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Reviewing Allusion Structure in the Poem of Ahmad Shamlu
Leily Kamalvand a, Shahla Roshani Ghale Sheikhi b
a
b
Persian Language and Literature, Payam Noor University, Iran.
Department of Teaching English, Payam Noor University, Iran.
Abstract
Ahmad Shamlu’s Poetry despite of its short history background has always been controversial and criticized more compared to
his contemporary poets. The reasons for this should be viewed from two aspects: his character and poetry. Shamlu has his own
language in his creative writings. This language in his many poems (Lost Song, the fresh air, mirror garden, moments and
always, Aida in the mirror…) has a freshness and unique language at the same time but a heavy tone which is focused to
Classicism that is the so-called "Arkaic". Shamlu’s poetry because of this open and unlimited language accepted all aesthetic
elements in his speech and got such structural freedom that poetic language of many poets lacks. Shamlu’s poem, however,
thanks to this open verbal structure reaches achievements such as elaborate allusions. In this article, we highlight the allusions of
Shamlu’s poetry.
Keywords: poetry, Ahmad Shamlu, allusion, structure;
1.
Introduction
Ahmad Shamlu (1925-2000) was born in Tehran, he could not continue his studies at a high level and because
his father was being in the military, Shamlu was always traveling to different parts of Iran (this caused new
Shamlu’s allusions not limited to a specific region or event). In 1944, he was imprisoned for political activities and
after his release from prison he continued his job as a journalist. In 1947 his first book, "Lost Songs" was released
and since then his career in the field of literature as well as political activity was begun.
Shamlu started with strong political poetries and that’s why he was repeatedly imprisoned but in the throes
of political campaigns, he never stopped trying to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the writing art and
proof of this is that he translated many woks which are from the most prominent writers and poets of the world, such
as (Desculț ) Barefoot of Zaharia Stancu, Death is my business of Robert Merle, Bodas de Sangre (Blood Wedding)
of Lorca, the new ground of Sholokhov, the Little Prince of Antoine Saint-Exupery and hundreds of poems and
stories from other poets and writers.
Shamlu has also written fictions which are in the collections of the Doors, the Great Wall of China, the
woman behind the bronze, behind the tents of the night and…, and he wrote a script called 'legacy' and in the field
of classical texts, correction of Hafez, is one of his works. Shamlu wrote several volumes of poetry for children and
he also collected a massive street culture and published them. He was editor of publications such as new words,
openings, book of the week, Barouw, cluster, Friday book and... which reagents his social status as ancillary
activities.
In explaining poetry "structure" mentioned in the title of this article we must say that Structuralism is a
philosophy school, which incidentally, is rooted in Greek philosophy and Plato's attempt which applied in
legislations indiscriminately is on the same basis (Selden, 1998, p. 24). After Plato (who driven all poets were out of
his utopia), Aristotle in "Poetics" refers to the art work and in the fifth chapter knows art work subject to
recognizing its structure and in the seventh chapter of the structure named it as a "combination" and in the twelfth
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chapter of locating tragedy structure in four parts of a coherent framework (Selden, 1998, p. 24). All of these
arguments in the Poetics are supervisory to structure the discussion.
Researchers like Jean Piaget in the philosophy of human education and training, have come to the
conclusion that all theories and discussions at the outset and learning time are more expressive and practical if take
the structural framework and “all behaviors partly need organization or structure” (Connell, 1989, p. 804).The
explanation of the term "structure" by Robert Scholes in the book of "An Introduction to structuralism Literature" is
undoubtedly one of the most guidance concise definitions. "structuralism in its widest concept is truth-seeking, not
in single objects but also the relations between them. "(Scholes, 2000, p. 18).
2. Allusion
The traditional definition of allusion has limited it to stories, lyrics, and proverbs and narrative has been ignored
the areas in the history, oral traditions field and certainly one of the reasons for lack of some specific reform in
correcting texts resulting from ignoring tips out of literature and history and interpretation. If we can assume the
term allusion in literary as a mention of the poet or writer to precedent written issue either in history or in custom,
we can regard this custom in the historical, religious and fiction knowledge of a society is a representative of the
eternal idol and mind symbols (Terms from Professor Shayegan in a book with the same name) of that society. In
the next step we find this point that does the present text expressed allusion literally and without artistic
manipulation or viewed it from another perspective and quoted it fully and accurately from the source text or
custom?
