Skeletal System Notes
Day1: Types of bones
Flat bones
Have __________________________.-flat surfaces (often compared to a plate of armor)
__________________________.-major internal organs
Long Bones
Longer than wide, __________________________.-__________________________.-at either end
Serve as rigid __________________________.-that are acted upon by skeletal muscle to produce movements
Short bones
__________________________.--__________________________.-; length, width and height are almost equal
Glide past one another enabling the __________________________.-and wrists to move in multiple directions
Irregular Bones
Variety of shapes, many __________________________.-, don’t fit into other categories
Projections allow for muscle __________________________.-, shapes allow for limited motion and protection
Sesamoid bone
-__________________________.-bones embedded within tendons and adjacent to joints
-protect the __________________________.-and improve its mechanical advantage
Day 2: Bone Terminology
Terms used to describe bone structures
-__________________________.-: Low area or indentation
Ex: Coronoid fossa- elbow joint
-__________________________.-: A relatively deep pit or depression
-__________________________.-: /Passageway: a hole or opening
Foramen: An opening through a bone- passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Ex: Obturator foramen
-__________________________.-: : where 2 bones meet
-__________________________.-: Immovable joint which is visible as a seam on the surface of skull bones.
Ex: Coronal Suture
-__________________________.-: A prominence or raised area
Ex: Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
• a small knob-like process
Deltoid tuberosity
knob-like process larger than a tubercle
Day 3: Bone Cells & Tissue
Bone Cells
1. Osteoprogenitor cells- _____________ _____________ of bone
Osteo = Bone, Geni = beginning.
Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into __________________________.
2. Osteoblasts- make the extracellular _____________.
Osteoblasts differentiate into _____________.
3. Osteocytes-maintain the _____________.
Note how osteocytes are connected to each other.
They live in small _____________ in the matrix called lacunae.
4. Osteoclasts- secrete acid that _____________ down mineralized matrix
Multinucleated, Large
After bone is broken down, what cell will invade the area and deposit new bone matrix?
__________________________.
Bone Tissue
Compact bone
Found in the shafts of our long bones and on the __________________________.
and outer surface of our __________________________.bones.
Provide __________________________.
.
Canaliculi- small __________________________. in the matrix that connect bone cells
__________________________./__________________________.canal- contains blood vessels
__________________________.- Cavity that holds an osteocyte
Lamellae- layers of __________________________.
__________________________.- cylinder shaped unit
What is the bone matrix made of?
25% __________________________.
25% __________________________.fibers (provide strength, resilience)
50% inorganic salts- calcium and __________________________(hard, resistant to crushing)
Spongy (cancellous) bone.
Found within __________________________.bones and in the ends of long bones.
Stores __________________________.bone marrow
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
-found at ends of long bones __________________________.joints
-important in bone growth, protects ends of bones
Fibrocartilage
-found between __________________________.-cushions
Dense Regular Connective tissue
Covering of a bone
Allows for attachment of tendons and ligaments
Blood
Found throughout the bone
Brings __________________________.-, removes wastes
Nervous tissue
Found in the __________________________.-of the bone
Sends and receives __________________________.-
Together these tissues function in...
1. Support and Movement (Explain)
Our bones provide support for __________________________.-and standing.
Our bones act as __________________________.-for our muscles to pull against.
2. Protection (Explain)
Our skulls protect our __________________________.-.
Our vertebrae protects our __________________________.-cord.
Our ribcage acts as a shield to protect our important __________________________.-organs (heart and
lungs).
3. Storage
Our skeletal tissue stores __________________________.-that can be released as needed- calcium and
phosphorous
Adult long bones store __________________________.-marrow, an energy reserve
4. Hematopoiesis
-formation of _______________________ _______________________
Day 4: BONE FORMATION, GROWTH, AND REPAIR
Osteogenesis: Formation of Your Bones
Compare the two types of bone formation
The cartilage or membranes are ultimately replaced with -__________________________.-: tissue.
Endochondral Ossification
Occurs in _________________ bones
Endo=within
Chondral=cartilage
The cartilage or membranes are ultimately replaced with bone tissue
Intramembranous Ossification
Intra=within
Occurs in _________________________ bone
Formation begins with….
Endochondral
Long bones are initially formed from a _________________ _________________
Intramembranous
Flat bones are initially formed of _________________ _________________ _________________
Blood supply?
Results in compact bone?
Results in spongy bone?
Growth of Long Bones
Growth: Enlarging Your Bones
Lengthwise growth of long bones occurs in cartilage structures called
_________________ _________________.
Epiphyseal plates are four-layered structures found between the _________________ and
_________________ of long bones.
Epiphyseal plates are converted to bone following _________________, ending our ability to increase in
height.
Increasing Bone Diameter.
As your bones lengthen, they must also increase in _________________..
They do this be increasing _________________.activity in the periosteum.
They must also increase the diameter of their _________________.cavity.
They do this by increasing _________________.activity in the _________________..
Remodeling: Keeping Your Bones New.
Throughout life, we _________________.bones to keep them new.
