this PDF file

7UDQVIRUPLQJ7DUD7KH&LYLO:DUDVD&DWDO\VWRI&KDQJH
)RUWKH3ODQWHU&ODVV6RXWKHUQ:RPDQ
'HEUD3DUFHOO
2QWKHODVWGD\RIWKH\HDU(OOD*HUWUXGH&ODQWRQ7KRPDV
SHQQHGLQKHUMRXUQDO³:HGRQRWNQRZWKHVWXIIRIZKLFKZHDUHPDGH
XQWLODGYHUVLW\WULHVXV,KDYHJUHDWIDLWKLQWKDWLQQDWHFRXUDJHZKLFKDOO
ZRPHQDUHVDLGWRSRVVHVVZKHQJUHDWWULDOVFRPHXSRQWKHP´ 7KH
&LYLO :DU WHVWHG WKH FRXUDJH VWUHQJWK DQG GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI ZRPHQ LQ
ZD\V IHZ VLWXDWLRQV LQ $PHULFDQ KLVWRU\ KDG SUHYLRXVO\ GRQH ,QLWLDOO\
EHOLHYLQJ WKH :DU ZRXOG EH EULHI PRVW VRXWKHUQ ZRPHQ JODGO\ VWRRG
EHKLQG WKHLU PHQ LQ WKH TXHVW WR XSKROG WKH IUHHGRPV ZKLFK ZHUH
HVVHQWLDOWRWKHLUZD\RIOLIH)RXU\HDUVODWHUWKHLUVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLF
VWUXFWXUHVKDGEHHQGHVWUR\HG2IWHQVDGDQGZLVWIXOVRPHWLPHVDQJU\DW
WKHORVVRIDPRUHFDUHIUHHH[LVWHQFHPRVWSODQWDWLRQPLVWUHVVHVGLGQRW
UHPDLQLQDVWDWHRIGHSUHVVLRQRYHUWKHGUDVWLFFKDQJHVLQWKHLUOLYHV,
ZRXOG DUJXH WKDW WKHVH ZRPHQ XVHG WKH &LYLO :DU DV D SHULRG RI JULHI
DQGPRXUQLQJIRUWKHLUIRUPHUZD\RIOLIHZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHLUDQJXLVK
DV WKH\ PDQDJHG KRXVHKROG DQG SODQWDWLRQ FDUHG IRU WKH ZRXQGHG DQG
PHWWKHGDLO\VWUXJJOHIRUVXUYLYDO7KH\ZRXOGHPHUJHRQWKHRWKHUVLGH
RI WKLV SHULRG DV FKDQJHG ZRPHQ UHDG\ WR WDNH RQ WKH FKDOOHQJHV RI
(OOD*HUWUXGH&ODQWRQ7KRPDVThe Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton
Thomas, 1848-1889, HG9LUJLQLD,QJUDKDP%XUU&KDSHO+LOODQG/RQGRQ7KH
8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD3UHVV
5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ ,Q IDFW WKLV SURFHVV RIWHQ HQDEOHG WKHP WR EH PRUH
SUHSDUHGIRUWKHWDVNEHIRUHWKHPWKDQWKHLUKXVEDQGVZKRUHWXUQHGIURP
ZDUDQGSULVRQWRIDFHDQXQIDPLOLDUZRUOG
0XFKKDVEHHQZULWWHQDERXWWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIVRXWKHUQOLIH
DQGHFRQRPLFVDVDUHVXOWRIWKH&LYLO:DUHVSHFLDOO\DVLWFRQFHUQVWKH
HOLPLQDWLRQ RI VODYHU\ DQG WKH UHVXOWLQJ HFRQRPLF HIIHFW RQ ZKLWH
SODQWHUVEXWXQWLOUHFHQW\HDUVOLWWOHKDVEHHQVDLGDERXWWKHHIIHFWVRIWKH
:DU RQ ZRPHQ SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH RI WKH SODQWHU FODVV :KLOH WKHLU
KXVEDQGVDQGVRQVZHUHEDWWOLQJWRSUHVHUYHWKHLGHDORISODQWDWLRQOLIH
VWDWHV¶ ULJKWV DQG VODYHU\ WKH ZRPHQ ZHUH OHIW EHKLQG WR PDQDJH WKH
FURSV VODYHV DQG OLYHVWRFN DV ZHOO DV SURWHFW DQG SURYLGH IRU WKHLU
IDPLOLHV RIWHQ GRLQJ WKLVZKLOH ILJKWLQJ WRRN SODFHRQ DQG DURXQG WKHLU
SURSHUW\7KLVVWXG\RIWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQDQGUHVLOLHQF\RIWKRVHZRPHQ
ZLOOVKRZKRZWKHVHWUDLWVUHVXOWHGLQWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDQHZYHUVLRQRI
WKH6RXWKHUQLGHDO
7RFRPSUHKHQGWKHFKDQJHVLQWKHUROHRISODQWHUFODVVZRPHQDV
D UHVXOW RI WKH ZDU UHTXLUHV D JHQXLQH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI DQWHEHOOXP
VRFLHW\ %RRNV DQG ILOP KDYH SRUWUD\HG D VRIWVSRNHQ JHQWLOH ZRPDQ
ZKRVHSULPDU\FRQFHUQZDVIDVKLRQRUSDUWLHVZLWKOLWWOHHIIRUWH[SHQGHG
LQ WKH UXQQLQJ RI WKH SODQWDWLRQ ,Q UHDOLW\ HOLWH ZKLWH ZRPHQ ZHUH
H[SHFWHG WR RYHUVHH WKH YDULHG DFWLYLWLHV XQGHU WKH URRI RI WKH ³ELJ
KRXVH´ZKLOHFDULQJIRUDQGPDQDJLQJWKHKRXVHKROGKHOSFHQWHULQJWKH
HIIRUWV RI WKHLU GDLO\ OLYHV RQ *RG KRPH DQG IDPLO\ 1R PDWWHU LI KHU
DELOLWLHV OHQW WKHPVHOYHV WR LQWHUHVWV DZD\ IURP KRPH H[SHFWDWLRQV RI
VRXWKHUQ SODQWHU PLVWUHVVHV LQ WKH \HDUV SUHFHGLQJ WKH &LYLO :DU ZHUH
FOHDUO\GHILQHGVKHZDVWREHSLRXVDQGSXUHVXEPLVVLYHWRKHUKXVEDQG
FRPSDVVLRQDWH DQG EHQHYROHQW $FFRUGLQJ WR 7KRPDV 1HOVRQ 3DJH
³KHUOLIHZDVRQHORQJDFWRIGHYRWLRQGHYRWLRQWR*RGGHYRWLRQWRKHU
