ĊĘĊĆėĈ
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–
„›‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
Žƒ••”‘‘•‹‰–Š‡‘Ž‹•–‹…”‘…‡••ǣƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ
ƒŽ‹ǡƒ†‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡǤǤǤ
Florence V. Dunkel, Keriba Coulibaly, Clifford Montagne, Kyphuong Luong,
Ada Giusti, Hawa Coulibaly, and Bourama Coulibaly
Abstract:‡•–‹…‹†‡•ǡ„‡†‡–•ǡƒ†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘–ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆƒ”‡”•‹”‡‘–‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹ƒŽ‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǦ
”‡•‘—”…‡’‘‘”…‘—–”‹‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š‘—–…‘•–ǡ’”‡˜‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–‡†‘‘–”‡ƒ…Š”‡‘–‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥˆ–Š‡›†‘ǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”
—•‡‹•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›—†‡”•–‘‘†„›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•Ǥƒ•‹‰Ž‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡƒ—–Š‘”•‡š’Ž‘”‡•—……‡••ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–‘’Ǧ†‘™‘”Dz‘—–•‹†‡dzƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǤŠ‡
Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•–‡•–‡†™ƒ•ǣ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–…ƒ„‡‡–‹”‡Ž›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ††‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Šƒ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ǡ—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‘”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡…Žƒ••”‘‘—•‹‰–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Š‘‡•–ƒ›•ǡƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰ǤŠ‹•
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š…‘„‹‡†ǣ‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”™‘‡ˆ”‘ƒŠƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǣ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽƒ”˜ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǣ…‘—‹–›
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǣ‘—–”‡ƒ…Š–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•…Š‘‘Žƒ†‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǣƒ†ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧƒ†‡Žƒ”˜‹…‹†‡ˆ”‘‡‡ȋAzadirachta
indica Ǥ—••ǤȌŽ‡ƒˆ•Ž—””›ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒŽƒ”‹ƒȋƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘Ȍ˜‡…–‘”•Ǥ–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ•–Š‡‡†‹——•‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ
ƒ–‹‡…‡ǡƒ…–‹˜‡Ž‹•–‡‹‰ǡ”ƒ’‹†Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•ǡ…‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡Ǧ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†•ƒ’Ž‹‰ǡƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‹‹‰™‡”‡•‹ŽŽ•’”ƒ…–‹…‡†
„›ͳ͵͹‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ȋȌ•–—†‡–•‹–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•˜‹ƒƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ‹‡†‡–‘”•›•–‡‘ˆ͸ƒŽ‹ƒ•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”ǤŠ‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‹ʹͲͲͷǤ…‘‘‹…‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•
ƒ†Š‘‡•–ƒ›•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡„‡‰ƒ‹ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ‘—‹–›ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ǡ’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆŽƒ”˜ƒ‡ǡƒ†•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰„‡‰ƒ‹ʹͲͲͺǤ
‡ƒ–Š•‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡†—”‹‰ʹͲͲͺˆ”‘…‡”‡„”ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒȋƒŽŽ…Š‹Ž†”‡ͲǦͷ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”•ǡ†‡•’‹–‡ƒ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‡”‡„”ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‘—–„”‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‹Ǥ”›•‡ƒ•‘Žƒ”˜ƒŽ‘•“—‹–‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–„‡‰ƒ‹ƒ”…ŠʹͲͲͻǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡‘†‡ƒ–Š•
ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ʹͲͲͻƒ†ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†Ǥ‡‹‰Š„‘”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘—–”‡ƒ…Š„‡‰ƒ‹ʹͲͳͲǤ‘—‹–›ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‡†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǯˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†
‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•—•‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—”…‡•–‘ƒƒ‰‡‘•“—‹–‘Žƒ”˜ƒ‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž›ǡ•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›”‡†—…‡†
–Š‡‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒǡƒ†„‡‰ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Introduction
‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ †‡ƒ–Š• ‹ ˆ”‹…ƒ …‘•–•
–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆ͔͂Ǥ͕͖’‡”’‡”•‘’‡”†ƒ›ǡƒ†ƒ„‡†‡–…‘•–•
͂͘Ǥ͔͔ȋ
‘”†‘”‘™ǯ••’‡‡…Šˆ”‘ƒ•–‡”Ž›ǡ͖͔͔͚ȌǤ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ—†‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ …‘–”‘Ž ”‡ƒ…Š‡† ͕͂Ǥ͜ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹ ͖͔͕͔ǡ „—–
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡’‹†‡‹…••–‹ŽŽ‘……—”ȋ‘”Ž†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡’‘”–͖͔͕͔ȌǤ‘‡
”‡‘–‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•†‘‘–”‡…‡‹˜‡–Š‡ˆ”‡‡‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„‡†‡–•
ƒ†ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹”‰‘˜‡”‡–ȋƒ—–Š‘”•ǡǡ’‡”•Ǥ…‘Ǥ͖͔͕͔ȌǤ
Š‹•…‘—†”—Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡‹•›’Š‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ˆ”‹…ƒȋ‹–Š‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͕ȌǤ
–‹•‘™”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡•‘”‡
–Šƒ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ‘”‹—‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ
”‡ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒŠƒ˜‡…‘‡ˆ”‘
ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘Ǧ‡†‹…ƒŽŽ‘…ƒŽ•‡…–‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ˆ‘Ž–Š‡ƒ–‡”ȋ
Š‘•Š
‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͚Ȍǡ…‘—‹–›ƒ”–ȋ‘ƒƒ‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͜Ȍǡ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••’”‘‰”ƒ•ȋ‘ƒƒ‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͜Ǣƒ„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͚Ȍǡ
American Entomologist • Volume 59, Number 1
•–‘”›„‘‘…”‡ƒ–‹‘„›…‘—‹–›…Š‹Ž†”‡ȋ‘‰•—•—–‹‰—Ž‡–ƒŽǤ
͖͔͔͙Ȍǡ ƒ† ˆƒ”‡” ϐ‹‡Ž† •…Š‘‘Ž• ȋ˜ƒ †‡ ‡”‰ ƒ† ‘Ž• ͖͔͔͚ȌǤ
‘’Ž‡š •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ‹ ƒ …‘—‹–›
ƒˆˆ‡…–ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ‹Œƒ‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͕Ǣ™‡‡•‹‡–ƒŽǤ͕͙͝͝ȌǤ
ƒ‹Ž›†›ƒ‹…•‹ϐŽ—‡…‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǯ•†‡…‹•‹‘•–‘•‡‡–”‡ƒ–‡–
ˆ‘”Š‡”…Š‹Ž†ȋƒŽ˜‘”•‘͖͔͔͘ȌǤ‡”…‡’–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‘™„‡†‡–•’”‘–‡…–
ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡›†‘‘–’”‘–‡…–ƒˆˆ‡…–—•ƒ‰‡ȋ™‡‡•‹‡–ƒŽǤ͕͙͝͝ȌǤ
‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ…ƒ•Š‹ƒ•—„•‹•–‡…‡ˆƒ”‹‰ǡŠ‡”†‹‰ǡ
‘”ϐ‹•Š‹‰…‘—‹–›ƒˆˆ‡…–•ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
Š”‡‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ• ‡‡”‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†•‘…‹‘Ǧ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ
Š‡ …‘—‹–› —•–ǣ ͕Ȍ ‘™ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹… Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ…›…Ž‡ •–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘ƒ†–Š‡’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•…ƒ—•‹‰Š—ƒƒŽƒ”‹ƒǢ
͖Ȍ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ …ƒ•Š ™Š‡ –‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ǡƒ†‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•…”‹–‹…ƒŽǢƒ†͗ȌŽ‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‡–Š‘†•‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘ǡƒ†ƒ‡•‡•‡™‹–Šǡ–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›”Š›–Š•‘ˆ
45
a
C
d
b
e
Figure. 1. Larval rearing sites created in village
environment: a) pools of captured shower effluent;
the brick-making process in b) wet season pools
near the Zangolo River, and c) in dry season pools
created naturally in the Zangolo River, 0.4 km from
the village of Sanambele; d) pool just prior to brickmaking; e) resulting bricks; and f) pool just after
bricks are taken.
