Why climate change ma.ers for Malaysia? Muru Loganathan Climate Change & Energy A1aché GHG Data for SE Asia Country Total Total GHG GHG Emissions Emissions (MtCO₂e) (MtCO₂e) as of as of 1990*(1) 2012*(1) % of GHG emissions growth 1990–
2012 *(2) % of Total Global GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) as of 2012* (2) Global Ranking of GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) as of 2012*(2) GHG Emissions Per Capita* (tCO2e) as of 2010(3) Brunei Burma Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam UK (Comparison) SE Asia 22.07 184.71 49.12 1981.00 36.28 433.33 157.59 56.13 375.71 251.18 550.66 14.76 171.48 42.48 1025.74 30.23 -­‐139.27 103.30 32.28 171.41 93.10 745.99 33% 7% 14% 48% 17% 132% 34% 42% 54% 63% -­‐35% 0.05% 0.40% 0.11% 4.30% 0.08% 0.94% 0.34% 0.12% 0.82% 0.55% 1.20% 119 43 85 5 95 18 47 82 24 32 14 57.44 3.39 4.58 8.45 7.07 15.17 1.56 13.80 5.19 2.88 9.23 3547.12 1545.50 45% (average) 7.70% ~ 11.95 (average) Data from World Resources Institute: http://cait.wri.org/
GHG Emissions Per Capita* (tCO2e) World ranking (out of 186) as of 2010(3) 1 130 106 66 79 26 164 31 99 139 58 ~ Current situaCon • 
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Malaysia is a high middle income size, • 
export driven emerging economy -­‐ 3rd largest economy in Southeast Asia. Oil and gas, agriculture (palm oil, • 
rubber and amber) and the manufacturing sectors are the largest contributors to its GDP. Economy stood at $376 billion in 2014 • 
and ranks 28th globally. Per capita income of $12,127 with a populaaon of 30 million. • 
Considered to be the most compeaave emerging Asian country and aims to reach developed economy status by the year 2020. • 
The UK is Malaysia’s second largest market in Europe, whilst Malaysia is the UK’s third largest market for goods in South-­‐East Asia. • 
Malaysia already accounts for almost 1% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Almost 80% of its emissions is from its energy related sectors – power generaaon; transport; industrial; residenaal and commercial . Malaysia is ASEAN’s fastest GHG growth country between 1990 and 2012. Its energy demand is set to grow by more than 6% (in correlaaon with its GDP growth) annually between 2015 and 2020. Malaysia currently has an energy policy that would enable significant increases on coal burning for power generaaon, and Domesac oil demand is set to soar. conCnue…. Energy •  Individual energy consumpaon is relaavely high in Malaysia at 2.63 toe per capita. •  2nd highest energy demand per capita in Southeast Asia. Government commitment •  The government has commiged to voluntarily reduce its emissions intensity of GDP by up to 40% based on 2005 levels by 2020. •  Up to 2013, Malaysia have achieved 33% reducaon. However, improvements in emission Intensity have thus far been outstripped by rapid economic growth, meaning that the absolute level of emissions produced in Malaysia is rising rapidly. CiCes and UrbanisaCon •  This broader context on energy has substanCal implicaCons for urban areas. 73% (21.1 million) of the 29.2 million people of Malaysia live in ciCes. •  And over 90% of naConal economic acCvity is conducted in ciCes. Energy consumpCon and greenhouse gas emissions are therefore likely to be concentrated in ciCes for the foreseeable future. •  Although Kuala Lumpur dominates the Malaysian economic landscape – the wider Klang Valley that includes Kuala Lumpur is home to 7.2 million people and produces 38% of naConal GDP. •  48% of the Malaysian populaCon live in other urban regions, which generate 52% of naConal GDP. Potenaal miagaaon opaons in key sectors idenafied Sector Energy Waste Agriculture Industrial Processes Sector Potenaal Miagaaon Opaons ImplementaCon of RE for power generaCon ImplementaCon of EE in the industrial, commercial and residenCal sector ImplementaCon of RE in industrial, commercial and residenCal sector TransportaCon – Hybrid & electric vehicles, integrated transportaCon system, bio fuels, low carbon petrol & diesel Encourage methane capture faciliCes at new sanitary landfills Encourage palm oil millers to capture biogas for power generaCon Encourage composCng of organic waste, especially food waste and 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) Rice Management with water saving producCon: Intermi.ent flooding Aerobic rice Livestock waste management through Aerobic manure composCng Biogas capture ParCal replacement of syntheCc Nitrogenous FerClizer Employ new processes and materials to reduce clinker use in cement producCon However, there are two ongoing obstacles to effecavely exploiang these opportuniaes: Firstly, the mulC-­‐level governance arrangements are currently fragmented and centralised. This hinders effecCve acCon on climate change at a local scale. -­‐ Analysis suggests a need to improve the coordinaCon among different levels and sectors of government, so that ciCes can undertake sustainability experiments such as municipal green building standards or congesCon pricing. These can build capabiliCes and public support, and can be replicated elsewhere in Malaysia if successful. Efforts are being made to address this at the local level in Putrajaya/
Cyberjaya, Melaka city, Iskandar Regional Development Centre in Johor Bahru (in collaboraaon with Uni of Leeds) and PJ City Council (with the help of UK Carbon Trust) Secondly, low carbon measures ohen entail higher upfront costs and can someCmes have longer payback periods than higher carbon alternaCves. -­‐ Households, firms and local governments will ohen require enabling policy frameworks and innovaCve financing mechanisms to act – such as revolving funds or congesCon pricing. -­‐ In the absence of ambiCous naConal climate commitments, local governments need to be empowered with the resources and capaciCes to pilot these kinds of iniCaCves. If necessary, interna.onal actors can provide crucial technical assistance and cataly.c funding or if the local investment policies are right, foreign investments in these sectors can be a9rac.ve. Thank you [email protected]