Artist in allusion sometimes changes the story or the origin words as a personal speech, such as this couplet
of Sa’adi:
I am famous in your neighborhood and deprived your ethereality,
the bloody wolf did not rip Joseph…
That [blood] the mouth of the wolf is constructed upon Saadi’s mind and is not documented. And some
allusions are based on functional reference, i.e. need for a text made to appear in the text without manipulation and
play their common semantic functions like this couplet of Hafez:
He said that gallows are higher because of him,
his crimes were that he had revealed secrets…
Therefore, in applying allusion, this requirement of Dr. Shamisa must be considered that the artist reference
to the text before himself " do not contain the whole story or poem or such matters" (Shamisa, 1999, p. 5). It is
necessary to note that in the New Criticism, this array is called as intertextuality". The first definition of this method
is expressed by Viktor Shklovsky, theorist of Russian formalism: "art work comes from earlier works and in
connection with them. "(Ahmadi, 1997, p. 58). Mikhail Bakhtin found this as a kind of conversation with previous
texts and referred them as “the logic of dialogue". After Bakhtin Julia Kristeva expanded conversation concept.
Each literary work is a conversation with other works. Bakhtin spoke of the scientific necessity of language and
called it meta-linguistic that aimed to identify the nature of conversation in the language. (Ahmad, 1997, p. 103).
Since Shamlu was a social poet and has always been presented in the heart of political events in Iran, there is
no doubt that his poetry is also a vast arena for admission to these types of arrays. Why some allusions in the lyrics
Shamlu are repeated and some are transient and can be reviewed by referring to the discussion of "vast forms" of
Andre Jilles View. Shamlu was a poet who collected multi-volume dictionary (unfinished) of the street and has
exemplary authority on world literature and cultures that translation "like an endless street" clarify this, he entered
his own impression of the global culture - into his poem as an allusion that in this case Jilles theory will assist us.
Jilles believes "A vast form is structured that acts simultaneously with the formation of human thinking in the
language. In his view, such forms are relatively few in numbers... a vast form is achieved as an object, a word like a
folk tale or any structure of people or folk language structures have an aesthetic form" (Scholes, 2000, p. 69).
3
Allegorical poems of Shamlu
If by adopted following divisions, we divide Shamlu allusions in separate categories, we can separate the two
ends of the overall theme: historical allusion and mythological allusion. Historical allusion refers to any issue that
has a historical document and mythological allusion (legendary and pragmatic symbol) points out the issues that
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suffer the lack of certainty of historical and scientific evidence, and due to oral persistence of them, has been entered
verbal arrays. The author does not encounter ant issue out of these two areas and all allusions in Shamlu’s poetry
divided in these two areas and she believe that each of the other divisions will be define under one of these two
general titles.
3.1 Allusion to historical events (political and social):
3.1.1 Allusion to events and famous personalities of history:
- Aba’ee:
From the wound of Aba’ee heart,
in the chest, which you blood dripped?
Shamlu explained the Aba’ee that " Aba’ee was Turkmen teacher who was shot in Gorgan in the half of the
twenties " (Shamlu, 2003, p. 132).
- Auschwitz:
Before that Hitler, the Butcher of Auschwitz,
Burn in the death furnaces...
Auschwitz is Hitler’s crematorium during World War I.
- French Revolution:
Live songs that Anonymous Comrades,
pure and brave French helpers…
Have written standing before the firing squad.
- Darwin:
" In the blood color of Darwin fathers".
When we refer to the story of Charles Darwin about his ancestors (and his father, Robert Darwin) we find
nothing associated with this line of Shamlu but maybe Shamlu referred to the fact that Darwin, knew modern human
evolved from monkeys.
- Dervish’s Cassock:
Dervishes’ cassock on my shower and read the papers...
a Cassock is wool garment of Dervishes that probably fashioned followed Rahmani or Ayoha Almazmal (verse
1 of Muzammil Surah) as Sheikh Bahai written: Sit under Muzammil banner. Dervish in history and Persian
literature in addition to the ordinary and poor people is as well a poor person with the sense of the multiplicity and
determination of worldly things (Following the hadith of the Prophet Alfaghre Fakhri . Both of these meanings can
be seen frequently observed in Saadi, Attar and the other works. In this poem the purpose of Shamlu is being Sufi
that have been thrown cassock on the shoulder and a description of them was in Kashf al-Mahjub: "Know that being
dervish of Allah has some levels and Sufis are in a great danger." (Hajviri 2005, p. 29).
- Diogenes:
With a broken collar and electric shoes,
to decorate the festivities with his feet...