KXVEDQG GHYRWLRQ WR KHU FKLOGUHQ GHYRWLRQ WR KHU VHUYDQWV WR KHU
IULHQGVWRWKHSRRUWRKXPDQLW\´
7RDLGLQGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHTXLQWHVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHVRIVRXWKHUQ
ZRPDQKRRG WKH GDXJKWHUV RI ZHDOWK\ SODQWHUV RIWHQ UHFHLYHG VRPH
GHJUHH RI IRUPDO HGXFDWLRQ XVXDOO\ FRQVLVWLQJ RI VHYHUDO \HDUV DW D
ZRPHQ¶V LQVWLWXWH +HUH VKH ZRXOG OHDUQ ODQJXDJHV DQG PXVLF UHFHLYH
UHOLJLRXVWUDLQLQJDQGREWDLQLQVWUXFWLRQLQRWKHUDUHDVRIHGXFDWLRQWKDW
ZRXOG EH EHQHILFLDO LQ KHU IXWXUH UROH DV WKH ZLIH RI DQ HOLWH VRXWKHUQ
ZKLWH PDQ +HU PRWKHU ZRXOG JLYH LQVWUXFWLRQ DW KRPH LQ HVVHQWLDO
KRXVHKROG GXWLHV DQG WKH PDQDJHPHQW WKHUHRI DV ZHOO DV VRFLDO VNLOOV
5HEHFFD-)UDVHUGender, Race and Family in Nineteenth Century America: From
Northern Woman to Plantations Mistress 1HZ<RUN3DOJUDYH0DFPLOODQ
7KRPDV1HOVRQ3DJHSocial Life in Old Virginia Before the War1HZ<RUN&KDUOHV
6FULEQHU¶V6RQV
LPSRUWDQW WR D ZRPDQ RI KHU FODVV 8QNQRZQ WR \RXQJ ZRPHQ DW WKH
WLPHWKHLU VWXGLHV ZRXOGDOVR KHOS WKHPDVVLPLODWH WRWKH QHZVRXWKHUQ
ZRUOG WKDW HPHUJHG DIWHU WKH &LYLO :DU 7KH HGXFDWLRQ WKHVH \RXQJ
ZRPHQ UHFHLYHG LV REYLRXV LQ WKH HORTXHQW DQG DUWLFXODWH MRXUQDOV DQG
GLDULHVWKDWKDYHVXUYLYHGDQGEHHQSXEOLVKHGZKLFKSURYLGHLQVLJKWLQWR
WKHVRFLDOKLVWRU\RIWKHDQWHEHOOXPSHULRG
(GXFDWHGWUDLQHGLQGRPHVWLFDUWVDQGVRFLDOO\SUHSDUHG\RXQJ
ZRPHQ ZHUH UHDG\ IRU FRXUWVKLS :KLOH VRPH \RXQJ ZRPHQ IROORZHG
WKHLU KHDUWV DQG PDUULHG WKH PDQ WKH\ FKRVH PRVW GHIHUUHG WR WKHLU
SDUHQWV¶ ZLVKHV PDUU\LQJ ZLWKLQ WKHLU VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF VWUDWXV
*RLQJIURPWKHLUIDWKHU¶VKRXVHWRWKHLUKXVEDQG¶VZRPHQVXEPLWWHGDV
FKDOOHQJHG LQ WKH %LEOH DQG UHLQIRUFHG LQ VRFLHW\ WR WKH SDWULDUFKDO
VWUXFWXUHRIWKH$QWHEHOOXP6RXWK:RUNZDVGLYLGHGDORQJJHQGHUOLQHV
:KLOHWKHPHQVXSHUYLVHGWKHSODQWDWLRQDVDZKROHZRPHQPDQDJHGWKH
KRXVHKROG ZKLFK LQFOXGHG RYHUVHHLQJ WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI IRRG DQG
FORWKLQJIRUWKHIDPLO\FDULQJIRUDQGWUDLQLQJRIFKLOGUHQDQGGLUHFWLQJ
WKHKRXVHKROGVHUYDQWV:RPHQKDGDXWKRULW\RYHUVODYHVLQWKHLUKRPHV
6XVDQ'DEQH\6PHGHVMemorials of a Southern PlanterHG)OHWFKHU0*UHHQ1HZ
<RUN$OIUHG$.QRSI[LL[LLL
/DXUD)(GZDUGVScarlett Doesn’t Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil
War Era 8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV
DQGPHQKDGDXWKRULW\RYHUZRPHQ:KLOHLWLVHUURQHRXVWRLJQRUHWKH
SULYLOHJHV WKDW ZHUH DIIRUGHG E\ UDFH DQG FODVV ZKLFK UHVXOWHG LQ
VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH OLYHV RI VODYHV DQG XSSHU FODVV ZKLWH
ZRPHQ WKHUH LV D FRPPRQ WKUHDG RI H[SHULHQFH DV VXEMHFWV RI WKHLU
PDVWHUV DQG KXVEDQGV WKDW VXUIDFHV WRR PDQ\ WLPHV LQ $QWHEHOOXP
KLVWRU\WREHLJQRUHG,WKDVEHHQDUJXHGWKDWVODYHU\ZDVFRQQHFWHGWR
WKH LGHDO RI WKH VRXWKHUQ ODG\ :RPHQ FKLOGUHQ DQG VODYHV ZHUH
H[SHFWHGWRUHFRJQL]HWKHLUSURSHUSODFHDQGEHREHGLHQWWRWKHPDVWHURI
WKH SODQWDWLRQ $Q\ DWWHPSW E\ VXERUGLQDWHV WR FKDOOHQJH WKH OHDGHUVKLS
RIWKHKHDGRIWKHIDPLO\ZRXOGQRWRQO\WKUHDWHQWKHIDPLO\V\VWHPEXW
VODYHU\DVZHOO7KRPDV5XIILQ1RUWK&DUROLQD&KLHI-XVWLFHIURP
WREHOLHYHGWKHUHZDVDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQPDUULDJHDQGVODYHU\
WKDW ZKLWH ZRPHQ¶V SODFH ZDV LQ WKH KRXVHKROG DV ZLYHV MXVW DV
1HJURHV¶SODFHZDVLQWKHKRXVHKROGDVVODYHV0DU\&KHVQXWZURWHLQ
KHUGLDU\LQ³7KHUHLVQRVODYHDIWHUDOOOLNHDZLIH´DQGDJDLQLQ
³$OO PDUULHG ZRPHQ DOO FKLOGUHQ DQG JLUOV ZKR OLYH RQ LQ WKHLU
&DWKHULQH&OLQWRQThe Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South 1HZ
