Applied Mechanics and Materials
ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 226-228, pp 2407-2411
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.226-228.2407
© 2012 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
Online: 2012-11-29
Studies on Building Entrance Cold Adaption Design and Structure in
Cold Region
----Take Harbin Institute of Architecture As Example
Peng Cui1, a, Meng Huang1
1
School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
a
[email protected]
Keywords:
Public building, Entrance, Construction technology, Cold adaption
Abstract. The design of public building entrance in cold regions has its particularity. On one hand,
this specificity comes from the entrance itself which constitutes complex mechanism, on the other
hand, it is derived from the cold regions environment constraints on the range. This article proceeds
with the space layout, structure design and material selection by analyses the traditional building
technique which used in cold region public buildings, takes cold region traditional representative
architecture the Harbin Institute of Technology Museum as example, explains the design
countermeasures of the cold area public building entrance in cold adaption construction such as
location determination, height difference coordination and other aspects that matters. Proposes the
suitable low technology strategy for buildings that can be used in cold area, discusses the overall
construction strategy for the future energy saving building in cold region.
Introduction
Human gain building experience by adapting to the natural environment. Cold region residents
adapt to extreme climate continuously, gradually accumulated and formed a series of unique
construction technology. This unique pattern is mainly reflected in the appearance of structures,
such as: to resist cold through the thick wall, to reduce air infiltration through double windows,
build the bottom base is provided in order to prevent snow and rain infiltration, to make door bucket
in the building entrance, with waterproof and windproof, housing angle widening thickening,
eliminate the thermal bridge, first layer is arranged to sink prevent cold air intrusion hall and so on.
Cold region has low annual mean temperature, and sunshine time is short. The solar incidence angle
is low, and wind in cold region is strong; day lasts short and night lasts long in winter, the prevailing
wind is the northwest wind and the west wind, and there was a great deal of snow and other special
climatic factors. Construction and the corresponding measures are taken to adapt to climate
condition. On one hand, the winter building energy loss is great, heat preservation and energy
saving has become a major issue; on the other hand, the winter sunshine is necessary in building
design ,and we should focus on the issue. In addition, in severe cold area of China in winter
monsoon belt basically, most of the time due to the cold air flow control, winds will greatly reduce
the room temperature, and causes the snow. the layout of the building in this region also should be
considered to prevent invasion of cold air, and reduce the requirement of snow. So cold adaption
building structure is the key to sustainable development.
Entrance Design on Cold Adaption
The building should be mainly solves the problem of cold air infiltration. According to estimation,
in a winter heating period, infiltration heat accounted for more than 80%, and at the entrance of the
energy loss of total energy loss to 70% [1]. To reduce building energy consumption depends on the
construction of the weakest link, so construction should focus on processing part is the entrance
doors and windows, cornices, and housing rotation of inner and outer transition interval. Building
entrance includes: entrance near the doors and windows, canopies, floor and door bucket and other
building components. The entrance itself constitute complex mechanism, at the same time the
entrance are restricted by the environment of many factors. Therefore, handle good entrance is not
only building an effective way for energy saving, but also the key point visual center of the
appearance of the building.
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Vibration, Structural Engineering and Measurement II
The Location Selection of The Entrance Plane. The entrance position should be combined
with the plane of the general layout, it is the central of the building, usually at the architectural
function center. At the same time, it connects outside and the interior space like a bridge. The
entrance is the indoor and outdoor space of mutual penetration of the" eye", but also" inlet", its
special position and function makes it the building energy saving key status. The first, building
entrance plane in cold region should try to avoid the winter dominant monsoon wind direction,
creating architectural pattern, generally formed south-southeast direction buildings. Harbin Institute
of Technology Museum designer Lev Jay Dragoslavt made full use of Harbin topography, with the
form of the potential, made the main street in the highest west position, and layout the building in
the trunk road, formed the most advantageous towards for wind and sunshine South East towards.
