Wild plants as Non Wood Forest Products used by the rural community of Dagana, a
southern foothill district of Bhutan
Prabhat Kumar Mukhia1 (Email id:[email protected]), Tek Bahadur Rai1 (Email id: [email protected]) and Kinley
Wangmo2 (Email id: [email protected])
Social Forestry and Extension Division, Department of Forests and Park Services
Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu Bhutan, June 2013
Abstract
Wild plants and edible fungi are the potential resource of the Non Wood Forest Products
(NWFP) that provides rural poor people with food and cash during the lean agricultural farming
season leading to ensure the food security. Bhutan stands at one of the fragile mountain
ecosystems of the world which need much attention to the conservation of ecosphere for
maintaining its biodiversity. People residing in High Mountain or in the foothills of Bhutan have
immense knowledge and skill on ethno-plants resources. Hence, the wild plant survey was
conducted to reveal the traditional knowledge and documentation of available NWFP species
that are locally used by the remote community people of Dagana district.
The 14 block administration that includes all in the district was accounted to conduct field
survey. The survey tools included direct observation, semi-structured interviews, individual
discussions, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaires, and participatory
rural appraisal.
It was found that 241 species of NWFP are used by the local community. Some species does
have potential for commercialization and it is being observed that low income group of the
people benefitted monetarily the most. The NWFP farmer groups in Dagana have been getting
good monetary advantage from the sale of matured spikes of Piper longum L. and Piper
peepuloides Roxb. and the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala (Hamilton) Nees & Ebermaier.
Dagana has diverse NWFP species that provide subsistence livelihood to economically
disadvantaged group of people. However, it was revealed that because of rural-urban migration,
the transferring of indigenous knowledge from elderly people to younger generation is in the
stage of oblivion. The flow of indigenous knowledge from generation to generation is at stake
thus, it is very much necessary to have documentation of such knowledge before it gets depleted.
________________________________________________________
Keywords: Livelihood, biodiversity, subsistence diet, poverty, part-time employment, sustainable
conservation, fragile ecosystem, ethno-plants
1
2
Social Forestry and Extension Division (SFED), Department of Forests and Park Services
Renewable Natural Resources Research Development Centre, Yusipang, Department of Forests and Park Services
1/27
Introduction
The creation of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at the earth summit in Rio de Janeiro
in 1992 gave a limelight to every nation in the world on conservation of biodiversity which
include both the diversity of wild flora and fauna. CBD is an international treaty for the
conservation and sustainable use and the equitable sharing of the multiple benefits of
biodiversity. It has universal participation with 193 Parties (Salpekar et.al., 2010). In this article
it is used Non Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) for the diversity of wild flora which has a great
importance to the rural and semi-urban livelihood of any people communities in the world. The
local community or indigenous people can be regarded as knowledgeable in terms of managing
the biodiversity resources which includes NWFPs too.
Diversity of plants species has diverse uses at the local community level. Some plants are used
for primary health care and to supplement subsistence diet, provide part-time employment and
generate off-farm cash income, fodder for cattle and raw materials to construct green resilience
infrastructures. In Bhutan quite many wild plants species uses as different type of NWFPs and
has become a part and partial to the subsistence livelihood since time immemorial. According to
NOP3 2012, about 64% of the Bhutan population depends on agricultural farming and NSB4
2013 stated that 12% of the country population are still poor as per the Bhutan Poverty Analysis
(BPA) 2012, report which means this section of people lives below the total poverty line of
Nu.1,704.84 per person per month. The highest poverty rates are observed in the districts viz.
Dagana, Samtse, Lhuentse, Pemagatshel, and Zhemgang. Most of the rural communities in these
districts are subsistence poor as the individual household lives with per capita consumption
below the cost of subsistence diet food. These sections of the people are very much dependent on
NWFPs of diverse plants species for their means of livelihood. Rural poor communities always
live in adjacent to the forests. In amidst, every nation of the world has to give highest priority to
the participation of people communities in order to uphold the ethno-biological value in
concurrence to the principle of CBD so that diversity of in-situ plants are well conserved and
avoids the depletion of natural resources. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGOB) always
emphasized on the conservation of environment and forests which is one of the four pillars of the
country’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) and environmental conservation is also enshrined in
3
National Organic Programme
National Statistics Bureau
4
2/27
Article 5 of the constitution of the country. LCMP (2010) depicted that the country has forests
coverage of 80.89% including the shrubs cover.
This ensuing article endeavours to find out the uses of NWFPs for diverse purposes by the rural
community of Dagana, which is one of the southern foothill districts of Bhutan. Almost
everywhere in this article, the diversity of wild plants is referred as NWFPs since NWFPs is
more accepted and well understood abbreviation in Bhutanese context.
Objectives
The broad objective of this article is to reveal the ethno-botany state of the district. Other specific
goal is to:

Find out the numbers of NWFP plants species and their economic benefits

Find out whether ethno-biology can explain the floral diversity

Understand the trend of ethno-ecological plants resources
Study Area
Dagana is one of the southern
foothill districts of Bhutan
(Fig. 1). It has an area of
138,900
hectares
with
an
average altitude ranging from
200 to 3,800 m a.s.l.5 District
has forests and shrubs cover of
Figure 1: Location of study area
about 92% (LCMP, 2010). It is bordered by Thimphu and Chukha district in the West,
Wangduephodrang district in the north, Tsirang district in the East and the Indian State of West
Bengal in the South. The district lies within the zone of temperate and sub-tropical that
experiences with hot and wet summer and dry cold winter.
5
Metres above sea level
3/27
The district is divided into 14 blocks viz.
Dorona, Drujegang, Gesarling, Goshi,
Kalidzingkha (Kana), Khipisa (Khebisa),
Lajab, Tashiding, Tsendagang, Tsangkha,
Tseza,
Deorali,
Lhamoizingkha
and
Nichula (Fig.2). It has a total projected
population of 25,070, out of which 12,644
are male and 12,427 are female as of
2010. Settlements in the district are
scattered and remote due to rugged terrain
topographical
feature.
The
dwellers
consist of diverse social community.
Before 1990s it was composed of the
communities like Lhotshamp, Kheng and
Ngalong. With the commencement of
RGOB’s resettlement programme after
1990s, the Dagana dwellers community
was enriched by the addition of another
Sharchop
community.
Presently,
this
district has 8 Basic Health Units (BHUs),
23 Schools complemented by outreach Figure 2: Study area
health clinics and extended education class rooms respectively (NSB, 2010).
Subsistence agriculture farming is practiced which is the major source of income for the district.
Agro-ecological climate favours to grow varieties of crops like paddy, maize, millet, orange,
cardamom, banana, passion fruit, pear, avocado, and vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower,
cabbage, potato, chilies, and tomatoes.
Materials and Methods
Before visiting the field, the programme for the NWFPs survey in the field was informed to the
district administrator, district forest office and to territorial forest office. The field survey was
carried throughout 14 blocks of the district in phase-wise. For the first 11 blocks the study was
4/27
carried out in 2002 and for other 3 blocks in 2003. From each block, 25 households were
randomly selected and asked from each household to take part in survey atleast by 2 household
members irrespective of gender. All the respondents in the survey were of above 20 years of age.
NWFPs data were collected through different interview methods which include participatory
rural appraisal (PRA), direct observation, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews,
individual discussions, focus group discussions, and questionnaires. The key informant group
was comprised of local block administrator and forestry field officials.
The interview was conducted to gather pertinent information such as name of the informant, age,
sex, occupation, available NWFP species local name and the useful part (s), purposes of the used
part (s) and distribution within their locations. Wherever possible the informants were asked to
collect and bring a plant sample which they used as NWFPs for easy identification. It was tried
to identify the plants in field itself by observing their morphological characteristics, habit, and
habitat. Further, several available related flora books were referred to identify the plants and get
confirm of the scientific names and the family they belong to. Average elevations (in metres) of
the plants species growing areas were also noted. Secondary data also obtained through reports
and papers that are submitted from field to the head quarter offices. It was done to see the gain of
ethno plants to the rural communities.
Data Analysis
The collected information on NWFPs and other related issues were checked thoroughly to avoid
duplication of the data. After physical verification, all data were entered in the computer using
MS Excel and MS Word spreadsheets. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistic to
deduce the mean plots of the data. Also inferential statistical tools like linear regression
employed using SPSS to determine the models and regression coefficient of the NWFP resource
distribution.
Results and Discussion
The rural settlement in Dagana is very close to the natural forest areas (see above paragraph:
study area). Traditionally the rural folks are too intact with the forest areas from where people
used to derive some basic necessities for their everyday livelihood. For instance, farmers collect
fodder from forest to feed their livestock, instant medicine for the minor injury and sickness.