_________________.resorb bone matrix to make room for new matrix.
_________________.cells produce new osteoblasts
_________________.produce new bone matrix.
The Axial Skeleton: The Skull, the Spine and the Thoracic Cage
Day 5: Skull Notes
CRANIAL BONESThese bones protect and enclose the brain.
8 total
___________________ Bone (1)- forehead, gives shape to the eye socket, and part of the nose
___________________ Bones (2)- form the roof and sides of the cranium
___________________ Bone (1)- forms back of skull and base of cranium, Important structures include:
___________________ ___________________ - an opening that allows the spinal cord to pass through to
the brain ___________________ ___________________ - articulate with the first vertebra
___________________ Bones (2)- forms sides of cranium- temple region Each temporal bone contains the
following:
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ - opening to ear canal
___________________ process- attachment site for muscles of tongue and voice box
___________________ process- place where neck muscles join head
___________________ Bone (1)- saddle shaped, floor of cranium and sides of eye socket Sella turciashelters the pituitary gland
___________________ Bone (1)- forms most of the nasal cavity Important structures include:
FACIAL BONESForm the shape of the face and provide attachments for muscles that move the jaw and control facial expression
14 total
___________________ Bones (2)- part of a canal that leads from your eye to your nose so when you
cry, your nose runs Lacrimation means “production of tears”.
___________________ Bones (2)- bridge of your nose
___________________ Bones (2)- cheek bones
___________________ Bones (2)- upper jaw
___________________ Bone (2)- roof of mouth
___________________ (1)- lower jaw, only movable bone of the skull
___________________ Bone (1)- nasal septum, part of the nose that becomes deviated when hit
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ (2)- fragile scroll shaped
bones, support mucous membranes
*___________________ – not actually part of the skull, anchors base of tongue, does not articulate with other
bones, “floating bone”
Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
Day 6: VERTEBRAL COLUMN (26 bones)
Extends from the skull to the pelvis and forms the vertical axis of the human skeleton.
The column is composed of many vertebrae, which are separated from one another by cartilaginous
___________________ ___________________ and are held together by ligaments.
Its function is to protect your ___________________ ___________________. The curvature of the spine helps it
to absorb shock and pressure much better than if the spine were straight. This curvature also provides better
balance by better distributing the weight of the skull over the pelvic bones.
A typical vertebra-___________________ - the thick anterior portion of the vertebrae which supports the weight
-___________________ - stalk of vertebra posterior to body
-___________________ process- most posterior process to which muscles attach
-___________________ process- extends laterally and provides an attachment point for muscles
-___________________ ___________________ process- articulate with a superior vertebra and function to
resist twisting of the spine
-___________________ ___________________ - a bony ring made by the pedicles and spinous process which
forms the vertebral foramen through which the spinal cord passes
Cervical vertebrae (7)
-#1 is called the -___________________ - distinct in that it lacks a spine and body. It articulates with the skull at
a joint that allows the head to nod yes.
-#2 is called the -___________________ - it is distinct in that it lacks a spine and contains a modified body (the
dens) which rotates with the atlas at a joint allowing the head to nod no.
-cervical vertebrae are smaller than other vertebrae, and are the only vertebrae that contain ___________________ -___________________, through which pass vertebral arteries and veins.
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
-Contain -___________________ -___________________ which are articular surfaces for ribs. Their spines
are longer than cervical vertebrae and their bodies are larger.
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
-Bodies are the -___________________ and largest of the vertebrae, they lack transverse foramina and rib
facets.
Sacrum (1)
-Composed of 5 fused vertebrae.
-Note the -___________________ -___________________ , through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
-Many nerves pass through the -___________________ -___________________ and -___________________
-___________________ .
Coccyx (1)
-composed of _______ fused vertebrae
THORACIC CAGE (25 bones)
Surrounds the -___________________ and upper -___________________ cavities
The rib cage is essential for protecting your -___________________ and -___________________ , providing a
place for your shoulder bones to attach, and it aids in the -___________________ process.
Ribs (24)
--___________________ ribs- upper 7 pairs, attach directly to the sternum through their costal cartilage
--___________________ ribs- pairs 8-12, do not attach directly to the sternum
--___________________ ribs- pairs 11-12, no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum
Sternum or breastbone (1 bone)
--___________________ - superior portion
--___________________ - middle portion
--___________________ process- inferior portion that projects downward
Appendicular Skeleton
Day 7: Upper Extremities
_______________ ________________Supports the upper limbs and serves as attachments for various muscles
that move these limbs.
_______________ (2)
-commonly called shoulder blades
-triangular shape
_______________ process- articulates with clavicle, tip of shoulder
-_______________ process- provides points of attachment for muscles
-_______________ cavity (fossa)- depressions that articulates with the head of the humerus
Clavicle (2)
-braces the scapulae with the sternum, provides points of attachment for muscles
Upper -_______________
Provide the framework for the limb, provide attachment points for muscles, functioning as levers that move the
limb
-_______________ - (2) arm bone
-olecranon fossa- depression into which the elbow fits
-_______________ (2) -forearm
-_______________ (2) forearm
--_______________ process- fits into the olecranon fossa when the arm is straight, forms the elbow
--_______________ notch- articulates with the humerus
Carpals (16)- wrist
--_______________ rows of -_______________ bones in each hand
Metacarpals (10)- -_______________ of hand
-numbered beginning with the thumb side
Phalanx (28)-make up -_______________ of hand
-Each finger has -_______________ - proximal, middle and distal phalanx
-The thumb has -_______________
Day 8: The Lower Extremities
Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle, sacrum and coccyx bones form the pelvis.