The layout of buildings can reduce outdoor winter day shadow area, can make the inner courtyard
main leisure activity zone in order to get more sunshine. General, cold public building adopts the
enclosed plane form such as" L"," II" form, this will ensure that the enclosing wall of the outer
block winter prevailing northwest wind, improve local wind environment and climate, and can form
a courtyard to get more sunshine, and reduce the radiation heat loss in winter. The second, we
should considerate daylight factor when select entrance. The entrance towards should meet the
demand of light in psychology and physiology for people, and prevent the loss of heat energy which
caused by large area lighting surface. The last, cold area construction should as far as possible to
increase depth, to compact layout, and building shape should be regular. (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1
Position of door bucket in the plane
Entrance Facade Coping. The building entrance in cold region should rely on their own body
size to prevent cold wind, it is not good to use large areas of glass, and should set up door bucket
and a wind screen to reduce the heat loss. Construction should focus on preventing infiltration,
prevent moisture invasion indoor. Body size should as regular as possible, prevent excessive bump
to avoid hot bridge. Facade should use large canopy to avoid winter snowfall on the building
entrance. North of the entrance to the facade design, general decrease window area, often made of
elongated shape. The entrance of HIT museum use the canopy and the Tashkent column to increases
the visual scale, strengthen the entrance sign, meet people ' s psychological feeling. So the entrance
facade design should meet the requirements of energy saving and aesthetic requirements. (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2
Architecture building facade construction
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 226-228
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The Unique Profile Design. Harbin Institute of Architecture`s entrance is typical of the
traditional technology and structural features, it applied some low technical structure reasonable
means to practical engineering, greatly reducing the building energy consumption. Transition space
reasonable processing, causes the building to produce a kind of solemn sense, the sense of space.
The entrance design with multi-level section divided, different elevation levels. building entrance
is divided into three levels of transition space reasonably. The first level space exchange indoor and
outdoor reasonably by using the700mm high and 6000mm wide stairs and the canopy, prevent the
snow in winter and rain penetration in summer. Second levels of space is the layer between the gate
and the sinking floor space, the layer is arranged above the entrance elevation. The structure has a
good prevention effect: due to the fire follow the crowd flow, hot air upward flow, thus sinking
export is conducive to fire evacuation, and a layer of distance outdoor floor nearly 2m height can
prevent flood to affect the normal work. In addition, the sinking of the space structure is beneficial
to saving energy, according to Bernoulli principle and hot air convection principle, cold air sinks,
hot air rises to form convection. Such a construction is helpful for summer ventilation and heating
in winter. The third layer is the layer of space and stair between the transition region, the floor space
is arranged lower so that the entrance has good directivity, facilitates the flow separation,
aggregation. ( Fig. 3,4)
Fig. 3
The entrance section structure
Structural Analysis of the Cold Adaption
Buildings in cold region change from applicability to practicality, from meeting the insulation
requirements to meeting the needs of the use, from simply insulation material to comprehensive
usage of forms of structure. It is a progress that buildings in cold region to adapt themselves to
climate change. It reflects mainly on the appropriate usage of structural measures and materials. The
building not only have to adapt to the environment, but also associate with it, to search for harmony
in the confrontation. After thousands of years of accumulation, modify, construction of cold
adaption for buildings in cold regions has formed the best model.
Wall Envelope. Whether the building envelope thermal insulation performance is good or bad,
directly affects the energy consumption of the buildings. The key of building insulation is the joint
structure of the wall. The joint has to be strengthened, for example, using flexible materials to caulk,
to avoid intrusion of the cold moisture. Second, to avoid thermal bridges, the outer envelope
components are often equipped with embedded component of high thermal conductivity for
structural requirements, such as beams, columns, lintels, ring beams, balcony panels, canopy plate
and pick cornices of reinforced concrete in external wall[2]. The insulation performance of these
parts is worse than that of the main part, the heat easily pass out from these parts and form a thermal
bridge. In order to avoid and mitigate the effects of thermal bridge, first, it should avoid embedding
components going through inside and outside, second, insulation measures should be taken to deal
with these parts, such as additional insulation material, etc., to cut off thermal bridges. Recently,
building insulation commonly use the form of plug-in PVC insulation board, but these produce
large amounts of problems such as stripped, moldy, poor thermal insulation properties and releasing
harmful gases when heated. Traditional construction techniques of thick wall worth learning. The
700mm thick external walls of the School of Architecture has good thermal insulation properties.
The local materials does not produce pollution, what else the wall has strong integrity, good seismic
performance, in the long run, it is in favor of sustainable developments.