5/27
Likewise during lean agriculture farming season, people used to gather wild edible tuber, wild
medicinal spike (that of piper plant) and get sold in available market for cash income. But people
stated, these days depending on forest are being declined due to the advent development taking
place in the district as compared to two decades ago. Even then as per the survey, it was
identified a total of 89 plant families that are being used as diverse sources of NWFPs. It was
found; the community used a total of 241 different NWFP species (Annex 1) which includes
fungi (wild edible mushrooms), bamboos, rattans, climbers, lichens, ferns, small plants, shrubs,
and trees. Out of that total NWFPs, 213 were identified scientifically that comprised of 13
bamboo, 6 rattan, 6 wild edible tuber, 7 wild edible mushroom and 4 piper species. About 22
wild edible mushrooms and 6 other plants and climbers species were identified using only local
names that used by the local community of Dagana district.
It was noted that the people residing in the lower altitude (elevation) enjoys bigger diversity of
NWFP resources as compared to the people those dwells in higher elevation places (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 Mean count of family and species occurrence
6/27
Figure 3 above shows that greater number of family and plant species occurred in the lower
elevation places. In higher elevation topography, the diversity of plants species decreases. It
might be, because of ecological phenomena in which biophysical factors like land topography,
aspects, soil type, climate (micro
and macro conditions), rainfall and
land gradients influences growth of
the floral diversity.
The effect of average elevation of
the physical topography will be the
casual factor to the occurrence of
the family of the plants that are used
as
NWFP
resources.
This
is
predicted by the model (Fig.4) of
Figure 4: Availability of family of the plants used for NWFPs
regression coefficient where R2 =
0.8230 and y = -20.60*x + 100. This
model has indicated that family of
the vascular plants diversity will
significantly decreases as the land
topography
ascended.
Similarly
figure 5 also shows the model
regression coefficient for the NWFP
plants species diversity against the
range of topographic elevation. This
model has deduced R2 = 0.9250 and
y = -55.20*x + 235. This regression
Figure5: Occurrence of mean NWFP plants species diversity
relationship is too significant which predicted that 92.50% of the casual factor for decrease of
plant diversity is explained by average elevation of the land topography as figure 5 illustrated
that, the increased altitude results lesser or fewer number of floral diversity available.
7/27
It is being observed that marginal section of people in rural community depend much on the
nearby forest for the requirement of subsistence living as compare to well established people or
community of the particular remote area. This section of people knows more about the ecology
of NWFP species and ethno-management aspect of the resources. In 2008, farmers of
Lhamoizingkha came forward with an innovative idea of forming farmers group to manage the
NWFP resources. In 2009 with the intervention of Social Forestry and Extension Division, setup
NWFP Farmer Group in Lhamoizingkha, a first of its kind in the country to manage and
commercialize the NWFPs sustainably. Table 1 shows the benefit from NWFP ethno plants to
the rural community of Lhamoizingkha. This demonstrated the management of wild plants by the
rural community is crucial for the betterment of the community’s social and economic lives.
Table 1: Cash earned by NWFP Farmer Group
NWFP species
Piper peepuloides Roxb.
Piper longum L.
Cinnamomum tamala
(Hamilton) Nees &
Ebermaier
Grand Total Earned Nu.
Products
Spike / fruit
Spike / fruit
Leaves
Earned cash (Nu.) in year Total cash
Quantity
sold (Kg)
2010
2011 earned (Nu.)
240 & 755
19200.00
113250.00
132450.00
7 & 21.50
1050.00
3655.00
4705.00
0 & 887
Source: Social Forestry and Extension Division, Thimphu.
0.00
20250.00
19514.00
136419.00
19514.00
156669.00
Note: USD 1  Nu.55
Apart from financial benefits, maximum numbers of plants species are used for various purposes
by the people of Dagana. As a paradigm, for minor injuries and sickness people don’t usually
visit the nearby clinic instead they used their surrounding plants species for the immediate
remedy (Annex 1). Bhattarai et.al, 2009 stated that the healthcare system in remote villages
would be a very basic so wild ethno plants (traditional medicines) becomes the primary source of
healthcare. Remote people are more intact with traditions, culture customs, and beliefs; hence
many people depend on wild medicinal plants as they have in-depth skills on the use of such
plants species for their basic healthcare.
In agriculture off-season, many rural people collect vegetables, mushrooms, oil seeds, dye plants,
bamboos, and rattans from the adjacent forest for the purpose of their survival livelihood (Annex
1). Ju, et al, 2013 also ascribed that wild edible plants are the sources for local people,
particularly to inhabitants of remote rural areas to derive mineral elements and vitamins and
8/27
several such plants have great potential for commercialization. However, Ju cautioned that the
knowledge related to the utilization of wild edible plants are fast depleting especially in the areas
where it is convenient of transportation and thriving tourism culture.
Conclusions
The survey shows that the wild plants are the significant sources of various NWFPs for rural
people of Dagana as they have intimate association with the wild plant communities since time
immemorial. Various parts of the plants are used by the local people and most often used are
leaves as fodder for livestock, tender leaves, shoots and fronds as wild edible vegetable,
bamboos and rattans for every-day livelihood, wild edible tubers as substitute to food in offcrops period and fruits or spikes and even leaves for commercial purposes. It is observed that the
lower income section of people get some financial benefits by selling some of the potentials
NWFPs. Economically disadvantaged group of people have yet strong belief on the quick
remedy for the minor sickness, diseases and wound from the use of wild plants that are available
within the fringe of their close environment. Conversely, it is noted that there is deficiency of
persistence flow of such ethno knowledge from elderly people to the younger generation because
of rural-urban migration.
The ethno plants survey ensures the resource analysis of the diverse NWFP species used by the
people of the remote community. As the study has found out that the use of wild plants in
Dagana is an age old tradition. Therefore, instantaneous efforts for conservation and
management of some valuable NWFP plants species in participation with local people
community will persuade the sustainable conservation of ethno-plants, social and cultural
diversity. The regression model demonstrated in this survey can be used to prioritize and develop
the criteria for sustainable conservation of ethno-plants diversity in the selected region
identifying the fragile ecosystem altitudinal-wise. Ultimately such approaches will lead to the
preservation of local indigenous ethno-plants knowledge of the brink community.
9/27
Acknowledgement
First of all the authors would like to thank with profound gratitude and respect to Honourable
Director General, Department of Forests and Park Services for offering enthusiastic inspiration
to write this article. Thanks and solicited obligation are indebted to Mr. Gyeltshen Dukpa, Chief
Forestry Officer, SFED, and Ms. Sonam Peldon, Deputy Chief Forestry Officer, SFED for their
invaluable inspiring guidance, encouragement and suggestion.
Due thank and appreciation would also goes to Mr. Sacha Dorji, erstwhile Divisional Forest
Officer, Tsirang Forest Division Office, Mr. Dorji Wangchuk, erstwhile Forest Range Officer,
Dagana Forest Range Office, Mr. Kencho Wangdi, erstwhile Forest Range Officer, Drujeygang
Forest Beat Office and Mr. Dhan Bahadur Bhandari, erstwhile District Forest Officer, Dagana
Forest District Administration whom all being instrumental for rendering every possible help
during the field data collection period.
Finally we wouldn’t forget to all the forestry field staffs (whose names not reflected above) and
to all the Head of Block Administration, Dagana District for rendering us their willingness to
support instantly to execute survey work in the fields and without whom support this article
might not have been possible to shape in this presentable form.
Reference
Annual Dzongkhag Statistics. (2010). Dzongkhag Administration, Dagana Annual Dzongkhag
Statistics 2010, © 2010. National Statistics Bureau. All rights reserved, Published by
National Statistics Bureau.
Bhattarai, S., Chaudhary, R. P. and Taylor, R. SL. (2009).Ethno-medicinal Plants Used by the
People of Nawalparasi District, Central Nepal. Community Medicine, Queens University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Our Nature (2009) 7: 82-99
Bhutan Land Cover Assessment LCMP.(2010). Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal
Government of Bhutan. Technical Report: Bhutan Land Cover Assessment 2010,
(LCMP-2010). National Soil Services Centre (NSSC) & PPD, MoAF, JAN 2011.
10/27
Bhutan Poverty Analysis (2012). ISBN: 979-99936-28-21-7 Copyright© National Statistics
Bureau, 2013, www.nsb.gov.bt.
Ju, Y., Zhuo, J., Liu, B. and Long, C. (2013).Eating from the wild: diversity of wild edible plants
used by Tibetans in Shangri-la region, Yunnan, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and
Ethnomedicine 2013,9:28.
Salpekar, A., Sharma, K., Ao, I.And Haque, A. (2010).Biodiversity Conservation and
Management. The Global Open University, Nagaland. Dimapur 797112, Nagaland, India.
