INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF BACTERIOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY
Volume 12, No. 2
A p r i l 15, 1962
pp. 37-46
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE MENINGOCOCCUS
(Diplococ cu s int r a c e l l u l a ri s meningitidi s W ei chs elbaum)
Request f o r a n Opinion
P r e l i m i n a r y Statement
Ed i t o ri a l B o a r d
SUMMARY: A n O p i n i o n h a s b e e n r e q u e s t e d f r o m
t h e J u d i c i a l C o m m i s s i ’ o n of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Committee on B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l Nomenclature
a s to the correct name for the meningococcus
(Diplococcus
intracellularis
meninpitidis
Weichselbaum 1887, 583) when included in the
g e n u s N e i s s e r i a T r e v i s a n 1 8 8 5 , 105. F o u r p r o posals a r e submitted: (I) N e i s s e r i a weichselb a u m i i T r e v i s a n 1 8 8 9 , 3 2 ; ( 2 ) ,N. i n t r a c e l l u laris (Lehmann and Neumann) Bergey e t
1923, 42; (3)
meningitidis (Wollstein) Murray 1948, 296; (4) 5. meningitidis-cerebrospinalis Albrecht and Ghon 1901, 988.
z.
al.
Weichselbaum 1 8 8 7 , 5 8 3 proposed Diplokokkus i nt r acel l ua s the n a m e of the o r g a n i s m which he r e garded as the etiologic agent i n c e re b r os pi nal meningitis.
The commonly employed v e rn a c u l a r name is meningococcus.
A r e q u e s t h a s been re c e i v e d that the J udi ci al Commission
i s s u e a n Opinion re l a t i v e t o the c o r r e c t name of t hi s organi s m when included in the genus N e i s s e r i a Tr evi s an 1885,105,
The m o r e pertinent d i re c t i v e s of the Bacteriological Code
are:
l a r i s meningitidis
-
a ) Principle 1 of the Bacteriological Code which s t at es :
“The e s s e n t i a l points in nomenclature a r e : (1) to aim
at fixity of n a m e s ; (2) to avoid o r r e j e c t the u s e of
n a m e s which m a y cause e r r o r o r ambiguity o r throw
science into confusion. ‘ I
b ) Pr i n c i p l e 9, which re a d s : “ Ea ch o r d e r o r taxon of
lower rank with a given c i rc u m s cr i pt i on, position and
rank can b e a r only one c o r r e c t name, the eariiestt
that i s i n accordance with t h i s Code of Nomenclature.
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P r o v i s i o n i s made f o r exceptions that have been a p p r o v e d f o r inclusion i n the list of Nomina conservanda."
Among the many n a m e s found in the l i t e r a t u r e of bacteriology
that have been proposed f o r the meningococcus the following
s e e m to be worthy of listing and consideration.
1, Dip lokokku s int r a c e l l u l a r i s m e ningi tidi s W ei ch s e lbaum
1887, 5 8 3 (Diplococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s meningitidis
Weichselbaum 1887, 583).
The name of a v a l i d l y published s p e c i e s (Rule 14a(l)) m u s t be
a b i n a r y combination consisting of a g e n e r i c n a m e followed
by a single specific epithet. In the name given by Weichselbaum, the specific epithet i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s might be i n t e r p r e t e d a s a n adjective in the genitive modifying meningitidis,
the two together meaning "of i n t r a c e l l u l a r meningitis.
Obviously this i s not the name of the d i s e a s e i n question,
i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s and meningitidis s e p a r a t e l y modify Diploco ccus and a r e distinct specific epithets. The name Diplococcus
i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s meningitidis was not validly published. According t o Rule 12a(l), this m a k e s Weichselbaum's s p e c i e s
name "without standing in nomenclature" a s not being a bin a r y combination. This name h a s been accepted and used
by E l s e r and Huntoon 1909, 377.
-
2 . N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii T r e v i s a n 1889a, 32.
