PVP
Polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers
Intermediates
Solvents
Monomers
Polymers
Specialty Chemicals
Film Former
With good chemistry great things happen.™
2
3
Contents
Commercial Types of PVP polymers.....................................................4
Compatibility................................................................................................. 10
Physical and Chemical Properties..........................................................6
Protective-Colloid Action.........................................................................12
Molecular Weight Determination..........................................................6
Complex Formation/Crosslinking........................................................12
Viscosity..............................................................................................................6
Stability..............................................................................................................12
Solubility.............................................................................................................9
Industrial Application of PVP polymers.............................................13
Film-Forming Properties......................................................................... 10
Commercial Types of PVP polymers
PVP polymers are available in several viscosity grades, ranging
from low to high molecular weight. This range, coupled with
solubility in aqueous and organic solvent systems combined
with its nontoxic character, are some of the properties that gives
PVP polymers great flexibility across multiple applications. The
industrial applications of PVP polymers include, for example,
in adhesives to improve strength and toughness; in paper
manufacture to increase strength and as a coating resin; and in
synthetic fibers to improve dye receptivity. PVP polymers are also
widely employed in inks, imaging, lithography, detergents and
soaps, the textile, ceramic, electrical and metallurgical industries
and as a polymerization additive.
PVP polymers are supplied in various viscosity grades as a powder
and/or aqueous solution. The full line of PVP polymers are also
available for personal care applications such as film forming,
emulsion stabilization and colorant dispersion. Ashland also
offers pharmaceutical and agriculture grades of PVP polymer;
our Plasdone™ and Polyplasdone™ polymer products are used in
the pharmaceutical industry, Agrimer™ polymers are used by the
Agriculture industry.
Tables I, II and III list the PVP polymers commercially available and some typical properties of the same.
Table I: PVP polymers – General Properties
Linear nonionic polymer
High polarity/proton acceptor
Amphiphilic
Compatible with a variety of resins and electrolytes
Soluble in water and polar solvents, insoluble in esters, ethers, ketones and hydrocarbons
Unsuitable for thermoplastic processing
Hard, glossy, transparent, oxygen permeable films which adhere to a variety of substrates
Hygroscopic
Adhesive and cohesive properties
Cross-linkable
Physiologically inert
4
Table II: PVP polymer Solution and Powder Products
Property
PVP K-12
Appearance @
25°C
Off-white
amorphous
powder
Pale
yellow
aqueous
solution
PVP K-15
PVP K-30
K-Value (Viscosity
of 1% solution)
10-14a
13-19a
13 -19a
Color (APHA)
<50a
4 max.
(VCS)
%Active
95 min.
%Moisture
%Ash (combustion)
PVP K-60
PVP K-90
PVP K-120
Off-white
amorphous
powder
Yellow
aqueous
solution
Yellow
viscous,
aqueous
solution
Off-white,
amorphous
powder
27-33
26-35
50-62
80-100
90-100
110-130
108-130
100 max.a
150 max.
80 max.a
100 max.a 40 max.
60 max.a
25 max.a
50 max.a
28-32
95 min.
29-31
95 min.
45-49
20-24
95 min.
11 - 13
95 min.
5 max.
68-72
5 max.
69-71
5 max.
51-55
76- 80
5 max.
87-89
5 max.
<0.02
0.012
5 max.
0.012
0.02 max
0.044
0.016
-
0.018
-
3-5
6-9
3-7
6-9
3-7
3-7
4-9
3-7
6-9
4-8
Brookfield Viscosity,
cps (5% solids @
25°C)
-
-
1
-
3
10
-
150
-
350
Specific Gravity @
25°C
-
1.061
-
1.062
-
1.122
1.051
-
1.024
-
Bulk Density (g/cc)
0.6-0.7
-
0.6-0.7
-
0.4-0.6
-
-
0.3-0.4
-
0.2-0.3
Film Density (g/cc)
-
1.203
-
1.207
-
-
1.216
-
-
-
Freezing Point °C
-
-4.1
-
-2.7
-
-2.2
-0.9
-
0.3
-
Specific Heat
(cal/g/KC)
-
0.819
-
0.803
-
0.738
0.827
-
0.884
-
pH (5% aqueous
solution)
Off-white Colorless to
amorphous pale yellow
powder
aqueous
solution
Colorless Off-white,
to yellow amorphous
aqueous
powder
solution
a
5% aqueous solution
NOTE: This data is typical of current production, but are not necessarily specifications.
