
the arytenoids cartilage
it ends
together with its from the other side
on amedin rapha.
7. Cricoarytenoid
dorsalis
muscles:
Originated from the cricoid lamina
lateral to the median crest and passes
rostrolaterally to the muscular
process of the arytenoids cartilage.
8. Cricoarytenoid
lateral
muscles:
Originated from lateral part of the
lamina and arch of the cricoid
cartilage and inserted to the vocal
process of arytenoid carilage (fig:2C).
9. Thyro arytenoid muscles: This is small
muscles originate from dorsal surface
of the lamina of the thyroid ligament
and insert in the muscular process
of arytenoids cartilage.
10. Cricothyroid muscles: Originated
from the ventral part of arch from
cricoid cartilage and insert in the
caudal border from the lamina of the
thyroid cartilage (fig:2-E&F).The
length,diameter and thickness are
more in larynx of sheep than in goat
(table.1,2).
Histological observations:
The oralportion of the organ, it is lined
with stratified squamous epithelium, the
respiratory part it was lined with
psedostratified columnar epithelium (fig:3A)&(fig:4-A&B).The
lamina
propria
contain a anumber of laryngeal cartilages.
The large carlilages (thyroid,cricoid, and
arytenoids) are hyaline type.The smaller
cartilages (epiglottis,cuniform) are elastic
cartilage. In addition the epiglottis
cartilage extends in to the pharynx covered
with stratified squamous epithelium toward
the base of the epiglottis the epithelium
under goes to ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium.Mixed mucous and
serous glands were lied beneath the
epithelium. Below the epiglottis the
mucosa form two vocal fold which coverd
by stratified sguamous epithelium.
Laryngeal glands in the sheep were more
than in goats.Laryngeal muscles are
skeletal muscles (fig:4C&D) in to both
animale. Adventitia it has loss connective
tissue in both animals. The thickness of
larynx in sheep was more than the
thickness in goat (table 3,4)
Discussion
According to the (9,10,11,12) the larynx
of domestic mammals was located at the
level of base of the cranium ventral to the
laryngopharynx and the beginning of the
oesophagus, but the present study revealed
that the larynx was located in the
intermandibular space but more caudal in
the other species, the different specing of
the position due to the shape of thyroid
cartilage. The cartilaginous skeleton of the
larynx which consist of anumber of paired
and unpaired cartilage which are connected
to each other to the hyoid bone and to the
trachea by ligaments and muscles this is in
agreement with (11,12). In addition the
thyroid cartilage forms the skeleton of a
large part of the lateral walls of the larynx
(13,14,15).The present study show that
apex of epiglottis is pointed in goat, our
results are in agreement with that stated in
horse and dog by the (9,11) but apex of
epiglottis is rounded in sheep this is in
agreement with (12) in ox and pig, this is
related dorsally to the caudal part of the
soft palate.In this study the cricoid
cartilage is more concave in sheep and goat
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in contrast with (8,9) whome mentioned
that cartilage are slightly concave. The
present study show that the ventral part of
the thyrohyoid membrane
may be
thickened in which case it is termed the
thyroid ligament in sheep but it is asheet of
connective tissue in goat.Our results were
in contrast with previous observation on
the cavity of the larynx is divided into
three compartment but result show it has
two cavities because not contain lateral
fold, when this fold are present the space
between them is known as the riama
vestibuli. The result of the present study
show that the cricopharangeal and
thyropharanyeal muscles consider that
muscles from extrinsic muscles from the
larynx because it is originated from the
larynx and inserted of the pharanx.The
result of the present study agreement with
(21,22,23,24,25,26) the based on normal
larynx(cartilage,ligament,muscles and fold
). And the migration of the mast cells from
connective tissue and muscular layer in
different region of the larynx. The numbr
of mast cells can not be a part of
pathological tissue, but has been seen as
part of the physiological tissue reaction in
agreement with that mentioned (27,28,29).
The histometric analysis of the present
study have showed that mucosal cartilage
layer larger part in sheep and goat.Results
of the present study clearly demonstration
the presence of a larg number of laryngeal
glands in sheep more than in goat.
