Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
See also: First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
its southern flank and the railhead at Amiens was threatened with capture; Paris was bombarded by long-range
guns.[3] The Allies moved reinforcements to the Somme
front and by the end of May, the German advance of the
1918 Battle of the Somme had been halted in front of
Hamel. In preparation for a further attack, German railway construction companies were brought up and work
undertaken to repair damaged railways in the captured
ground.[4]
The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux came during
the period of the battle of Lys, 24–27 April 1918 but was
launched against the Allied lines in front of Amiens. The
German army built twenty-one tanks in the war and used
fourteen A7V tanks in the attack, making it one of the
biggest German tank operations in World War I.
During the battle, the first tank-versus-tank battle in history occurred when a group of three advancing German A7V tanks met and engaged three British Mark
IV tanks, two of which were female tanks armed with
machine-guns. The two Mark IV females were damaged
and forced to withdraw but the male tank armed with
6-pounder guns, hit and disabled the lead A7V, which
was then abandoned by its crew. The Mark IV continued to fire on the two remaining German A7Vs, which
withdrew. The “male” then advanced with the support
of Whippet light tanks which had arrived, until disabled
by artillery fire and abandoned by the crew. The German and British crews recovered their vehicles later in the
day. A counter-attack by two Australian and one British
brigade during the night of 24 April partly surrounded
Villers-Bretonneux and on 25 April the town was recaptured. Australian, British and French troops restored the
original front line by 27 April.[lower-alpha 1]
1
In early April, the Germans renewed their efforts, launching the Battle of the Lys.[5] The Germans managed to
advance their front towards Villers-Bretonneux, a town
that was situated on the high ground to the south of the
Somme River. Positioned on high ground that provided
a line-of-sight for artillery observers to call down fire on
Amiens, which was only 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) away, the
town held significant strategic value. On 4 April, the Germans attempted to capture the town with 15 divisions but
were repulsed by troops from the British 1st Cavalry Division and Australian 9th Brigade during the First Battle of
Villers-Bretonneux.[4][6] After the first battle, the forces
that had secured the town were relieved and by late April
the area around Villers-Bretonneux was largely held by
the 8th Division.[7] Although it had been one of the best
British divisions it had suffered badly in the German attacks of March, losing 250 officers and about 4,700 men,
reducing its infantry by half. Replacements in the latest draft from Britain included 18-year-olds with little
training.[8]
Prelude
In late 1917 and early 1918, the end of the fighting on
the Eastern Front allowed the Germans to transfer large
numbers of men and equipment to the west.[2] Buoyed
by this but concerned that the entry of the United States
into the war would negate their numerical advantage if
they did not attack quickly and that massed tank attacks
like that at Cambrai in November 1917 made far more
areas on the Western Front vulnerable to attack, the German commander, Erich Ludendorff, chose to use the temporary numerical advantage to punch through the front
line and then advance north towards the sea. In March,
the Germans launched the Spring Offensive, against the
Third Army and the Fifth Army on the Somme. Understrength due to the small numbers of replacements being sent from Britain and in incomplete defences, the
Fifth Army was forced back quickly after the first two
days, as the Germans advanced under a heavy bombardment of high explosives and gas. As the Germans advanced steadily west, the Third Army also fell back on
2 Battle
2.1 German 2nd Army attack
On 17/18 April, the Germans bombarded the area behind Villers-Bretonneux with mustard gas, causing 1,000
Australian casualties.[4][9] On the evening of 23/24 April,
an artillery barrage was fired, using mustard gas and high
explosive rounds. Next morning, the Germans attacked
the village with four divisions.[4][9] The German infantry,
with fourteen supporting tanks (one was unserviceable),
broke through the 8th Division, making a 3-mile (4.8 km)
wide gap in the Allied line.[10] Villers-Bretonneux fell
to the Germans and the railway junction of Amiens became vulnerable to capture.[11] After the Germans took
Villers-Bretonneux, the first engagement between opposing tanks took place. Three British Mark IV tanks from
No. 1 Section, A Company, 1st Battalion, Tank Corps
1
2
2 BATTLE
had been dispatched to the Cachy switch line, at the first
reports of German advance and were to hold it against
the Germans.[12] One was a “male” (the No. 1 Tank of
the section) armed with two 6-pounder guns and machine
guns, under the command of Lieutenant Frank Mitchell.
It was crewed by only four of the normal crew of eight,
as the others had been gassed. The other tanks were “females” armed with 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine-guns, for
use against infantry.[13] All were advancing when they encountered a German A7V, “Nixe” of Abteilung III Imperial German Tank Force, commanded by 2nd Lieutenant
Wilhelm Biltz.[13][14]
ordered the tank back, manoeuvring to try to avoid the
shells but a mortar round disabled the tracks. The crew
left the tank, escaping to a British-held trench, much to
the surprise of the troops in it.[13] Leutnant Biltz and his
crew boarded “Nixe” and withdrew. The tank was eventually broken up for spares in June 1918. Earlier in the
day, another tank in the same group as Biltz, A7V No 506
"Mephisto", had fallen onto its side and was abandoned.