Table III: PVP polymers properties
PVP polymer
Grade
K-Value
Molecular
Weight
(g/mol)
Tg (ºC)
K-12
K-15
K-30
K-60
10 – 14
13 – 19
26 – 35
50 – 62
120
130
163
170
K-85
83 – 88
K-90
88 – 100
K-120
114 – 130
4,000 – 6,000
6,000 – 15,000
40,000 – 80,000
390, 000
–470,000
900,000
–1,200,000
1,000,000
–1,700,000
2,100,000
–3,000,000
Radius of Hydration
(GPC, nm)
RH Triple
RH DLS
Detection
–
2-3
2
5
6
10
12
20
Radius of Gyration
(MALS, nm)
Rg
Rg
(18 angles)
(2 angles)




10
15
21
23
172
–
–
–
–
174
32
49
58
65
174
42
60
66
69
 PVP K-12 and K-15 polymer are too small for accurate MALS size readings.
5
Physical and Chemical Properties
Molecular Weight Determination
Number average (Mn) – 10,000
Viscosity average (Mv) – 40,000
Weight average (Mw) – 55,000
Therefore, in any review of the literature, one must know which
molecular average is cited. Conventionally, molecular weights
are expressed by their “K-values,” which are derived from relative
viscosity measurements.
Viscosity
The K-values assigned to various grades of PVP polymer represent
a function of the average molecular weight, the degree of
polymerization and the intrinsic viscosity. The K-values are derived
from viscosity measurements and are calculated according to
Fikentscher’s formula:
log
6
η
75K02
rel = 1 + 1.5K 2 +K0
0
c
where c = concentration in g/100 ml solution
η rel = viscosity of the solution
K = 1000K0
compared with solvent
The K-value accepted for PVP polymer by pharmacopoeias and
other authoritative bodies worldwide is measured by the viscosity
technique and calculated by the use of Fikentscher’s equation.
In an aqueous solution PVP K-15 and PVP K-30 polymer,
particularly in concentrations below 10%, have little effect on
viscosity, whereas K-60 and K-90 considerably influence flow
properties (Figure 1). In organic sol­vents the viscosity of the
solution is related to that of the solvent, Table IV.
Figure 1: Effect of Concentration of Different Grades of PVP
polymer on Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions at 25°C
100000
Viscosity, Centistokes
There have been many studies that have been devoted to the
determination of the molecular weight of PVP polymer. The
low molecular weight polymers have narrower distribution
curves of molecular entities than the high molecular weight
compounds. Some of the techniques for measuring the
molecular weight of various PVP polymer products are based
on mea­suring sedimentation, light scattering, osmometry, NMR
spectroscopy, ebullimometry, and size exclu­sion chromatography
for determining absolute molecular weight distribution. By
the use of these methods, any one of three molecular weight
parameters can be measured, namely the number average (Mn),
viscosity average (Mv), and weight average (Mw). Each of these
characteristics can yield a different answer for the same polymer
as illustrated by using these measurement techniques in the
analysis of the same PVP K-30 polymer sample. The following
results are reported:
10000
K-120
1000
K-90
K-60
100
K-30
K-15
10
1
0
10
20
30
% PVP
40
50
60
Table IV: Viscosities of PVP K-30 polymers in Various Organic Solvents Table IV (continued)
Kinematic Viscosities (in centistokes)
Solvent
2% PVP
10% PVP
Acetic Acid (glacial)
2
12
1,4-Butanediol
101
425
Butyrolactone
2
8
Cyclohexanol
80
376
Diacetone Alcohol
5
22
Diethylene Glycol
39
165
Ethanol (absolute)
2
6
Ethyl Lactate
4
18
Ethylene Glycol
24
95
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
3
12
Kinematic Viscosities (in centistokes)
Solvent
2% PVP
10% PVP
Glycerin
480
2,046
Isopropanol
4
12
Methyl Cyclohexanone
3
10
N-Methyi-2-Pyrrolidone
2
8
Methylene Chloride
1
3
Monoethanolamine
27
83
Nitroethane
1
3
Nonylphenol
3,300
Propylene Glycol
66
261
Triethanolamine
156
666
Note: Kinematic Viscosity in centistokes = Absolute Viscosity in centsitokes
Density
Figure 2: Brookfield Viscosity of Aqueous PVP K-30 polymer
Table V: Effect of pH on Viscosity of 5% Aqueous PVP K-30
polymer at 25°C
10
9
7
4
2
1
Viscosity (cp)
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
0.1 conc.
