AP Biology The energy needs of life Organisms are _______________ systems Making energy! What do we need energy for? ________________________ building biomolecules ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ATP The point is to make ATP! AP Biology 2007-2008 Where do we get the energy from? Work of life is done by _________________ use ____________ (catabolic) reactions to fuel ____________ (anabolic) reactions AP Biology Living economy Fueling the body’s economy eat high energy _______________________ break them down capture t released l d energy in i a form f the th cell ll can use food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids digest = catabolism synthesis y + + energy Need an energy currency synthesis + AP Biology + a way to pass energy around Whoa! Hot stuff! energy ATP AP Biology 1 AP Biology ATP __________________________ How does ATP store energy? modified nucleotide –O nucleotide = adenine + ribose + Pi → _______ ATP AMP + Pi → _______ ADP + Pi → _______ a lot of stored energy in each bond most energy stored in 3rd Pi 3rd Pi is hardest group to keep bonded to molecule high energy bonds Bonding of negative Pi groups is unstable spring-loaded Pi groups “pop” off easily & release energy AP Biology AP Biology Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent energy donor How does ATP transfer energy? –O ADP O– O– P –O O– P O– O O –O O– P O– + O An example of Phosphorylation… Building polymers from monomers 7.3 energy ATP → ADP releases energy can fuel other reactions ∆G = -7.3 kcal/mole Phosphorylation released Pi can transfer to other molecules destabilizing the other molecules AP Biology O– O– O– P –O O– P –O O– P O– O O O Each negative PO4 more difficult to add adding phosphates is endergonic How efficient! Build once, use many ways I think he’s a bit unstable… don’t you? enzyme that phosphorylates = ______________ need to destabilize the monomers phosphorylate! H C OH + C C O + ATP H AP Biology H H C HO +4.2 kcal/mol “kinase” H C OH C H + P enzyme -7.3 kcal/mol H C P H H H C HO C C O -3.1 kcal/mol H H C C OHHO enzyme + + H2O ADP + Pi 2 AP Biology Another example of Phosphorylation… ATP / ADP cycle The first steps of cellular respiration Can’t store ATP beginning the breakdown of glucose to make ATP Those phosphates sure make it uncomfortable around here! glucose C-C-C-C-C-C hexokinase phosphofructokinase 2 ATP C C 2 ADP DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P P synth esis Cells spend a lot of time making ATP! The point is to make ATP! H C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P AP Biology 9 too reactive 9 transfers Pi too easily 9 only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage P ATP good energy donor, cellular not good energy storage respiration 7.3 kcal/mole ADP + P A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose (and O2)! AP Biology H+ _________________ H+ Enzyme channel in H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ rotor mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ ____________________ ____________________ rod flow like water over water wheel What’s the point? flowing H+ cause change in shape of ATP synthase enzyme powers bonding of Pi to ADP: ATP __________________ AP Biology APBut… Biology How catalytic head ADP + Pi H+ is the proton (H+) gradient formed? 3 AP Biology That’s the rest of my story! Any Questions? AP Biology 4
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz