In the Beginning ...
Phylogeny in Freud's Overview of the
Transference Neuroses: A Review-Essay
A PHYLOGEN ETIC FANTASY
I. Grubrich-Simitis, ed ito r
A . Hoffer and P. T. H offer, translators
Harvard U n iver sity Press, Camb r idge, Mass.
1987
Emanuel E. Garcia, M.D.
T he recent dis covery of Freud's unpublish ed pa per, "Overview of th e
Transfer ence Neuroses'S" fo cuses a tten tio n o nce aga in on the in tr igu ing role o f
ph ylo geny, th e ev o lu t io nary development of sp ecies, in psych oa nalyt ic th ought.
T o th o se who are apt to dismiss th e p rominent ph ylo ge netic concerns o f Totem
and Taboo (Fr eud, 1913) a nd Moses and Monotheism (Freud , 19 39) as u n necessa r y
a be r rat io ns, the "Overview" is sure to gi ve pause. It stresses clearl y that for
Fre ud ph ylo geny was no pas sing fancy, but an essen tial topic of interest fo rced .
upon him b y insoluble clinical riddles .
At th e outset, however, one must acknowledge th e over ri ding fact th at , for
reasons whi ch are unknown , Freud d eliberatel y re frai ned fr om publish ing th e
" Over view ." Consequently, extreme cau t io n in th e applicati on or assimilation of
th e new material must be u rged. No doubt, in keepin g with Eissle r's eloquent
argu men t ( 19 5 1), we sh o u ld r egard the unearthing a nd prese r vatio n of a ny
document of Freud's as a matter of sign ificance ; but the " Overview" remains an
el ement that is outside Freud's scientific cor p us proper.
A few words about the dis co very of this unique wo r k and th e co n te xt in
whi ch it was composed are in order.
While rummaging through papers bequeath ed b y o ne of the ea rl y pioneers
of psychoanalysis, Sandor Ferenczi, to his Hungarian co m pa tr io t Mic hael Balint,
Dr. lis e Grubrich-Simitis chanced upon a manuscript wh ich she soon realized
was the draft o f one of the long-missing metapsycholo gic al pape rs whic h Freud
IThe English language edition is misl ead ingl y entitled " A Ph ylogenet ic Fa ntasy" (Freu d,
1987). T ra ns lato rs Axel and Peter Hofler, who otherw ise ap pear to have don e an
exce llen t job, have taken an unwarranted liberty b y imposin q such a title . T he German
vers io n , how ever, " U be r sich t der Ubertragungsneurosen , ' (Fre ud, 1985), happil y
remains faithful to the original document. An page numbers cit ed re fer to the Engl ish
ed itio n .
89
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JEFFERSON JO UR NAL O F PSYCHI ATR Y
composed during the gloomy days of World War I (Grubrich-Simitis, 198 7a , pp.
xv-xvii) .
In the short space of six months -- from March to August 191 5 -- Freud
wrote twelve papers whose purpose, as a series, was " to cla ri fy and ca r ry deeper
the theoretical assumptions on which a psycho-anal ytic system could be
founded" (Freud, 1917a, p. 222) . Only the first five , completed b y Ma y 19 15 ,
found their way into print.(2) The remaining papers were presumed to ha ve been
destroyed by their author, and purportedly dealt with th e to p ics of consciousness, anxiety, conversion h ysteria, obsessional neurosis, subl im atio n and projection, and the transference neuroses (see Strachey, 1957, p . 106; and Jones,
1955, pp. 185-186). Such an outburst of creativity in so brief a period of time is
astonishing, the more so when one considers the profundi ty of th e p ublished
re sults. In fact, even Freud-a severe critic of his own work-placed one of the
compositions, "The Unconscious," among his three most e nd u r ing achievements (Jones, 1956).
But wh y did he withhold the last se ve n essa ys?Jones ve n tures a guess:
My own su ppo sit io n is that they represented th e end of a n epoc h, the
final summing up of his life's work. They were written at a tim e when
there was no sign of the third great period in his life that was to begi n
in 1919. He probabl y kept them until the end o f th e wa r , and then
when further revolutionary ideas began to dawn whi ch would ha ve
meant completely re-casting them he simply tore th em up (195 5, p .