HCI
2.3 2.4 4.96
PVP polymer solution viscosity does not change appreciably over
a wide pH range, but increases in concentrated HCI. Strong caustic
solutions precipitate the polymer, but this precipitate solution
redissolves on dilution with water (Table V).
Brookfield viscosity, cP
pH
100
Table VI: Effect of PVP K-30 polymer Concentration on Density in
Water
PVP Concentration (%)
Density at 2s· c (g/ml)
10
1.02
20
1.04
30
1.07
40
1.09
10
10°C
25°C
40°C
60°C
1
0.1
0
5
10
20
25
Concentration (w/w), %
50
1.12
The densities of PVP polymer water solutions are only slightly
changed despite a significant increase in the concentration of PVP
K-30 polymer, Table VI.
Figure 3: Brookfield Viscosity of Aqueous PVP K-90 polymer
100000
Brookfield viscosity, cP
The effect of temperature and concentration on viscosity is shown
in Figures 2 and 3 for PVP K-30 and K-90 polymer respectively.
Any possible effect of high temperatures and concentrations on
finished formulations should be determined experimentally.
15
10000
1000
10°C
25°C
40°C
60°C
100
10
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
Concentration (w/w), %
7
Figure 4: Gel Permeation Chromatograph1 of PVP polymer grades
Differential Molar Mass
1.6
Differential
Weight
Fraction
PVP K-12
PVP K-15
PVP K-30
PVP K-60
PVP K-90
PVP K-120
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
-0.4
1.0x102
1.0x103
1.0x10 4
1.0x10 5
1.0x10 6
1.0x107
Molar Mass (g/mol)
1 GPC Conditions: Column: Single Shodex KB-80M, Mobile Phase: Water/Methanol, 50/50, v/v, 0.1 molar LiNO3, Flow
Rate: 0.5 ml/min, Injection Volume: 100 μl, Temperature: 30ºC, dn/dc = 0.175 ml/gram.
Figure 5: Brookfield Viscosity of PVP polymer grades
PVP K-12
PVP K-15
PVP K-30
PVP K-90
Brookfiled Viscosity (mPa.s) at 25 C
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
0
5
10
Concentration (%w/w)
8
15
20
Solubility
PVP polymer is readily soluble in cold water and the
concentration is limited only by viscosity. It is possible to prepare
free-flowing solutions of PVP K-30 polymer in concentrations
up to 60% with only moderate effect on density. PVP K-60 and
K-90 polymer are available commercially as 45 and 20 percent
aqueous solutions, respectively.
Roughly 0.5 mol water per monomer unit is associated with
the polymer molecule in solution. This is of the same order of
magnitude as the hydration for various proteins reported in
the literature.
PVP K-30 polymer is also freely soluble in many organic solvents,
including alcohols, some chlorinated compounds such as
chloroform, methylene chloride and ethylene dichloride,
nitroparaffins, and amines. It is essentially insoluble in
hydrocarbons, ethers, some chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones
and esters.