Bibliography
A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long Illustrations by Mary Bates and Glenn Rodrigues, Flora of
Bhutan, 1991: Volume 2 Part 1, by, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
Adrian and S. Jimmie, 1990: Trees and Shrubs of Nepal and the Himalayas.
Banzon-Cabanilla, D., 1st February - 7th March 2000: Training material prepared and used in the
Special Course on Non Wood Forest Products at Training Center for Tropical Resources and
Ecosystems Sustainability (TREES), College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of
the Philippines Los Baños.
H. J. Noltie, Flora of Bhutan, 1994: Including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling;
Volume 3 Part 1, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
H. J. Noltie, Flora of Bhutan, 2000: Including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling;
Volume 3 Part 2 - The Grasses of Bhutan, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Royal Government
of Bhutan.
IPGRI, 8-10 November 1999: Plant Genetic Resources - Bhutanese Perspective, Proceedings of
the First National Workshop on Plant Genetic Resources.
The Indian Forester, August 2000: No. 8, Volume 126.
11/27
Annexure 1: Different NWFP species found in Dagana district
Sl. No.
Family
Scientific Name
Local Name
Purpose
1
Elevation
(metres)
200 - 1100
Acanthaceae
2
200 - 1600
Acanthaceae
Phlogacanthus
thyrsiformis
(Hardwicke)
Mabberley
Justicia adatoda L.
Jungali tsuwa,
titey tshuwa,
sanu or rato
chuwa
Asuro / kalo
basak
3
1300 2100
Actinidiaceae
Saurauja napaulensis
DC.
Gogun
Red flowers are
ornamental. Flowers are
used as vegetable. Leaves
are used as fodder.
Leaves are used as
fodder. Flowers are used
as vegetable and also
have medicinal value.
Flowers are ornamental.
Leaves are used as fodder
4
300 –
1500
Anacardiaceae
Lobsi, lapsi,
achoela
5
500 - 1300
Anacardiaceae
Choerospondias
axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt
& Hill
Mangifera sylvatica
Roxb.
6
900 –
2700
Anacardiaceae
Rhus chinensis Miller
Bhakimlo
7
200 - 1200
Anacardiaceae
Spondias pinnata (L.f.)
Kurz
Amaru, amara,
amaroo, amaro
8
200 - 2300
Andropogoneae
Kharuki
9
350 - 1000
Annonaceae
10
200 -1100
Apocynaceae
Capillipedium assimile
(Steudel)
Artabotrys caudatus
Hook. f. & Thomson
Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G.Don
11
200 - 1200
Apocynaceae
Rauvolfia serpentine
(L.) Kurz.
Kulane, ban
kulane
12
200 - 1200
Apocynaceae
Plumeria rubra L.
Thulo tshuwa
/chuwa
13
1500 2300
Apocynaceae
Melodinus khasianus
Hook.f.
14
610 - 2800
Araceae
Acorus calamus L.
Phun-tshey or
phungtse / Kushing
Bojo, Chudala
Jungali amp,
chuchey amp,
amtsukuli
Kali lahara
Baramashay
phul
Fruit edible and is used to
make pickle. Also it can
be used to cure boil.
Fruit edible. It can be
pickled. Leaves are used
as fodder. Young leaves
and buds yield blue dye.
Fruit edible, the boiled
juice out of its fruit has
medicinal value.
Sometimes leaves are
used as fodder.
Fruit can be pickled and
also used to cure
pneumonia, tonsillitis and
ulcer. Flowers are used as
vegetable.
Leaves are used as fodder
Climber used to make
cord / rope
Ornamental plant.
Sometime it is planted in
home-flower garden.
Leaves are said to have
medicinal value to cure
diabetes.
Extract from rootstock
used to cure malaria
(fever), also it is remedy
for "Nash-copod" i.e.
food poison.
Flowers are used as
medicine for malaria.
They are also an
ornamental.
Leaves are used as
fodder. Seeds are eaten
by people.
Whole plant including its
bulb is used as medicine
for scabies, oedema,
goitre, brain tonic, throat
sore, fever & to get ridoff lies in hair
Distribution within
District
Lhamoyzingkha
Lhamoyzingkha,
Tshangkha, Sipa:
Lhazab geog and
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Khebesa, Kana,
Dorona
Nichula, Deorali,
Drujeygang, Khebesa,
Suntaley and Lhazab
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali, Tshangkha,
Emerey, Tashiding,
Goshi and Drujeygang
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Goshi, Tshangkha,
Tashiding, Lhazab.
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali, Drujeygang,
Khebesa, Suntaley,
Lhazab, Goshi
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding
Khebesa
Found throughout the
lower altitude of
Dagana
Found throughout the
lower altitude places
of the district
Tshangkha, Dorona,
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Drujeygang
Kana, Tseza,
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Tashiding
12/27
15
200 – 600
Araceae
Colocasia sp
Rato maney
16
200 - 3050
Araceae
Arisaema speciosum
(Wall.) Martius var.
speciosum
Gurbo
17
1800 2300
700 - 1800
Araliaceae
Brassaiopsismitis
Clarke
Macropanax undulatus
(G. Don) Seemann.
Futta / Phutta/
Chulethro
Chindey
1900 –
3700
900 - 1900
Araliaceae
Pentapanax fragrans
(D. Don) Ha
Calamus
acanthospathus Griff.
Chindey
21
1200 2150
Arecaceae
Plectocomia
himalayana Griff.
22
300 - 1000
Arecaceae
Phoenix acaulis Roxb.
Phegkray bet,
tokri, tara
damley bet,
kharkharay
bet, pa-tsha,
ray
Thakal,
dagsha, pyrala,
thaagm,
phigzem
23
200 - 1200
Arecaceae
Wallichia densiflora
(Martius) Martius
24
300 - 1250
Arecaceae
Calamus erectus Roxb.
Var. schizospathus
(Griff.) Beccari
25
300 - 600
Arecaceae
Calamus inermis T.
Anderson
26
300 - 600
Arecaceae
27
300 - 900
Arecaceae
28
1800 3000
Asparagaceae
Calamus latifolius
Roxb.
Calamus leptospadix
Griff.
Asparagus filicinus
Buchanan-Hamilton ex
D. Don var. giraldii
C.H. Wright; var.
filicinus sensu F.B.I.
29
1670 2500
Berberidaceae
Berberis aristata DC.
18
19
20
Araliaceae
Arecaceae
Gauri bet
Thagra /
thagray,
dungreytsa,
patara,
namthame
Pheg-kray,
pekri, phekri,
phekori
Dhang-ray bet
/ dangri /
dangray / mau
/ aulay, dhoray
bet, dey-tsha
Putle bet
Kukhray bet /
kukhre bet
Jungali kurilo
Chutro
Tuberous rootstock has
medicinal value to cure
"Bagay"(local term for a
kind of sickness)
Young bud used as
vegetable, entire parts
above collar used as pig
feed too.
Leaves are used as fodder
Leaves are used as fodder
Young leaves & buds are
used as green vegetable
Cane / rattan, its splits
use to weave handicraft
items
Rattan, young shoot used
as vegetable and matured
stem used to make
handicraft items.
Fruit chew as betel nut,
leaves can be used for
roofing, mid-rib can be
used as hard broom, and
also leaves are good
fodder for horse. Entire
plant is an ornamental.
Leaves are used as fodder
and midribs to make hard
broom and handmade
comb (Thagro).
Fruits are chewed as betel
nut. Leaves can be used
for roofing. Midribs are
used to make hard broom.
Cane / rattan use to make
handicraft items
Suntaley, Goshi,
Tashiding, Dorona
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Khebesa, Tashiding,
Lhazab, Tshangkha,
Goshi
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Khebesa, Kana
Suntaley, Khebesa,
Goshi, Dorona
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Khebesa, Emerey,
Drujeygang, Dorona
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Emerey
Khebesa, Kana,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Nichula and Deorali
Nichula, Deorali,
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Drujeygang, Khebesa
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Suntaley, Dorona,
Tshangkha and
Drujeygang
Balung at Drujeygang,
Sipa: Lhazab geog and
Deorali
Cane use to make
handicraft items
Cane / rattan use to make
handicraft items
Stem - vegetable, cash
value, Root - medicine
for acidity and useful to
mothers: it promotes
lactation & appetite
Nichula
Fruit - edible, bark & root
- medicine to cures
ulcers, fevers, jaundice,
useful to stomach
disorder. Root & stem
Khebesa
Thangna at
Drujeygang
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Tashiding,Goshi,
Khebesa, Lhazab,
Nichula and
Lhamoyzingkha
13/27
yields yellow dye.