- Franco:
I showed Franco, and Lorca's coffin
General Franco, bloody coup of Spain, which has ruled the country for many years and assassinated artists, or
with the musical instrument of a death, a guitar or Lorca
- Qadykla:
Forgotten songs blood,
not blood, not blood Qadykla...
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Shamlu referred the twenties events in this part that in those years the north, and particularly Qadykla around
Sari was an area to coordinate feudalism for a series of an elite terrorist operation.
- Kyvan- Morteza:
Kyvan, written mantra of his life in blood…
He is a fighter against the Reza Shah regime who is murdered in 1953 by the regime's agents. Several poems by
Morteza keyvan has remained.
Also:
The Puri tears year,
the Morteza blood year, the leap year
Also:
remember,
I mean your uncles,
I talk about Morteza…
- Grady:
By whipping executioner,
dead butcher Grady...
Grady was ambassador of America and was a criminal that to every country where he was sent he would have
provided the assassination and killing of people. The countries where he performed sabotage operations were
France, Greece and Indonesia …
- Napoleon:
Were drawn to blood,
due to the anger of Napoleon...
- Vartan:
Vartan refers to the uproar of his life in the form of silence
Vardan Salakhanyan was one of the fighters against the dictatorship of Reza Shah's in 1951s. As well as
Keyvan, he was arrested during the coup of August 1949, was killed after being tortured in prison.
Before that Hitler, the Butcher of Auschwitz,
Burn in the death furnaces...
3.1.2 Allusion to the religious components (Islam, Christianity and Buddhism)
- Edema (AS):
So Adam, Father of Mankind,
had looked around himself.
Nickname Father of Mankind is a Nickname of Edema (AS) as holy people saying: "... and in the tradition
called him pure edema and his nickname is Father of Mankind" (Moghadasi, 1991, p. 7)
- Israfil (Seraph):
It is expected that the Seraph slut jazz begins...
Shamlu with time and intertextual forms has presented Seraph's instruments, jazz (modern music style).
- Great Name:
Great Name as Hafiz said...
Allusion to great name that has been said are as greatest names of God and who knows it, are just the closest
people to God.
- Ayoub (AS):
Your infection is due to your patience,
that has remained,
I promise that you are Ayoub...
It is an allusion to the patience of Ayoub and the story of her body infection and worm that hurt his body.
- Buddha:
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With his smiling lips sunk to sleep,
like a stone to the lake,
and Buddha to the Nirvana…
Also:
And Buddha with shouts of enthusiasm,
appear to the holy soldier's uniform...
- Khidr (AS):
Khidr, to every step spread grass on the ground...
Refer to the miracle of Khidr in the stories that on every step of Khidr on the soil a plant grows.
- Satan:
Satan was superior angel,
adjacent companion...
This fact that angel Satan was superior angel, undoubtedly was made by Shamlu’s mind because in none of the
historical interpretation, we find this fact, but he had been was the leader of the Jinn due to seven thousand years of
worship... (Yahaghi, 1999, p. 62)
Also:
and I looked like Satan in my red Cloak...
- Jesus:
I carry the stone of the prison,
Like the son of Mary,
that carries the cross,
and Jesus…
In some traditions, another person named Simon, whom carried Jesus cross, and in some traditions, this was
Jesus who was carring his cross on the shoulder. In classical paintings, contrary modern paintings, Christ do not
carry his cross. In Persian literature before the modern era, this picture (carrying the cross) does not exist.
Also:
Tired visitors pass through the gates of Bethlehem,
while singing a song and in Golgotha,
looking forward to pine buds waiting
to cross board comes in...
Also:
It is me that all my wanderings,
I have come to this Golgotha Mount
Also:
And Mary has Jesus which has the cross,
without a crown of thorns and cross and Golgotha,
Jesus died on the vain cross,
Also:
A crucified man again came from the Black,
depths in trance…
Also:
The root of our pain made us cry of our gloomy Jesus
The belief and the Qur'an are mentioned in Surah Nisa verse 118 of the Holy Spirit (Gabriel) breathed his Spirit
in Mary and Mary was pregnant for Jesus. The concept of the Trinity in the Christian faith implies to the three
Principles of the Father (water: God), Son (Jesus) and the Holy Spirit:
Superior than water and Son, and Holy Spirit
Before redeeming his body to me and Father God...
Christ is four nails of eternity in a history
This line also refers to the crucifixion in the Christian tradition from three directions (arms and legs) nailed to
the cross. Its integrated in Shamlu’s poem with a history of torture related to the history of Iran. In ancient times (up
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to Pahlavi) Crucifixion panels were a kind of torture that a guilty person hung on it and his movement was quite
limited. The crucifixion alludes to the arrest and punishment as well.