The pelvis provides support for the trunk of the body and provides attachments for the lower limbs.
Coxae (2) Hip bones
articulate with each other -_______________ and with the sacrum -_______________
fusion of 3 separate bones: -_______________ (broad flaring upper portion), -_______________ (lower posterior portion)
and -_______________ (most anterior and forms half of the pubic arch)
also observe the -_______________ -_______________ (where you rest your hands when you place them on your hips)
and the ischial tuberosity (absorbs the body weight when you sit
Lower Limbs
Form the framework of the thigh, leg and foot functioning as -_______________.
-_______________. (2) -thigh bone
longest, strongest bone of the body
-_______________. (2) -Knee cap, the word patella means dish referring to its shape
-Because it is formed within a tendon it is called a sesmoid bone
-_______________. (2) commonly called the shin bone, thicker bone of the foreleg.
note the tibial tuberosity (the attachment point for the quadriceps tendon) and the medial malleolus (the ridge you feel at
the inner aspect of the ankle.
-_______________. (2) -the thin spiral bone of the foreleg
-note the lateral malleolus (which forms the prominence at the outer aspect of the ankle)
-_______________. (14) -ankle bones
-note the talus which can move freely where it attaches to the tibia and fibula, and the calcaneus which forms the heel
-_______________. (10) -the instep, the arch provides a stable, springy support for the body
-_______________. (28) -numbers and arrangement are like the phalanges of the hand
Day 9: Joints
Definition
functional junction between bones, also known as an ____________________
Purpose of joints
enable the body to ____________________
____________________parts of the skeletal system
permit parts of the skeleton to change ____________________during childbirth
allow for bone ____________________
Structural Classification
1. Fibrous
Fibrous dense connective tissue joins the bones
very little to no movement (____________________)
example: joints of ____________________ (sutures)
2. Cartilaginous
disks of ____________________or hyaline cartilage connect the bone
allow limited movement (____________________)
example: intervertebral disks
3. Synovial
more complex
- ends of bone covered with ____________________cartilage
- held together by a capsule of ____________________connective tissue
- filled with synovial fluid that lubricates the joints
- some have ____________________ (shock absorbing pads)
free moving- (____________________)
Dislocations
Look at the pictures of dislocations shown in this and the next 3 slides. What type of joint (synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic,
or diarthrotic) is most likely to dislocate?
Why?
Types of Synovial Joints
____________________- bones may only move in one direction, allows for extension and flexion, found in the knee and
elbow
________________________________________- allows for radial movement in almost any direction, found in the hips
and shoulders.
____________________ ____________________- nearly flat bones slide past each other, the thoracic cage has many
gliding joints for breathing, wrists and ankles are gliding joints
________________________________________- allows movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow
for rotation, think of one bone being the saddle and the other bone being the rider- carpal to thumb metacarpal is the only
example
________________________________________- allows rotation around an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot
joints. In the neck the atlas spins over the top of the axis. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist around each other
____________________ ____________________- An oval shape condyle fits into an oval shaped depression. Look at
the occipital condyle and facet above. Hint: If there is a condyle, there is a condyloid joint.
Joint Movement
Because of joints, the muscles can move the bones in various directions.
These directions are given names.
These names will be used throughout the rest of the course so commit them to memory.
Day 11: Bone Disease and Disorders
Bone Diseases
Osteoporosis
Compare normal bone and osteoporosis.
Collagen framework and deposited minerals are broken down faster than they are formed normally
What happens to the strength of the bone during osteoporosis?
The canals that connect the osteocytes become _________________.weakening the bone
Bone cancer
_________________.is the most common and occurs in long bones
_________________.occurs mainly in the pelvis, ribs and sternum
Osteochondroma
What’s wrong with Curtis?
Non-cancerous bone growth
Non-cancerous bone tumor
After removal of a _________________.on the femur, a 7 inch incision was made to insert stabilizing hardware.
Osteomyelitis
Infection of a bone, usually by bacteria
Osteomalacia
What do you notice in the X-ray?
A loss of _________________.and phosphorus, often as the result of vitamin D deficiency, can cause weak bones
Known as rickets
Bone Fractures
Depends on the direction and degree of force.
Types
-Simple- bone remains beneath the skin
-Compound- bone projects above skin
Fracture types:
Bone Repair
1 hour
Several days
1-2 weeks
2-3 months
Soft, spongy bone is deposited on the callus, blood vessels heal and grow across the break
New compact bone replaces the callus, completing the repair
C. Blood leaking from the site of injury rapidly forms a clot
D. Fibroblasts form a callus. The callus gradually bridges the gap between the broken bone ends, replacing the clot