186).
No doubt other speculat io ns will be provoked by th e m ystery, but for th e
time being we must resign ourselves to uncertainty.
The "Overview," the draft of which Dr. Grubrich-Simitis so fortu nat e ly
sa lvaged from oblivion , was the final work of the series-its crown jewel, so to
speak. It appears to ha ve represented the consummation of Freud's th eo ret ica l
views on the development of the neuroses. In fact , its very title was pro visio nall y
intended by Freud for the series as a whole (jones, 1955 , p . 185).
The summary that follows is an admittedly skel eta l one th at d oes no t do
justice to the d ense complexity of the "Overview. " In th e interests of a broad
d elineation of selected issues, I have sacrificed detail. Furthermore , I ha ve made
little effort to update or explicate older terminology, because such te chnicaliti es
are outside the realm of my emphasis. For these shortcomings I beg th e reader's
indulgence in advance.
Freud proclaims his purpose in the " O ve rv ie w" at th e o u tse t: to in vestigate
in a systematic and comparative way the role of six major factors in th e so-called
tran sference neuroses-anxiety h ysteria, conversion h ysteria, and obsessional
2T hey are: " Instincts and their Vicis situdes" (I 9 l 5a), " Re pressio n" (19l5b), " T he
Unconscious" (19l5c), " A Metapsycholol?ical Supplement to the T he ory of Dr eam s"
(19 l 7a), and " Mo u rn in g and Melancholia' ( 19 l 7b).
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neurosis. Thus, his phylogenetic speculations, as we will see , are fir ml y placed
within this specific context; they do not constitute the raison d 'etre of th e work, as
the unfortunately fabricated title of the English version would imply. T he
factors in question are (1) repression, (2) anticathexis, (3) substitute- a nd
symptom-formation, (4) regression, (5) relation (of the neuroses) to th e sex ual
function, and (6) disposition. Freud's discussion of the first five factors is wr itten
in a sort of shorthand, and much of this ground appears to hav e been covered in
the earlier papers, though not with the same sense of comparati ve su m mary.
Freud's exertions are palpable. We see him arduousl y strugg ling to bui ld a
coherent theoretical edifice on the unyielding bedrock of clinical data . Ind eed ,
instead of the ethereal speculation that has come to stigmatize not o n ly much
psychoanalytic metapsychology but also abstract theorizing in gene ral , one is
impressed by Freud's close grounding in first-hand material , hi s stre nuo us
attempt to elaborate a theory of the mind spawned by and faithful to clinical
experience. The permeation of Freud's metapsychological writings b y th e ha rd
facts of observational data is a distinguishing feature.
Nevertheless, this portion of the essay is highl y te chnical an d h igh ly
condensed; though a rich lode for the Freud scholar or inquisitive psych oa nalytic theorist, it makes for difficult reading. However, with th e sec tio n on th e
disposition to the neuroses, Freud's terse, abbreviated sty le finall y gives way to
elaborative prose. The fixations in ego or libido development that dispose one to
particular neuroses may be explained by a combination of infantile acq uis itio ns
and constitutional factors. Freud's inquiry into the etiology of these co ns titutional factors draws him ineluctably to the intriguing obscurities of ph ylogeny.
Asserting that "the inherited dispositions are residues of the acquisitions o f
our ancestors" (p . 10), and that the neuroses somehow "bear witness to th e
history of the mental development of mankind" (p. 11), Freud embarks o n a
fascinating retrospective reconstruction of the prehistory of the human ra ce.
And in preparation for the remarkable material he would introduce, Fre ud as ks
his readers to " be patient if once in a while criticism retreats in the face of
fantasy and unconfirmed things are presented, merely because they are stim ulating and open up distant vistas" (p. 11).