Also:
... with my own eyes I have seen my man,
that his half spirit hung on the cross,
Jesus is now dead,
moved slowly in the coffin…
It has allusion to story of making the dead alive by Jesus miracle. Verse 110 of Sura Maida points out to this
and also known Hafez poem that says:
I can remember who like your eye,
was looking to blame me,
the miracles of Jesus were in particular in sweet lips
Some poems of Shamlu also have been noted the characters that were presented in the story of Christ and the
allusions are as follows:
And each dinner is perhaps the Last Supper
and each look,
perhaps is a Judean look…
Judas Iscariot, who was first a student and disciple of Christ and eventually betrayed him and sold God's
prophet for thirty pieces of silver coins to his enemies and in literature has become one of the symbols of infidelity.
Also:
The Iscariot guy,
who step a moment ago in the infinite black space of course...
The bitter man,
stand against a dark Jewish booth,
Stood in dark with thirty pieces of silver in his hand.
Also:
From the queue of chirping spectaculars,
Alazr step of the way of her women...
One of the Jesus miracles was to resurrect the dead, including making Lazarus Alazar daughter alive, as
described in the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of John.
Also:
Father was lying through the Gethsemane garden?
That my rule is the heritage of his cheating Trust...
Gethsemane garden is the garden that Jesus spent last night in it in prayer.
- Cain (Qabyl):
You're carefree and ignorance,
and Qabyl- your blood brother –Close the way
Also:
It did not raise your surprise?
Becoming Cain of your brother...
- Sacrificial lamb:
To faith blood color of sacrifice sheep …
Has an allusion to the story of Abraham's sacrifice with the command of God.
- Abel:
And when Cain looked to his retrograde,
saw Abel
Also:
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If you trust like the other evil,
this other Abel,
To other Gethsemane,
slept into ignorance...
Also:
I’m last honor of Cosmos,
I’m Abel….
Also:
... that you found iron and stone more deadly than rocks
So you killed Abel...
3.1.3 allusion to literary issues, and books:
- Fereydoun (Tavalloli)
I'm not Fereydoun,
I’m no Veladimir...
Fereydoun Tavalloli was a famous poet of contemporary lyric that together with Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi was one
of the tenacious enemies and opponents of new types of poetry.
- Qaan:
Imitating Qaan clown…
Shamlu, calls Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi as a follower of Qaan. In Shamlu’s poetry, Qaan is a symbol of
retrogressive and intellectual mortis of mere classicism.
- Law of Avicenna:
Do not think the law of Avicenna,
even the madness
Do they have any other obvious sign...
Shamlu thinks that scientific part of Avicenna’s book has been considered madness.
- Lorca:
Showed him Franco ,
and Lorca's coffin…
General Franco, Bloody Spain Putschist that in the years of ruling country, killed best-known artists, including
those of Federico Garcia Lorca who assassinated his art as a device for fighting Franco and eventually shot by the
hands of Franco and buried in a place unknown.
Also:
By instrument of a death,
with guitar of Lorca…
- Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Маяко́вский),
Vladimir: I'm not Frydvnm Vladymyrm...
I’m not Fereydoun,
I’m not Vladimir
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was Russian poet and pioneer of modernism and preacher of Russian
Futurism School. (Cloud in trousers), the most famous of his work has been translated into Persian.
- Masud Saad Salman:
I’m not Saad Slman that can moan,
that came from this elevated place with me...
The story has allusion about long-term imprisonment of Masood Saad Salman, the fifth century poet. "Massoud
was in prison for two periods: first at the time of Sultan Ibrahim that poet was in prison for ten years... and during
the time of Sultan Massoud son of Sultan Ibrahim that this time he was in prison for eight years "(Saad Salman,
1998, p. 21) and the poetry of Shamlu says:" elevated to the high Nye castle walls refers to Massoud’s lyrics. As
Massoud Saad said:
I moan like trachea from my throat,
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my effort become lower due to this high place…
3.2 Allusion to the iconic legend and mythology:
- Achilles:
The bloody fate,
at his Achilles heel…
Achilles, the Greek goddess, mentioned in Homer's Troy epic that Hector, kills the Trojan hero but eventually
Paris killed him by an arrow in his heel. Shamlu referred to Achilles' heel as his weak point.
- Esfandiar:
Oh, gloomy Esfandiar,
who hurt your eyes?