T r e v i s a n renamed the meningococcus, removing i t f r o m the
genus Diplococcus of Weichselbaum and placing i t i n the
genus N e i s s e r i a T r e v i s a n 1885,16. N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii i s a b i n a r y combination and apparently the first validly published name of the o r g a n i s m . Unfortunately the name
was proposed in a s m a l l b r o c h u r e , apparently in a v e r y
limited edition, T r e v i s a n 1889b, 1069, again used the name
i n S a c c a r d o ' s Sylloge Fungorum (Vol. 8). Both of T r e v i s a n ' s
publications w e r e in Latin and appeared in publications not
usually coming to the attention of bacteriologists. On the
b a s i s of p r i o r i t y , this i s the c o r r e c t name of Weichselbaum's
o r g a n i s m if placed in the genus N e i s s e r i a . This name h a s
been overlooked o r ignored even i n synonymy b y a l m o s t all
subsequent w r i t e r s , including E i s e n b e r g 1891, 230; S t e r n b e r g 1892, 310; Lehmann and Neumann 1896,132; K r u s e 1896,
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AND TAXONOMY
1 4 4 ; Migula 1900, 189; Matzuschita 1902, 538; Topley and
Wilson 1938,413; M u e l l e r 1939,138; and m a n y o t h e r s . The
n a m e w a s included a s a synonym i n C h e s t e r ' s Manual 1901,
64. The n a m e N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii w a s not included
i n the l i s t of synonyms i n B e r g e y ' s Manual of D e t e r m i n a t i v e
Bacteriology until the publication of the 6th E d . , 1948, 296.
3 . Invalidly published t e r n a r y combinations have b e e n
u s e d o r p r o p o s e d by s e v e r a l l a t e r a u t h o r s a s follows:
Micrococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s meningitidis Mac4 1889, 379.
Micrococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s meningitis ( s i c ) B e t t e n c o u r t
a n d F r a n c a 1904,464.
Neis s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s -meningitidis Holland 1920, 224.
4 . A s e a r c h of the l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e s that many b i n a r y
combinations have been p r o p o s e d o r u s e d f o r the
meningococcus. The following l i s t is p r o b a b l y not
complete but i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .
A . O t h e r n a m e s that a p p a r e n t l y w e r e validly published a r e :
(1) Diplococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s J a e g e r 1895, 353. On
page 354 the a u t h o r s t a t e s : "Diesen g e s o n d e r t e n
E r r e g e r d e r genuinen Meningitis c e r e b r o spinalis
epidemica e r b l i c k e i c h i n d e m Diplococcus i n t r a c e l l u laris." A l s o u s e d by Bonhoff 1901, 89; Weichselbaum
1903, 511; B e t t e n c o u r t a n d F r a n q a 1904,494.
-
(2) Diplococcus meningitidis Wollstein 1896.
u s e d by B e t t e n c o u r t a n d F r a n f a 1904,224.
Also
(3) Streptococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s Lehmann and
Neumann 1896,132.
(4) Micrococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s Migula 1900, 189.
A l s o u s e d b y Lehmann a n d Neumann 1900-1931 i n a l l
editions of Bakteriologische Diagnostik following the
fir st.
(5) St r ept oc o ccu s weich s e lbaumii (Tr e v i s an) C h e st e r
1901,64.
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(6) Micrococcus meningitidis -ce r ebrospinali s
Albrecht and Ghon 1901, 988. This i s a binary, not a
t e r n a r y combination and was validly published. These
authors state: "Es e r s c h e i n t uns dementsprechend auch
zweckmassig und i m I n t e r e s s e d e r Verstandlichkeit
und Einheitlichkeit, Namen wie >>Meningococcus <<
e t c . kunftighin fallen zu lassen, da s i e nur geeignet
erscheinen, I r r t h t i m e r zu wecken, und i m E i n v e r standnisse m i t d e m Entdecker des Diplococcus
i n t r a c . mening. mbchten wir vorschlagen, a n s t a t t d e s
von i h m s e i n e r z e i t gewtinschten Namens nunmehr den
Namen Micrococcus meningitidis ce r e b r o spinali s zu
gebrauchen, entsprechend d e r Stellung desselben u n t e r
den Coccen und entsprechend s e i n e r atiologischen
bedeutung I t
.
(7) N e i s s e r i a meningitidis M u r r a y 1948, 296.
used by Krasil'nikov 1959, 296.