Dilute solutions of PVP polymer in hydrocarbons may be prepared
by the use of a cosolvent, e.g., butanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,
or nonylphenol. Clear 3-5% PVP polymer solutions in aliphatic
hydrocarbons may be readily prepared by adding the hydrocarbon
to a butyl alcohol solution of the polymer. In oil-based products,
solubilization in an alkylphenol, e.g., cetyl- or nonylphenol, is useful.
The alkylphenol is first heated to about 100°C and the PVP polymer
added slowly with stirring. Then the temperature may be raised to
approximately 200°C to accelerate solution.
Table VII: PVP K-30 polymer Solubility
The following representative organic solvents will dissolve 10% or more PVP polymer at room temperature:
Alcohols
methanol
ethanol
propanol
isopropanol
butanol
sec-butanol
amyl alcohol
2-ethyl-l-hexanol
cyclohexanol
phenol (50°C)
ethylene glycol
1,3-butanediol
1,4-butanediol
glycerin
Acids
formic acid
acetic acid
propionic acid
Ketone-Alcohol
diacetone alcohol
Ester
ethyl lactate
Ether-Alcohols
glycol ethers
diethylene glycol
triethylene glycol
hexamethylene glycol
polyethylene glycol 400
2,2 -thiodiethanol
Lactone
γ-butyrolactone
Ketone
methylcyclohexanone
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
methylene dichloride
chloroform
ethylene dichloride
Lactams
2-pyrrolidone
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
Amines
butylamine
cyclohexylamine
anline
ethylenediamine
pyridine
morpholine
2-aminoethanol
diethanolamine
triethanolamine
aminoethylethanolamlne
2-hydroxyethylmorpholine
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
Nitroparaffins
nitromethane
nitroethane
PVP polymer is essentially insoluble in the following solvents under the same conditions of testing:
Hydrocarbons
benzene toluene**
xylene
petroleum ether
hexane
heptane**
Stoddard solvent**
kerosene**
mineral spirits
mineral oil
cyclohexane
methylcyclohexane
turpentine
methyl ether
ethyl vinyl ether
isobutyl vinyl ether
tetrahydrofuran
Ketones
methylethylketone
acetone
cyclohexanone
Ethers
dioxane
ethyl ether
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
carbon tetrachloride
chlorobenzene
Esters
ethyl acetate
sec-butyl acetate
**PVP polymer is soluble in these hydrocarbons in about 5% concentration when added to the solvent as a 25% butanol solution.
9
Film Forming Properties
Compatibility
Dried unmodified films of PVP polymer are clear, transparent,
glossy, and hard. Appearance does not vary when films are cast
from different solvent systems, such as water, ethanol, chloroform,
or ethylene dichloride.
PVP polymer shows a high degree of compatibility, both in
solution and film form, with most inorganic salt solutions and
with many natural and synthetic resins, as well as with other
chemicals (Table VIII).
Compatible plasticizers may be added without affecting clarity or
luster of the film. Moisture taken up from the air by PVP polymer
can also act as a plasticizer. Among the several commercial
modifiers that may be used in concentrations of 10-50% (based
on PVP polymer) to control tack and/or brittleness or to decrease
hygroscopicity are:
At 25°C the addition of 100 ml of a 10% solution of any of the
following salts to 10% PVP K-30 polymer aqueous solution (i.e., 10
parts of the test salt to 1 part of PVP polymer) does not change
the appearance of the solution:
carboxymethylcellulose
cellulose acetate
cellulose acetate propionate
dibutyl tartrate
diethylene glycol
dimethyl phthalate
2-ethylhexanediol-1, 3
glycerin
glycerylmonoricinoleate
lgepal C0-430 (Solvay)
oleyl alcohol
Resoflex R-363 (Broadview Technologies)
shellac
sorbitol
Carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate
propionate, and shellac effectively decrease tackiness. Dimethyl
phthalate is less effective, whereas glycerin, diethylene glycol,
and sorbitol increase tackiness. Films essentially tack-free over
all ranges of relative humidity may be obtained with 10%
arylsulfonamide-formaldehyde resin.