Table (1) The length, diameter and thickness of larynx in sheep and goat male by verinear.
Parameter
Sheep male
mean
SD
4.25
±0.02
Goat male
mean
SD
3.76
±0.4
Length
Transvers
2.15
±0.07
2.05
±0.3
diameter
Dorsoventral
1.19
±0.2
0.82
±0.09
diameter
Thickness of
0.5
±0.09
0.35
±0.04
larynx
n=8 used (t) table(2.36).
*Significantly different from the corresponding (t) value (P≥0.05)
t –value
2.899*
3.571*
2.402*
4.054*
Table(2) the length, diameter and thickness of larynx in sheep & goats female by verinear.
Parameter
Sheep female
mean
SD
4.0
±0.17
Goat female
mean
SD
3.75
±0.15
Length
Transvers
2.11
±0.05
2.0
±0.03
diameter
Dorso
ventral
1.17
±0.13
0.87
±0.10
diameter
Thickness
0.45
±0.15
0.25
±0.02
of larynx
n=8 used (t) table(2.36).
*Significantly different from the corresponding (t) value (P≥0.05)
57
t-value
2.941*
4.992*
4.918*
2.631*
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Table (3) the thickness of four layers in larynx of sheep & goat male by vasopan.
Parameter
Thikness of
mucosa and
submucosa
Mucosal
cartilage
nous tunica
Tunica
adventitia
Sheep male
Goat male
lins(10)factor(8)
Mean SD
lins(10)factor(8)
Mean SD
t-value
80× 4.7
376± 13.10
80× 4.5
312±10.05
7.752*
80× 7.2
576± 12.5
80× 7
536± 11.1
4.786*
80× 2.5
200± 7.9
80× 2.2
106± 3.8
4.695*
n=8 used (t) table(2.36).
*Significantly different from the corresponding (t) value(P≥0.05).
Table (4) the thickness of four layers in larynx of goats by vasopan.
Parameter
Thikness of
mucosa and
submucosa
Mucosal
cartilage
nous tunica
Tunica
adventitia
Sheep female
lins(10)factor(8)
Mean SD
Goat femal
lins(10)factor(8) Mean
SD
t-value
80× 3.9
360± 11.4
80× 3.7
296± 10.3
8.332*
80× 6.7
560± 8.7
80× 6.3
504± 9.8
8.547*
80× 2
176± 3.1
80× 1.8
144± 3.9
12.851*
n=8 used (t) table(2.36).
*Significantly different from the corresponding (t) value (P≥0.05).
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cartilage
A- Show the larynx cut in cross section to
give
the parameter anatomically by
veriner.
5
4
3
B- The five cartilage of larynx in (male) of
sheep and goats.1-1¯thyroid cartilage .2-2¯
cricoids cartilage. 3-3¯epiglottis cartilage
4-4¯ corniculate cartilage
5-5¯ arytenoid cartilage.
2
1
3
1
1
2
6
11
9
8
7
4
D- The intrinsic membrane of larynx in
male and female. 1. cricothyroid ligament
(male sheep). 2.cricoarytenoid ligament
(male goat).3.transverse arytenoid ligament
(female sheep). 4.thyroepiglottic ligament
(female goat)
C- The five cartilage of larynx in (female)
of sheep and goats. 1&6 cricoids cartilage
2&7 thyroid cartilage.3&8 epiglottis
cartilage 4&9 arytenoid cartilage 5&10
corniculate cartilage
1
2
3
E- Show the cavities cross section in
sheep .
F- Show the cavities longitudinal section .
1. vestibule. 2. infra glottis cavity.
3. medial fold
(Fig:1)
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1
3
1
4
2
2
A- Show the extrinsic muscles of larynx in
sheep 1. hyoepiglottis muscle 2. sterno
thyroid muscles 3. thyroid pharangeal
muscles 4. crico pharangeal muscles.
1
2
B- Show the extrinsic muscles in goats.