<RUN3DQWKHRQ%RRNV
(GZDUGVScarlett Doesn’t Live Here Anymore
$QQH)LURU6FRWWThe Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics 1830-1930 &KLFDJR
7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV /DXUD)(GZDUGVGendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of
Reconstruction 8UEDQD8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV
IDWKHU¶VKRXVHVDUHVODYHV´7KH&LYLO:DUSURYHGWREHDFDWDO\VW IRU
HPDQFLSDWLRQRIERWKJURXSV
:KLOHPDQ\ZRPHQZUHVWOHGZLWKWKHVWHUHRW\SLFDOFRQVWUDLQWVRI
WKHLUVRFLHW\PRVWZHUHQRWH[SHFWLQJWREHIDFHGZLWKWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\
RIPDNLQJFUXFLDOGHFLVLRQVDERXWWKHLUUROHGXULQJWKHZDU<DQNHHVDQG
&RQIHGHUDWHV DOLNH EHOLHYHG WKHLU VLGH WR EH ULJKW EXW VRXWKHUQHUV IHOW
WKH\ KDG DGGHG LQVSLUDWLRQ WR VXFFHHG $V *HUWUXGH 7KRPDV QRWHG RQ
1RYHPEHU³:HODFNDUPVDPPXQLWLRQ,QWKDWUHVSHFWWKH\
KDYH WKH DGYDQWDJH RYHU XV EXW RXU PHQ DUH ILJKWLQJ IRU OLEHUW\ DQG
+RPHV WKH )HGHUDOLVWV ILJKWLQJ IRU D QDPH´ 6XUHO\ D FDXVH VR MXVW
ZRXOG SUHYDLO DQG GR VR TXLFNO\ %XW DV WKH PRQWKV WXUQHG LQWR \HDUV
HQWKXVLDVP ZDQHG HVSHFLDOO\ DV WKH EDWWOH VLWHV PRYHG GHHSHU LQWR WKH
6RXWK .DWH 6WRQH D WHHQDJH JLUO OLYLQJ RQ D /RXLVLDQD SODQWDWLRQ ZLWK
KHUZLGRZHGPRWKHUDQGEURWKHUVGHVFULEHVWKRVHGD\V
7KH OLIH ZH DUH OHDGLQJ QRZ LV D PLVHUDEOH IULJKWHQHG RQH ±
OLYLQJLQFRQVWDQWGUHDGRIJUHDWGDQJHUQRWNQRZLQJZKDWIRUP
LW PD\ WDNH DQG XWWHUO\ KHOSOHVV WR SURWHFW RXUVHOYHV ,W LV D
SDLQIXOSUHVHQWDQGDGDUNIXWXUH
:RPHQ DOUHDG\ IDFHG ZLWK DVVXPLQJ WKHLU KXVEDQG¶V SODFH LQ UXQQLQJ
WKHSODQWDWLRQQRZKDGWRGHFLGHZKDWWRGRLIWKH<DQNHHVDSSURDFKHG
0DU\%R\NLQ&KHVQXWA Diary from Dixie HG%HQ$PHV:LOOLDPV%RVWRQ
+RXJKWRQ0LIIOLQ&RPSDQ\
7KRPDV
.DWH6WRQHBrokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861-1868 HG-RKQ4$QGHUVRQ
%DOWLPRUH-+)XUVW
WKHLU SURSHUW\ 7KHLU YHU\ OLYHV ZHUH DW VWDNH DV ZHOO DV WKRVH RI WKHLU
FKLOGUHQ VODYHV DQG DQLPDOV WKHLU KRPHV DQG SRVVHVVLRQV ODQG EDUQV
JLQVDQGVWRUHGFRPPRGLWLHV1RWNQRZLQJWKHH[DFWORFDWLRQRUURXWHRI
WKHHQHP\ZRPHQOLYHGDQ[LRXVO\HYDOXDWLQJHDFKUXPRURILPSHQGLQJ
LQYDVLRQDVWKH\DWWHPSWHGWRHVWDEOLVKDSODQRIDFWLRQ
6RPH ZRPHQ FKRVH WR VWD\ RQ WKHLU SURSHUW\ SUD\LQJ 8QLRQ
VROGLHUVZRXOGWDNHDQRWKHUURXWHRUDW OHDVWVKRZVRPHPHUF\ 2WKHUV
IOHG ZLWK FKLOGUHQ DQG VRPHWLPHV VODYHV LQ WRZ WR OLYH DV UHIXJHHV LQ
GLVWDQW WRZQV DQG VWDWHV 7KRVH ZKR GHFLGHG WR WDNH UHIXJH D GLVWDQFH
IURP KRPH FURZGHG LQWR WKH KRPHV RI UHODWLYHV RU OLYHG LQ KRWHOV
/DFNLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ RI IDPLOLDU VXUURXQGLQJV WKH FRPSDQLRQVKLS RI
JURXSH[LVWHQFHPDGHWKHVLWXDWLRQPRUHWROHUDEOH$V.DWH6WRQHQRWHG
³DOORIXVKDYHIRXQGHYHQSRYHUW\LQFRPSDQ\PRUHEHDUDEOHWKDQ
ZKHQ VXIIHUHG DORQH´ 0DQ\ OHIW WKHLU KRPHV LQ KDVWH WUDYHOOLQJ RQ
IRRW E\ ZDJRQ RU VRPHWLPHV E\ WUDLQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ XUJHQF\ DQG
ILQDQFHV 4XLFN GHFLVLRQV KDG WR EH PDGH RQ ZKDW SRVVHVVLRQV WR WDNH
DORQJ DQG ZKDW WR OHDYH DQG ZKHWKHU YDOXDEOHV OHIW EHKLQG VKRXOG EH
KLGGHQ RU EXULHG (YHQ WKRVH SRVVHVVLRQV WKDW ZHUH LQLWLDOO\ WDNHQ ZHUH
RIWHQORVWRQWKHZD\DVWKH\KDVWLO\WUDYHOOHGWKURXJKGHHSZRRGVDQG
VZDPSV RU ZHUH IRUFHG WR VHOO EHORQJLQJV WR EX\ IRRG RU VKHOWHU )RU
6WRQH
WKRVHZKROHIWRQIRRWWKHWULSZDVQRWRQO\SK\VLFDOO\FKDOOHQJLQJEXW
RIWHQ SURYHG GLVDVWURXV WR WKHLU FORWKLQJ 6KRHV ZKLFK ZHUH QHYHU
GHVLJQHGIRUZDONLQJORQJGLVWDQFHVZHUHIUHTXHQWO\UXLQHGE\WKHWLPH
WKH\UHDFKHGWKHLUGHVWLQDWLRQDQGWKHLUFORWKLQJZRXOGEHGLUW\DQGWRUQ
