Trinity College
Trinity College Digital Repository
Senior Theses and Projects
Student Works
5-5-2011
Legacy of Tiananmen: The Sino-Japanese
Relationship Post 1989
Christine Somemiya
Trinity College, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses
Recommended Citation
Somemiya, Christine, "Legacy of Tiananmen: The Sino-Japanese Relationship Post 1989". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford,
CT 2011.
Trinity College Digital Repository, http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/7
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“The Japanese side is keenly conscious of the responsibility for the serious damage that
Japan caused in the past to the Chinese people through war, and deeply reproaches
itself. Further, the Japanese side reaffirms its position that it intends to realize the
normalization of relations between the two countries from the stand of fully
understanding ‘the three principles for the restoration of relations’ put forward by the
Government of the People's Republic of China.”1
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“Chinese modern history is a history of humiliation that China had been gradually
degenerated into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; at the same time, it is also a
history that Chinese people strived for national independence and social progress,
persisted in their struggle of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, and was also the
history of the success of New-Democratic Revolution under the leadership of the CCP.”18
!
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18
Ministry of Education 2002. “Lishi Jiaoxue Degang [Teaching Guideline for History Education]. Beijing:
People’s Education Press!
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22
Ibid.!
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“We have thoroughly put an end to the loose-sand state of the old China and realized a
high degree of unification of the country and unparalleled unity of all ethnic groups. We
have abrogated the unequal treaties imposed upon China by Western powers and all the
privileges of imperialism in the country. The feudalistic segmentation of the country has
gone forever on this land of China. ...We have forged a people’s army under the absolute
leadership of the Party and built a strong national defense. ...We have thoroughly ended
the history of humiliating diplomacy in modern China and effectively safeguarded State
sovereignty, security and national dignity.”23
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
G\!Suzuki, Toshiyuki. いま嫌いな国中国 [The Country We Hate: China]. Japan: 星雲社, 2005. Print.!
!
PF!
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GZ!Suzuki, Toshiyuki. いま嫌いな国中国 [The Country We Hate: China]. Japan: 星雲社, 2005. Print.!
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“The Government of Japan had been conducting a thorough fact-finding study on the
issue known as "comfort women" since December 1991 and announced its results in July
1992 and in August 1993. Public documents found as a result of such study are now open
to the public at the Cabinet Secretariat. On the occasion of the announcement of the
findings in 1993, then Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono released a statement and
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
GE!Suzuki, Toshiyuki. いま嫌いな国中国 [The Country We Hate: China]. Japan: 星雲社, 2005. Print.!
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expressed in it sincere apologies and remorse, recognizing this issue was, with the
involvement of the military authorities of the day, a grave affront to the honor and dignity
of a large number of women. The Government of Japan has since expressed its sincere
apologies and remorse to the former "comfort women" on many occasions. Recognizing
that the issue known as "comfort women" was a grave affront to the honor and dignity of
a large number of women, the Government of Japan, together with the people of Japan,
seriously discussed what could be done for expressing their sincere apologies and
remorse to the former "comfort women.”
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Letter from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the former comfort
women
The Year of 2001
Dear Madam,
On the occasion that the Asian Women's Fund, in cooperation with the Government and the
people of Japan, offers atonement from the Japanese people to the former wartime comfort
women, I wish to express my feelings as well.
The issue of comfort women, with an involvement of the Japanese military authorities at
that time, was a grave affront to the honor and dignity of large numbers of women.
As Prime Minister of Japan, I thus extend anew my most sincere apologies and remorse to
all the women who underwent immeasurable and painful experiences and suffered incurable
physical and psychological wounds as comfort women.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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We must not evade the weight of the past, nor should we evade our responsibilities for the
future.
I believe that our country, painfully aware of its moral responsibilities, with feelings of
apology and remorse, should face up squarely to its past history and accurately convey it to
future generations.