Shamlu in this allusion is considered Esfandiar’s vulnerable eye.
Also:
as an unsustainable bubble,
complete picture dome of sky,
and miracle that Esfandiar …
- Alexander and the water of life:
and I-Alexander hurt and suffering Immortal water -how in the dark corridors cry of the stars?
In official histories, the ancient Greek conqueror king and son Philippus was introduced and was named as one
of similarities for Dhul-Qarnayn or Zulqarnayn. He certainly well known upholstered in Almanjd Dictionary.
In many of his poems and stories is associated with Khider and searched for spring of life. Sa’adi said.
I do not know forgive you Khidr,
do you what is Alexander suffering?
Also:
To give honor to the Alexander’s dinner ceremony with his feet ,
Also:
Also hear stories that he went and,
along darkness of eternal springs,
Searched Alexander...
This poem of Shamlu has allusion to the ancient Iranian people. Number Forty also has symbolic status in
Iranian mythology (and even non-Iranian ones). For example forty-party is one of the Islamic-Iranian traditions.
- Ophelia:
Claudius,
I’m brother of awkward Ophelia...
Ophelia is daughter of minister in the Hamlet tragedy who due to emotional problems suicide in the sea.
Ophelia in Hamlet is the symbol of innocent and naive person and her sentences have questions that show her
ignorance in difficult issues.
- Anban Solomon:
King Solomon's magical scrip gave most hungry people,
colorful foods…
There are legends about Solomon's scrip that Solomon scrip was magical and that it was able to give people
what they used to want. Literary books pointed to this scrip less.
- Bittern:
Such injured bittern,
I was sitting on the edge of the lake,
he night of grief...
Bittern or the sadness kingfishers (in folklore), is an avian that in general believes, lives by the sea and sing in
whining and grief for the fear of low sea water.
- Prometheus:
I’m Prometheus of coward people,
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I feed the tired without destiny crows with my liver...
This consider the destiny of Prometheus, the Greek goddess who was sentenced to crows eat his liver each day
and the other day his livers created again and the course continues...
- Peri:
Crying , crying , crying the Peri...
Peri is one of the characters in public belief and is generally anti-demon. It has a positive role in folk stories and
in the general population believe is equivalent with an angel. " as follows ancient traditions, Peri is beautiful and
very tender creature who is originally from fire and cannot be seen with the naked eye and due to the great beauty
deceive man. Peri, apposite of Dave, often is good and interesting, but sometimes in old traditions, including some
parts of the Avesta, Peri, is said to be female Dave. "
Also:
A fairy- in a man corpse,
That your body does not burn except in unrighteousness...
- Ax of Farhad:
And ax of Koohkan,
Relentless leave now,
End of the world,
In dreamless pulse hit the ax
- Dash AKEL:
Dash AKEL, Perch man,
bottom of the ditch...
AKEL Dash is of the most famous characters of Persian story in the novel of the same name by Sadegh Hedayat
in his book "Three Drops of Blood". He has chivalrous and philanthropist personality that in the story is a symbol of
pure and true love.
- Dave:
Tonight the City is full of lights,
Davw’s house bruised...
Dave is villain character of Persian folk tales. It always presents in story of thousand and one night including on
the third night of thousand and One Nights in the story of a fisherman and a bogey. The Shahnameh is also
available; of course as a symbolic view – Dave like Akvan Dave and White Dave are among the most famous Dave
in Shahnameh.
- Siavash:
Such senseless sacrifice,
or the like Siavash blood...
- Sibyl Cumaean:
The eye is drawn to regret ,
the way to the funeral of the poor
albino of Comatos ...
Shamlu talked about "Sibyl Cumaean myth ", she was a pretty girl from the coma. She asked the gods to grant
her immortality, but forgot to demand sustainable youth with immortality. Gods turned her desire to real and she
began a painful old age ...”
- Sisyphus:
The Lord will forgive the cruel Sisyphus...
Sisyphus, the Greek goddess and sentenced to daily rising of mountain stone and throw it down.
- Phoenix:
I believe in myself in Phoenix to lose its feather ...
(lose its feather) alludes to the inability to continue the way. Since Phoenix is a mythical bird in the Shahnameh
(The albino Story of Rustam and Esfandiar) and in Manteghotteir of Attar and ... is a symbol of ambition and is a
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transcendence of the human sense and has been set in mystical symbols from this aspect. (Por-Namdarian, 2009, p.
59). Shamlu did a kind of Defamiliarization and Paradoxes.