In comparative tests for plasticity at 33% relative humidity,
PVP polymer films containing 10% diethylene glycol show an
“elongation at break” twice that of PVP polymer films containing
10% glycerin, polyethylene glycol 400, sorbitol, or urea, and four
times that of PVP polymer films containing 10% ethylene glycol,
dimethyl phthalate. At 70% relative humidity, 25% sorbitol and
25% dimethylphthalate may be used successfully.
10
aluminum potassium sulfate
aluminum sulfate
ammonium chloride
ammonium sulfate
barium chloride
calcium chloride
chromium sulfate
copper sulfate
ferric chloride
magnesium chloride
mercuric acetate
nickel nitrate
lead acetate
potassium chloride
potassium sulfate
potassium dichromate
sodium bicarbonate**
sodium chloride
sodium nitrate
sodium phosphate (primary)
sodium pyrophosphate
sodium sulfate
sodium sulfite
sodium thiosulfate
silver nitrate
zinc sulfate
**200 ml if a 5% solution
AIK (S04)2•12H20
AI2(SO4)h•18H20
NH4CI
(NH4)2S04
BaCI2•H20
CaCI2.
Cr2(S04)3•nH20
CuSO4•5H20
FeCI3•6H20
MgCI2·6H20
Hg(C2H3O)2
Ni(NO3)2•6H20
Pb(C2H3O2)•3H20
KCI
K2SO4
K2Cr2O7
NaHCO3
NaCI
NaNO3
NaH2PO4•H2O
Na4P2O7
Na2SO4
Na2SO3•7H2O
Na2S2O3•5H2O
AgNO3
ZnSO4•7H2O
Table VIII: Compatibility of PVP polymer in Solutions and Films
Class
Compound Tested**
Solvent
Ether-Alcohols
polyethylene glycol
polyalkylene glycol
arabic
karaya
tragacanth
sodium alginate
olive oil
castor oil
lanolin
lecithin
beeswax
diethylene glycol stearate
triethylene glycol
bis-alpha-ethylcaproate
cellulose acetate propionate
cellulose acetate
ethanol
ethanol
water
water
water
water
chloroform
ethanol
chloroform
water
chloroform
propargyl alcohol
ethanol
Gums
Glycerides
Esters
Phenols
Misc. Resins
Synthetic Polymers
Surfactants
Quaternary Ammonium
Compounds
chloroform
1:4/ethanol
ethylene
dichloride
2.2 thiobis-(4,6-dichlorophenot)
ethanol
hexachlorophene [2.2-methytene-bis ethanol
(3,4,5,-trichlorophenol)]
shellac
ethanol
ethylcellulose
ethanol
methylcellulose
water
carboxymethylcellulose
water
(low viscosity grade)
corn dextrin***
water
Saran** B-1155 (vinyildene chloride
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
polymer, Dow)
PVI·C poly (vinylisobutyl ether}
chloroform
PVM poly (vinylmethylether)
hot melt
polystyrene
chloroform
polyvinyl alcohol
Ailpal* C0-436 (ammonium salt
water
of sulfated nonytphenoxypoty
(ethylenoxy) ethanol, Solvay)
sodium Iauryl sulfate
water
sodium atkytnaphthalene sulfonate
water
Tetrosar** (Stepan)
water
BTC** (alkytidmethytbenzyl
water
ammonium chloride, Stepan)
lsothar** (Lauryl isoquinotinium
water
bromide, Stepan)
cetylpyridinium chloride
water
**Ratio of PVP to compound 1:3, 1:1,3:1
***Ratio of PVP to compound 1:19
% TTL
Solids
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
6
1
5
3
5
Solution or Melt
Appearance
S clear, colorless
S clear, colorless
PS cloudy, heterogeneous
I two-phase
PS white, homogeneous
S
S clear, tight yellow
S clear, colorless
S clear, light yellow
I opaque homogeneous IN
S clear, colorless
S clear, yellow
S clear, colorless
Film
Compatibility
C
IN
C
H
H
C
IN
IN
H
(1:3)H(1:1,3:1)
H
IN
IN
4
4
S clear, colorless
S clear, light yellow
C
C
6
6
S clear, colorless
S clear, colorless
5
4
1
S clear, yellow
PS cloudy, homogeneous
S
S clear, colorless
C
C
C
C
3
S
S yellow
C
IN
IN
3
I two liquid phases
C
S clear, colorless
S
S clear, colorless
5
3
10
10
S clear, colorless
S hazy, light yellow
S clear, colorless
S clear, colorless
10
S clear, colorless
10
S clear, colorless
4
S
IN
C
C
IN
Abbreviations:
S
Soluble
PS
Partially soluble
IInsoluble
INIncompatible
HHomogeneous
CCompatible
11
Colloidal suspensions are formed by 10% solutions of the