f
–Š‡‹”‘™•’‡…‹ϐ‹……‘—‹–›Ǥ–‹•‘™ˆ—”–Š‡”
—†‡”•–‘‘†ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–„›–Š‡—Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡
‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǡ–Šƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ’Žƒ…‡‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ–‘—‹ƒ†”‹‡„‡
͖͔͕͔ȌǤ …‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ ƒƒ‰‡”• ˆ”‘
‡•–‡”…—Ž–—”‡•ȋ…—Ž–—”‡•‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ‘”‹‰‹Ȍ
—•––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‡˜‡”›†ƒ›”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•
‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǦ‡†‡‹… ƒ”‡ƒ• –‘
’”‘˜‹†‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†˜‹…‡ǤŽ›ˆ”‹…ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•…ƒƒƒ‰‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹–Š‡‹”‘™˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ
‘”•‘‡›‡ƒ”•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•™‘”™‹–Š
ƒŽ‹ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‹ƒ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡƒ†
ǤǤ•–—†‡–•™ƒ•ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
–‘’Ǧ†‘™ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…ƒ†•…‹‡–‹ϐ‹…ˆ‘”ƒ–ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›
–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋȌȋ‘”–‘‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͙ȌǤƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǡ
‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‰‡…› •…‹‡–‹•–•ǡ •–—†‡–•ǡ ƒ† ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ™‘—Ž†
Dz’—•Š„ƒ…dzƒ†„‡…‘‡†‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡›
™‡”‡‘Ž›”‡…‡‹˜‡”•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘‡›ǡ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ƒ†‡‘—–•‹†‡”•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•–‘—•‡
‡‡‡”‡Ž‡š–”ƒ…–‘”‡‡’‘™†‡”ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•–
46
’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘™’‡ƒ•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡƒŽ‹Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹‰‘”‡†
suggestions even though effectiveness
™ƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†„›Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›„‹‘ƒ••ƒ›•‹–Š‡ǤǤȋ‡‹•‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͗Ȍƒ†
ƒŽ‹ȋ‘‘Ž„ƒ—‰Š‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͛Ȍǡƒ†‹
”‡ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒŽ‹”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–ƒ–‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡–•ȋ—‡Ž‡–ƒŽǤ͕͜͝͝ȌǤ—‰‰‡•–‹‰‡‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”’‘•–Šƒ”˜‡•–
…‘™’‡ƒ ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒƒ„‡Ž‡
Dzˆƒ‹Ž‡†dzǢ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‡‡™ƒ•‘–—•‡†‡˜‡
ƒˆ–‡”‡ˆϐ‹…ƒ…›™ƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†Ǥ‡ƒ”•
Žƒ–‡”ǡ‹–™ƒ•Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒŽ‹ƒ•†‘‘–
”‘—–‹‡Ž›™ƒ•Š…‘™’‡ƒ•„‡ˆ‘”‡…‘‘‹‰ƒ†ƒ”‡Š‡•‹–ƒ––‘…‘•—‡…‘™’‡ƒ•™‹–Šƒ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ„‹––‡”ϐŽƒ˜‘”Ǥ‡‡
‡”‡Ž‡š–”ƒ…–Šƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ
„‹––‡” ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒœƒ†‹”ƒ…Š–‹ǡ
ƒœƒ†‹”ƒ†‹‘‡ǡ ˆ”ƒš‹‡ŽŽ‘‡ǡ ‹„‹ǡ
•ƒŽƒ‹ǡ•ƒŽƒ‘Žǡ˜‡’‹‹ǡƒ†˜‹Žƒ•‹‹ǡ‹…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ȋ‡‡
‘—†ƒ–‹‘͖͔͕͖ȌǤ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”
ƒ†•–—†‡–•„‡…ƒ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—”‹‰™‡‡ǦŽ‘‰Š‘‡•–ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡›
Ž‡ƒ”‡†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›—•‹‰
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” …‘™’‡ƒ• ƒˆ–‡” Šƒ”˜‡•–Ǥ
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•—•‡†‹–ǡHyptis spicigera
ȋƒ‹Ž›ƒ‹ƒ…‡ƒ‡Ȍǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ••–‘”‡†
™‹–Š—–Š”‡•Š‡†…‘™’‡ƒ•‹‰”ƒƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
•Š‡•ˆ”‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡…‘‘‹‰ϐ‹”‡’Žƒ…‡•
ƒ† •Š‡ƒ „—––‡” ƒ†‡ „› ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•
ˆ”‘™‹Ž†Ǧ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†—–•‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‡ƒ
–”‡‡ǡButyrospermum parkii (Vitellaria
paradoxaȌ ȋŽ˜ƒ”ƒ†‘‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͔Ȍǡ™‡”‡
‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”…‘™’‡ƒ
’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡••Šƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
Dz‘—–•‹†‡dz ƒ—–Š‘” ȋȌǤ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡
‘–†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†—•‹‰–Š‡Dz–‘’Ǧ†‘™dz
ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…Ȁ•…‹‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ
Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ȋǡȌ–”‹‡†–‘”‡‡†›–Š‹•™‹–Šƒ’”‘Œ‡…––Šƒ–ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†
ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ”‡”–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ȋ—‡Ž͖͔͔͜Ȍǡ„—––Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”‡†
–Šƒ–ǡ –‘ •–‹—Žƒ–‡ –Š‹• …‘—‹–›Ǧ
„ƒ•‡†’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ –Š‹‹‰ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒŽŽ
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•˜‹‡™–Š‡‹••—‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡
…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•
‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›ǤŠ‹•’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–
—•–‘……—”ƒ–ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•…‹‡–‹•–•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǡƒ†•–—†‡–•–‘”‡ƒ…Š
„‡›‘†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‘”‡†‹…‹‡ǡsensu
strictoǡ–‘•‘Ž˜‡…‘’Ž‡š‹••—‡••—…Šƒ•ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ
Holistic Process
‘”‡˜‡”•‡–Š‹•‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡–‘’Ǧ†‘™”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‹•‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰–‘‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ”‡”–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‡
Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡•• ™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡‘Ž‹•–‹…ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘†‡Ž
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›ŽŽƒƒ˜‘”›ȋƒ˜‘”›ƒ†—––‡”ϐ‹‡Ž†ǡ͕͝͝͝ȌǤ
American Entomologist • Spring 2013
Table 1. Testing questions used in the holistic process to assess progress and provide guidance for mid-course corrections.
Type/ Purpose of
Testing Question
General Testing Question
Format Used by the Community
Example from Village-Based
Malaria Management
‘Ž‹•–‹…
‘ƒŽ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡™‡‰‘‹‰ǫ
Šƒ–†‘™‡™ƒ–‘•–ˆ‘”‘—”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǫ
”‡•‡–ƒ†—–—”‡
‡•‘—”…‡•
‘™†‘™‡‰‡––Š‡”‡ǫȏŠƒ–‹•‘—”’”‡•‡–
”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡ǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘
–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡—•‘—”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡ǫȐ
Šƒ–†‘™‡‡‡†•‘™‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡…ƒ‡”ƒ†‹…ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǫ
‘™†‘™‡Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‘—”’ƒ•––‘”‡ƒ†Œ—•–‘—”
…‘—”•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡ǫ
Šƒ–…ƒ™‡Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‘—”’ƒ•–Š‹•–‘”›™‹–Š–Š‡–•‡–•‡ϐŽ›ƒ†ˆ”‹…ƒ
•Ž‡‡’‹‰•‹…‡••–Šƒ–™‡…ƒƒ’’Ž›–‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǫ
‘™…Ž‘•‡ƒ”‡™‡–‘–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ–Šƒ–™‡•‡–ˆ‘”
‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǫ
”‡–Š‡ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘‡•‰‘‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”ǫ•‹–Ž‹‡Ž›•‘‡‘‡™‹ŽŽ
…‘‡–‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡™‹–ŠƒƒŽƒ”‹ƒˆ‡˜‡”ƒ†”‡•–ƒ”––Š‡…›…Ž‡ǫ
‡ƒ‹
Šƒ–‘‡–Š‹‰ǡ‹ˆ‘–…Šƒ‰‡†ǡ™‹ŽŽ’”‡˜‡–—•
ˆ”‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰‘—”‰‘ƒŽǫ
Šƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡†‘™‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘‡”ƒ†‹…ƒ–‡
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǫ
ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‡ƒ…–‹‘
Š‹…Šƒ…–‹‘™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‘•–’”‘‰”‡•• ‹ŽŽ”‡‘˜‹‰ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‰‘Ž‘‹˜‡”’‘‘Ž•‹
–Š‡†”›•‡ƒ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‘•–’”‘‰”‡••–‘™ƒ”†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ†‹…ƒ–‹‘‹
–‘™ƒ”†‘—”Š‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽ’‡”‹˜‡•–‡–‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡’‡”–‹‡ǡ‡ˆˆ‘”–ǡ‘‡›‹˜‡•–‡–ǫ
‡ˆˆ‘”–ǡƒ†‘‡›ǫ
ƒ—•‡ƒ†ˆˆ‡…–
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡ǡ‘–Œ—•–
