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DOKUMENTATION TRANSPORTATION PROCESSES
PASSENGER CAR
Content
General Discription of Processes .............................................................................................. 2
Process Characterization / Naming ........................................................................................... 2
Classification into ....................................................................................................................... 2
Vehicle Category, fuel, capacity (cf. [5]) ................................................................................ 2
Emission Category (cf. [5]) .................................................................................................... 2
Road Categories (cf. [5]) ....................................................................................................... 2
Emissions Calculation ............................................................................................................... 3
General Emissions Calculation .............................................................................................. 3
Singularity for CO2 ................................................................................................................. 3
Calculation of SO2 ................................................................................................................. 3
Laughing Gas (N2O) and Ammonia (NH3) ............................................................................. 3
Production and end of life .......................................................................................................... 4
Variable Parameters .................................................................................................................. 4
Inputs ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Valuable Substances ............................................................................................................. 4
Outputs ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Valuable Substances ............................................................................................................. 4
Emissions .............................................................................................................................. 4
Systems and Emissions that are not considered ...................................................................... 5
Application ................................................................................................................................... 5
Process Integration .................................................................................................................... 5
Input Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 5
Sulfur Content of Fuel ............................................................................................................ 5
Driving Shares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (respective parameters: “share_mw”,
“share_ru”, “share_ur”) .......................................................................................................... 5
Driving Performance .............................................................................................................. 5
Representativeness ................................................................................................................... 6
Technological......................................................................................................................... 6
Spatial .................................................................................................................................... 6
Temporal................................................................................................................................ 6
Literature ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Process List (GaBi) ..................................................................................................................... 7
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General Discription of Processes
This documentation describes transportation processes for gasoline/diesel driven
passenger cars. The processes comprise the use phase with fuel demand and
emissions released. Production and end of life can be integrated. The default functional
unit is 1 vehicle kilometer.
Process Characterization / Naming
General process naming:
Vehicle category, fuel, capacity, emission category
A list of processes available is added to this document.
Classification into
Vehicle Category, fuel, capacity (cf. [5])
 Passenger car gasoline driven <1,4
 Passenger car gasoline driven 1,4-2 l
 Passenger car gasoline driven >2 l
 Passenger car diesel driven 1,4-2 l
 Passenger car diesel driven >2 l
Emission Category (cf. [5])
 ECE 15'04 (gasoline only) without catalytic converter
 non-controlled catalytic converter (gasoline only)
 controlled catalytic converter < 87 (gasoline only)
 controlled catalytic converter 87-90 (gasoline only)
 conventional (gasoline only) other measures (e.g. exhaust gas recirculation)
 1986-88 (diesel only)
 Euro 1
 Euro 2
 Euro 3
 Euro 4
 Euro 5
Road Categories (cf. [5])
 Average Motorway (MW)
 Average Rural (RU)
 Average Urban (UR)
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Emissions Calculation
The emission calculations are derived from emission factors from literature (HBEFA) [5]
which are based on measurements. Additional calculation principles are elucidated
below.
General Emissions Calculation
The total emissions for each pollutant are to be calculated based on emission factors
(EM) by road category (Motorway = MW Em, Rural = RUEm, Urban = UREm) taken from
literature in [g/km] and share of road categories (Motorway = MW share, Rural = RUshare,
Urban = URshare) [-] berechnet:

g
Emission X  MWshare  MWEM   RU share  RU EM   URshare  UREM   Emission 
 km 
(1)
Singularity for CO2
The calculations for carbon dioxide emissions are based on the emission factors
according to equation (1), whereas a constant relation of 3.175 kgCO2/ kgfuel for the fuel
consumption is assumed.
 Gasoline: with a medium density of 0.742 kg/l; this is equal to a ratio of
2.356 kgCO2/lgasoline
 Diesel: with a medium density of 0.832 kg/l; this is equal to a ratio of
2.642 kgCO2/ldiesel.
Calculation of SO2
For sulfur dioxide, a complete stoichiometric conversion of the sulfur contained in the
fuel and of oxygen into SO2 is assumed. The sulfur content in the fuel is a variable
parameter, which can be set individually by the user.
S + O2 → SO2
EF _ SO2 
x _ ppmS kg S 64 g SO 2
kg

 Diesel_Consumption Diesel
kgCar go
1 000 000 kg Diesel 32 g S
EF_SO2
Emission factor for SO2
x_ppms
Mass share of sulfur in fuel
 kg SO 2 