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Vibration, Structural Engineering and Measurement II
Usage of Doors and Windows. The doors of buildings in cold region are designed generally to
meet the functional and practical requirements as small as possible to reduce the infiltration of cold
air, usually located with porch and door bucket fighting to improve the thermal environment of the
hall. First, door fighting itself to the formation of transition space from outdoor to indoor , with
integrated thermal insulation function. Second, it can avoid the cold wind blowing through the room
directly, reduce the heat loss due to wind pressure under the action of air flow. The door opening
direction and the wind flows are from different angles, the roles are not the same [3]. For example,
when the direction of the wind flow and the doors is parallel, it can guide the wind; when vertically
or at an angle, it can keep out the wind and it matters most when perpendicular. Therefore, it should
be designed according to the local dominant wind direction in the winter to determine the location
of the outer door and orientation as well as the outside door opening direction, in order to achieve
the purpose that control the cold air penetrated down to the smallest. (Fig. 5) The wind porch is
suitable for the buildings that the dominant wind direction in the winter and the entrance are of a
certain angle, obviously, the smaller the angle is the better. In addition, the region with high wind
speed as well as building on the windward side, the building should be prepared to prevent cold air
infiltration. For example, on the windward side, the open doors and windows should be minimized,
and strictly control the ratio of area of window to wall, to prevent cold air entering the room
through the door window or other pore.
The ratio of the area of window to wall perform a direct impact on thermal insulation property of
buildings .It should be constructed of double windows. On the one hand it can light, on the other
hand, it can avoid cold infiltration, therefore reasonable treatment of the size of the window is the
key to energy efficiency of buildings, windows with aspect ratio of 3:1 is easy to extend indoor
illumination time [4]. Ensuring that the lighting area, reduce the scale of the windows to prevent
cold air infiltration. For the building envelope of School of Architecture of Harbin Technology
Industry, the outside of the building envelope surface area is less than the surface area so that the
structure is easy to light and reduce wind pressure blow through the room, what is more, it reduce
the consumption of materials. Windowsill and the window are not directly connected, but connected
through a period of 300mm wide sloping mortar transition zone, avoiding the generation of thermal
bridges. (Fig. 6), Then take sealing materials and airtight measures to strengthen the sealing
between the box and the wall, between the fan and the fan and between the sash and glass. Use
large sash and expand a single block of glass area to reduce the gap between the doors and windows,
reasonably reduce the open sash area, meet the summer ventilation conditions and expand the area
of fixed sash.
Fig. 4
The entrance hall structure Fig. 5
Door structure
Fig. 6
Window structure
Joint of Corner. Angle bead is the traditional structure, corner is in the joint of two sides of the
building[5]. It is the most unfavorable part for the cold to penetrate. Because of convention of the
hot and the cold, cool air condensate to water vapor, making interior walls moldy. Traditional
architecture commonly used to strengthen local practices, besides cross placing of masonry, thicken
external to enhance the ability to resist cold wind, after years of accumulated process , corner
changes from a function to decorative symbols.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 226-228
2411
Conclusion
Avoiding outdoor cold air blown in directly and the maximum to prevent the indoor heat dissipation
is the key to the design of the hall. Harbin Institute of Technology Museum hall make reasonable
gradation for the entrance , doors and windows in design are traditional architectural technology
heritage, special corner treatment in order to reach energy-saving requirements. Harbin Institute
of Technology Museum of traditional construction technology give us a lot of inspiration, through
reasonable construction technology to reduce building energy consumption, such as the sinking of
the front floor, a reasonable window type, thick wall obtain raw material locally, these traditional
construction low technology worth excavating and inheriting. For example, we can use the
traditional construction technology of dovetail joint structure to solve the wall corner connecting
that do not close, can pass through the cavity wall construction principle to solve the problems of
moldy walls, using local building materials insulation materials chemical synthesis of substituted.
For example, stone material has good thermal performance, cover soil building is warm in winter
and cool in summer, we can use these traditional construction low technical principle, through the
use of green natural materials and reasonable structure, low cost, achieve low power, high
efficiency goals. In the regional construction of creation, we should not be the pursuit of skimming
over the surface of the flashy without substance, and should pursue a kind of technology to recover
original simplicity.
References
[1] M. Huang, B.C. Fu: Construction technology, Vol. 33 (2011) No.3, p.105. (In Chinese)
[2] L.X. Wang: Building Energy Saving (China Construction Industry Publications, China 2010).
(In Chinese)
[3] D. A .Mcinyre: Indoor Climate (Applied Science Published LTD, London 1980).
[4] Z.Y. Chen: Architect, Vol. 20 (2004) No.4, p.55. (In Chinese)
[5] M. Snow: Designing with Solar Power (The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd, Italy 2005).
Vibration, Structural Engineering and Measurement II
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.226-228
Studies on Building Entrance Cold Adaption Design and Structure in Cold Region - Take Harbin
Institute of Architecture as Example
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.226-228.2407