Furthermore, Japan also should take an active part in dealing with violence and other forms
of injustice to the honor and dignity of women.
Finally, I pray from the bottom of my heart that each of you will find peace for the rest of
your lives.
Respectfully yours,
Junichiro Koizumi
Prime Minister of Japan8&!
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Conclusion
In conclusion, over recent years the Sino-Japanese relationship has continued to
maintain its historical instability. This thesis presented evidence that pointed to two
fundamental causes behind the current tensions: the first being China’s Patriotic
Education Campaign, and the second being Chinese Communist Party’s continuing and
singular reference to right wing Japanese historical narratives and views, which they
present as representative of the Japanese people.
Since the Tiananmen Square incident, the CCP has become increasingly aware
and afraid of democratic movements. In order to reassert power and legitimize Party rule
once again, the CCP needed to divert attention away from its failings on domestic issues.
In pursuit of this goal, the CCP focused on international issues, specifically issues
between Japan and China. Because anti-Japanese sentiments had existed historically, the
CCP knew that by attacking Japan on historical issues, and by playing off anti-Japanese
sentiments, it could increase CCP ‘patriotism.’ Furthermore, anti-Japanese sentiments
have continued to grow because majority of the Chinese population are unaware of the
various historical narratives presented in Japan. Anti-Japanese demonstrations within
China are often targeted against right-winged history textbooks or views, but these
unpopular textbooks are not issued by the state nor do they represent the popular or
mainstream views of Japanese society. However to use anti-Japanese sentiments for their
benefit, the CCP continues to only refer to right wing views and their textbooks.
History has proven that anti-Japanese sentiments are not a new topic in Chinese
society: anti-Japanese demonstrations occurred as early as 1915. Since then, SinoJapanese relations have been stagnant; after the advent of Mao’s Cultural Revolution,
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relations between the two countries seemed to warm up. But after the Tiananmen
incidents, the CCP found that anti-Japanese sentiments remained engrained in society,
and could be exploited as an essential tool to gain popular support. The warming-up of
Sino-Japanese relations ended when the CCP established a new educational system.
As two power-holders of East Asia, Sino-Japanese relations must stabilize;
positive changes within the Sino-Japanese relationship in fact will bring mutual benefits
both economically and politically. However the Chinese Communist Party continue to
challenge the Japanese government. History shows that Japanese militarism committed
inhumane atrocities in the past. To face the truth, political parties, government officials
and individuals of Japan persists to work hard to acknowledge and apologize for the past
acts. However, CCP’s fear of democratic movements and loss of Party rule continues to
sustain anti-Japanese sentiments, preventing friendlier international relations between
Japan and China.
If the CCP continues to shift focus towards international issues in hopes of
concealing domestic conflicts, this will inevitably result in people’s suspicion towards the
government. Legitimizing party rule should be achieved not through patriotism and antiJapanese sentiments, but by acceptable domestic policies, freedom of speech and human
rights. It must address the concerns of the people head on, and not try to distract them by
using wedge issues. It seems that over time, the Chinese population has grown ever more
frustrated over the CCP rule, but because the people lack a democratic and liberalist civil
structure by which to express this discontent, the government supported anti-Japanese
demonstrations are the only choice for the citizens to express their frustrations.
Repressing of the people will perhaps lead to large demonstrations and uproar of the
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citizens against the Party rule in the near time future. By taking away freedom, the CCP
may be setting the stage for another large-scale demonstration like the Tiananmen
demonstrations. If violence and suppression is used once again against these citizenorganized demonstrations, the CCP may be committing the same error as it did before. If
such a cyclical cycle between the citizen and the state is established, the people of China
will never obtain fair domestic policies, freedom of speech or human rights. Before
engaging in international issues such as the Sino-Japanese relations, China must focus on
domestic issue in order to strengthen the civil society. Until China changes the
educational system and gives fair portrayal of the different narratives presented in the
Japanese society, Sino-Japanese relations will continue to face challenges.
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