30
1400 2300
Berberidaceae
Berberis asiatica DC.
Chutro
31
200 - 1500
Bignoniaceae
Stereospermum colais
(Dillwyn) Mabberley
Parari
32
200 - 1500
Bignoniaceae
Oroxylon indicum (L.)
Ventenat
Totola,
tsampaka
33
200 - 2000
Bischofiaceae
Kaijal
34
200 - 1300
Bombacaceae
Bischofia javanica
Blume
Bombax ceiba L.
35
200 – 780
Burseraceae
Canarium strictum
Roxb.
Gokul dhup,
dur-gaa, durka
36
300 - 900
Burseraceae
Garuga pinnata Roxb.
37
2100 –
2900
300 - 3000
Buxaceae
Sarcococca hookeriana
Baillon
Cannabis sativa L.
Dabdabey or
aulay
dabdabey
Zaeheinggheheing
Gaja / Bhang
39
200 –
1000
Caryophyllaceae
Drymaria cordata (L.)
Roemer & Schultes
Ovizalo /
Abijalay
40
500 - 1600
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium
ficifolium Smith
Bethu
41
200 - 1400
Combretaceae
Terminalia bellirica
(Gaertner) Roxb.
Bar-ra, baru
42
200 - 900
Combretaceae
Terminalia alata Roth
Pakha saj or
saj
38
Cannabaceae
Simal
Root's bark is used for
various local medicines.
Ripen fruits are edible.
Leaves are used as fodder
Flowers are used as
vegetable. Winged seeds,
flowers and barks are
used medicinally to cure
pneumonia and fever.
Ash of bark and pod
cover heals cut. Leaves
are used as fodder.
Tender bud used to make
pickle
Flowers and leaves are
used as fodder for cattle
also flowers are
ornamental. Flosses
substitute to cotton
Gum used for incense.
Village people believed
that burning incense of
this gum would drive out
the evil spirit. Fruit can
be chewed like betel nut.
Fruit can be used to
extract deep violet dye.
Leaves are used as fodder
Entire plant ornamental
very decorative
Source of fibre & an
intoxicating resin
Entire weed said to have
medicinal properties to
cure sinusitis.
Actually it is weed of
farm land but young plant
used as vegetable.
Fruit used in traditional
medicine. Fruit is used to
increase potency of local
liquors. Fruits are also
useful in stomach
disorders such as
indigestion and diarrhea.
Leaves are used as
fodder.
Drujeygang, Kana,
Tseza, Dorona,
Emerey, Tshangkha
Suntaley, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha and
Deorali
Deorali, Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Tshangkha,
Drujeygang,
Tashiding and
Khebesa
Khebesa
Tashiding, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Suntaley
Pataley at Drujeygang,
Nichula, Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha
Tshangkha, Kana,
Drujeygang and
Deorali
Tseza geog
Found almost
everywhere in Dagana
Found throughout
Dagana
Found almost
everywhere in Dagana
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Drujeygang, Nichula,
Deorali and
Lhamoyzingkha
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Tashiding and
Suntaley.
14/27
43
200 - 2000
Combretaceae
Terminalia chebula
Retzius
Har-ra, aru
44
600 - 2000
Commelinaceae
Commelina hasskarlii
C.B.Cl.
Koram /
korum, Kaney
jhar
45
200 - 3800
Compositae
Artemisia sp
Titey pati,
khempa
46
200 - 2400
Compositae
Bidens pilosa L.
Karay /
Katarey kuro,
kuro, varay
kuro
47
300 - 2400
Convallariaceae
Tupistra nutans Wall.
48
200 - 1250
Convolvulaceae
Poranopsis paniculata
(Roxb.) Roberty.
49
Cornaceae
50
1830 2900
200 - 600
51
200 - 2300
52
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali, Sipa: Lhazab
geog, Tshangkha and
Drujeygang
Nakima,
Wangpem
meto
Sikari or
shikari lahara
Fruit edible and used to
cure cold, cough,
pneumonia and relief
from indigestion. It is
used to prepare traditional
medicine. Also fruit
yields bluish dye.
Although it is weed in
cultivated fields. But
seeds and leaves are used
to heal wound
The dried immature
leaves, flowers' heads are
used for expulsion of
worms. Also useful in
fevers & dropsy plus as a
stimulant. Buds are used
to cure pneumonia. Entire
plant either dry or fresh
used as incense. Whole
plant used to feed goat or
sheep as fodder.
It is an unwanted weed.
But its bud and young
leaf used to prepare
tealeaf, root helps to cure
pneumonia.
Flowers are ornamental
and young buds are used
as vegetable
Entire climber used to
heal cut & fracture.
Benthamidia capitata
(Wall.) Hara
Costus speciosus (J.
Konig) Smith
Phaytse
Fruit edible
Tseza geog
Doka, betlauri
Cruciferae
Nasturtium officinale
Brown
Sim rayo
Almost everywhere in
the lower parts of the
district
Khebesa, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Tashiding
200 –
2300
Cucurbitaceae
Thladiantha cordifolia
(Blume) Cogniaux
Ban karayla
Roots are used as
medicine to relief from
fever
Entire plant used for
vegetable or salad. Also
parts of the plant is useful
medicinally especially for
tuberculosis mixing with
other plant ingredients.
Wild green vegetable
53
550 – 610
Cucurbitaceae
Diplocydos palmatus
(L.) Jeffrey
Ban kakra
54
200 - 1200
Cucurbitaceae
Hodgsonia
macrocarpa (Blume)
Cogniaux
Gheeu-phal
55
2500 –
3000
Cupressaceae
Cupressus corneyana
Carriere endimic to
Bhutan
Raisalla
Costaceae
Wild edible cucumber, it
has also the medicinal
value to relief fever, loss
of appetite & sinusitis
Fruits are edible, as tasty
as butter. Seeds can be
pickled and they are used
even to extract edible oil.
Planted as an ornamental
tree, twigs, wood-chips
and leaves are used as
incense.
Grown as weed
almost everywhere in
Dagana
Grown as weed
throughout Dagana
Found throughout the
lower altitude of
Dagana
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Tshangkha,
Drujeygang
Suntaley, Dorona,
Goshi, Drujeygang
and Deorali (rare),
Ampgachi in Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Goshi
Lhamoyzingkha
Tseza, Kana, Emerey,
Suntaley, Drujeygang
15/27
56
200 - 400
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia indica L.
Pach-phaley
57
200 - 2200
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Geetha, gidtha
58
200 - 600
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea sp
59
200 - 1900
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea belophylla
Voigt ex Haines
Pani tarul / pan
tarul
Ban tarul
60
200 - 1520
Dioscoreaceae
200 - 1100
Dioscoreaceae
62
200 - 600
Dioscoreaceae
Bhaegur,
bhyagur
Panglang,
panglung
Bharlang
Tuber can be eaten.
61
Dioscorea pentaphylla
L.
Dioscorea pubera
Blume
Dioscorea sp
63
200 - 1400
Dipterocarpaceae
Shorea robusta
Gaertner f.
Resin used for incense.
Bark is used to cure
dysentery and diarrhoea.
64
650 - 1950
Elaeocarpaceae
Eleocarpus sikkimensis
Masters.
Sal dhup,
sakhuwa or
sal, payka, pekar
Bhadrasey
65
250 – 650
Elaeocarpaceae
Gob-ray
Leaves are used as fodder
66
1500 2600
1200 3000
Ericaceae
Sloaneaster culiacea
(Bentham) Rehder &
Wilson
Lyonia ovalifolia
(Wall.) Drude
Rhododendron
arboreum Smith
Ja yonten dem,
angeri
Lali gurass
1800 3000
300 - 600
Ericaceae
Rhododendron
edgeworthii Hook.
Aporosa octandra (D.
Don) Vickery
Lahare chimal
Leaves are used to make
local tealeaf.
Flowers are ornamental,
used to prepare pickle.
Flower also used as
medicine to cure
dysentery & diarrhoea.
Flowers are ornamental
Asharay phul
Flowers are ornamental.
1000 2000
200 - 1400
Euphorbiaceae
Lathi kath
Euphorbiaceae
Glochidion
acuminatum Mueller
Jatropha curcas L.
200 –
1800
Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Amla
Tender leaves are used to
make local tea-leaf
Hedge or fencing shrub.
Its extract is used against
mud borne diseases in the
finger gaps of hands and
legs during rainy season,
particularly paddy
cultivation time.
Fruit can be pickled. Its
bark used to treat
diarrhoea. Root has
medicinal value for
pneumonia (Root mixture
of Amala + Baer).
67
68
69
70
71
72
Ericaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Sajiwan /
Kadam
Pseudocarps edible / can
be pickled and also used
as cattle fodder. Even
leaves are used as fodder.