following salts when added to 10% aqueous PVP polymer
solutions in the amounts shown:
sodium carbonate
sodium phosphate, dibasic
sodium phosphate, tribasic
sodium metasiticate
Na2CO3
Na2HPO4•7H2O
Na3PO4•12H2O
Na2SiO3•5H2O
Ratio Test
Salt: PVP
1:85:1
3.7:1
1.28:1
3:1
When reviewing Table VIII, one should note the general procedure
followed in determining compatibility was to dissolve PVP K-30
polymer and the test material separately in a mutual solvent. After
mixing the two solutions, appearance was observed. The solution
was then cast onto a glass plate and the resulting film examined
after the evaporation of the solvent that was air dried.
Protective – Colloid Action Small amounts of PVP polymer effectively stabilize emulsions,
dispersions, and suspensions. Even lyophobic colloids, which exist
without significant affinity for the medium, can be protected by
PVP polymer. The polymer is adsorbed in a thin molecular layer on
the surface of the individual colloidal particles to prevent contact
and overcome any tendency to form a continuous solid phase.
The best viscosity grade to use depends on the application. In
some cases, the lower molecular weight polymers, PVP K-15
polymer or PVP K-30 polymer, are more efficient than high
molecular weight material. For example, PVP K-15 polymer is
particularly effective as a dispersant for carbon black and lowbulk density solids in aqueous media. It is used in detergent
formulations to prevent soil redeposition on synthetic fibers and
as a protective colloid for certain pigments. In viscous systems,
on the other hand, PVP K-90 polymer is most suitable, e.g., as a
dispersant for titanium dioxide or organic pigments and latex
polymers in emulsion paints. PVP K-90 polymer is preferred as the
protective colloid in the suspension polymerization of styrene to
generate the desired particle size.
Complex Formation/Crosslinking
PVP polymers form molecular adducts with many other
substances. This can result in a solubilizing action in some cases or
in precipitation in others.
PVP polymer crosslinks with polyacids like polyacrylic or tannic
acid to form complexes which are insoluble in water or alcohol
but dissolve in dilute alkali. Gantrez™ AN methyl vinyl ether/maleic
anhydride copolymer, will also insolubilize PVP polymer when
aqueous solutions of polymers are mixed in approximately equal
parts at low pH. An increase in pH will solubilize the complex.
Ammonium persulfate will gel PVP polymer in 30 minutes
at about 90°C. These gels are not thermoreversible and are
substantially insoluble in large amounts of water or salt solution.
12
The more alkaline sodium phosphates will have the same
effect. When dried under mild conditions, PVP polymer gels
retain their uniform structure and capacity to swell again by
absorption of large amounts water. Resorcinol and pyrogallol
also precipitate PVP polymer from aqueous solution, but these
complexes redissolve in additional water. In alcoholic solution, no
precipitation takes place.
Under the influence of actinic light, diazo compounds and
oxidizing agents, such as dichromate, render PVP polymer
insoluble.
Heating in air to 150°C will crosslink the PVP polymer and strong
alkali at 100°C will permanently insolubilize the polymer.
Stability
PVP polymer powder can be stored under ordinary conditions
without undergoing decomposition or degradation. However,
since the powder is hygroscopic, suitable precautions should
be taken to prevent excessive moisture pickup. Bulk polymer is
supplied in tied polyethylene bags enclosed in fiber packs. When
not in use, the polyethylene bag should be kept closed at all times
in the covered container.