The tank was captured by Australian troops when they
counter-attacked a few days later.[18][lower-alpha 2]
2.2 Fourth Army counter-attack
A7V tank at Roye, 21 March 1918
Nixe fired on the two “females”, damaging them to the extent that it left holes in the hull leaving the crew exposed.
Both retreated; their machine guns were unable to penetrate the armour on the German tank. Mitchell’s “male”
Mark IV continued to fire at the A7V, while on the move
to avoid German artillery fire and the gun of the German
tank. The movement meant Mitchell’s gunner had difficulty in aiming the 6-pounders. The tanks fired at each
other on the move, until the Mark IV stopped to allow
the gunner a clear shot and the gunner scored three hits
(a total of six shell hits).[15] Nixe heeled over on its side,
possible as a result of crossing an incline at the wrong
angle.[14] The surviving German crew (out of 18 men),
including Biltz, alighted from the vehicle and the British
fired at them as they fled on foot, killing nine.[16]
The British tank was next faced by two more A7Vs, supported by infantry; Mitchell’s tank fired several ranging
shots at the German tanks and they retreated. Mitchell’s
tank continued to attack the German infantry, firing caseshot. Seven of the new British Whippet medium tanks
arrived, attacked the Germans, encountered some battalions “forming up in the open” and killed many infantry
with their machine-guns and by running them down.
Mitchell later remarked that when they returned their
tracks were covered with blood. Only four of the seven
Whippets came back, the rest were destroyed by artillery
and five crew were killed.[17]
A captured “female” Mark IV tank C14 in 1917
About noon the 1st Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters
had attempted a counter-attack. The British 25th Brigade
was considered for an attack but this was cancelled.[21] A
tank with troops from the 2nd Royal Berkshire made a
spontaneous attack from the north, pushing the German
line back about 150 yards (140 m).[22] General Henry
Rawlinson had responded even before he received orders
from Marshal Ferdinand Foch to recapture the town.[23]
At 9:30 a.m. he ordered an immediate counter-attack
by the Australian 13th Brigade under General Thomas
William Glasgow and the 15th Brigade under General
H. E. “Pompey” Elliott, both in reserve, though the 13th
Brigade had suffered many casualties at Dernancourt
nearby. Rawlinson intended an enveloping attack, the
15th Brigade attacking north of the town and the 13th
Brigade attacking to the south. British troops would
support and the 2nd Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment and the 22nd Durham Light Infantry would follow through in the gap between the Australians and “mop
up” the town, once it was isolated. Artillery support was
available but since German positions were unknown and
to avoid alerting the Germans, there was no preparatory
barrage to soften up the German positions. Instead the
artillery would bombard the town for the hour once the
attack began and then move its line of fire back beyond
the line held by the Allies before the German attack.[24]
Being the last tank on the field and slow moving, the Mark
IV became a target for German artillery and Mitchell The attack took place on the night of 24/25 April, af-
3.2
Casualties
ter a postponement from 8:00 p.m. Glasgow argued that
it would still be light, with terrible consequences for his
men and that the operation should start at 10:00 p.m. and
“zero hour” was eventually set for 10:00 p.m. The operation began with German machine gun crews causing
many Australian casualties. A number of charges against
machine-gun posts helped the Australian advance; in particular, Lieutenant Clifford Sadlier of the 51st Battalion, was awarded the Victoria Cross, after attacking with
hand-grenades. The two brigades swept around VillersBretonneux and the Germans retreated, for a while escaping the pocket along a railway cutting. The Australians eventually captured the German positions and
pushed the German line back, leaving the German troops
in Villers-Bretonneux surrounded. The British units attacked frontally and suffered many casualties. By 25
April, the town had been recaptured and handed back
to the villagers.[25] The battle was a great success for the
Australian troops, who had defeated the German attempt
to capture Amiens and recaptured Villers-Bretonneux
while outnumbered; the village remained in Allied hands
to the end of the war.[1]
3
3.1
3
ders lavished praise upon the Australian soldiers who
took part, Brigadier-General George Grogan, a witness,
later wrote that it was “perhaps the greatest individual
feat of the war”, for troops to attack at night, across
unfamiliar ground at short notice and with no artillery
preparation.[32][4]
These factors had proved essential to the Australian
success.[9] Foch spoke of their “astonishing valiance
[sic]...” and General Sir Henry Rawlinson attributed the
safety of Amiens to the "...determination, tenacity and
valour of the Australian Corps”.[4][33] After the battle
the worst examples of looting by AIF soldiers of the
war occurred.[34] In 2011, King wrote that one culprit
was Barney Hines, the “Souvenir King” of the AIF, who
was something of a celebrity. According to King, Hines
raided a number of houses, looting alcohol and expensive
clothes, which he then used to throw a party for his friends
that ended abruptly when the Germans shelled the house,
wounding Hines and several others. King also wrote that
the Australians shared rations with French civilians in
the town.[35] Due to the coincidence of the day in which
the counter-attack occurred, the battle holds a significant
place in Australian military history, nevertheless it was a
combined Allied effort.[33]
Aftermath
Analysis
Fighting continued in Villers-Bretonneux and the vicinity for months after the counter-attack. The Australians
spent Anzac Day clearing Germans out of the houses and
fighting in the streets and the town was not secured until
27 April.[4] On 26 April, a French Moroccan Division attack on Hangard Wood, south of the village was a costly
failure. On 3 May, the Australian 12th Brigade attacked
towards Monument Wood, east of Villers-Bretonneux.