Freud contrasts the transference neuroses (anxiety h ysteria, con version
hysteria, and obsessional neurosis) with the "narcissistic" neuroses (psych o tic
disorders, e.g., dementia praecox, paranoia, melancholia-mania, in his lexi con);
and after arranging them on a series representing age of onset in the individual's
life-span, he purports to discern parallels to stages in the e vo lu tio na ry d e vel opment of mankind. In essence, Freud avers, the behavior of the species during
periods of its phyletic development resembled the behavior of present-day
neurotics.
For example, the privations occasioned by the Ice Ag es created in mankind
a general state of anxiety comparable to that of the person suffe r in g fr om anxiety
hysteria. As difficulties mounted and man 's very existence was threatened by th e
ensuing scarcity of life-sustaining resources , unrestricted procreation came to be
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JEFFERSON JOURNAL OF PSYCH IAT RY
a danger to the species' survival. As a consequence, sexual acti vit y was diverted
into nonprocreative or "perverse" channels, promoting th ereby a p regenital
libidinal regression. The equivalent of this stage was found in conversion hysteria,
which itself embodies the conflict between sel f-preservati ve a n d p rocreative
wishes in the neurotic.
In the next stage, man's intellectual activit y became all-importa nt:
He learned how to investigate, how to understand th e h ostil e world
somewhat, and how b y means of inventions to sec u re hi s fir st maste r y
over it. He developed himself under the sig n of e nergy , formed th e
beginnings of language, and had to assign great sign ifica nce to th e
new acquisitions. Language was magic to him , hi s th oughts seemed
omnipotent to him, he understood the world according to his ego. It
is the time of the a n im ist ic world view and its magical trappings. As a
reward for his power to safeguard the lives of so many other helpless
ones he bestowed upon himself unrestrained dominance over t hem ,
and through his personality established th e first two tenets th at he
was himself invulnerable and that his possession of wom en must no t
be challenged. At the end of this epoch the human race had di sintegrated into individual hordes that were dominated by a strong and
wise brutal man as father (pp. 15- I 6).
This phase is recapitulated by obsessional neu rosis, wh ich is cha racterized by
th e belief in th e omnipotence of thought and by th e neurotic's tre me ndo us
expend itu re of e ne r gy which, falling prey to psychic conflict , no lon ge r contributes to the development and e n ha n ce me n t of civilization, b ut is ins tead
co nsu med b y uselessly trivial compulsions.
Freud grows even more bold and more darin g with hi s consideration of the
narcissistic neuroses a nd the phylogenetic epochs th e y represen t.
The disposition s to dementia praecox, paranoia and melanch ol ia-ma n ia ,
Freud asserts , must have been acquired b y a second ge nerat io n, so ns of t he
primal father, heralding a new phase in civiliza t io n. Re visin g a nd ex tending
ideas introduced in th e notorious Totem and Taboo (1913), Freud cla ims that t he
primal father did not merely drive his sons out of th e horde wh en th e y reached
puberty; he actually castrated them , after which he allowed th eir return as
drones . The result of the gruesome deed-"an ex tin gu ish in g o f th e libido an d a
standstill in individual development" (p . I7)-finds its eq u ivale n t in dementia
praecox, which is itself a condition characterized b y the abandoment of loveobjects and the regression to auto-erotism . (Freud ca u tio ns us not to let the
hallmark of schizophrenia, the withdrawal from external reality, be obsc ured by
its more florid or dramatic symptomatology suc h as hallucinations, wh ich are
seco nd ary restitutive phenomena, i.e ., attempts to reestablish a co n nect ion with
the world.)
T hose who escaped cas tratio n b y flight banded to gethe r to form a ho mosexua lly-based socia l organi zation whi ch fostered para noia, th e projective
d efense against homosexuality.
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Melancholia-mania recalls the elation and mourning that occurred after the
organization of brothers succeeded in murdering their despotic paternal overlord. Only the youngest sons, by dint of their father's advancing age and ph ysical
debility, could avoid the fate of their older brothers; and it was they who
eventually succeeded their progenitor as new leaders.