7KHVFDQWUHVRXUFHVRIUHODWLYHVDQGIULHQGVQRZKDGWRVWUHWFKWRLQFOXGH
WKHLQIOX[RIHYDFXHHV
)RU WKRVH ZKR DFFHSWHG WKH FKDOOHQJH RI RFFXS\LQJ WKH
SODQWDWLRQ XQGHU WKUHDW RI VLHJH SURYLVLRQV KDG WR PHHW QRW RQO\ WKH
QHHGV RI WKH IDPLO\ DQG VODYHV ZKR OLYHG WKHUH EXW VRPHWLPHV WKH
DSSHWLWHV RI 8QLRQ VROGLHUV ZKR GHPDQGHG WR EH IHG DQG WKHQ SLOODJHG
ZKDW ZDV OHIW 7KH ZRPHQ ZKR UHPDLQHG RQ WKHLU SODQWDWLRQV VWHSSHG
LQWR WKH GLIILFXOW UROH RI PDQDJHPHQW LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI WKHLU KXVEDQGV
$VFKDRVXQIROGHGDURXQGWKHPWKH\RSHUDWHGZLWKDGZLQGOLQJQXPEHU
RI VODYHV DQG ZKLWH RYHUVHHUV ZKLOHFRSLQJ ZLWK VKRUWDJHV RI VXSSOLHV
PDUNHWV DQG OLYHVWRFN DWWDFNV E\ WKH HQHP\ RQ VWRUHG FRWWRQ DQG WKH
FRQVWDQW WKUHDW RI SRYHUW\ 7KH\ H[SDQGHG WKH VFRSH RI SODQWDWLRQ
SURGXFWLRQ WR PHHW WKHLU QHHGV LQFOXGLQJ HPSOR\LQJ VODYHV LQ WKH
PDQXIDFWXUHRIFORWKDQGVKRHV7KHSURGXFWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWVNLOOV
WKDW VRXWKHUQ ZRPHQ GHYHORSHG ZRXOG SURYH XVHIXO DV D TXDUWHU RI D
-DPHV/5RDUNMasters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and
Reconstruction 1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\
(GZDUGVScarlett Doesn’t Live Here Anymore, PLOOLRQ PHQ GLHG LQ WKH ZDU DQG WKH PHQ ZKR GLG UHWXUQ ZHUH RIWHQ
XQDEOHWRSURYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHVZLWKRXWDVVLVWDQFH
5HJDUGOHVVRIZKHWKHUWKH\RFFXSLHGWKHLUSODQWDWLRQVRUEHFDPH
UHIXJHHV IHHGLQJ DQG FORWKLQJ WKHLU IDPLOLHV DQG VODYHV ZDV D GDLO\
FKDOOHQJHIRUHOLWHVRXWKHUQZKLWHZRPHQ$IWHUVHYHUDO\HDUVRIZDUDQG
WKH HQVXLQJ GLVUXSWLRQV WR WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG EORFNDGHG SRUWV VXSSOLHV
ZHUH VFDUFH 6XVDQ 'DEQH\ 6PHGHV LQ FRPSLOLQJ KHU IDWKHU 7KRPDV
'DEQH\¶V ZDUWLPH H[SHULHQFHV ZULWHV DERXW WKH VKRUWDJHV DQG SULFHV
)ORXU DQG VXJDU ZHUH HLWKHU QRQH[LVWHQW RU SULFHG EH\RQG UHDFK
&RQIHGHUDWHV LPSURYLVHG PDNLQJ FRIIHH RXW RI VZHHW SRWDWRHV RU
SHDQXWV $ EHHI URDVW ZDV UHSRUWHG WR KDYH FRVW ILIW\ GROODUV DQG WKH
SULFHRIDSRXQGRIWHDGRXEOHGLQMXVWDFRXSOHGD\V$VH[WHQVLYHSUH
ZDU ZDUGUREHV GZLQGOHG ZRPHQ UHPDGH WKHLU GUHVVHV UDWKHU WKDQ
UHSODFLQJ WKHP DV WKH FRVW RI IDEULF VRDUHG RYHU ILIWHHQ GROODUV D \DUG
6RPHZRPHQHYHQOHDUQHGWRZHDYHWKHLURZQFORWKDQGDWWHPSWVZHUH
PDGHWRWDQKLGHVDQGSURGXFHOHDWKHUVKRHVUDWKHUWKDQSD\IRUW\GROODUV
RUPRUHIRUQHZRQHV,Q6RXWK&DUROLQD(PPD/H&RQWHZURWHLQKHU
GLDU\ RI PDNLQJ KHU RZQ XQGHUJDUPHQWV NQLWWLQJ KHU VWRFNLQJV DQG
SD\LQJ RQH KXQGUHG DQG ILIW\ GROODUV IRU D SDLU RI QHZ VKRHV 0DU\
6PHGHV
(PPD/H&RQWHWhen the World Ended, The Diary of Emma Leconte HG(DUO
6FKHQFN0LHUV1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
&KHVQXW GHVFULEHG KHU 6SDUWDQ OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ³« ZH FDPS RQ WKH
ODQGLQJZLWKRXURQHWDEOHDQGVL[FKDLUV%HGVDUHPDGHRQWKHGLQLQJ
URRP IORRU 2WKHUZLVH WKHUH LV QR IXUQLWXUH ³ 'HSULYDWLRQ ZDV D
FRPPRQ IDFWRU IRU ZRPHQ RI DOO VRFLDO DQGHFRQRPLF OHYHOV DFURVV WKH
6RXWK,QWKHHDUOLHU\HDUVRIWKHZDUZKLWHZRPHQ¶VHQWKXVLDVPIRUWKH
FDXVHDQGVWDXQFKVXSSRUWRIWKHLUPHQPDGHVDFULILFHVDWKRPHHDVLHUWR
EHDU %XW DV WKH ZDU ZHQW RQ DQG &RQIHGHUDWH FXUUHQF\ EHFDPH
LQFUHDVLQJO\ GHYDOXHGPDQ\ IDPLOLHV DFURVV WKH 6RXWK IDFHG VWDUYDWLRQ
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH VKRUWDJHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP UDWLRQLQJ SRRU FURSV DQG
EORFNDGHV VXSSOLHV ZHUH IXUWKHU GHSOHWHG E\ GRQDWLRQV WR WKH
&RQIHGHUDWHFDXVH6RXWKHUQZRPHQVHQWIRRGEHGGLQJDQGFORWKHVWR
WKHDUP\6DOOLH0RRUHQRWHGLQKHUPHPRLUV³:HKDGHYHQFXWXSRXU