 kgCar go 
(2)
Laughing Gas (N2O) and Ammonia (NH3)
The emission factor for laughing gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) is assumed to be constant for
each emission category and each road category. The emission factor for ammonia
(NH3) is set as constant throughout all categories.
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Production and end of life
Production and of life are not part of the passenger car process though a model
specific integration is intended into input and output. The scaling results from 1/km
driving performance to the unit of 1 vehicle kilometer.
Variable Parameters
Parameter Name
Comment
Unit
share_MW
Driving Share on Motorway (MW)
-
share_RU
Driving Share Rural (RU)
-
share_UR
Driving Share Urban (UR)
-
share_CO2_bio
Share of Biogenic C in Fuel
-
driving performance
life-time Mileage of Vehicle
km
ppm_sulfur
Mass Share of Sulfur in Fuel
ppm
Inputs
Valuable Substances
Flow
Flow Group
Unit
Gasoline/Diesel
Crude Oil Products
kg
Vehicle
Material Systems
pcs
Outputs
Valuable Substances
Flow
Flow Group
Vehicle Kilometers
Others
Vehicle
Material Systems
Unit
1000m
pcs
Emissions
Flow
Flow Group
Unit
Ammonia
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Benzene
Group NMVOC to Air
kg
Carbon Dioxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Carbon Dioxide (biotic)
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Carbon Monoxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Dust (PM2.5)
Particles to Air
kg
Methane
Organic Emissions to Air (Group VOC)
kg
Nitrogen Dioxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
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Flow
Nitrogen Monoxide
Transport
Flow Group
Unit
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
NMVOC (unspecific)
Group NMVOC to Air
kg
Sulfur Dioxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Systems and Emissions that are not considered










Vehicle production (integration optional where required)
Vehicle recycling (integration optional where required)
Infrastructure (roads/...)
Noise
Diurnal losses and refueling losses (see [6])
Hot-Soak-Emissions
Oil use
Cold-Start Emissions
Emissions from air conditioning (relevance < 1 %, see [4])
Abrasion of tyres and brakes
Application
Process Integration
The passenger car process is integrated into the model by the flow „vehicle kilometers“.
Input Parameters
The truck processes can be adapted to specific conditions by means of the variable
parameters.
Sulfur Content of Fuel
The sulfur content in diesel fuel varies strongly worldwide; the transport processes can
be adapted accordingly.
Average sulfur contents for example: EU = 10 ppm [2].
Driving Shares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (respective parameters:
“share_mw”, “share_ru”, “share_ur”)
The driving shares for Motorway (MW), Rural (RU), Urban (UR) can be adapted to
specific boundary conditions. The predefined standard values represent the shares for
Germany for the respective vehicle. In addition, the shares must be 1 total.
Driving Performance
The parameter „driving performance“ is necessary to scale production and end of life.
In case neither production nor end of life is considered ( this means the respective
processes are not connected) the parameter remains constant.
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Representativeness
Technological
The standard emission classes are covered by different datasets. The technologies are
representative Europe-wide and can be adapted for worldwide locations with some
minor restrictions. There is a need to identify the corresponding emission classes.
Spatial
The reference locations are Germany, Austria and Switzerland. However due to the
similarity of the vehicle structures and the same emissions limit values, the models are
representative for the entire EU. The model can be adjusted to conditions in other
countries worldwide with only some minor uncertainties. Note: impreciseness increases
with the increase of deviation of the vehicle structure and with the road categories and
the utilisation behavior – these can be adapted by modifying the driving share
(MW/RU/UR) as well as the utilisation ratio and sulfur content in the fuel for individual
conditions.
Temporal
The reference year of the data sets is 2010; representativeness may be assumed for
the period of 2010 to 2015.
Modification of the age structure of vehicles for each emission class leads to changes
in the emission profile. The validity of the data set is given for about 5 years (until
2015). Prognoses in HBEFA [5] based on comprehensive time series (1994-2020)
report that there is no change in emission profiles within a certain size class, emissions
class or road category. Only the different composition of a total vehicle fleet results in
some changes between 2010 and 2015.
Literature
[1]
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION:
Directive 1999/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13
December 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating
to measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate
pollutants from compression ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission
of gaseous pollutants from positive ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or
liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles and amending Council Directive
88/77/EEC. Brussels, Official Journal L 044, 16/02/2000 P. 0001 – 0155.
[2]
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION:
Directive 2003/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 March
2003 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel
fuels. Brussels, Official Journal of the European Union L76/10, 22/03/2003.
[3]
EUROPÄISCHE UNION: EUROPA – Environment – Auto-Oil II Programme.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/autooil/index.htm
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[4]
SCHWARZ, Dr. Winfried; LEISEWITZ, Dr. André: Emissionen und
Minderungspotential von HFKW, FKW und SF6 in Deutschland, Im Auftrag des
Umweltbundesamtes, Forschungsbericht 29841256, Frankfurt, 1999.
[5]
Umweltbundesamt Berlin; BUWAL / OFEFP Bern; Umweltbundesamt Wien:
Handbuch
Emissionsfaktoren
des
Straßenverkehrs,
Version
3.1,
http://www.hbefa.net, Berlin, Bern, Vienna / Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 2010.
[6]
UMWELTLEXIKON: Umweltlexikon: Betankungsverlust.
http://www.umweltlexikon-online.de/RUBluft/Betankungsverlust.php
Process List (GaBi)
The following processes for passenger cars are avaliable:
region
standard
emission standard
type
engine size
GLO
gasoline driven
ECE 15'04
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
non-controlled catalytic converter
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter < 87
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter 87-90
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
conventional
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
ECE 15'04
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
non-controlled catalytic converter
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter < 87
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter 87-90
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
conventional
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
ECE 15'04
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
non-controlled catalytic converter
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter < 87
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter 87-90
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
conventional
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
1986-88
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
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GLO
diesel driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
1986-88
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
1986-88
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
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