Freud summarizes his phyletic argument as follows:
If the dispositions to the three transference neuroses were acquired in
the struggle with the exigencies of the Ice Age , then the fixations that
underlie the narcissistic neuroses originate from the oppression by
the father, who after the end of the lee Age assumes, continues its
role, as it were, against the second generation. As the first struggle
leads to the patriarchal stage of civilization, the second (leads) to th e
social; but from both come the fixations which in their return after
millennia become the disposition of the two groups of neuroses. Also
in this sense neurosis is therefore a cultural acquisition. The parallel
that has been sketched here may be no more than a playful comparison. The extent to which it may throw light on the still unsolved
riddle of the neuroses should properly be left to further investigation ,
and illumination through new experiences (p . 19).
Freud alertly anticipates some critical objections. How do women, wh o a re
no less predisposed than men toward the narcissistic neuroses, come to acqu ir e
their hereditary dispositions? And how in the second generation ca n th e
castrated or homosexual sons pass on their traits? After acknowledging th at th e
role of women in primal times is obscure to him, he calls upon the fact of human
bisexuality as an explanation of inherited neurotic tendencies in females. And he
proposes that the youngest sons, who had been impressed by the horrid fat e of
their brothers, but who retained the ability to propagate, became th e veh icles
for hereditary transmission.
Freud concludes the paper with an admission of the difficulties posed by h is
scenario, and the admonition that "we are not at the end, but rather at the
beginning, of an understanding of this phylogenetic factor" (p. 20).
Many readers will be tempted simply to dismiss the phylogenetic portion of
the "Overview" as an elaborate fairy tale, scientifically worthless if not whol ly
preposterous. I would caution against adopting such an attitude, if only becau se
facile disparagement of the efflorescences of genius, however bizarre or unlikely
they may appear at first glance, might well deprive mankind of significant
scientific treasure. It is a well-known historical fact that original and revolutionary ideas typically evoke derisive contempt: the fiery and acrimonious response
to Darwin's theory of evolution is a case in point. Prevailing prejudices a re
enormously difficult to dislodge.
Fortunately, so eminent an evolutionary biologist and historian as Steph en
Jay Gould (1987), takes Freud very seriously indeed, and it behooves us to
consider his own assessment of the "Overview" if only to achieve an understanding of Freud's biological shortcomings from an expert's point of view.
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JEFFERSON JO UR NAL OF PSYCHI ATR Y
Gould identifies th e "biological linchpins" of Freud 's ph yloge net ic hypothes is in the theory of recapitulation (o ntoge ny recapitulates phyloge n y), and
Lamarckism (inheritance of acquired characte r isticsj .P' The for mer "allowed
Freud to interpret a normal feature of childhood (o r a neurosis in te r p reted as
fixation to some childhood sta ge ) as necessarily representing a n adu lt phase of
our ev o lu tio na ry past" (p, 18); the latter permitted him to ass u me that" Any
important and adapti ve behavior di splayed b y adult a ncesto rs ca n pass directly
into the heredity of offspring -- a nd quickl y" (p. 18). Both th eories, though
acc ep ta b le to biologists of Freud's era, have long since bee n vitiated and
ab andoned. (By the way, Gould [1977] has written th e d efiniti ve modern study
o f Haeckel and the theory of recapitulation.)
Gould admires the logical consistency of Freud's argument, rely ing as it
does on two formerly respectable, though presently dis credited , idea s. Yet he
levels a number of telling criticisms: Freud's view is overl y adaptationist .v" fa lsely
Eurocentric, and devoid of historical or archaeological evid e nce. Th e Ice Age
did not bring undue suffering to European Neanderthals (wh o were no t the
ancestors of homo sapiens anyway) , and no data su pport th e existence of
prehistoric social organizations consisting of primal hordes d omi nated by
cast ratin g fathers .
All in all, Gould's criticisms would appear impervious to rebuttal , co ming as
th ey do from such an authority on evolutionary d ev el opment. Ye t fo r a ll their
apparent "correctness," they simply mis s the mark. T hey resemble th e comments of so m eo ne who , from the distance of severa l in ch es, find s fa u lt with a
Van Gogh study, with its aberrant colors and unconventional b rush stro kes. One
needs to stand back a bit to appreciate the work 's po we r a nd potential
importance.