FDUSHWV LQWR OHQJWKV DQG VHQW WKHP WR FDPSV IRU WKH VROGLHUV WR VOHHS
RQ´
$V WKH :DU UHDFKHG LWV¶ ILQDO PRQWKV WKH UHDOLW\ RI WKH 6RXWK¶V
VLWXDWLRQ EHFDPH GLVWXUELQJO\ FOHDU .DWH 6WRQH UHDOL]HG WKDW WKH HQG RI
WKHFRQIOLFWZDVQHDUZKHQVKHZURWH
&RQTXHUHG VXEPLVVLRQ VXEMXJDWLRQ DUH ZRUGV WKDW EXUQ LQWR
P\KHDUWDQG\HW,IHHOWKDWZHDUHGRRPHGWRNQRZWKHPLQDOO
WKHLUELWWHUQHVV7KHZDULVUXVKLQJUDSLGO\WRDGLVDVWURXVFORVH
&KHVQXW
6DOOLH$OH[DQGHU0RRUHMemories of a Long Life in Virginia 6WDXQWRQ9$
0F&OXUH&RPSDQ\
$QRWKHUPRQWKDQGRXU&RQIHGHUDF\ZLOOEHD1DWLRQQRORQJHU
EXWZHZLOOEHVODYHV\HVVODYHVRIWKH<DQNHH*RYHUQPHQW
0DU\ &KHVQXW UHIOHFWHG WKH DQJXLVK RI PDQ\ VRXWKHUQ ZRPHQ RYHU WKH
ZDVWHRIWLPHDQGOLIHWKDWKDGJRQHLQWRWKLVORVLQJEDWWOH³,ZDVEOLQGHG
E\WHDUVRIUDJH,QGHHG,QHDUO\ZHSWP\VHOIDZD\,QYDLQ<HDUVGHDWK
GHSRSXODWLRQERQGDJHIHDUVWKHVHKDYHDOOEHHQERUQH´5HWXUQLQJWR
RU VXUURXQGHG E\ ZKDW ZDV OHIW RI WKHLU KRPHV LW ZDV REYLRXV WKDW
SK\VLFDOO\VRFLDOO\DQGHFRQRPLFDOO\OLIHZRXOGQHYHUEHWKHVDPH7KH
GHVRODWLRQOHIWLQWKHDIWHUPDWKRIZDUKDGFKDQJHGWKHODQGVFDSH0DU\
&KHVQXWGHVFULEHVWKHWULSKRPHWR0XOEHUU\3ODQWDWLRQSHQQLQJWKLVLQ
KHUGLDU\RQ0D\
,DPZULWLQJ IURPWKHURDGVLGH«HQURXWHWR&DPGHQ6LQFHZH
OHIW &KHVWHU VROLWXGH QRWKLQJ EXW WDOO EODFNHQHG FKLPQH\V WR
VKRZ WKDW DQ\ PDQ KDV HYHU WURG WKLV URDG EHIRUH XV 7KLV LV
6KHUPDQ¶VWUDFNLWLVKDUGQRWWRFXUVHKLP,ZHSWLQFHVVDQWO\DW
ILUVW«WKHQ,PDGHDYRZ,IZHDUHDFUXVKHGSHRSOH,ZLOOQHYHU
EHDZKLPSHULQJSLQLQJVODYH
7KLVHQWU\FDSWXUHVWKHHVVHQFHRIZKDWPDQ\ZKLWHZRPHQZHUHIHHOLQJ
DW WKH WLPH DQJHU DQG IUXVWUDWLRQ EXW DOVR D ILUP GHWHUPLQDWLRQ WR ULVH
DERYH WKH VLWXDWLRQ 7KH &RQIHGHUDF\ PD\ KDYH EHHQ GHIHDWHG EXW WKH
VSLULWRILWVSHRSOHZDVQRWFRPSOHWHO\EURNHQ-RXUQDOHQWULHVDWWKHHQG
RI WKH ZDU EHJDQ WR UHIOHFW IHHOLQJV RI DFFHSWDQFH DQG GHWHUPLQDWLRQ
6WRQH
&KHVQXW
,ELG ZLWK VRPH RSWLPLVP (OL]D $QGUHZV KDG WKDW RSWLPLVWLF WRQH ZKHQ VKH
QRWHGLQKHUMRXUQDORQ0D\³,WLVGUHDGIXOWREHVRSRRUEXW
VRPHKRZ,FDQ¶WVXSSUHVVDIRUORUQKRSHWKDWLWZRQ¶WODVWDOZD\VDQG
WKDWDWLPHPD\FRPHZKHQZHZLOOODXJKDWDOOWKHVHWURXEOHVHYHQPRUH
KHDUWLO\ WKDQ ZH GR QRZ´ )UDQFHV $QGUHZV QRWHG LQ KHU MRXUQDO
$XJXVW ³,W LV PRUH JUDFHIXO DQG PRUH VHQVLEOH WR DFFHSW
SRYHUW\DVLWFRPHVWKDQWRWU\WRKLGHLWXQGHUDIOLPV\FRYHULQJRIIDOVH
DSSHDUDQFHV«IRUP\SDUW,DPSURXGHURIP\SRYHUW\WKDQ,HYHUZDV
RIP\IRUPHUSURVSHULW\´6RXWKHUQZRPHQ¶VWUXHVWUHQJWKRIFKDUDFWHU
ZDVHYLGHQWDVWKH\UHVROXWHO\IDFHGWKHFKDQJHVZURXJKWE\GHIHDW
,QWKHPLGVWRIWKHFKDRVPDQ\ZRPHQDFFHSWHGWKHUHDOLWLHVRI
ZDU PRUH HDVLO\ WKDQ GLG WKHLU KXVEDQGV 6RXWKHUQ ZRPHQ KDG EHHQ D
SDUWRIWKHFKDQJHVWKDWKDGRFFXUUHGRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKHZDUSRXULQJ
SK\VLFDO HPRWLRQDO DQG VSLULWXDO HQHUJ\ LQWR WKH PHUH DFW RI VXUYLYDO
0HQ KDGEHHQ DZD\ GHIHQGLQJ WKHLU KRPHV DQG ZHUH RIWHQ XQSUHSDUHG
IRU WKH UHDOLW\ WKDW IDFHG WKHP ZKHQ WKH\ UHWXUQHG /LWWOH UHPDLQHG RI
WKHLUIRUPHUOLYHVDQGPDQ\PHQGHVLULQJDVDIHKDYHQDIWHUWKHKRUURUV
RI ZDU VWUXJJOHG WR DGMXVW WR WKH FKDQJHV WKH\ IRXQG DFURVV WKH 6RXWK
:DU KDG UDYDJHG WKH FRXQWU\VLGH EXLOGLQJV DQG ODQG ZHUH ODLG ZDVWH
(OL]D)UDQFHV$QGUHZVThe War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl 1864-1865HG
6SHQFHU%LGZHOO.LQJ-U0DFRQ7KH$UGLYDQ3UHVV
$QGUHZV
DQGE\FKRLFHRUGHIDXOWZRPHQKDGVWHSSHGLQWRWKHUROHWKHPDVWHUVKDG
OHIW EHKLQG 0UV 7KRPDV ZULWHV RI KHU KXVEDQG¶V GLVFRXUDJHPHQW LQ
0D\
7KHIDFWLVRXU1HJURHVDUHWREHPDGHIUHHDQGDFKDQJHDYHU\
>JUHDW@FKDQJHZLOOEHDIIHFWHGLQRXUPRGHRIOLYLQJ7KHQHZV
ZDVMXVWFRPPXQLFDWHGWRXV«WKH1HJURHVZHUHWREHVXEVLVWHG