On PVP polymer films, moisture acts as a plasticizer. These films
are otherwise chemically stable.
The equilibrium water content of PVP polymer solid or films
varies in a linear fashion with relative humidity and is equal to
approximately one-third the relative humidity. Samples of dried,
powdered PVP polymer, subjected to 20, 52, and 80 percent
relative humidity until equilibrium is reached, show a 10, 19, and
31 percent moisture weight gain, respectively.
Exposure to extreme elevated temperatures should be avoided,
though PVP polymer powder is quite stable when heated. Some
darkening in color and decreased water solubility are evident on
heating in air at 150°C. However, PVP polymer appears to be quite
stable when heated repeatedly at 110-130°C for relatively short
intervals.
Aqueous PVP polymer is stable for extended periods if protected
from molds. However, appropriate tests should be made with
finished products containing PVP polymer before deciding on a
preservative. Steam sterilization (15 lb. pressure for 15 min.) can
also be used and this treatment does not appear to change the
properties of the solutions.
The PVP polymer has no buffering power, and substantial changes
in the pH of solutions are observed upon addition of small
amounts of acids or bases. For example, the pH of 100 ml of 3.5%
PVP K-30 polymer solution is raised from pH 4 to pH 7 by the
addition of 1-2 ml 0.1 N sodium hydroxide.
Industrial Applications of Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is widely used in a broad variety of industries.
This is due to its unique physical and chemical properties,
particularly because of its good solubility in both water and many
organic solvents, its chemical stability, its affinity to complex
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances and its nontoxic
character. Several hundreds of papers have been published
describing the advantages of using PVP polymer in formulas for
the following product areas.
Area of Use
Adhesives – pressure-sensitive and water-remoistenable
types, food packaging (indirect food contact), metal adhesives,
abrasives, sandcore binder, rubber to metal adhesives and glue
sticks.
Advantages of PVP polymer
Specific adhesive for glass, metal, plastics. Imparts high initial tack,
strength, hardness.
Particularly suitable for remoistenable adhesive applications.
Forms grease-resistant films.
Films can be cast from water or organic solvents.
Modifies viscosity of polymer-based adhesives.
Raises cold-flow temperature.
Raises softening point of thermoplastics.
Ceramics – binder in high temperature fire-prepared products
such as clay, pottery, porcelain, brick product, dispersant for
ceramic media slurries and viscosity modifier.
Binder is completely combustible in the firing process and
therefore exerts no influence on the ceramic end product and in
addition, is compatible with inorganic materials.
Glass and Glass Fibers – acts as a binder, lubricant and
coating agent.
Aids in processing and helps to prevent abrasion of glass.
Coatings/lnks – digital printing coating, ball-point inks,
protective colloid and leveling agent for emulsion polymers/
coatings/ printing inks, pigment dispersant, water-colors for
commercial art, temporary protective coatings, paper coatings,
waxes and polishes.
Suspending agent, flow promoter in inks.
Nonthixotropic.
Promotes better gloss, high tinctorial strength, more uniform
shades.
Antiblack agent.
Grease resistant.
Inkjet dye fixative.
Detergents
Dye transfer inhibition and enzyme stabilization
Electrical Applications – storage batteries, printed circuits,
cathode ray tubes, binder for metal salts or amalgams in batteries,
gold, nickel, copper and zinc plating, a thickener for solar gel
ponds and as an adhesive to prevent leakage of batteries, serves
as an expander in cadmium-type electrodes, binder in sinterednickel powder plates.
Hydrophilic material in electrode separators of microporous film
types.
Compatible dispersant in printed circuits to improve uniformity.
Shadow masks and protects light sensitive material in the CRT.
Compatible dispersant for solar collection heat transfer liquids, for
gold, nickel, copper and zinc plating baths and cathode ray tubes.
13
Industrial Applications of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (continued)
Area of Use
Lithography and Photography – foil emulsions, etch coatings,
plate storage, gumming of litho- graphic plates, dampener roll
solutions, photo and laser imaging processes, microencapsulation,
thermal recording, carrier, finisher preserver of lithographic plates,
thermal transfer recording ribbons and optical recording discs.