- Shirin:
dry marble of ABDAN,
not be a nakedness mirror of Shirin
Shirin is mistress of Khosrow and Farhad the famous Nezami poem.
- Amo Yadeghar:
Amo Yadeghar,
of hatred man,
Drunk or sober
asleep or awake
Amo Yadeghar is one of the famous characters in the Persian folk tale that is generally promising spring and
Eid. (Character like Santa Claus of the West), but in this poem, Shamloo changed it to a symbol of Warrior.
- Qaf:
I wore seven iron shoes,
I went to Qaf...
Seven iron shoes are as the Iranian elements that are symbol full facilities for a great deal.Qaf Mountain is the
known legendary mountain that birds Of Manteghoteir of Attar fly towards it. Several authors have attributed
strange events to this mountain. They used to say that Phoenix also lives on this mountain, and the mountain placed
at the end of the world.
- Kaveh:
singing with bloody throat and they have high flags in
their hands..
Kaveh from Deep
Shamlu is referring to freedom of Kaveh – a man from the heart and the depths of society - as well as his
famous Flag of Freedom.
- Claudius:
I am brother of awkward Ophelia...
Claudius in Hamlet, Shakespeare's famous play, is treacherous uncle of Hamlet that by pouring poison into the
ear of his brother killed him and became king of Denmark and married with Queen (Hamlet's mother). Claudius is
symbol of avarice, greed and betrayal.
Also:
Claudius not actually a name
That is a general concept...
- Night Raven:
Unless Shabgir,
the time that his last cry wrapped him with a blood drop
It has allusion to the legendary story of Raven; they told that the raven or Shabaviz bird "all night hangs its foot
of a tree branch and cries until a drop of blood drip from his throat..."
- Hercules:
Thirteen victims, thirteen Hercules ,
turns to ashes on port of Greek temple...
Hercules is strong Greek King and hero and he has been remembered as Heraclitus's and had great conquests
based on history. In Arabic they call him, Herghel, and it has the same pronunciation in Persian poetry as well.
- Hamlet:
not debate,
the temptation is this:
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To be or not to be
Are the words of Hamlet: To be or not. Is the honorable man is who to tolerate wound of sling stones and
arrows of oppressive king or fight in the intrigue and turmoil sea... "(Shakespeare, 1998, p. 95).
4 Results
The important thing to understand from reading poetry of Shamu from its allusions angle is that we cannot
name allusion as (array) in the ancient style. Because the word (array) of its passive mode is only a demonstration of
poet ability in showing historical information, etc. But if we use of the word contrivance, it will be used its
functional structure and we have excluded it from its passive mode. It is difficult for Classical knowledge that (To
be or not to be) is an allusion. This allusion is not place in any of the divisions of Professor Shamisa. Therefore this
operation, is a literary contrivance and absolutely functional and is not decorating and conspicuous.
Hadigar properly found art in its Greek background or know it as the same technique. (Hadigar, 1994, p.
28). Shamlu compared to other contemporary poets (except Tahereh Saffarzadeh that most of allusions in
contemporary literature can be seen in his poetry) has abundant and diverse allusions. In first books of Shamlu
including: (Resolution) (1951) and (fresh air) (1957) the most allusion is used. This could have two main reasons:
first, the fact that Shamlu was in the context of the political process of those years, and heroes, and heroism was
used at that time and It is not excluded from fully committed and political poetry of Shamlu against the monarchy
regime to go toward allusions (so we cannot know allusion a mere array but allusion sometimes can be at disposal of
revolutionary). Second is that Shamlu is familiar with symbols and characters and world events. Because of
Shamlu’s knowledge from foreign languages in 1952, he became cultural counselor of the Embassy of Hungary
(Sahebekhtiari, 1996, p. 25) and this shows his international knowledge.
Shamlu’s insight into allusion had unique extent. Nowhere in his poetry, allusion presented as conspicuous
one, but always was functional in poems and had structural form in conjunction with the whole poem. Finally, it
seems that some of the mentioned issues could not be allusion because of lack of resources and articles in the field
and because we have less considered this fact time and fluidity of language has impact on all aspects of the literary
works (even its meaning), (Bateni, 2004, p. 10) and allusion does not exit this condition. In this way, the two factors
of time and language deactivate ancient allusions and replace new allusions. For example, most of old poems
considered characters such as Mahmoud Ghazni or Joseph or Solomon as allusion but has considered Lorca, and the
strange way he died, naive character Ophelia and ... as allusion, that is a great achievement in the richness way
toward literature and development of allusions circle.
1. References
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