SDLGVL[PRQWKVZDJHVLQDGYDQFHDQGKDOIWKHFURSPDGHWREH
GLYLGHGDPRQJWKHP&RQWUDFWVWR>EH@PDGHEHWZHHQQHJURDQG
3ODQWHU«$ IDLOXUH WR SODQW ZLOO FDXVH WKH ODQG WR EH
FRQILVFDWHG«0U 7 DSSHDUHG FDVW GRZQ XWWHUO\ VSLULW EURNHQ
\HVWHUGD\ ZKHQ WKH QHZV ILUVW UHDFKHG KLP DQG ZKHQ , ZRXOG
KLQWDWEULJKWHUVN\ZRXOGPRFNDWVXFKDQWLFLSDWLRQV
-DQH 3LFNHWW RQ OHDUQLQJ KHU KRPH KDG EHHQ EXUQHG DQG WKHLU VODYHV
IUHHGE\8QLRQWURRSVZURWH³0U3LFNHWWFDQQRWEHDUVRODUJHDORVVRI
SURSHUW\ $V , QHYHU ZDV H[DOWHG E\ SURSHUW\ VR , QHYHU FRXOG EH
GHEDVHGE\DGYHUVLW\´7KHPRVWOLIHDOWHULQJFKDQJHWKHORVVRIVODYHV
OHIW 6RXWKHUQHUV VHDUFKLQJ IRU QHZ LGHQWLWLHV WR UHSODFHWKH RQHV WLHG WR
VODYH RZQLQJ /DUJH SODQWDWLRQV FRXOG QRW EH RSHUDWHG LI ZRUNHUV PXVW
EH FRPSHQVDWHG EXW ZLWKRXW WKHLU ODQG SODQWHUV KDG QR PHDQV RI
SURYLGLQJIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV
:KLOH PHQ ZUHVWOHG ZLWK KRZ WR HDUQ D OLYLQJ 6RXWKHUQ ZRPHQ
TXLFNO\ UHDOL]HG WKDW ZLWKRXW VODYHV WR GR WKH SK\VLFDO ODERU RI WKH
SODQWDWLRQ LW ZDV XS WR WKHP WR HLWKHU GR WKHLU SDUW SK\VLFDOO\ RU
7KRPDV
-DQH3LFNHWWBodie Family Papers-DFNVRQ0LVVLVVLSSL6WDWH$UFKLYHVLQ&DWKHULQH
&OLQWRQTara Revisited: Women, War, and the Plantation Legend 1HZ<RUN
$EEHYLOOH3UHVV
ILQDQFLDOO\ 'XULQJ WKH ZDU ZRPHQ KDG QRW EHHQ VLPSO\ EHPRDQLQJ D
ORVW ZD\ RI OLIH ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ IRU WKHLU PHQ WR FRPH KRPH DQG UHVFXH
WKHP WKH\ VKRXOGHUHG WKH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI ZDUWLPH VXUYLYDO 0RVW RI
WKHVH HIIRUWV ZHUH YROXQWDU\ EXW WKHUH ZHUH D IHZ SODQWHU ZRPHQ LQ
GHVSHUDWH ILQDQFLDO VWUDLWV WKDW ZRUNHG IRU SD\ 6RXWKHUQ ZRPHQ MRLQHG
WRJHWKHUWR VHZ XQLIRUPV IRU WKH &RQIHGHUDWHV UROO EDQGDJHV DQG UDLVH
PRQH\ IRU WKH PLOLWDU\ 6RPH ZHQW HYHQ IXUWKHU ZRUNLQJ LQ KRVSLWDOV
WHQGLQJWKHVLFNDQGZRXQGHG,QVSLWHRIWKHFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQSDWULRWLVP
DQGWKHH[SHFWDWLRQWRUHPDLQDODG\ZRPHQRYHUFDPHWKHLUGRXEWVDV
ZHOO DV RSSRVLWLRQ IURP GRFWRUV DQG PLOLWDU\ OHDGHUV WR EHFRPH DQ
HVVHQWLDO SDUW RI WKH ZDU HIIRUW $V WKH QXPEHU RI ZRXQGHG PHQ
H[FHHGHG WKH FDSDFLW\ RI H[LVWLQJ IDFLOLWLHV ZRPHQ GLG QRW ZDLW RQ
JRYHUQPHQW EXUHDXFUDF\ EXW VHFXUHG EXLOGLQJV DQG RSHQHG DGGLWLRQDO
KRVSLWDOV RIWHQ RQ VWDWH IDLUJURXQGV DV 0UV &DPSEHOO %UXFH DQG 0UV
*HRUJH+RZHGLGLQ6HSWHPEHUQHDU&ROXPELD6RXWK&DUROLQD
:RPHQWRRNIXOOFRQWURORIVRPHKRVSLWDOVHYHQVHHLQJWREXULDORIWKH
GHDGDQG ZULWLQJ OHWWHUV WR WKH IDPLOLHV RI G\LQJ VROGLHUV ERWK <DQNHH
DQG&RQIHGHUDWH 7KHLUHIIRUWVGLGQRWJRXQUHFRJQL]HG,QDOHWWHUWR
6RSKLD *LOPHU %LEE KHDG RI D KRVSLWDO LQ 0RQWJRPHU\ $ODEDPD
&OLQWRQTara Revisited, ,ELG &RQIHGHUDWH SUHVLGHQW-HIIHUVRQ 'DYLV ZURWH ³7KH VXUJHRQJHQHUDO KDV
LQIRUPHG PH WKDW WKH ODGLHV¶ KRVSLWDO LV WKH EHVW PDQDJHG DQG PRVW
FRPIRUWDEOH RQH LQ WKH &RQIHGHUDF\ ´ 6DOOLH 7RPSNLQV D ZHDOWK\
\RXQJ ZRPDQ IURP D 9LUJLQLD SODQWDWLRQ UDQ 5REHUWVRQ +RVSLWDO LQ
5LFKPRQG GXULQJ WKH ZDU VR ZHOO WKDW 3UHVLGHQW 'DYLV JDYH KHU WKH
PLOLWDU\UDQNRIFDSWDLQEXWUHIXVHGWRDFFHSWWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJVDODU\ $FFRUGLQJWR(GZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHZDUVLJQLILHGDFROODSVHRI
WKHLU VRFLHWDO VWUXFWXUH DV ZRPHQ ³DFWLYHO\ VRXJKW QHZ ZD\V WR GHILQH
WKHLU RZQ DQG WKHLU PHQIRON¶V VWDWXV LQ D ZRUOG ZLWKRXW VODYHU\ ZKLOH
EULQJLQJWKHLUYHUVLRQRIWKHSDVWLQWRWKHSUHVHQWWKURXJKYDULRXVHIIRUWV
WR KRQRUWKH &RQIHGHUDF\ DQG WKH SODQWDWLRQ VRXWK ,Q WKH SURFHVV WKH\
UHGHILQHG WKHLU RZQ UROH LQ VRXWKHUQ VRFLHW\´ 6WHUHRW\SLFDO VRXWKHUQ