The "Ove rview," however faulty its lin chpins, is significant beca use it
focuses our attention on essential aspects of Freud 's ge nera l th ough t. The
e vo lu tio na ry history of man was a necessary, ongoing and prominent co ncern of
Freud's psychoan alytic investigations throughout his life . Freud e nv isioned man
in an eminently Darwinian context: one species among many, wh o se ph ysical
and mental features were molded over the ages b y the earthly en vironment. He
writes:
Man is not a being different from animals or supe r io r to th em; he
himself is of animal descent, being more closely related to so me
species and more distantly to others. The acquisitions he has su bsequently made have not succeeded in effacing th e evid e n ces, both in
3See Paul's ( 19 76) dis cu ssion of Freud's" Larn arckist " tendencies (pp. 3 19-3 20).
4" l n our tough, complex , and partly random world , man y features j ust do n 't make
functional sense, period. We need not fob them off on a n old adaptation th at has become
unhinged. We need not view schizophrenia , paranoia a nd d epression as postglacial
ada ptations gone awry: perhaps they are immediate pathologies, with re me d iab le me dical
ca uses pure and simple' (1987, p. 19).
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his ph ysical structu re an d in his mental dispositions, of his pari ty wit h
them ( 19 17c , p. 141; my italics).
T he mind , no less th an t he body, has bee n subject to evolutiona r y forces
and di spl ays th e residues of its lo ng heritage in o ur own "modern " tim es. It is
o n ly fitting that th e origin of its di spositi ons should be subjected to exam ina tion.
In fac t, Freud fo un d h im sel f co m pelled to consider ph ylogenetic factors
wh en clinical investigatio n d emonstrated th e operat io n of pe rsiste n t forces that
co u ld not be accounted for by an indi vidual 's ac t ua l experiences. For exam ple,
in hi s famous case hi story of th e Wolf-man , Freud attem pts to account for his
patient's id entification of hi s father as castra tor thus:
At this point the boy had to fit into a ph ylogenetic pattern , and he did
so, although his personal experiences may not hav e agreed with it. Altho ugh
the threats or hints of castrat io n whi ch had co me hi s way had
emanated from women, this cou ld not hold up the fina l res ult for
long. In spite of e ve ry th in g it was hi s fath er from whom in the e nd he
came to fear ca stration. In this respect heredity triumphed over
accidental experience ; in man 's p rehisto r y it was u nq uestiona bly th e
father who practi sed castratio n as a punishme n t and who lat er
so fte ned it d own into cir cu mcisio n ( 19 18, p. 86; my itali cs).
And whil e di scu ssin g male oe d ipal d ev el opme n t, Freud asserts that the
cas tra t io n threats o f th e phalli c phase " must regularly find a phylogenetic
rein fo rcemen t" in th e little boy ( 1933a, p . 86). In other words, hi s clinical
material did not con vin ce him that environ menta l factors co uld sufficiently
exp lai n the universality a nd intensit y of cas trat io n a n xiety. The im pli catio n here
is t ha t in the h ypothetical case o f a boy brought up wit hout any threat of
cas trat io n, conscious or unconscious, ca stration an xiety wo uld ne ve r th e less arise
ow ing to th e unfolding manifestation of a ph ylogen eti c resid ue in the psyche.
As anthropologist Robert Paul ( 19 76) summarizes in a persp icacio us essa y
on th e " p r ima l cr ime ,"
th e idea of ph ylogen eticall y transmitted ideas was forced upo n hi m
[Freud] because he kept e nco u n ter ing in hi s pat ients reacti ons to
events or knowledge of things that see med unlikel y to have bee n
acquired through exper ien ce . .. . Freud did not bel ie ve in in herited
memories until he had e m pir ica lly accumulated ev idence th at fo rced
him to come to that co nclus io n (pp , 322-323).
