Human Structure and Function Exam Revision: SCH1134
Tissues
A collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function (different tissues have different
structures and functions). Several different tissue types in combination form an organ
Epithelial
Tissue
Covers
exposed
surfaces,
lines
internal
passagew
ays and
chambers
, and
forms
glands
Structure
Function
Characteristics
Types

Apical
Surface
(facing into
lumen/ skin –
absorption)

Physical
Protection

Cellularity



Polarity
Control
Permeability
Simple Squamous
o Fragile, protected areas,
secrete/absorb (easier)
o Alveoli, BV lining

Attachments


Basal Lamina


Avascularity

Basolateral
surfaces

Regeneration
Stratified Squamous
o Layers cover basal lamina, resist
chemical/mechanical stress
o Tongue, Skin

Simple Cuboidal
o Slightly more protection
o Nephron

Stratified Cuboidal
o Rare
o Sweat glands in skin

Simple Columnar
o Increased protection,
secretion/absorption
o Intestinal lining

Stratified Columnar
o Salivary glands, epiglottis

Transitional
o Stretching, expands
o Bladder

Psuedostraified Ciliated Columnar
o Looks stratified, but not
o Trachea

Glandular
o Speciailsed for secretion
o Endocrine (no ducts-H), exocrine
(ducts)
o Modes for secretion
 Merocrine: exocytosis
 Apocrine: half suicide
 Holocrine: suicide

Provide
sensation
Produce
specialised
secretions
Connective
Tissue
Fills
internal
spaces,
provides
structural
support for
other
tissues,
transport
materials
within the
body and
stores
energy
reserves
Structure
Function
Types


Framework


Transport

Protection

Support
other tissue

Store energy

Defence
Connective Tissue Proper
o CT with many types of cells and extracellular fluid in
ground substance
o Loose CT:
 “Packing material” – Padding
 Adipose T (butt, breasts)
 Reticular T (liver – thinner branching mesh)
o Dense CT
 “Dominated by collagen”
 Regular T (tendons)
 Irregular T (dermis – resist forces in different
directions)
 Elastic T (ligaments between vertebrae

Fluid Connective Tissue
o Specific groups of cells that float around in fluid matrix
and include dissolved proteins = Blood
o Plasma: Watery matrix of blood
o Cells: Formed elements of blood

Supporting Connective Tissue
o Cartilage: matrix, chondrocytes (cells), avascular
 Hyaline: Nasal
 Elastic: Epiglottis (recoil ability)
 Fibrous: in-between Pubic bones
o Bone: Develops from cartilage, osteocyte = mature
cell, Calcium makes hard and collagen makes
strong/bendy = Resists Shattering
 Cells
 Osteocytes, Osteoblasts (add matrix),
Osteoprgenitor (SC’s make new
osteoblasts), Osteoclasts (take matrix)
 Compact: parallel osteons
 Spongy: lamellae arranged in trabecular

Specialised
cells
Matrix:
Extracellula
r protein
fibres and
fluid
(ground
substance)