Engineers
of the
Renaisance
The Great Minds Who
Influenced the Technological
Leaps During the Renaisance
Middle Ages
ÞFragmented Feudal Society
ÞAgricultural Economy
ÞChurch-Dominated
ÞIntellectual Life
ÞCultural Life
Renaisance Engineers
ÞLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
ÞNicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
ÞGalilei Galileo (1564-1642)
ÞJohannes Keplar (1571-1630)
ÞChristiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
ÞRobert Hooke (1635-1703)
ÞSir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Renaisance Background
ÞRevival or Rebirth
Þrenewed interest in the arts.
ÞBegan in Italy
Þ14th Century
ÞSpread Throughout Europe
Þ16th & 17th Centuries
Beginning of Renaisance
ÞSociety Transforms
ÞCentral Political Institutions
ÞUrban & Commercial Economy
ÞLay Patronage of Education
Leonardo
daVinci
ÞThe arts
ÞMusic
ÞScience
1
Leonardo daVinci
Þ1452-1519
ÞFamily estate
ÞVinci, near Empoli
ÞChildhood in Vinci
Personal Chronology
ÞGoes to Florence
ÞApprentice (1469)
ÞStudio of Verrocchio
ÞCorporation of Painters
ÞMember (1472)
ÞCompletes First Known Drawing
Þ"La valle dell'Arno"
Þ"The Arno Valley" (1473)
Personal Chronology
Personal Chronology
ÞPaintings
Þ"Baptism of Christ" (1475)
ÞPaints an angel
ÞVerrocchio's
Þ"The Annunciation" (1477)
ÞPortrait of Ginevra de'Benci (1478)
Þ"San Gerolamo" (1481)
Þ"The Adoration of the Magi" (1481)
Þ"Virgin of the Rocks" (1483-6)
Personal Chronology
ÞLeaves Florence for Milan (1482)
ÞIn the service of Ludovico Sforza
ÞExplores Human Flight (1486)
ÞManuscripts
ÞAnatomical Drawings
Personal Chronology
ÞDesigns Flying Machine (1492)
ÞStudies Resistance of Arcades (1494)
ÞVarious Types
ÞPaintings
ÞSecond "Virgin of the Rocks" (1494)
Þ"The Last Supper" (1495)
ÞWorks on Giant Equestrian Statue
Þ"Madonna & Child with St. Anne"(1499)
ÞFrancesco Sforza (1493)
2
Personal Chronology
ÞMeets Luca Pacioli
ÞMathematician
ÞStudies Euclid (1496)
ÞLeaves Milan (1499)
ÞReturns to Florence
ÞStops in
ÞMantu
ÞVenice (1500)
Personal Chronology
ÞPaints "Mona Lisa" (1504)
ÞStudies Fluid Elements
ÞWater, Air and Fire (1508)
ÞReturns to Milan (1508)
ÞPaints "St. Anne" (1509)
Personal Chronology
ÞTitled as a Military Engineer (1502)
ÞCesare Borgia
ÞDesigns War Machines (1502-3)
ÞDraws Topographical Maps (1502-3)
ÞDraws Studies
Þ"The Battle of Anghiari" (1503-6)
Personal Chronology
ÞAnatomical Research (1510)
ÞGoes to Rome
ÞSeeks Patronage of Pope Leo X (15613)
ÞConstructs Mechanical Lion
ÞFrancis I, King of France (1515)
ÞPaints "Self-Portrait" (1515)
Personal Chronology
ÞGoes to Court of Francis I, Amboise (1516)
ÞDesigns a Palace
ÞRomorantin (1517)
ÞDies in Amboise
ÞMay 2, 1519.
da Vinci’s Weapons
3
Siege Defenses
Þ Idea for Pushing Away Enemy
Ladders When Defending a Fortress.
Þ Ever Built
ÞNo Evidence
War Scythe
ÞChariot with Rotating Scythes
ÞWreak Havoc Among Opposing Lines
ÞOften Did no Less Injury to Friends
Siege Defenses
ÞRotating Poles Sweep Attackers off
the Walls
ÞMech. Workings
ÞGrain Mill
Multi Barrel Gun
ÞLeonardo's Equivalent of Machine Gun
ÞGuns are Muzzle-Loading
ÞLimited Fire Rate
Flying Machine Wing
Mechanism
da Vinci’s Flight
ÞWing Mechanism of a Flying
Machine.
4
Flying Machine Armature
ÞArmature for Wing of Flying Machine
ÞTesting Device
ÞLifting Power of an Artificial Wing.
Helicopter
ÞTo be Built of
ÞWood
ÞReeds &
ÞTafetta
ÞSmall Model
ÞPaper
ÞSpring Like Metal Shaft
Sequins Making Device
daVinci’s Inventions
Several illustrations of machines for
making gold sequins for clothes.
Spring Device
Water Lifting Device
ÞSystem for equalizing the release of a
spring.
daVinci was involved in projects for
irrigation, drainage & digging canals.
5
Personal Background
Þ1473–1543
Nicholas
Copernicus
Personal Chronology
ÞStudied Liberal Arts (1491)
ÞJagiellonian Univ.