Also
B . Among n a m e s not validly published a r e :
(1) T e t r a c o c c u s i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s J a e g e r 1895, 366.
(Not Val. P u b , , Rule l t d . ) J a e g e r 1895, 366, i n d i s c u s s ing the difference between the pneumococcus and meninzwischen den typischen Ketten
gococcus s t a t e s : ' I . .
d i e s e r B a k t e r i e n a r t Haufchen und b e s o n d e r s Tetraden
d e r b r e i t e n Semmelformen des Diplococcus (oder b e s s e r
T e t r a c o c c u s ) i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s finden. "
..
(2) Micrococcus meningitidis Albrecht and Ghon 1903,
498. (Not Val. P u b . , Rule 1 2 c ( 3 ) , )
(3) N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s Holland 1920,224.
5. The following n a m e i s not legitimate because of
the u s e of a n a s s u m e d generic name that has not
been validly published.
Mening o c o ccus int ra c e llu lari s Kist e r 1896, 148 ; J a e g e r 1902,
23; Coates and F o r b e s 1911,242; Wilms 1897,15; F r a n k e l
1889,221; Albrecht and Ghon 1903,496.
The following quotations a r e pertinent.
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BACTERIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
AND TAXONOMY
E l s e r and Huntoon (1909, 377) in t h e i r extensive p a p e r on
meningitis state:
This coccus, now known a s Diplococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s
meningitidis closely r e s e m b l e s the gonococcus i n morphology, in i t s staining reactions, i n i t s predilection f o r the
i n t e r i o r of leucocytes and i n i t s f a i l u r e to grow a t r o o m
temperature.
M u r r a y (1929, 8) i n h i s monograph "The Meningicoccus"
states:
The significance of the i n t r a c e l l u l a r position of the cocci
i n the pus will be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r , and i t will suffice to
say h e r e that the choice of the name N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s by the Society of A m e r i c a n B a c t e r i o l o g i s t s
(Bergey 1926, 57) shows l e s s discrimination than our
p r e s e n t knowledge of the m i c r o o r g a n i s m w a r r a n t s , and
the equally available s p e c i e s name 2. meningitidis would
indicate the m o s t noteworthy c h a r a c t e r of the meningococcus.
A footnote to the s p e c i e s name N e i s s e r i a meningitidis i n
B e r g e y ' s Manual, Ed. 7, 1957,482 s t a t e s :
The binomial N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s , u s e d i n t h e first
five editions of the Manual, proved confusing b e c a u s e the
n a m e s Micrococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s , Diploco ccus i n t r a c ellulari s and St r ept oco ccu s int r a c ellula ri s have been
used loosely f o r unrelated o r g a n i s m s . N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii h a s a l s o been so r a r e l y used and a t the same
t i m e i s so loosely used that any a t t e m p t to introduce i t
now i s inadvisable despite rights of p r i o r i t y . The equally
available name Nei s s e r i a meningitidis was t h e r e f o r e
adopted f o r the 6th edition of the Manual and i s h e r e b y
continued. It h a s the obvious advantage of a s s o c i a t i o n
with the common name, meningococcus, which h a s been
repeatedly used i n the l i t e r a t u r e .
F o u r specific epithets have been validly published i n bin a r y combinations in s p e c i e s n a m e s proposed to r e p l a c e
In
Dip loco c cu s int r a c e l l u l a r i s m e ningitidi s W e i chs e lbaum
the binary combinations listed above weichselbaumii h a s
.
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been used twice, i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s 17 t i m e s , meningitidis t h r e e
t i m e s and meningitidis-cerebrospinalis once.
If these a r e used a s specific epithets in the genus Neiss e r i a T r e v i s a n the binary combinations would be
-
1 . N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii T r e v i s a n 1889a, 32.
2. N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s (Lehmann and Neumann)
Bergey
&. 1923,42.
3. N e i s s e r i a meningitidis (Wollstein) M u r r a y 1948, 296.
4. N e i s s e r i a meningitidis c e r e b r o s p i n a l i s Albrecht and
Chon 1901, 988.
ct
*
* B e r g e y e_t aJ.