Freud's position is co m pletely co nso na nt with th a t of a present-da y psych iatri st wh o , let us say , partially attr ib u tes to ge netic facto rs th e occurrence of
b ipolar di sorder in a patient. Sp eaking o f a n in her ited di sp osit io n that manifests
itsel f in ideas, images o r psych ic tendencies is quite co m patible with our mode rn
scie nce o f gen etics: th ese are merely pheno typi c ex pressions of genetic endowment in th e psych ological sp here .
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JEFFERSON JO URN AL O F PSYC H IATR Y
Freud's phylogenetic reconstruction, right or wrong, is sim p ly an attempt
to establish the ultimate origin of psychological forces, based o n th e assumption
that "disposition is ultimately the precipitate of earlier exper ience of the species
to which the more recent experience of the individual , as th e su m of the
accidental factors, is super-added" (Freud, 1905, p . 131). Even Gould ( 1977)
admits that some relationship between ontogeny and ph ylo gen y has to exist:
Evolutionary changes must be expressed in ontogen y, a nd ph yle tic
information must therefore reside in the d evelopment o f indi viduals
(p.2).
But Gould betrays his psychological naivete wh en he acc uses Freud of
being too " ad ap tatio n ist." What is explicit in many o f Freud 's wo r ks (see , for
example The Psychopathology of Everyday Life [1901 D, and implicit in the "Overview," is that neurotic mental tendencies or mechanisms are universal. And
given their universality, it is eminently justifiable to postulate that t hey once
served an important function for th e species. Grubrich-Simitis ( 19 8 7b) rightly
stresses th e continued relevance of considering
whether what strikes us today as pathological and life inhibiting in th e
inner world of the neurotic a n d psychotic could hav e been a n
adaptive reaction of the species, necessary for its survival , to threaten ing chan ges in the external conditions of life and traumatic events in
its evolutionary beginnings (p. 107).(5)
And although Freud clearly professes unwavering belie f in th e b iologica l
transmission of acquired characteristics (1939, p. 100), and Gou ld ( 1987)
castigates him for this position, so opposed to modern biological scie nce, this
does not impair his general argument that th e relati vel y recent e ve n ts of
prehistory have contributed significantly to innate psychological d e velopme n t.
Non-genetic cultural transmission remains a very potent force . By means of
conscious and, more importantly, unconscious symbolic co m m u n ica t ion, t he
ch ild may be powerfully impressed by certain psychic schemata whi ch hi s own
unconscious can decode and assimilate (see Paul , 1976, pp. 3 18-3 19). Freud
writes that
no generation is able to conceal any of its more important mental
processes from its successors. For psycho-analysis has shown us tha t
everyone possesses in his unconscious mental activity an ap pa ra tus
which enables him to interpret other people 's r eactions, that is, to
undo the distortions which other people have imposed on the expression of their feelings (1913, p . 159).
As an unconscious bearer of knowledge, the individual will in turn tran sm it
such knowledge unawares to the next generation, who will repeat th e p rocess,
and so on . ...
' See Nes se (1988) for an evo lutio na ry view of panic disorder.
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Thus, dramatic events with widespread cultural impact can be ge nerally assimilated and symbolically perpetuated from generation to gen eration , with profound effects. Consequently, occurrences of the relativel y near pa st may leave
lasting psychic impressions. Inheritance need not be confined to th e genome:
the transmission of acquired characteristics may be accomplished via a cult ural
route. Nevertheless, we still cannot escape the implacable fact th at , to quote
Freud quoting Goethe, "in the beginning was the Deed" (Freud, 191 3 , p . 161 ).
The great question Freud asks is: What actual circumstances gave rise to
the evolution of man's peculiar psychological characteristics? Usi ng psych oa nalysis as an applied research tool, he gropes, ever the pioneer, for a n a nswer.
A truly adequate discussion of the role of ph ylogen y in Freud's scientific
work would require a substantial treatise .i''' Suffice it to sa y that ph yloge ny is
implicated in Freud's consideration of drives and defense mechanisms; se xua lity,
the latency period, and the Oedipus complex; id, ego and superego de vel opment; memory and fantasy formation; religion and culture ; symbolism , d reaming and the etiology of the neuroses and psychoses (see the bibli ographic
appendix for a guide to some of Freud's ph ylogenetic r eferences). Obviou sly so
prominent a topic deserves careful evaluation.