ÞThorn (now Torum), Poland
ÞMerchants & Municipal Officials
ÞPolish Astronomer
ÞHigh Social Class
ÞSolid Education
ÞBest Universities
Personal Chronology
ÞStudied Canon Law (1497)
ÞStudied Law
ÞUniv. of Bologna
ÞDoctorate, Univ. of Ferrara (1503)
ÞStudied Medicine
ÞLived with Mathematics Prof.
ÞUniv. of Cracow
ÞUniv. of Padua
ÞWhere Galileo taught a century later
ÞDidn’t Complete Studies
Personal Chronology
ÞDomenico Maria de Novara
ÞStimulated Copernicus’s Interests
ÞGeographical & Astronomical
ÞCritic of Astronomer Ptolemy
ÞTogether Observed Occultation
ÞEclipse of the moon
ÞStar Aldebaran, 3/9/1497
ÞNot unusual to get degree elsewhere
ÞDomenico Maria de Novara
ÞLectured on Astronomy
ÞRome (1500)
Personal Chronology
ÞReturn to Poland (1503-1510)
ÞUncle's Bishopric palace
ÞLidzbark Warminski
ÞAdministration of the Diocese
ÞConflict Against the Teutonic Knights
ÞPublished First Book
ÞLatin translation of letters on morals
Þ7th-century Byzantine writer
ÞTheophylactus of Simocatta.
6
Personal Chronology
ÞBetween 1507 and 1515
ÞCompleted Astronomical Treatise
ÞKnown as the Commentariolus
ÞNot Published Till 19th Century
ÞPrinciples Heliocentric Astronomy.
Personal Chronology
ÞChurch Administrator (1512)
ÞFrauenberg, East Prussia.
ÞFinancial Responsibilities
ÞNo Priestly Duties.
ÞCommission on Calendar Reform
Þ1515
Personal Chronology
ÞWrote a Treatise on Money
Þ1517
ÞDe Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
ÞHis Major Work,
ÞOn the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres
ÞFinished by 1530
ÞFirst published by Lutheran printer
16th-Century Cosmology
ÞEventually Replaced
ÞCopernican Theory
ÞGeocentric Universe
ÞEarth
ÞStationary and motionless
ÞCenter of concentric,rotating spheres.
ÞNuremberg, Germany, 1543.
16th-Century Cosmology
ÞGeocentric Universe
ÞSpheres Held Celestial Bodies
ÞThe moon
ÞMercury
ÞVenus
ÞThe sun,
ÞMars
ÞJupiter
ÞSaturn
ÞFrom Earth Outward
16th-Century Cosmology
ÞGeocentric Universe
ÞFinite outermost sphere
ÞSo-called fixed stars
ÞSaid to wobble slowly
Þproduces precession of the equinoxes
ÞFlaws In The Geocentric Universe
ÞApparent retrograde motion
ÞMars, Jupiter, and Saturn
ÞPlanet motion halts & reverses
7
16th-Century Cosmology
Copernican System
ÞHeliocentric Theory
ÞFirst presented (1512 or earlier)
Þ“Commentariolus”
ÞCompleted by 1530
ÞPublished (1543)
Þ“De revolutionibus orbium coelestium”
Copernican System
Copernican System
ÞHeliocentric Theory
ÞSun is at rest
ÞNear the center of the universe
ÞEarth spins on its axis once daily
ÞRevolves annually around the sun
ÞPrecesses on its axis
ÞWobbles like a top
ÞPlanets also rotate
Copernican System
ÞHeliocentric Theory Explains
ÞMotions of Sun & Stars
ÞRetrograde motion of some planets
ÞHeliocentric Theory Retains
ÞSolid planet-bearing spheres
ÞFinite outermost sphere of fixed
stars was stationary
Copernican System
ÞTen Copernicans (1543 and 1600)
ÞWorked outside the universities
ÞGalileo & Kepler
ÞDifferent reasons for support
ÞMiddle position
ÞDanish astronomer Tycho Brahe
ÞThe earth remained at rest and all the
planets revolved around the sun as it
revolved around the earth
8
Copernican System
ÞGalileo’s Ecclesiastical trial (1633)
ÞSuppression of Copernican Theory
ÞSome Jesuit philosophers
ÞSecret followers of Copernicus
ÞOthers
ÞGeocentric-heliocentric system
ÞLate 17th century
ÞSystem of celestial mechanics
ÞSir Isaac Newton
Life - Childhood
ÞBorn in Pisa, Italy, Feb. 15, 1564
ÞFather- Vincenzo Galilei
ÞMusician and Mathematician
ÞFormal Education
ÞMonastery Santa Maria di Vallombrosa
Galileo
Galilei
(1564-1642)
“Here, a simple tube and two lenses had
made a rod for beating the Aristotelian”
Ronan
Life - Adulthood
Þ1585 - Florence without a degree
ÞMath Professor
ÞUniversity of Pisa (25 years old)
ÞUniversity of Padua
ÞInterests
Þ1604 - Studied Astronomy
ÞMedical
Þ1609(33) - Galileo’s trial
Þ1642 - Galileo’s death
ÞMusic, mathematics, physics, philosophy
ÞUniversity of Pisa (1581)
Accomplishments in
Terrestial Physics
Þ Founder of Modern Experimental
Science
Þ Mechanical
ÞIsochronous motion of pendulum
ÞPendulum Clock
ÞMilitary Compass
ÞParabolic motion of a projectile
ÞStrength of materials
ÞCelestial observations
Accomplishments in
Terrestial Physics