ZRPHQ¶VUROHVKDGFKDQJHGGXULQJWKHZDUDQGZRXOGQRWEHUHYHUVHG
,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI VODYHV DQG ZLWK GHSHQGDEOH KHOS GLIILFXOW WR SURFXUH
DQG H[SHQVLYH WR NHHS ZRPHQ WRRN WKH VNLOOV JDLQHG GXULQJ WKH ZDU
\HDUVDQGDSSOLHGWKHPWRGDLO\OLIH(OLWHVRXWKHUQZKLWHZRPHQWRRNRQ
KRXVHKROG FKRUHV SHUPDQHQWO\ DQG DFWLYHO\ SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ ³PHQ¶V
ZRUN´ LQ WKHLU QHZ UROHV DV ZLGRZV RU WR DVVLVW WKHLU LPSHFXQLRXV
+(6WHUN[Partners in Rebellion: Alabama Women in the Civil War 5XWKHUIRUG
1-)DUOHLJK'LFNLQVRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
&OLQWRQTara Revisited, (GZDUGVScarlett Doesn’t Live Here Anymore, KXVEDQGV6RPHZRPHQXVHGWKHLUHGXFDWLRQDQGH[SHULHQFHLQWUDLQLQJ
WKHLU RZQ FKLOGUHQ WR HQWHU WKH ZRUNSODFH DV WHDFKHUV /RRNLQJ WR WKH
IXWXUH 0UV 7KRPDV ZURWH ³, KDYH VHHQ SRYHUW\ VWDULQJ PH LQ WKH
IDFH«EXWHYHQWKHQ,QHUYHGP\VHOIDQGZDVSUHSDUHGWRGRVRPHWKLQJLI
, FRXOG«, ORRNHG IRUZDUG DQG DVNHG P\VHOI ZKDW FDQ , GR" 1RWKLQJ
H[FHSW WHDFK VFKRRO«´ 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ SODQV LQFOXGHG SURYLVLRQ IRU
SXEOLF VFKRROV SURGXFLQJ ZKDW ZDV FDOOHG WKH ³HGXFDWLRQDO UHYLYDO´
7KLV UHQHZHG LQWHUHVW LQ HGXFDWLRQ SURYLGHG PDQ\ UHVSHFWDEOH
RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU ZRPHQ ZKR QHHGHG WR VXSSO\ LQFRPH IRU WKHLU
IDPLOLHV 2WKHU ZRPHQ GUDZLQJ RQ WKHLU ZULWLQJ WDOHQWV EHFDPH
DXWKRUVMRXUQDOLVWVDQGQHZVSDSHUHGLWRUV7KLVJDYHZRPHQDYRLFHIRU
WKH JURZLQJ ZRPHQ¶V ULJKWV PRYHPHQW 6RPH IRUPHUO\ HOLWH ZRPHQ
GHILHGWUDGLWLRQHYHQIXUWKHUVHHNLQJHPSOR\PHQWLQIDFWRULHVDQGPLOOV
7KLV WUHQG WRZDUG LQFUHDVHG QXPEHUV RI ZRPHQ ZRUNLQJ RXWVLGH WKH
KRPH ZRXOG FRQWLQXH ZLWK WKH &HQVXV UHYHDOLQJ WKDW ZRPHQ LQ
PDQXIDFWXULQJMREVLQ9LUJLQLDKDGGRXEOHGVLQFHDQGSURIHVVLRQDO
ZRPHQ LQ 0LVVLVVLSSL KDG LQFUHDVHG IRXUIROG GXULQJ WKH VDPH SHULRG
0DUOL):HLQHUMistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina, 183080 8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV
7KRPDV
6FRWW
HYHQ WKRXJK WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI HDFK VWDWH KDG LQFUHDVHG E\ D WKLUG RU
OHVV
3ULRUWRWKHZDUSODQWHUPLVWUHVVHVKDGIRFXVHGWKHLUHQHUJLHVRQ
WKHLURZQGRPHVWLFZRUOGQRWYHQWXULQJLQWRWKHSXEOLFUHDOPDVGLGWKHLU
QRUWKHUQ FRXQWHUSDUWV 7KH &LYLO :DU ZDV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDO IRU HOLWH
VRXWKHUQZKLWHZRPHQLQWKDWWKHSUR[LPLW\RIZDUIRUFHGWKHPEH\RQG
WKH SULYDWH VSKHUH RI KRPH DQG WKXV EURXJKW WKHP WR DQ HTXDO RU
DGYDQFHGOHYHORIVRFLHWDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVFRPSDUHGZLWKZKLWHZRPHQ
LQWKHQRUWK6LQFHQHDUO\DOORIWKHEDWWOHVDQGGHVWUXFWLRQWRRNSODFHLQ
WKH VRXWK WKH ³KRPHIURQW EHFDPH WKH EDWWOHILHOG IRU PLOOLRQV RI
&RQIHGHUDWH ZRPHQ´ 6RXWKHUQ ZRPHQ KDG GLYHUVH UHDFWLRQV WR WKHLU
DOWHUHG UROHV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV 6RPH ZHUH GHVSRQGHQW RYHU WKHLU
FKDQJHG OLYHV VXFK DV 0DU\ &XVWLV /HH ZKR VWDWHG LQ D OHWWHU WR 0UV
'DYLV³0\KHDUW\HDUQVIRUWKHKRPHDQGVFHQHVRIP\SDVWOLIH,IHHODV
D VWUDQJHU DQG H[LOH DOZD\V ORRNLQJ IRUZDUG WR VRPH FKDQJH LQ P\
FRQGLWLRQ´ 2WKHUV IRXQG WKH H[SHULHQFH EHQHILFLDO DV .DWH 6WRQH
ZURWH³,WKDVWDNHQWURXEOHWRWHDFKPHP\IDXOWV,ZLOOWU\DOZD\VWR
%XUHDXRIWKH&HQVXVSpecial Census Report on the Occupations of the Population of
the United States at the 11th Census, &DUUROO':ULJKW&RPPLVVLRQHURI/DERULQ
FKDUJHRIWKHHOHYHQWKFHQVXV:DVKLQJWRQ'&*32
)UDVHU
³0DU\&XVWLV/HHWR0UV'DYLV)HEUXDU\´LQLadies of Richmond,
Confederate Capital compiledE\.DWKDULQH0-RQHV,QGLDQDSROLV7KH%REEV0HUULOO
