Policy Research in
Education
Workshop on October 14,
2015,
Seoul National University
Gita Steiner-Khamsi
Teachers College,
Columbia University
New York, [email protected]
2
Overview:
Theories of the Policy Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Rationale Policy Framework
The Political Policy Framework
The Economic Policy Framework
The Social Policy Framework
The Policy Borrowing Framework
3
Interpretive Frames for Analyzing the Policy Process
What is the Best Solution to a Problem?
Which Policy Secures Majority Support?
Who Benefits, Who Loses in a Reform?
Rationale Frame
Political Frame
Social Frame
Economic Fame
Which Policy Mobilizes Financial
Resources?
Policy Borrowing
Why and how do policy “travel”
from one country to another?
4
1.1 The Rational Policy Frame
Identification of
Problem/
Agenda Setting
Policy
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Policy
Implementation
Review of Policy
Solutions
Policy
Adoption/
Legitimization
5
1.1
The Policy Process = A Problem Solving Enterprise
Monitoring & Evaluating
Policy Implementation
Review of Policy Solutions
Solution
1
Cost
Feasibility
Solution
2
Solution
3
2015
Base
line
etc
Indicator 1
Indicator 2
Political
Support
Indicator 3
Etc.
etc
2018
MidTerm
2021
Bench
mark
6
1.1
Critique of Evidence- Based Policy Planning
Global Norm Setting
Ideal
Actual
Problem
Solution
Solution
Problem
-
-
See:
Handbook of Global Education Policy,
edited by Karen Mundy, Andy Green, Robert
Lingard, Antoni Verger (Blackwell, 2016).
Agenda-Driven
Research
Ideal:
What solution(s) for
which local problem?
Actual:
What local problem for
which global solution/
“best practice”?
7
2
The Political Policy
Frame
Multiple Streams Framework
(John Kingdon): Problem, Policy,
Politics Streams
Advocacy Coalition Framework
(Paul A. Sabatier)
8
2
Example - The Multiple Streams Framework:
2011 Teacher Salary Reform in Kyrgyzstan
Policy
Solutions
Problem
Awareness
Political Will
Window
for
Change
Timing: Why now (2011)
and not before?
Stream1: Problem Stream
PISA
Scandalization
of Low Quality
Public Awareness of
Teacher Shortage
Crisis Scenario
4 UNICEF Situation Analyses
of Teachers
Evidence with
Numbers
Stream 2: Policy Stream
Year
Policy/Solution/Reform
Initiator/Funder
Systemic Outcome
Periodically
Linear salary increase of all
public servants including
teachers
Government of
Kyrgyzstan
Insufficient
incentive:
Increase produced
inflation
2005 - 2010
Young Specialist Deposit
Scheme
World Bank
Cost-ineffective:
Retention in remote
rural areas not
resolved
Ongoing
School-based management by
Per-Capita Financing
World Bank
Strong resistance:
did not lead to
fewer staff and
higher salaries
Discontinued
Mentoring scheme for young
specialists
USAID
Unsustainable:
discontinued when
the project ended
Etc.
Many more
Government &
Donors
FAILED ATTEMPTS
Stream 3: Politics Stream
 2nd
Police
Health
Education
Revolution in
Kyrgyzstan
 Teacher Union
Supported Salary
Reform
3 The Economic Policy
Frame
(applies especially under conditions of external funding)
Structural adjustment
Poverty alleviation
Reducing public
expenditures
Poverty alleviation
plan is required
Increasing revenues
Supporting the private
sector
Good governance
Anti-corruption
Civil society
involvement
Programmatic Conditionality
(Economics of Policy Borrowing)
13
4
The Social Policy Frame
Reform as a (Re-)
Stratification Process
Socio-Economic Class
Gender
Age
Ethnicity/Race
Lifestyle and Other
Reform as a Process of
Stakeholder Replacement
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The 2011 Teacher Salary Reform
(UNICEF Kyrgyzstan, 2014)
++ Young
teachers
++ Teachers
in rural
schools
-- Old
teachers
-- Teachers
in city
schools
4
“How Schools Change Reform”
The Increase of Permissible Teaching Hours per Week, Issued 2011 - 2013
Date and Decree #
Statutory Teaching
Load
Maximum Teaching
Load
January 2011
Gov decrees #18 + #19
20
32
May 2011
Gov decrees #270 +
#31
25
36
September 2011
Directive 04-7/4451,1
27
1
June 2013
Gov decrees #373 +#24
31
49
18 - 20
27 - 30
BEFORE THE REFORM
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5 The Policy Borrowing
Framework
Type of
Externalization
or References
Example
Discussed in
Literature
Other education
system
Finland, Singapore,
Korea
Lesson drawing,
emulation
Other sector
(economy)
Demand-supply
driven reform,
choice, multiple
providers
Quasi-marked
school reform, neoliberal reform
“International
standards”
Quality assurance
policy in higher
education, teacher
accountability
reform
“Best practices,”
global education
policy
17
5
Diffusion of Innovation & Traveling
Reforms in Higher Education
Source: Rattana Lao, 2015
18
5
Key Concepts
Reception Studies
•Selective borrowing
Translation Studies
•Recontextualization
19
Preview of Lecture: October 15
Generate Alleviate
Reform
Reform
Pressure
Pressure