Area
Usepolymer
Advantages
ofof
PVP
Light-hardenable, water-soluble colloid for diazo, dichromate, or
silver emulsion layers.
Obviates deep-etching of metal plates.
Offers uniform viscosity, temperature stability.
Nonthixotropic. Defoggant.
Adheres tightly to plates in nonimage areas.
Grease-proof and water receptive.
Chemically inert to ink ingredients.
Binder, dispersant carrier and improves adhesion for light absorber
dyes and antistick agent.
Increases covering power density and contrast as well as speed of
emulsions used in photography.
Fiberglass
Sizing agent and helps to prevent abrasion of glass
Fibers and Textiles – synthetic fibers, dyeing and printing,
fugitive tinting, dye stripping and dispersant, scouring,
delustering, sizing and finishing, greaseproofing aid, soil release
agent. Widely used as dye dispersant and to disperse titanium
dioxide.
Backbone for grafting monomers.
Improves dye receptivity of such hydrophobic fibers as polyolefins,
viscoses, rubber latices, poly­acrylonitriles and acrylics.
Dye fixation improver and dye vehicle in wool transfer printing.
Thickener for heat activated tex­tile adhesives, textile finishes and
print parts for various types of fabrics.
Textile dye stripping and strike rate control through dye
complexion.
Acts as a dye scavenger in print washing.
Contributes enhanced adhesives to glass-fiber sizes.
Inks / Coatings
Viscosity control, suspension stabilization, flow control
Membranes – macroporous, multiporous, desalination,
gas separating, liquid ultrafiltration, hemodialysis, selective
permeability types of membranes, hollow fiber membranes.
Good compatibility and crosslinking properties
Ability to complex with a broad variety of com­pounds.
Strong polar character and hydrophilicity improves selective
material separation properties.
14
Industrial Applications of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (continued)
Area of Use
Advantages of PVP polymer
Metallurgy – processing for both ferrous and non­ferrous metals, Steel quenching bath media.
coating ingredient to aid or remove material from metal surfaces
Coating to facilitate the cold forming of metals.
such as copper, nickel, zinc and aluminum.
Binder for casting molds and cores.
Thickener, viscosity controlling agent, adhesion improver, water
soluble flux.
Paper – inorganic papers, cellulose papers, rag stock, rag
stripping, coloring and beating operations, copying paper,
printing paper and electric insulating papers, paper adhesives.
Improves strength and stability. Prevents sliding.
Fluorescent whitening agent carrier.
Improves luster, binding, absorbency, whitening and gloss.
Solubilizes dyes for coloring, dyestripping.
Fiber and pigment dispersant.
Helps in preventing deposition of pitch.
Complexing agent for modifying resins.
Binder for inorganic flakes and fibers.
Polymerizations – acrylic monomers, unsaturated polyesters,
olefins, including PVC, styrene beads, substrate for graft
polymerization, template in acrylic polymerization.
Acts as particle-size regulator, suspending agent and viscosity
modifier of emulsion polymers. In polymerization products,
improves strength, clarity, color receptivity.
Post-polymerization additive to improve dyeability and stability of
latices.
Pigment dispersant.
Suspensions / Dispersions
PVP polymer is adsorbed on the surface of the colloid particles
preventing them from coagulating.
Tableting
Binder agent
Water and Waste Treatment, and Hygiene – clogging
of reverse osmosis membranes, water treatment in fish
hatchery ponds, removal of oil, dyes from waste water and
as an oil-ball forming agent in oil spill removal, flocculant in
waste water treatment, waste water clarifier in papermaking, in
deodorants for neutralization of irritant and poi­sonous gas, in air
conditioning filters.
Complexes and gels in water to react with undesired water
products.
15
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[email protected]
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©2013, Ashland
PC-12213.2
All statements, information and data presented herein are
believed to be accurate and reliable, but are not to be taken
as a guarantee, an express warranty, or an implied warranty
of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, or
representation, express or implied, for which Ashland Inc.
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