ÞInertia
Þ Laid Foundation for Newton’s Law
of Motion
Þ Law of Falling Bodies
ÞDynamics
Þ Studied the phenomenon of heat
Þ Thermometer
9
Accomplishments in the
Field of Astronomy
ÞTelescope Improvements
Þ Upright-image telescope
Þ Greatly improved the lenses for
better views (better focus)
Þ Eliminated chromatic aberration
problem
Þ First thirty-times magnification
telescopes
Astronomical Conclusions
ÞMoon & Celestial bodies
ÞNot perfect, smooth bodies
ÞSubjected to change and decay
Astronomical
Observations
ÞCraters & mountains on the moon
ÞFour satellites of Jupiter
ÞPhases of Venus
ÞRings of Saturn
ÞIndividual faint stars of Milky Way
Books
Þ“Starry Messenger”(1609)
ÞHis celestial observations
Þ“The Assayer”(1623)
ÞMechanics and comets
ÞCopernican Theory
ÞMutable, Heliocentric Universe
ÞTheory of Tides
Þ“Dialogue Concerning The Two
Chief World Systems”(1632)
Þ“Discourses on Two New
Sciences”(1638)
Galileo’s Famous Trial
Galileo’s Famous Trial
ÞCase of the century (1633)
ÞTried by Roman Catholic Church
ÞRational
ÞPublishing “Dialog on The Two Chief
World Systems”
ÞDefended Copernican Theory of the
Universe
ÞStrongly rejected well-accepted
Aristotelian Theory
ÞConsequences
Þ Charged for heresy
Þ Prohibited form mentioning the
Copernicanism
Þ Sentenced to life imprisonment
within his house @ 70 years old
Þ Book was burned
10
Social & Scientific
Influences
ÞMost important scientist in the
16th Century
ÞStarted the Age of Reasoning
ÞGreatly admired & inspiring
ÞHis courage for standing against a
wrong system of beliefs
ÞFather of the Space Age
Blaise Pascal
1623 - 1662
ÞFather of Modern
Calculators
ÞPascal’s works in
Mathimatics
ÞPascal’s works in
Physics
ÞPascal’s works in
Philosophy
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal
1623 - 1662
1623 - 1662
Þ Born at Clerment-Ferrand in June 19, 1623.
Þ Mother died when Pascal was three years old.
Þ Brought up by two sisters: Gilberte, author of an
excellent biography on Pascal, and Jacqueline,
who competed with Pascal as a child prodigy.
Þ Died at the age of 39 in intense pain from cancer.
Þ In one of his most famous books, he says: “If God
does not exist, one stands to lose nothing by
believing in him anyway, whereas if he does exist,
one stands to lose everything by not believing,”
which is said to be his motto.
ÞFather of modern
Calculators
ÞBuilt for Etienne
Pascal, his father
a accountant for
the King of
France
ÞBuilt in 1639
ÞProve to society
that human brain
power can be
artificially
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal
1623 - 1662
1623 - 1662
ÞPascal’s Theorem which
deals with conic section
ÞIn 1640, wrote Essay on
Conic Section
Þ Helped laid down the
principles of the Theroy of
Probability
ÞPascal’s Law: states that in a fluid
at rest, the pressure on any
surface exerts a force
perpendicular to the surface and
independent of the direction of
orientation of the surface.
ÞIn 1647, Pascal published New
Experiments Concerning the Void.
11
William Harvey
ÞBorn in England,
1578
ÞStudied at Univ. of
Pauda
ÞDiscovered
circulation of blood
ÞDisputed Galen’s
theory on blood in
body
ÞDied in 1657
Discovery
ÞWas taught in school that blood flowed
from the head over the same route, and
remained still in the body
ÞWilliam was very curious about the
function of tiny flaps in heart and other
vessels
ÞInvestigated by operating on many live
animals
ÞPresented his theory that blood
circulates in the body like “a river with no
end”
Education
ÞSon of Governor Thomas Harvey
ÞAttended Kings School in at
Folkstone
ÞStudied art and medicine at
Gonville and Caius College
ÞAttained physician training at
Pauda, the leading European
Medical School
ÞSaid flap like
structures were
valves, prevented
blood from flowing
backwards
ÞWrote about his views
in De motu cordis
ÞDisputed Galen’s
theory, who believed
blood stood in body
like the sea
ÞCriticized at first, but
views were proven
Other Accomplishments
ÞPublished all his theories in the heavily
criticized Exercitatio anatomica de
motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus
ÞWaited 13 years after discovery to
publish his works because they
disputed Galen, no one had dared to
dispute him before
ÞWas physician to both King James and
King Charles
12