The attack failed with the 48th Australian Battalion, losing over 150 men to the Jäger.[7] The German offensive
in the Australian sector ended in late April. As the Germans turned their attention to the French sectors, in May
and June, a lull occurred on the Somme, during which the
Australians exploited their success at Villers-Bretonneux,
conducting a series of "peaceful penetration" operations
that slowly advanced the front east.[26][27]
As the German offensive came to a halt around the Marne
in early July, more fighting took place around VillersBretonneux, as part of diversionary moves by Australian
forces, acting in support of the Battle of Hamel.[28] Corporal Walter Brown, of the 20th Australian Battalion,
received the Victoria Cross for his actions.[29] Later in
the month, the area around Villers-Bretonneux saw more
fighting when the 25th Battalion and 26th Battalion of
the 7th Australian Brigade attacked around Monument
Wood; for his actions during the assault and German
counter-attack, Lieutenant Albert Borella of the 26th Battalion, later received the Victoria Cross.[30][31] After the
Anzac Day counter-attack, British and French comman-
3.2 Casualties
The fighting around Villers-Bretonneux in April resulted
in the following Allied casualties: the Australian brigades
had taken 2,473 casualties, British casualties were 9,529
and French losses were c. 3,500. German losses were
8,000–10,400 men.[36]
4 Memorial
Main article: Villers–Bretonneux Australian National
Memorial
In the 1930s an impressively towering memorial was established at the top of the Villers-Bretonneux Military
Cemetery to honour the Australian soldiers who fell in
France in the Great War. The cemetery is located between Villers-Bretonneux and Fouilloy on the hill (belonging to the latter but overlooking the former) from
which the famous night attack was launched. Some 10
miles (16 km) east of Amiens and north of the Roman
road to St-Quentin, it rises gently to a plateau overlooking
Amiens, the Somme valley and the town. The cemetery
contains 2,000 graves, of which 779 are Australian.[37] A
further ten Australian casualties of the battle are buried
in the Villers-Bretonneux Communal Cemetery.[38] The
smaller Crucifix Corner British Military Cemetery just
east of the town, in the shadow of a motorway embankment, contains the graves of Australian, British and
French metropolitan and colonial (Moroccan) troops, the
4
7
former including many Australians who fell in the area in
fighting, which moved further to the east only on 8 August
1918 (but from then on rapidly).[39] The victory gained at
Villers-Bretonneux on the third anniversary of the Gallipoli landings is yearly commemorated by Australians.
In 2008, to mark the ninetieth anniversary, the Australian
and New Zealand Anzac Day dawn service was held for
the first time on the Fouilloy Hill, as well as the traditional
one held on the Gallipoli Peninsula.[40]
REFERENCES
[19] Morgan 2014, pp. 24–27.
[20] “Mephisto”. Queensland Museum. Retrieved 7 August
2014.
[21] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, p. 394.
[22] Bean 1937, p. 567.
[23] Bean 1937, p. 557.
[24] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, pp. 394–399.
5
Notes
[1] German units engaged: I, II and III Sturmpanzerwagen
Abteilungen, 228th Division, 4th Guard Division, 77th
Reserve Division, 208th Division and Guard Ersatz Division. In reserve: 19th Division, 9th Bavarian Reserve
Division and the Jäger Division. Allied divisions engaged:
parts of the 4th and 5th Australian divisions, parts of the
58th, 8th, 18th divisions, French 131st and Moroccan
divisions.[1]
[2] Mephisto was later recovered by troops from the 26th Australian Battalion and after the war was taken back to Australia as a souvenir.[19] It is the only surviving German
World War I tank and is preserved at the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, Australia.[20]
[25] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, pp. 399–403.