&RPSDQ\
VHHWKHVLOYHUOLQLQJWRWKHFORXGDQG,ZLOOWU\LQWKHIXWXUHWREHPRUH
ZRUWK\ RI WKH EOHVVLQJV WKDW EULJKWHQ P\ SDWKZD\´ 7KH ZDU WDNLQJ
SODFH DURXQG WKHP SURYLGHG SODQWHU ZRPHQ RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR ZRUN
WKURXJK WKHLU JULHI DQG SUHSDUHG WKHP WR IXQFWLRQ LQ D FKDQJHG ZRUOG
GXULQJ5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ,WZDVDVORZSURFHVVDQGVRPHWLPHVSDLQIXOEXW
VRFLHWDO DQG HFRQRPLF FKDQJH RI WKLV PDJQLWXGH FRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ
DFFRPSOLVKHGLQVXFKDEULHIWLPHSHULRGZLWKRXWWKHFDWDO\VWRIZDU$V
6FRWWDSWO\VWDWHG³6RXWKHUQZRPHQKDGEHJXQWRVKDNHORRVHIURPWKH
W\UDQQ\RIDVLQJOHPRQROLWKLFLPDJHRIZRPDQDQGZHUHQRZIUHHIRU
EHWWHURUZRUVHWRVWUXJJOHWREHWKHPVHOYHV´
6WRQH
6FRWW
%LEOLRJUDSK\
$QGUHZV(OL]D)UDQFHVThe War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl 18641865. (GLWHGE\6SHQFHU%LGZHOO.LQJ-U0DFRQWKH$UGLYDQ
3UHVV
%XUHDXRIWKH&HQVXVSpecial Census Report on the Occupations of the
Population of the United States at the 11th Census. &DUUROO'
:ULJKW&RPPLVVLRQHURI/DERULQFKDUJHRIWKHHOHYHQWKFHQVXV
:DVKLQJWRQ'&*32
&KHVQXW0DU\%R\NLQA Diary from Dixie. (GLWHGE\%HQ$PHV
:LOOLDPV%RVWRQ+RXJKWRQ0LIIOLQ&RPSDQ\
&OLQWRQ&DWKHULQHTara Revisited: Women, War, and the Plantation
Legend. 1HZ<RUN$EEHYLOOH3UHVV
&OLQWRQ&DWKHULQHThe Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old
South. 1HZ<RUN3DQWKHRQ%RRNV
(GZDUGV/DXUD)Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political
Culture of Reconstruction. 8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI
,OOLQRLV3UHVV
(GZDUGV/DXUD)Scarlett Doesn’t Live here Anymore: Southern
Women in the Civil War Era. 8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI
,OOLQRLV3UHVV
)UDVHU5HEHFFD-Gender, Race and Family in Nineteenth Century
America: From Northern Woman to Plantation Mistress. 1HZ
<RUN3DOJUDYH0DFPLOODQ
/H&RQWH(PPDWhen the World Ended: The Diary of Emma LeConte,
HGLWHGE\(DUO6FKHQFN0LHUV1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV
-RQHV.DWKDULQH0HGLadies of Richmond, Confederate Capital.
,QGLDQDSROLV7KH%REEV0HUULOO&RPSDQ\
0RRUH6DOOLH$OH[DQGHUMemories of a Long Life in Virginia.
6WDXQWRQ9$0F&OXUH&RPSDQ\
3DJH7KRPDV1HOVRQSocial Life in Old Virginia Before the War1HZ
<RUN&KDUOHV6FULEQHU¶V6RQV
&OLQWRQ&DWKHULQHTara Revisited: Women, War, and the Plantation
Legend. 1HZ<RUN$EEHYLOOH3UHVV
5RDUN-DPHV/Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil
War and Reconstruction. 1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\
6FRWW$QQH)LURUThe Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics 18301930. &KLFDJR7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV
6PHGHV6XVDQ'DEQH\Memorials of a Southern Planter. (GLWHGE\
)OHWFKHU0*UHHQ 1HZ<RUN$OIUHG$.QRSI
6WHUN[+(Partners in Rebellion: Alabama Women in the Civil War.
5XWKHUIRUG1-)DUOHLJK'LFNLQVRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WRQH.DWHBrokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861-1868(GLWHG
E\-RKQ4$QGHUVRQ%DOWLPRUH-+)XUVW
7KRPDV(OOD*HUWUXGH&ODQWRQThe Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella
Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1848-1889(GLWHGE\9LUJLQLD
,QJUDKDP%XUU&KDSHO+LOO7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD
3UHVV
:HLQHU0DUOL)Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South
Carolina, 1830-80. 8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV
3UHVV