1923,42 c i t e s the name a s " N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s (Weichselbaum) Hollahd, Committee S.A.B This
citation i s i n c o r r e c t in the following p a r t i c u l a r s :
1 . Weichselbaum did not propose a validly published
s p e c i e s name with i n t r a c e l l u i a r i s a s the specific epithet i n
a binary combination. His name should be replaced by the
n a m e of the p e r s o n who f i r s t validly published a b i n a r y
combination including the specific epithet i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s .
2. The Holland l i s t of n a m e s is not a published l i s t of
proposed new n a m e s o r combinations,
The introduction by
Miss Holland to h e r "Generic Index of the Commoner F o r m s
of B a c t e r i a " explicity s t a t e s that i t i s "in no s e n s e a check
l i s t of valid b a c t e r i a l species" and "many of the specific
names a r e known to be synonyms."
F o r example, the list
includes f o u r different n a m e s for the meningococcus in the
genus N e i s s e r i a . They a r e (p. 224), (1) g. i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s
meninqitidis W eich s e 1Weichselbaum, (2) 3.
baum, (3) 5. meningitidis (Weichselbaum), (4) ,N. weichselbaumii. Dr. B e r g e y chose to u s e one of t h e s e four a l t e r n a t i v e s , B e r g e y ",t 51. proposed the new combination, not
Holland. None of the n a m e s in t h e Holland l i s t a r e validly
published because of lack of conformity with t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of the Bacteriological Code, Rule 14a, which r e a d s :
.
Rule 14a. The name of a s p e c i e s i s validly published only
when i t s publication conforms to the following r e q u i r e m e n t s :
(1) It m u s t be published a s a b i n a r y combination consisting
of a g e n e r i c n a m e followed by a single specific epithet.
(2) I t must be accompanied by a description of the s p e c i e s
o r by citation of a previously and effectively published
description.
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BACTERIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
AND TAXONOMY
The Judicial Commission i s requested to consider four
d r a f t proposals :
1. N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii
l a . N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii T r e v i s a n 1889, 32 is the
c o r r e c t name of the meningococcus (Diplococcus
i n t r a c e llu la ri s meningi tidi s W eich s e lbaum) when
included i n t h e genus N e i s s e r i a T r e v i s a n .
l b . N e i s s e r i a weichselbaumii T r e v i s a n 1889, 32 shall
be listed a s a nomen reiiciendum.
2. N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s
2a. N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s (Lehmann and Neumann)
B e r g e y “,t ~ 1 1923,42
.
i s the c o r r e c t name of the
meningo coccu s (Diploc oc cu s i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s men
ingitidis Weichselbaum) when included in the genus
Neisseria Trevisan.
-
2b. N e i s s e r i a i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s (Lehmann and Neumann)
B e r g e y e t &l. i s to be placed in the l i s t of nomina
rejicienda.
3. N e i s s e r i a meningitidis
3a. N e i s s e r i a meningitidis (Wollstein) M u r r a y 1948,296
i s t h e c o r r e c t n a m e of the meningococcus (Diplococcus i n t r a c e l l u l a r i s meningitidi s W eichs e lbaum)
when included i n t h e genus N e i s s e r i a .
3b. N e i s s e r i a meningitidis (Wollstein) M u r r a y 1948, 296
i s to be placed in t h e l i s t of nomina rejicienda.
4 . N e i s s e r i a meningitidis-cerebrospinalis Albrecht and
Ghon 1901,988.
-
42. Ne i s se r ia m enin gitidi s c e r eb r o s pina li s Alb r e cht
and Ghon 1901, 988 i s the c o r r e c t n a m e of the
m e ning o c o c c u s (Dip lo c o c cu s int r a c e 1Lu la r i s menin
gitidis Weichselbaum) when included i n the genus
Neis s e r i a .
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4b. Nei s s e r ia meningitidis c e r eb r o spinalis Albrecht
and Ghon 1901, 988 shall b e listed a s a nomen
r e jiciendum
.
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a
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Mac6, E. 1889. T r a i t 6 P r a t i q u e de Bact6riologie. B a i l l i e r e , P a r i s . 1-111, 1-71 1.
Matzuschita, Te'isi. 190 2 . B akteriologische Diagnos tik.
Gustav F i s c h e r , J e n a . 690 pp.
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