Paper 1: World War I and the US Time limit: 5 minutes (read questions and documents) 60 minutes (answer questions) Use the mark value for each question for an approximate idea of how long each response should be. Please hand­write your responses. Why? Because you’ll have to on the real IB exam and you need to have an idea of how much you can write. 1a. What, according to Source B, are Germany reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare and plans ? [3 Marks] 1b. What message is conveyed by Source A? [2 marks] 2. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, analyze the value and limitations of Source D for historians studying Wilson’s opinion of US neutrality. [4 marks] 3. Compare and contrast what Sources C and E reveal about Wilson’s reasons for shifting from a stance of neutrality to aggression. [6 marks] 4. Using the sources and your own knowledge, evaluate the tensions concerning US neutrality. [9 marks] Rubric Source A ___ Source B: This English translation of the cipher telegram ­­ from Arthur Zimmermann, German Foreign Secretary, to Heinrich von Eckardt, the German Ambassador in Mexico ­­ is transcribed from a telegram of Walter H. Page, American Ambassador in Great Britain, to Robert Lansing, American Secretary of State (File No. 862,20212/69) and mirrors a typescript discovered October 2005 in British archives (assumed to be the actual copy shown to the American ambassador in 1917). We intend to begin on the 1st of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace. Signed, Zimmermann. Source C Henry Kissinger, American Diplomat and Political Scientist, in an academic book, DIPLOMACY, (1994). (Simon and Schuster) Disdaining the balance of power, he [Wilson] insisted that America’s role was “not to prove...our selfishness, but our greatness.” If that was true, America had no right to hoard its values for itself. As early as 1915, Wilson put forward the unprecedented doctrine that the security of America was inseparable from the security of ​all mankind. This implied that it was henceforth America’s duty to oppose aggression everywhere: ...because we demand unmolested development and the undisturbed government of our own lives upon our own principles of right and liberty, we resent, from whatever quarter it may come, the aggression we ourselves will not practice. We insist upon security in prosecuting our self­chosen lines of national development. We do more than that. We demand it also for others. We do not confine our enthusiasm for individual liberty and free national development to the incidents and movement of affairs which affect only ourselves. We feel it wherever there is a people that tries to walk in these difficult paths of independence and right. Doc D The joint resolution by the President and Congress of the declaration of war on Germany, 6 April 1917 Whereas the Imperial German Government has committed repeated acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America; Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled, that the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German Government which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and that the President be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial German Government; and to bring the conflict to a successful termination all of the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States. Source E Howard Zinn, Socialist Historian, in an academic book, ​The People’s History of the United States, (1999). (Harper Collins Publisher) As Richard Hofstadter points out (​The American Political Tradition): "This was rationalization of the flimsiest sort.. . ." The British had also been intruding on the rights of American citizens on the high seas, but Wilson was not suggesting we go to war with them. Hofstadter says Wilson "was forced to find legal reasons for policies that were based not upon law but upon the balance of power and economic necessities." It was unrealistic to expect that the Germans should treat the United States as neutral in the war when the U.S. had been shipping great amounts of war materials to Germany's enemies. In early 1915, the British liner ​Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. She sank in eighteen minutes, and 1,198 people died, including 124 Americans. The United States claimed the ​Lusitania carried an innocent cargo, and therefore the torpedoing was a monstrous German atrocity. Actually, the Lusitania was heavily armed: it carried 1,248 cases of 3­inch shells, 4,927 boxes of cartridges (1,000 rounds in each box), and 2,000 more cases of small­arms ammunition. Her manifests were falsified to hide this fact, and the British and American governments lied about the cargo. Hofstadter wrote of "economic necessities" behind Wilson's war policy. In 1914 a serious recession had begun in the United States. J. P. Morgan later testified: "The war opened during a period of hard times. ... Business throughout the country was depressed, farm prices were deflated, unemployment was serious, the heavy industries were working far below capacity and bank clearings were off." But by 1915, war orders for the Allies (mostly England) had stimulated the economy, and by April 1917 more than $2 billion worth of goods had been sold to the Allies. As Hofstadter says: "America became bound up with the Allies in a fateful union of war and prosperity."