Tuber can be substitute to
food during famine.
Young leaves and buds
are usd as vegetable.
Sometimes tuber is used
for distilling homemade
wine.
Tuber edible
Tuber edible, like potato.
Leaves are used to
prepare tealeaf.
Tubers are edible like
potato
Tuber edible like potato
Nut edible, leaves are
used as fodder.
Lhamoyzingkha
Found almost
everywhere in Dagana
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tashiding,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona
Nichula, Deorali and
Lhamoyzingkha
Found throughout
Dzongkhag.
Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali (rare)
Nichula, Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tshangkha,
Khebesa, Tashiding
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza, Khebesa
Tseza geog,
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Dorona, Tshangkha,
Khebesa
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Found almost
everywhere in lower
altitude of the district
Khebesa
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding,
Drujeygang and
Lhamoyzingkha
Khebesa, Kana,
Emerey, Drujeygang,
Nichula, Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha
16/27
73
200 –
3000
Euphorbiaceae
Ricinus communis L.
Arandi
74
400 - 1000
Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga denticulate
(Blume) Mueller
Malata
75
1200 –
2400
Fagaceae
Castanopsis tribuloides
(Smith) A.DC.
Musuray katus
76
400 –
1500
Fagaceae
Castanopsis indica
(Roxb.) A.DC.
77
300 - 1500
Fagaceae
78
1100 2100
200 - 1200
Fagaceae
80
2100 2700
81
82
Seed oil is used as fuel
for lamps. Root, seed,
leaf and oil used as
medicine to cure joint
pains.
Leaves are used as cattle
fodder
Found almost
everywhere in the
district
Dhalney katus
Nut edible, leavesfodder, young leaves and
buds are also used to
make local tealeaf.
Nut edible
Castanopsis lanceifolia
(Roxb.) Hickel &
Camus
Quercus thomsoniana
A.DC.
Gynocardia odorata R.
Brown
Patley katus
Nut edible
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Khebesa, Kana,
Drujeygang
Suntaley, Goshi,
Drujeygang,
Tshangkha, Kana,
Dorona, Khebesa
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Kana
Falant, phalant
Leaves are used as fodder
Gantay,
dorkho shing
Gentianaceae
Swertia chirayita
(Roxb.)
Chiraito
200 – 500
Guttiferae
Garcinia sopsopia (
Hamilton) Mabberley
Kusum
Seeds are used to extract
medicinal oil. Refined
extracted oil can be used
as vegetable oil. Bark of
fruit pulp is used to
poison the fish.
Entire plant is used as
medicine to get relief
from fever and headache.
Fruits are edible
(sometimes cultivated).
Hydrangeaceae
Hydrangea anomala D.
Don
Molineria capitulata
(Loureiro) Herbert
Bauni kath
83
1800 2100
200 -2400
84
600 - 3800
Iridaceae
Belamcanda chinensis
(L.) DC.
Tarwaray
85
1800 –
2500
Juglandaceae
Juglans regia L.
Okhar
86
200 –
1500
Labiatae
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Babariphul
87
1400 –
2150
Labiatae
Pogostemon
amaranthoides
Bentham
Namnang,
namda, nam
tshodma,
rudilo
79
Flacourtiaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Dhotisara
Small ornamental
climbing shrub.
Actually it is an
unwanted grass but its
root is useful as medicine
to cure pneumonia and a
sickness called "Bagay"
(in lhotshamp). Entire
grass used as good
summer fodder.
Root - medicine for
dysentery, diarrhoea and
also for food poison.
Flower ornamental.
Nut edible, adds cash
income to household,
barks are used to yield
black dye and for
medicinal purposes.
Leaves used as medicine
to cure scabies. Usually it
is cultivated within the
flower garden.
Entire above ground parts
used as vegetable or as
spice.
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Khebesa, Kana
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali, Sipa: Lhazab
geog, Suntaley,
Tashiding, Tshangkha,
Dorona, Khebesa,
Goshi and Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali, Suntaley,
Dorona, Tashiding
and Goshi
Khebesa
Throughout
Dzongkhag
Drujeygang, Suntaley,
Goshi, Tashiding,
Lhazab Tshangkha.
Tshangkha, Kana,
Drujeygang, Tseza,
Suntaley, Tashiding
Found almost
everywhere in lower
part of the district.
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Khebesa, Emerey,
Tashiding, Goshi
17/27
88
200 - 1200
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum
glaucescens (Nees)
Drury
Malagiri,
tshok-shengma
89
400 –
2100
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum sp
Dalchinee,
sinkaulee
90
400 –
1800
Lauraceae
Tej-pata
91
300 –
1500
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum tamala
(Hamilton) Nees &
Ebermaier
Litsea cubeba
(Loureiro) Persoon
92
900 - 2200
Lauraceae
Parasassafras
confertiflora (Meisner)
Long
Sey shing/
Seyma, Bori
(Kalo bori),
bohori
93
200 - 500
Lecythidaceae
Careya arborea Roxb.
Kumbi,
kumbhi
94
230 - 550
Leguminosae
Acacia catechu (L.f.)
Willdenow
Khair, khoira
95
220 - 1500
Leguminosae
Mandaney
96
Leguminosae
Rato siris
Leaves are used as fodder
97
1500 2300
400 - 1200
Seto siris
98
250 - 1500
Leguminosae
Acrocarpus
fraxinifolius Arnott.
Albizia julibrissin
Durazzini
Albizia procera
(Roxb.) Bentham.
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Seed to extract butter-like
(Especially it is good to
take by delivery women).
Bark is used to make
rope. Knot for curving
Bhutanese wooden plates
and cups.
Bark is used as medicine
to stop diarrhoea and
dysentery. Leaves can be
used to extract blue dye.
Bark can be used to
extract liver coloured
dye.
Decoction from
heartwood is good to
relief inner body pain.
Heart wood chip used to
make tea. Heartwood also
used to extract red dye.
Leaves are used as fodder
99
250 - 1200
Leguminosae
Bauhinia variegata L.
Koiralo
100
300 - 1200
Leguminosae
Cassia fistula L.
Rajbrikshay
Leaves are used as
fodder.
Flower edible as
vegetable. Fresh flower is
medicine for diarrhoea,
fever & digestion. Also
flower is ornamental.
Leaves are used as
fodder.
Ornamental wild plant
(flower). Sometime it is
planted in dry-land. Bark,
leaves and flowers are
used medicinally.
Flowers are used as
vegetable and leaves as
fodder.
Pod, seed and bark are
used to cure diarrhoea
and"Neranjan" i.e.
Leguminosae
Siltimbur
Taa-ki, tingka
lakchu,
pegpeyposhing
Seldom used its heart
wood chips as incense.
Smoke from its sawdust
can rid off bed-buck and
even snake. Foliage can
be used as fodder.
Bark sweet in taste and
used as spice. Sometimes
leaves are given to cattle
as fodder.
Bark and leaves are used
as spice. Sometime it is
cultivated.
Fruits used indigenously
to extract essential oil
(used for treating scabies
& to rid-off flies)
Deorali (rare)
Nichula, Deorali at
Labrang
Nichula, Deorali
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Khebesa, Emerey,
Dorona, Drujeygang.
Tseza geog, Kana,
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha and
Drujeygang
Ampgachi in Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding.
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding.
Suntaley, Khebesa,
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Dorona, Nichula and
Deorali
Khebesa, Tashiding,
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
18/27
difficulty in urination or
blockage of urine. It is an
ornamental tree also.
The leaves paste is an
effective remedy for
ringworm
Leaves are used as fodder
101
200 - 300
Leguminosae
Cassia tora L.
Tapre
102
200 - 1450
Leguminosae
Erythrina stricta Roxb.
103
2100 –
3200
400 - 2400
Loranthaceae
Scurrula elata
(Edgeworth) Danser
Viscum nepalense
Sprengel
Faledo /
Phaledo
Tertela / Lam
tekala
Harchur,
ngenshithup
105
1800 –
2500
Magnoliaceae
Michelia doltsopa DC.
Seto champ
Flowers are ornamental.
106
300 -1900
Magnoliaceae
Ha-ray
Leaves are used as fodder
107
200 - 1200
Malvaceae
Talauma hodgsonii
Hook. f. & Thomson
Kydia calycina Roxb.
Kubindey
Leaves are used as fodder
108
200 –
1200
Malvaceae
Sida acuta Burman f.
Khareto, jharu,
balu,
shekshem
109
300 - 360
Meliaceae
Lali
110
200 - 1200
Meliaceae
Aglaia spectabilis
(Miquel) Jain &
Bennet
Azadirachta indica
Jussieu
Entire part used as hard
broom. Because of its
strong fibre, it is used as
rope.