The " O ve r vie w," despite its technical shortcomings and its fai lu re to ha ve
achieved the imprimatur of its author, compels us to confront, perhaps more
closely than ever, issues that seem scarcely accessible to our feebl e scientific
powers. After all, there is no more profound challenge than that posed by the
riddle of human origins. The " O ve r vie w" joins Freud's many other writin gs in
demonstrating that "psycho-analysis may claim a high place among th e sciences
which are concerned with the reconstruction of the earliest and most obsc ure
periods of the beginnings of the human race" (Freud, 1900, p . 549).
And if there are doubts about the relevance of such a focus, we need on ly
remind ourselves that ignorance of the primaeval past, our fan s et ariga, will
merely condemn us to repeat it.
REFERENCES
I. Eissler KR: An unknown autobiographical letter by Freud and a sho rt co m ment. Int
J Psychoanal, 32:319-324, 1951
2. Freud S: The interpretation of dreams . SE, 4 & 5, 1900
3. Freud S: The psychopathology of everyday life. SE, 6: 1-279, 190 I
4 . Freud S: Three essa ys on the theory of sexuality. SE, 7: 130 -243 , 1905
5 . Freud S: Totem and taboo. SE, 13: 1-161, 1913
6. Freud S: Instincts and their vicissitudes. SE, 14: 117- I 40 , 1915a
7. Freud S: Repression. SE, 14: 146-158, 1915b
8. Freud S: The unconscious. SE, 14: 166-204, 1915c
6For introductory forays into this topic see Grubrich-Simitis (1987b), and Paul ( 1976) .
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JEFFERSON JOURNAL OF PSYCH I A T RY
9. Freud S: A metapsychological supplement to th e th eory of dreams. SE , 14: 222- 2 35 ,
1917a
10. Freud S: Mourning and melanch olia. SE , 14:243-258 , 1917b
II. Freud S: A difficult y in the path of psycho-analysis. SE , 17: 137 - 144, 191 7c
12. Freud S: From th e history of an infantile neurosis. SE , 17:7-122 , 191 8
13. Freud S: New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. SE , 22 :5-1 82 , 1933
14. Freud S: Moses and monotheism. SE , 23 :7-137, 1939
15. Freud S: Ubersicht der Ubertragungsneurosen , ed I. Grubrich -Sim itis. Fran kfurt
am Main, SF Fischer Verlag, 1985
16. Freud S: A Phylogenetic Fantasy, ed I. Grubrich-Simitis, trans. A Ho ffe r & PT
Hoffer. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard Univ Press, 1987
17. Gould SJ: Ontogen y and Phylogen y. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Un iv Pr ess, 1977
18. Gould SJ: Freud's ph ylogenetic fantasy. Natural History, 96 (12) :10-19 (December
1987), 1987
19. Grubrich-Simitis I: Preface to Freud, S, A Phylogenetic Fantasy, ed I. Grubr ich Simitis, trans. A Hoffer & PT Hoffer, Cambridge, Mass, Harvard Un iv Press,
1987a
20. Grubrich-Simitis I: Metapsychology and metabiology, in Freud, S, A Ph ylogen etic
Fantasy, ed I. Grubrich-Simitis, trans. A Hoffer & PT Hoffer, Cambridge , Mass:
Harvard Univ Press, pp 75-113, 1987b
21. Jones E: The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vol 2. New York , Basic Boo ks,
1955
22 . Jones E: The inception of 'Totem and Taboo.' IntJ Psychoanal , 37 :34-35,1 9 56
23. Nesse RM: An evolutionary view of panic disorder. Psych Annals, 18:478- 483,
1988
24 . Paul RA: Did the primal crime take place? Ethos 4:311 -352, 1976
25 . Strachey J: Editor's introduction to Papers on Metapsychology. SE , 14:10 5-1 07 ,
1957
APPENDIX
Selected List ofFreud 's References to Phylogeny
(page numbers indicating specific passages, where appropriat e , are in parentheses)
I.
2.