1. thyroid pharangeal muscles 2. crico
pharangeal muscles
3
1
D- Show the extrinsic muscles of larynx in
sheep . 1. thyrohyoide muscles
C- Show the intrinsic muscles of larynx in
sheep .
1. transverse arytenoids muscles 2. Crico
arytenoid dorsalis muscles.
3. Crico
arytenoid laterals muscles.
1
1
2
F- Show the intrinsic muscles of larynx in
sheep. 1. thyroid arytenoids muscle
2. Cricothyroid muscle
E- Show the intrinsic muscles of larynx in
goat . 1. Cricothyroid muscle
4
(Fig:2)
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6
2
3
3
2
6
4
A- Show the four layers of arytenoids in
sheep. 1. the membrane of larynx
2. the lamina propria and submucosa.
3. mucosal cartilaginous 4.the tunica
adventitia. H&E x320
B- Show the mucous ,serous and mixed
glands of thyroid in sheep .
1..mucous
gland
2.serous
gland
3.mixed gland . H&E x1320
6
6
D- Show the 1. serous glands of cricoids in
sheep. H&E x1320
C- Show the 1. mixed glands of thyroid in
Sheep . H&E x320
6
F- the hyaline cartilage of larynx in sheep.
1.condrocyte . H&E x320
E- Show the muscles cartilaginous layer.
H&E x320
(Fig:3)
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1
1
2
4
2
3
3
4
ِA- Show the four layers of arytenoids in
goats .1.the membrane of larynx 2. the
lamina propria and sub mucosa 3. mucosal
cartilaginous 4. the tunica advantia
H&E x320
B- Show the four layers of epiglottis in
goat. 1.the membrane of larynx 2.the
lamina propria and sub mucosa 3. mucosal
cartilaginous 4.the tunica adventitia
H&E x320
1
1
C- Show the 1. serous glands of cricoids in
goat. H&E x1320
D- Show the 1. mixed glands of thyroid in
goats . H&E x320
2
1
1
F- The muscles and mast cells of larynx in
sheep. 1. mast cell 2. connective tissue .
Masson, Trichrome x1320
E- The hyaline cartilage of larynx in goats.
1. condrocyte. H&E x1320
(Fig:4)
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‫‪2002‬‬
‫العدد‪2/‬‬
‫المجلد‪5/‬‬
‫مجلة القادسٌة لعلوم الطب البٌطري‬
‫________________________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪28. Korad V.S. Joshi P.V. (1998): Studies‬‬
‫‪on naso-laryngeal region‬‬
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‫‪29. Maeada H.et al (1992): Study of the‬‬
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‫دراسة تشريحية – قياسية ونسيجية للحنجرة في االغنام والماعز‬
‫سمٌة عٌسى جعفر الساعدي‬
‫كلٌة الطب البٌطري ‪ /‬جامعة الموصل‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫الحنجرة عبارة عن صمام ٌفصلل ملابٌن الجهلا الننفسلى والجل العللوي ملن القنلاة اليةا ٌلة نقل ملابٌن جلةر اللسلان‬
‫والرغامى وهً انبوب غٌر منلن م مدعملة بلالع م اليملً نعنبلر جل ملن مكونلار غلراب ملابٌن الفكلٌن ‪ .‬والحنجلرة هلً‬
‫الج العلوي المنس من انبوب الهوا والمنطور خصٌصا النناج الصور‪ .‬الحنجرة غً االغنام أطلول واعلر واسلم‬
‫ممللا هللً علٌللل غللً المللاع ‪.‬للحنجللرة غللً االغنللام والمللاع عشللرة عتللير ‪.‬ولهللا غللً كللي الحٌللوانٌن خمسللة غتللارٌ‬
‫ونجوٌفٌن وثمانٌة أربطة‪ .‬اليدد الحنجرٌة غى االغنام أكثر من الماع وكةل سم الطبقار نسٌجٌا غً االغنام أكثر مما هو‬
‫علٌل غً الماع ‪.‬اتاغة الى ان االلٌا اليراوٌة والخيٌا البدٌنة كثٌرة غً االغنام والماع ‪.‬‬
‫‪64‬‬