[26] Baldwin 1962, p. 143.
[27] Grey 2008, p. 108.
[28] Baldwin 1962, pp. 143–145.
[29] King 2011, p. 190.
[30] Laffin 1992, pp. 133–134.
[31] Morgan 2014, pp. 24–25.
[32] Bean 1937, p. 638.
[33] King 2011, p. 183.
[34] Stanley 2010.
6
Footnotes
[35] King 2011, pp. 184–185.
[36] Bean 1937, p. 637.
[1] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, p. 405.
[37] Smith 2010, pp. 133–134.
[2] Baldwin 1962, p. 126.
[38] Laffin 1992, p. 142.
[3] Baldwin 1962, pp. 140–141.
[4] Laffin 1992, p. 133.
[39] “Crucifix Corner Cemetery”.
Commonwealth War
Graves Commission. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
[5] Baldwin 1962, p. 142.
[40] Smith 2010, pp. 1–2.
[6] Coulthard-Clark 1998, pp. 139–140.
[7] Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 145.
7 References
[8] Bean 1937, pp. 539–540.
[9] King 2011, p. 179.
[10] Messenger 1988, p. 10.
[11] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, pp. 389–393.
[12] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, pp. 392–393.
[13] Williams-Ellis & Williams-Ellis 1919, p. 262.
[14] Foley 1967.
[15] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, p. 392.
[16] Williams-Ellis & Williams-Ellis 1919, pp. 262–263.
[17] Williams-Ellis & Williams-Ellis 1919, p. 263.
[18] Davies, Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1937, p. 390.
Books
• Baldwin, Hanson (1962). World War I: An Outline
History. London: Hutchinson. OCLC 988365.
• Bean, C. E. W. (1941) [1937]. The Australian Imperial Force in France During the Main German Offensive, 1918. The Official History of Australia in
the War of 1914–1918 V (8th ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 17648469. Retrieved 2
October 2013.
• Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians
Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia’s Battles
(1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and
Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-611-2.
5
• Davies, C. B.; Edmonds, J. E.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R.
G. B. (1995) [1937]. Military Operations France
and Belgium, 1918: March–April, Continuation
of the German Offensives. History of the Great
War Based on Official Documents II (Imperial
War Mmuseum and Battery Press ed.). London:
Macmillan. ISBN 0-89839-223-3.
• Foley, J. (1967). A7V Sturmpanzerwagen. Armour
in Profile (7). Leatherhead: Profile Publications.
OCLC 30441493.
• Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia
(3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
• King, Jonathan (2011). Great Battles in Australian
History. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen &
Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-457-4.
• Fuller, J. F. C. (1920). Tanks in the Great War,
1914–1918 (PDF). New York: E. P. Dutton. OCLC
559096645. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
9 External links
• AWM, Villers-Brettoneux
• Second
Battle
of
ww1westernfront.gov.au
Villers-Bretonneux
• Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux historyofwar.org
• Villers-Bretonneux, 24 April 1918
• Mitchell’s account; excerpt from “Everyman at War”
(1930), edited by C. B. Purdom.
• Laffin, John (1992). A Guide to Australian Battle• Multimedia Presentation of Villers-Bretonneux
fields of the Western Front 1916–1918. Kenthurst,
New South Wales: Kangaroo Press and the AusCoordinates: 49°52′03″N 2°31′15″E / 49.86750°N
tralian War Memorial. ISBN 0-86417-468-3.
2.52083°E
• Messenger, C. R. M. (1988). Hitler’s Gladiator: Life
of SS-Oberstgruppenfuhrer and General der WaffenSS Sepp Dietrich. London: Brassey’s. ISBN 008031-207-1.
• Stanley, P. (2010). Bad Characters: Sex, Crime,
Murder and Mutiny in the Great War. Sydney: Murdoch Books. ISBN 1-74266-216-1.
• Williams-Ellis, A.; Williams-Ellis, C. (1919). The
Tank Corps (PDF). New York: G. H. Doran. OCLC
317257337. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Journals
• Morgan, Joseph (2014). “Voices from Gallipoli and
the Western Front: The Forgotten 26th”. Sabretache
(Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia) LV (1 (March)): 17–
27. ISSN 0048-8933.
Theses
• Smith, Matthew (2010). The Relationship Between
Australians and the Overseas Graves of the First
World War (PDF) (Masters). Brisbane, Queensland: Queensland University of Technology.
8
Further reading
• Ellis, A. D. (1920). The Story of the Fifth Australian Division, Being an Authoritative Account of
the Division’s Doings in Egypt, France and Belgium
(PDF). London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC
464115474. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
6
10
10
10.1
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
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