Leaves are used as fodder
111
500 1500
Meliaceae
Heynea trijuga Sims
Akha taruwa
112
200 - 2300
Meliaceae
Melia azedarach L.
Bakaina
113
300 - 1800
Meliaceae
Toona ciliata Roemer
Meliaceae
114
200 –
1600
Menispermaceae
Stephania glabra
(Roxb.) Miers
Toon, tooni,
tun,
rawashing,
ravashing
Tamarkay
115
300 – 900
Menispermaceae
Stephania japonica
(Thunberg) Miers
104
Loranthaceae
Neem, nim
Charcharey
lahara
Leaves are used to make
local tealeaf
Paste of entire parts used
in treating fracture, shoot
is used to make tealeaf.
Found throughout the
lower altitude of
Dagana
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Emerey, Drujeygang
Nichula, Suntaley,
Tseza, Tshangkha,
Goshi, Drujeygang
and Dorona,
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Dorona,
Tshangkha
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding
Suntaley, Kana,
Dorona, Goshi,
Drujeygang
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza, Tshangkha
Leaves are used to cure
common fever and
malaria.
Seed to extract medicinal
oil which is used to cure
ringworm.
Leaves are used as
fodder, especially for
goats. Crushed bark can
be used to poison the fish,
preparations from leaves
have some insecticidal
properties and that can
repel locusts.
Leaves are used as
fodder.
It is planted by some
of the farmers in
Lhamoyzingkha.
Drujeygang
Climber bud used as
vegetable. Tuberous
rootstock is used to make
small water tub to feed
water to poultry and is
said that the water from
this tub has general
medicinal value for
poultry. Stem yields a
fibre that is used to make
fishing-lines.
Climber used to make
cord / rope
Found almost
everywhere in lower
parts of the district
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding
Nichula, Drujeygang,
Suntaley, Tashiding,
Goshi
Khebesa
19/27
116
200 - 1200
Moraceae
Artocarpus lacucha
Hamilton
Barar, badar
117
400 - 2000
Moraceae
Ficus auriculata
Loureiro
118
200 - 1200
Moraceae
Ficus benghalensis L.
Nebharo,
nebhara,
dabgo,
beykhushing,
dogashing,
boku, boksho,
khoma
Nebhara
Bar
119
300 - 1200
Moraceae
Ficus hispida L.f.
120
600 - 2400
Moraceae
Ficus neriifolia J. E.
Smith
121
200 - 600
Moraceae
122
200 - 1500
123
124
Fruits are edible. Leaves
are used as fodder. Barks
are used to prepare tea,
can be used to extract red
dye and also they have
medicinal value to cure
diarrhoea and even piles.
Figs are edible and leaves
used as fodder
Suntaley, Kana,
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Dorona, Nichula and
Lhamoyzingkha
Leaves are used as fodder
Suntaley, Kana,
Dorona, Goshi,
Drujeygang
Tshangkha,Khebesa,
Kana, Tashiding,
Drujeygang, Goshi
and Deorali
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza, Tshangkha,
Khebesa, Drujeygang
Suntaley, Kana,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Ampgachi in Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha and
Deorali
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tashiding, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Khebesa, Tshangkha,
Deorali, Nichula and
Lhamoyzingkha
Khebesa
Tshangkha, Sipa:
Lhazab geog,
Khebesa, Kana,
Drujeygang
Suntaley, Tashiding,
Tshangkha, Dorona,
Drujeygang and
Lhamoyzingkha.
Nichula, Suntaley,
Goshi, Tshangkha,
Dorona and
Drujeygang.
Suntaley, Kana,
Dorona
Suntaley, Dorona,
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Tashiding and
Lhamoyzingkha
Khasrey
khanew,
khasuray or
khasreto
Dudhilo
Leaves are used as fodder
and figs edible
Ficus racemosa L.
Dumri
Leaves used as fodder
figs edible. Milky juice
can cure diarrhoea and
dysentery.
Moraceae
Ficus semicordata J. E.
Smith
Khanew, kuku
Leaves are used as fodder
and young leaves are
used to make local
tealeaf. Figs are edible.
200 - 600
1000 1500
Moraceae
Moraceae
Ficus sp
Ficus subincisa J.E.
Smith
Rai khanew
Lutey khanew
Leaves are used as fodder
Young leaves & buds
used to make local tealeaf, leaves fodder
125
200 –
1000
Moraceae
Ficus virens Aiton
Kabra
Leaves are used as
fodder, bud used to make
pickle
126
200 - 1000
Moraceae
Ficus benjamina L.
Somey
Leaves are used as fodder
127
900 –
2000
200 -2600
Moraceae
Morus macroura
Miquel
Morus australis Poiret
Kimbu
Leaves are used as fodder
Sanu kimbu
Fruit edible, juice extract
from root is best
medicine to cure jaundice
and for deworming.
Foliage used as fodder.
128
Moraceae
Leaves are ise as fodder
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Khebesa, Dorona,
Drujeygang, Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha and
Deorali
20/27
129
200 - 800
Musaceae
Musa sp
Ban-kera,
chomtsha (3
spp)
130
1200 –
2100
Myricaceae
Myrica esculenta D.
Don
Kafal
131
200 - 600
Myristicaceae
Horsfieldia kingii
(Hook. f.) Warburg
Ramguwah /
Runchepat
132
200 - 1200
Myrtaceae
Duabanga grandiflora
(DC.) Walpers
Lampatey
Fruit edible which is
resemble to that of
Calamus erectus
Leaves are used as fodder
133
200 - 600
Myrtaceae
Syzigium formosum
(Wall.) Masamune
Ambakay
Wild fruit edible
134
200 –
1600
Myrtaceae
Syzygium cumini (L.)
Skeels
Jamuna
Wild fruit edible
135
200 - 600
Myrtaceae
Syzygium operculatum
(Roxb.) Neidenzu
Kya-muna
Fruits are edible. Leaves
are used as fodder for
goat and sheep.
136
900 - 2000
Opiliaceae
Pyrularia edulis
(Wall.) A.DC.
Om-phey /
Amphi
137
200 - 600
Orchidaceae
Dendrobium sp
Sunakhari (7
types)
Seed used to produce
edible oil. Also the oil is
medicine to cure itching
feet during summer
season.
Flowers are ornamental.
138
200 - 1200
Oxalidaceae
Averrhoa carambola L.
Charpatay
139
900 –
2500
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca acinosa
Roxb.
Jaringo
140
900 –
2000
Pinaceae
Pinus roxburghii
Sargent
Khote salla
141
200 -1250
Piperaceae
Piper peepuloides
Roxb.
Ruk peepla or
dolley pipla
Fruits are used
medicinally.
142
280 –
1300
Piperaceae
Piper betleoides C.
DC.
Jungali pan
143
200 – 900
Piperaceae
Piper hamiltonii C.
DC.
Jungali pan
Leaves are chewed with
betel nut as a stimulant.
Leaves are sold widely in
market.
Leaves used to chew with
betel nut and lime.
Fruit edible, flower buds
and inner tender parts are
used as vegetable. Inner
part of the stem used as
fodder for cattle. Juice
from its rootstock is used
to cure dysentery.
Fruits are edible
Fruits are edible.
Sometimes fruits are used
to make preserved pickle.
Tender bud used as
vegetable, root medicine
for food poison
Resin used to produce
rosin & turpentine
Deorali, Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Suntaley, Tashiding,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Drujeygang and
Dorona
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Khebesa,
Drujeygang, Dorona
Drujeygang,
Tashiding, Suntaley
and Lhamoyzingkha
Suntaley, Dorona,
Drujeygang,
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Dorona,
Drujeygang
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Khebesa,
Dorona, Drujeygang
Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Nichula, Sipa: Lhazab
geog, Suntaley,
Dorona, Drujeygang,
Tshangkha and
Khebesa
Tashiding, Goshi,
Suntaley
Lhamoyzingkha (3
types), Deorali (2
types)
Nichula
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Drujeygang
Drujeygang, Tseza,
Kana, Tshangkha,
Lhazab, Khebesa
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Tashiding, Suntaley,
Goshi, Khebesa,
Tshangkha, Lhazab,
Drujeygang
21/27
144
200 - 800
Piperaceae
Piper longum L.
Pipla / peepla /
or chaitey
pipla
145
1500 2000
2900 3600
2900 3600
Poaceae
Cephalostachyum sp
Karay gopay
Poaceae
Arundinaria sp
Wild bamboo
Poaceae
Arundinaria sp
Zat malingo
(smooth)
Karay malingo
148
300 - 1500
Poaceae
Bambusa nutans Wall.
ex Munro subsp.
cupulata Stapleton
Mal bans /
mali, mola,
makla or
maley bans
Bamboo (Wild as well as
cultivated)
149
1500 2000
Poaceae
Cephalostachyum
latifolium Munro
Gopay bans
Bamboo - wild, leaves are
used as fodder.