3.
4.
(1898)
(1900)
(1905)
(1911)
Sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses. SE, 3:263-28 5 (pp 280-281 )
The interpretation of dreams. SE, 4 & 5 (pp 548-549)
Three essays on the theory of sexuality. SE, 7: 130 -243 (pp 131 , 234 , 24 I)
Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paran o ia
(dementia paranoides). SE, 12: 12-82 (pp 74 ,82)
5 . (1913a) Totem and taboo . SE, 13:1-161
6 . (19 13b) The claims of psycho-analysis to scientific int erest. SE, 13: 165-1 90 (pp
182-186)
S.E. - Standard Edition of the Complet e Psychological Wo rk s of Sigm und Freud.
London: Hogarth Press.
BOOK REVI EWS
99
7. (19 15a) In sti nct s and the ir vicissitudes. SE , 14: 117- 140 (p p 120- 125 , 131 )
8. (19 15b) T ho ug h ts for th e times on war and death . SE, 14 :275- 300 (pp 292 - 296)
9. ( 19 16- 17) Introductory lectur es on psych o-analysis. SE, 15 & 16 (pp 199- 21 0 ,
35 4-355,366,3 70-37 1,378 ,3 9 5-396, 4 13-4 14)
10. ( 19 17) A difficulty in th e path o f psych o-analysis. SE, 17: 137 - 144 (pp 14 0- 14 1)
II. (19 18) From th e h istory o f a n infa n tile neurosis. SE , 17:7 - 122 (pp 4 1,86-87 , 9 7,
102-103,119-121 )
12. (19 19a) .A Child is Being Beaten ': a co ntr ibu tio n to the stu dy of the origin o f sexual
perversion s. SE , 17: 179-204 (p p 188 , 19 3 ,20 3- 204)
13. (19 19b) Preface to Reik 's Ritual: Psych o-Anal ytic Studies. SE, 17:259- 263 (p 262)
14. (19 20) Beyond th e plea sure p r incipl e. SE, 18:7-64
15. (19 2 1) Group psychology and the analysis of th e ego . SE, 18: 69-14 3
16. (192 3a) Two en cyclopaedia ar ticles. SE, 18:2 35-259 (pp 24 6 , 252 - 253)
17. (1923b) The ego and th e id . SE , 19:12-66 (pp 21 , 35-3 9, 48 -49, 5 5)
18. (1923c) A Seventeenth-century demonological neurosis. SE, 19:72 -10 5 (p 85)
19. (1924a) Neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 149-153(p 151)
20. (1924b) The dissolution of th e oedipus complex . SE , 19: 173 -17 9 (p 174)
21. (1925a) Some additional notes on dream-interpret ation as a whole. SE, 19:122- 138
(p 135)
22. (1925b) The resist ances to psycho-analysis. SE, 19:21 3-222 (pp 22 0-221)
23 . (1925c) Some psychi cal consequences of th e a na to mica l di st inctio n between th e
sex es . SE , 19:248-258 (p 257 )
24 . (19 26a) Inhibitions, sympto ms and an xiety . SE, 20 :87 -174 (pp 146-1 55)
25. (19 26b) Psycho-anal ysis. SE, 26 3-270 (p 268 )
26 . (19 27) The future of an illusion. SE, 21 :5- 56 (p 17)
27. (19 30) Civili zation and its d iscontents. SE, 21 :64 -14 5 (pp 103 , 13 1, 144)
28. (1933a) New introductory lectures o n psych o-an alysis. SE, 22 :5- 182 (pp 55 , 79 ,
86-87)
29. (19 33b) Sandor Ferenczi. SE, 22:227-22 9
30. (19 39) Mose s and monotheism. SE , 2 3:7-1 37
3 1. (1940) An outline of psycho-analysis. SE , 2 3: 144-207 (pp 153, 167 , 188- 190 , 20 I,
206-207)
32. (19 87) A Ph ylogeneti c Fantasy, ed 1. Grubrich-Simitis, tr an s A Hoffer & PT Hoffer .
Cambridge, Mass, Harvard Un iv Press