150
1400 2200
Poaceae
Chimonobambusa
callosa (Munro) Nakai.
Karay bans,
roa
Bamboo, fine split used
to make cord
151
200 - 1500
Poaceae
Dendrocalamus
hamiltonii Munro var.
hamiltonii
Choya bans /
jungali / ban
bans, pakshi /
pagshi, so,
soeshing, se,
leeshing
Bamboo (Wild as well as
cultivated), young shoot
used as vegetable
152
1000 –
2100
Poaceae
Negalo
Bamboo in the wild
153
1000 2100
Poaceae
Pah-ryang
Young shoot edible as
vegetable
Khebesa, Goshi,
Drujeygang
154
200 -300
Poaceae
Philing bans
155
300 - 1600
Poaceae
Drepanostachyum
intermedium (Munro)
Keng f.
Himalayacalamus
hookerianus (Munro)
Stapleton
Melocanna baccifera
(Roxb.) Kurz
Bambusa clavata
Stapleton.
Used for general purposes
in the rural livelihood
Bamboo (Wild as well as
cultivated)
156
300 - 1800
Poaceae
Yula
Good bamboo species to
make handicraft items
157
600 - 700
Poaceae
Tshangkha
1500 2500
Polygonaceae
Thokray /
tokhre bans
Haleley
Bamboo
158
Neomicrocalamus
andropogonifolius
(Griff.) Stapleton
Teinostachyum dullooa
Gamble
Rumex nepalensis
Sprengel.
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Dorona and Deorali
Emerey
Root paste can cure
wounds and cuts.
Tseza, Kana,
Drujeygang, Emerey,
Dorona
146
147
Chiley bans
Fruits are sold in the
market. Few quantities of
fruits are used as
medicine to relief from
cold & coughs & fever.
Roots are used to rid-off
headaches &
sleeplessness.
Bamboo, leaves: fodder
Wild bamboo
Found throughout the
lower altitude places
of the district.
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tashiding
Sipa: Lhazab,
Khebesa
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Goshi, Tshangkha,
Tashiding, Dorona,
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Khebesa, Kana,
Emerey, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Nichula, Deorali and
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab,
Suntaley, Kana ,
Tashiding, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Tshangkha, Khebesa
Tshangkha, Khebesa,
Kana, Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tashiding, Khebesa,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha and
Deorali
Sipa: Lhazab,
Tshangkha
22/27
159
2750 3700
Ranunculaceae
Aconitum bisma
(Hamilton) Rapaics
Bikhma, bong
160
200-760
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus mauritiana
Lamarck
Ba-er
161
1700 –
2300
Rosaceae
Rubus acuminatus
Smith
Rani / Sanu
aeiselu
162
1800 –
2700
Rosaceae
Rubus lineatus Blume
Gyampay
aeiselu
Wild edible fruit. Juice
extract from roots used to
cure pneumonia and food
poison.
163
200 - 1500
Rubiaceae
Paederia foetida L.
Biri lahara
164
1100 –
2300
Rubiaceae
Rubia manjith Roxb.
Majitho
165
250 - 3500
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum armatum
DC.
Timbur
166
200 –
1700
Rutaceae
Citrus medica L.
Bibira
Roots used as medicine
for sinusitis. Node on root
is used to cure sickness
called “Bagay”.
Stem and root used to
extract dye also entire
plant has medicinal value
to relief body-pain
Fruits used indigenously
to extract essential oil for
general medicinal
purposes.
Fruit juice can be taken as
cold drink
167
200 - 2800
Rutaceae
Mitho nim
168
800 –
1900
Rutaceae
Murraya keonigii (L.)
Sprengel
Tetradium fraxinifolius
(Hook.) Hartley
169
600 - 2400
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum
acanthopodium DC.
Bokey timbur
170
1500 2400
300 - 1200
Santalaceae
350 –
1400
Sapindaceae
Dufrenoya granulata
(A.DC.) Stauffer
Dufrenoya platyphylla
(Sprengel) Stauffer
Sapindus rarak DC.
Aeinjeru,
Phalangkhey
Aeinjeru,
archola
Ritha
171
172
Santalaceae
Khanakpa
Root - medicine for
cough, also used
medicinally for other
purposes
Ripen fruit edible, can be
pickled. Root has
medicinal value for
pneumonia (Root mixture
of Amala + Baer).
Wild fruit edible
Leaves used as spices
(quite rare)
Fruit used to make pickle
Fruits used indigenously
to extract essential oil
(general medicinal use),
fruits are pickled and are
good medicine for gastric
problem
Leaves are used to make
local tealeaf.
Leaves are used to make
tealeaf.
Nut used as local soap
Khebesa, Kana
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Kana,
Emerey, Tashiding,
Tshangkha,Goshi,
Khebesa, Dorona,
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Kana,
Emerey, Tashiding,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Khebesa, Dorona,
Drujeygang.
Found throughout the
lower part of the
district.
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza, Tshangkha,
Emerey, Kana,
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Tashiding, Tseza,
Suntaley, Tshangkha,
Khebesa, Lhazab,
Deorali, Nichula and
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab geog
Khebesa
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tashiding, Goshi,
Tshangkha,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Khebesa.
Drujeygang, Khebesa,
Kana, Tashiding
Nichula, Deorali
Lhazab, Deorali,
Nichula and
Lhamoyzingkha
23/27
173
800 - 1400
Sapotaceae
Diploknema butyracea
(Roxb.)
Cheuri, yika
174
1000 –
2400
Saururaceae
Houttuynia cordata
Thunberg.
175
1850 2900
Saxifragaceae
Astilbe rivularis D.
Don.
Gaytsho,
mombering,
nombaring
Buro-okhati
176
1500 3000
3500 3800
Saxifragaceae
Rockfoil,
Pakhanved
Kutki, kutaki
178
200 – 900
Smilacaceae
179
200 - 600
Staphyleaceae
180
300 - 1200
Sterculiaceae
Bergenia ciliata
(Haworth) Sternberg
Neopicrorhiza
scrophulariiflora
(Pennell) Hong
Smilax orthoptera
A.DC.
Turpinia pomifera
(Roxb.) DC
Firmiana colorata
(Roxb.) R. Brown
181
200 - 1300
Sterculiaceae
Sterculia villosa Smith.
Odal, zat odal,
rato odal,
sheydey
182
1600 2900
Symplocaceae
Symplocos paniculata
(Thunberg) Miquel
Kharaney,
Gunilo,
Zimshing,
Pangtse Shing
183
800 - 2300
Theaceae
Eurya acuminate DC.
Sanu jhingney
or jingane
184
1900 3400
1600 2400
200 - 1800
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne bholua D. Don
Thymelaeaceae
Thysanolaeneae
Edgeworthia gardneri
(Wall.) Meisner
Thysanolaena latifolia
(Roxb. ex Horneman)
Honda
Kagatey, Dhey
shing (Kap)
Argaylee
400 - 600
300 - 1500
1500 3000
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae
Ulmaceae
Grewia asiatica L.
Grewia sapida DC.
Celtis tetrandra Roxb.
177
185
186
187
188
189
Scrophulariaceae
Kukur dainey
Thali
Seti / seto odal
Amleso,
amriso,
tshakushey/
tshakusha,
chayee zom,
tshasha,
baylangka
Shyal fusray
Kuel / kuail
Khari
Fruits are edible; seeds
are used to extract edible
oil. Seeds are eaten after
roasting or frying. Barks
are used to make rope.
Leaves are used as
fodder.
Entire plants including
roots are use as green
vegetable.
Root: for body-pain
especially (women) after
delivery. Entire plant
used to prepare local tealeaf
Roots used for cut and
body pain.
Entire plants used
medicinally to relief from
cold, cough and fever.
Young shoot used as
vegetable.
Leaves are used as fodder
Bark is used to make
rope. Leaves are used as
cattle fodder.
Bark is used to make
rope. Seed is edible after
roasting.
Leaves are used to extract
yellow dye. Seeds are
used to extract vegetable
butter that can be used for
vegetable cooking oil as
well as burning lamps.
Leaves are used as fodder
Bark used to make cord /
rope
Bark used to make cord /
rope
Matured inflorescence
used as soft broom. Root
paste applied to mature
and cure boils; juice
extract from root is used
for deworming purposes.
Leaves are used as
fodder.
Leaves are used as fodder
Leaves are used as fodder
Leaves are used as fodder
Nichula, Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha,Tsha
ngkha, Goshi,
Suntaley, Drujeygang
Emerey
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Goshi. (Found in
higher altitude of
Dagana)
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Drujeygang
Khebesa at higher
altitude place
Ampgachi in Nichula
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza, Kana
Nichula, Deorali
Nichula, Deorali,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Kana, Emerey,
Tashiding, Tseza and
Drujeygang
Tseza, Kana,
Suntaley, Goshi,
Emerey, Khebesa,
Drujeygang, Sipa:
Lhazab geog
Tshangkha, Kana,
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding
Khebesa, Kana,
Tashiding
Khebesa, Kana, Goshi
Tashiding, Suntaley
Found almost every
where in lower
altitude range of 200
to 1800 m a.s.l of the
district
Tshangkha, Kana
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Kana,
Tashiding, Dorona,
Drujeygang
24/27
190
400 - 1500
Umbelliferae
Centrella asiatica (L.)
191
1700 –
3800
Umbelliferae
Heracleum nepalense
D. Don.
192
300 - 1200
Urticaceae
Dar
193
750 - 1500
Urticaceae
Boehmeria rugulosa
Weddell.
Boehmeria
hamiltoniana Weddell.
Kamley
Leaves are used as
fodder.
194
200 –
1100
Urticaceae
Dendrocnide sinuate
(Blume) Chew
Flowers or buds are used
as vegetable.
Lhamoyzingkha
195
300 - 1800
Urticaceae
Elatostema lineolatum
Wight.
Morungey,
moringe,
phronglo
Damroo,
Chhotey
gaglato/
Mirgey jhar
Entire plant used as
vegetable
196
600 - 2700
Urticaceae
Girardinia diversifolia
(Link) Friis
Sisnu /
Bhangrey
sisnu
Young leaves, buds and
flowers are eaten as a
green vegetable
197
600 - 2100
Urticaceae
Debregeasia longifolia
(Burman f.) Weddell
Tusharay
Leaves are used as fodder
and bark for making rope.
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Khebesa,
Emerey, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Deorali
Suntaley, Goshi,
Dorona, Tashiding,
Tshangkha,
Drujeygang
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Drujeygang
198
1800 2000
Urticaceae
Urtica ardens Link
Zocha
Fibres are used to make
ropes
199
300 - 1500
Verbenaceae
Guyelo
Leaves are used as fodder
200
200 - 600
Verbenaceae
201
200 - 1700
Verbenaceae
Callicarpa vestita
Wall.
Clerodendrum indicum
(L.) Kuntze
Gmelina arborea
Roxb.
Chitu (Black
& Yellow)
Khamari
202
200 - 550
Verbenaceae
203
200 - 300
Verbenaceae
Premna bengalensis
Clarke
Tectona grandis L.f.
Geneyri,
genari, gidayre
Saigun, sagun
204
300 - 1700
Verbenaceae
Vitex negundo L.
Sewali / Seyali
Entire plant used as
medicine for food poison
Bark used to relief from
food poison or
indigestion (both for
human and cattle),
dysentery, pneumonia,
jaundice, stomach
trouble, ringworm & for
"Bagay" (local term for a
kind of sickness). Bud is
rubbed on bull's backneck to cure cracks.
Leaves are used as
fodder. Flowers are used
as vegetable. Bark gives
brownish-yellow dye.
Leaves are used as
fodder.
Dried leaf and young bud
can be used to extract
light-brown or red dye.
Hedge or fencing shrub.
Leaves & roots has
medicinal value for
diseases of eye
inflammation, leucoderma, asthma and
Ulta, ultey or
taprey jhar or
zar
Chimphing
Juices from roots are used
to cure pneumonia.
Flower / seed medicinal
value to relief from fever,
headache and stomachpain
Leaves are used as fodder
Found throughout the
lower altitude of
Dagana
Sipa: Lhazab geog
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding.
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding
Emerey, Suntaley,
Tashiding, Khebesa,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Lhazab, Tseza, Kana,
Drujeygang
Drujeygang, Goshi,
Suntaley, Tashiding
Tshangkha
Suntaley, Goshi,
Tshangkha, Dorona,
Drujeygang, Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Deorali
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding,
Drujeygang
25/27
bronchitis
Vitex quinata
(Loureiro) Williams
Diplazium sp
Pach patey
Jitsi shamu
Edible mushroom
208
Acanthocystis
geogenius
Auricularia auricular
Kaney chaew,
bajay kan
chaew,
jilinamcho
Wild edible mushroom
209
Cantharellus cibarius
Kan-ney
chaew
2 types- White & yellow:
edible mushroom
210
211
Laetiporus sulphureus
Lentinus sp
Mirgay chaew
Katusay chaew
Edible mushroom
Edible mushroom
212
213
214
Pleurotus cornucopiae
Polyporellus badius
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Seli shamu
Ko shamu
Bagalay chaew
Edible mushroom
Edible mushroom
Edible mushroom
Chamray
chaew
Edible mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Parari chaew
Wild edible mushroom
Sal chaew
218
Locally identified
mushroom
Sirisay chaew
219
Locally identified
mushroom
Chamray
chaew
Edible mushroom that
grown on the trunk of
Shorea robusta.
Edible mushroom that
grows on the trunk of
Albizia sp.
Edible mushroom (grown
in any dead log or wood)
220
Locally identified
mushroom
Deo-ley chaew
221
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Dohing shamu
Edible mushroom (grown
from termite's mud pillars
in wet season)
Edible mushroom
Gobray chaew
Edible mushroom
Golay shamu
Edible mushroom
Goshi, Drujeygang,
Suntaley
Kana
Kalashamu
Edible mushroom
Emerey
Kalay shamu
Edible mushroom
Kana
205
300 - 1200
Verbenaceae
206
200 - 2000
Woodsiaceae
207
215
216
217
222
223
224
225
Titey neguro,
charey khutay
neguro,
gaikhuray
neguro
Leaves are used as
fodder.
3 types: Young fronds
used as as vegetable
Deorali
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Goshi
Khebesa, Kana,
Dorona, Emerey,
Drujeygang, Nichula
and Lhamoyzingkha
Tseza geog
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tseza, Khebesa, Kana,
Emerey, Goshi,
Drujeygang, Dorona,
Deorali and
Lhamoyzingkha
Lhamoyzingkha, Sipa:
Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tashiding,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Drujeygang and
Khebesa
Suntaley, Dorona
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tseza,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Khebesa, Kana,
Dorona
Tseza geog, Kana
Tseza geog, Khebesa
Lhamoyzingkha
Nichula,
Lhamoyzingkha,
Deorali
Nichula
Lhamoyzingkha
Lhamoyzingkha
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Drujeygang
Suntaley, Dorona,
Tshangkha
Tseza geog
26/27
226
Locally identified
mushroom
Kalun-gay
chaew
Edible mushroom
227
Locally identified
mushroom
Locally identified
mushroom
Yaka shamu
Edible mushroom
Zaree chaew
Suntaley, Dorona,
Goshi, Tashiding
Locally identified
climber
Locally identified
ornamental plant
Locally identified
ornamental plant
Rubji
Edible mushroom (grown
in crop cultivated area
after heavy rainfall during
summer)
Bark chew as betel-nut
Tseza geog
232
Locally identified
ornamental plant
Seeru phul
For decoration (It looks
like hanging cat tail)
Hedge or fencing shrub.
Its flower is an
ornamental.
Ornamental plant
233
Locally identified
ornamental plant
Locally identified
ornamental plant
Locally identified
ornamental plant
Seley meto
Flower - ornamental
Sezam meto
Ornamental plant
Sunakhari
(orchid)
Flower: Ornamental
Locally identified oil
seed tree
Locally identified
climber
Locally identified
climber
Locally identified plant
to make tealeaf
Locally identified wild
vegetable
Locally identified wild
vegetable
Phayma
Bangka rubjey
Seed used to extract
edible oil
Bark used to make cord
Dohing rubjey
Bark used to make cord
Kana
Jomoshing
Young leaves are used to
make local tealeaf
Leaves are used as
vegetable
Leaves are used as
vegetable
Kana
228
229
230
231
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
Chamachushe
Lali-phul
Khola sag
Lapha sag (In
Sherpa dialect)
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Tashiding,
Tshangkha, Goshi,
Dorona
Kana
Sipa: Lhazab geog
Goshi, Suntaley,
Tashiding,
Drujeygang
Found almost everywhere in lower
altitude of Dagana
Kana
Goshi, Suntaley,
Emerey
Sipa: Lhazab geog,
Suntaley, Emerey,
Tshangkha, Tashiding,
Dorona, Drujeygang
Emerey
Kana
Deorali
Ampgachi in Nichula
NOTE: Elevation in metre is an average range in reference to Dagana District only.
27/27