ƒ•›’–‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡ǫ
”‡ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ‰‘Ž‘‹˜‡”ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡
™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡–Š‡‘Ž›—†‡”Ž›‹‰…ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǫ
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
•–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘–ƒ‡…‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ†
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—•‹‰‘—”‘™”‡•‘—”…‡•ǫ
•—•‹‰‡‡Ž‡ƒˆ•Ž—””›’”‘†—…‡†„›—•‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
Žƒ”˜‹…‹†‡ˆ‘”‘•“—‹–‘‡•™Š‘•‡ƒ†—Ž–’Šƒ•‡…ƒ””‹‡•ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǫ
Transformed Classrooms
›…”‡ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†ƒ…–‹‘–‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••”‘‘•–‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‹•’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–ǤŠ‡•‡
–‡ƒ•‡‰ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š”—”ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†•‹–‡‡–‘”•—•‹‰–Š‡
…‘”‡…‘…‡’–•ƒ†–‡…Š‹“—‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š…‘—”•‡–‘•‘Ž˜‡…‘—‹–›
‡‡†•ȋ—‡Ž‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͕ȌǤŠ‡•‡•–‡’•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•–‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ –Š‡ …‘‰‹–‹˜‡ †‹••‘ƒ…‡ …ƒ—•‡† „› …‘ϐŽ‹…–‹‰ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ
˜‹‡™’‘‹–•ǤŠ‡‡•—‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ǡˆƒ…—Ž–›ǡ•‹–‡‡–‘”•ǡƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•Ž‡†–‘ƒ•›‡”‰‹•–‹…‹š‘ˆDz‹•‹†‡dzƒ†Dz‘—–•‹†‡dz
˜‹‡™’‘‹–•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••Ǥ
–Š‹•ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ǡ™‡–‡•––Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•–Šƒ–ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Š‘Ž‹•–‹…
’”‘…‡••‹…Ž—†‹‰‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Šƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•–‹—Žƒ–‡•ˆ—•‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‡•–‡”•…‹‡…‡ǡ
ƒ†‹…”‘Ǧ‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘˜‡…–‘”Ȁ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧ…›…Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹’”‘˜‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
Materials and Methods
Study Area Selection and Site
‹‡Ž† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™ƒ• …‘†—…–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ ƒŽ‹
ȋ—‘‰‡–ƒŽǤǡ͖͔͕͖ȌǤ‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†–Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒˆ‘…—•‰”‘—’
’”‘…‡••‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†͖͔͔͙‹͕͕ƒŽ‹ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ȋƒ–‡‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͝ȌǤŽ›
‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡™ƒ•Ž‘…ƒŽ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‹‘”‹–›
ˆ‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”•†‡…‹†‡†–‘
ƒ……‡’––Š‹•…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘™‘”™‹–Šƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•‘–Š‡‹”Š‘Ž‹•–‹… ‰‘ƒŽ ƒ† „ƒ•‡† –Š‡‹” †‡…‹•‹‘• ‘ ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǯ• ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ
Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ‘•“—‹–‘‡•–Šƒ–˜‡…–‘”ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǡ
ϐŽ‹‰Š–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘‡•ǡƒ†ǯ•…—””‹…—Žƒ”‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘ˆ‘…—•—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•‘
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ
Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͙͔•‘—–Š‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒŽ‹ƒ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ…‹–›‘ˆƒƒ‘ǤŠ‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—”‹‰–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ˜‹•‹–•‰”‡™ˆ”‘͕ǡ͔͔͔–‘͕ǡ͖͙͔’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•
…ƒ”‡ƒ…Šƒ•Š‹‰Šƒ•͙͘ιȋ͕͕͗ιȌ†—”‹‰ƒ”…Š–Š”‘—‰Šƒ›™‹–Šƒ
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Š—‹†‹–›‘ˆ͝Ȃ͖͛’‡”…‡–Ǥ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͔Ǥ͘‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡ƒ‰‘Ž‘‹˜‡”ǡƒ™‡–•‡ƒ•‘‘˜‡”ϐŽ‘™…Šƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡
‹‰‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡…Šƒ‡Žϐ‹ŽŽ•—’†—”‹‰–Š‡™‡–•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†‡’–‹‡•
American Entomologist • Volume 59, Number 1
†—”‹‰–Š‡†”›•‡ƒ•‘ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰”‡•‹†—ƒŽ’‘‘Ž•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘”Žƒ”˜ƒŽ
‘•“—‹–‘”‡ƒ”‹‰ȋ‹‰Ǥ͕ȌǤ”›”‹˜‡”„‡†’‘‘Ž•…‘–ƒ‹„‘–ŠCulex and
Anopheles‘•“—‹–‘Žƒ”˜ƒ‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡†‰‡•ǡ™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š‡”†‡•‹–›‘ˆ
Anopheles‹–Š‡…Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǡ•—›’‘‘Ž•Ǥ
”ƒ‹ƒ†Ž‡‰—‡…”‘’•ƒ”‡‘–
‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†ǡ•‹’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰‘•“—‹–‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ‡ƒ”Ǧ”‘—†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡
‰ƒ”†‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ–‡”‡†™‹–Š•’”‹Ž‹‰…ƒ•ϐ‹ŽŽ‡†ˆ”‘‡ƒ”„›™‡ŽŽ•Ǥ
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡Šƒ•‘‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–›ǡ…ƒ”•ǡ‘””—‹‰™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†‘Ž›ƒ
ˆ‡™‘–‘”„‹‡•ǤŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›‰”ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›Šƒ•ƒ„‹…›…Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡
ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …‡ŽŽ ’Š‘‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ƒ† •‘Žƒ” …‡ŽŽ …Šƒ”‰‡”• ˆ‘”
„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•…Š‘‘Žƒ†‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‡–‡”Ǥƒ‹Ž›
„—••‡”˜‹…‡–ƒ‡•͜Š‘—”•–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š‡͙͔–‘–Š‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ…‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡™‡–•‡ƒ•‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ•‡ƒ•‘ȋ—‡–‘
‡’–‡„‡”Ȍǡ–Š‡”‘ƒ†„‡–™‡‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”‡•–’ƒ˜‡†
”‘ƒ†‹•ƒ„‘—–͕͘ƒ†’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹•†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–ǤŠ‡‡ƒ”‡•–’ƒ˜‡†”‘ƒ†
Ž‡ƒ†••‘—–Š–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‡–‡”‹‹ƒŽƒ‘”‘„ƒƒ†‘”–Š–‘–Š‡
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†”ƒ‹‹‰‡–‡”ƒ†Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹
ƒƒ‘Ǥ‘…ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǧ”‘—†ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡”‹˜‡”•ǡ–Š‡‹‰‡”ȋ͖͔†‹•–ƒ–Ȍƒ†–Š‡
ƒ‹ȋ͙͜†‹•–ƒ–Ȍǡƒ”‡„‘–Š–‘‘†‹•–ƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‘•“—‹–‘‡•–‘
ϐŽ›‘˜‡”Žƒ†–‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡Ǥ
‘˜‡”ƒ…‡ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‹••ƒŽŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•…‘’Ž‡šǡ
„—–™‘”•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡ƒ‹†‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰‰”‘—’•‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡
ƒ”‡–Š‡‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ƒŽ‡‘—…‹Ž‘ˆŽ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ‘‡ǯ•••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡•ƒŽŽ‘„Ž‡™‘‡
ƒ†™‘‡‹–Š‡ƒ”–‹•ƒ‰—‹Ž†•Ǥ͕‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–™‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•
ƒ”‡‡Ž‡…–‡†„›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–‡”‡†–Š‡Š‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡
”‡•‹†‡–ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‹•ƒ›‘—‰‡ǯ•‰”‘—’ǡƒ†–Š‡
ͳ
ƒ•–‡ǡ‰—‹Ž†•ǡ‘„Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡†‡ϐ‹‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ„ƒ”ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡
ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ‘„Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•™Š‘ˆƒ”ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ…‡ƒ”‡ƒ••‹•–‡†„›–Š‡
‰—‹Ž†•ƒ†…ƒ•–‡•‘”nyamakala. —‹Ž†•ƒ†…ƒ•–‡•ƒ”‡–‡”•—•‡†‹–‡”…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž›‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ǤNyamakalaƒ”‡…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…ƒ•–‡•ǣ„Žƒ…•‹–Š•ǡ
™‡ƒ˜‡”•ǡ’‘––‡”•ǡ™‘‘†™‘”‡”•ǡŽ‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǧ™‘”‡”•ǡƒ†griots (also called dieli).
Griots ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’•ǣ—•‹…‹ƒ•™Š‘’”‡•‡”˜‡ƒ…‹‡–—•‹…ƒ†
…‘’‘•‡‡™‡Ž‘†‹‡•Ǣƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”••’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹…‘ϐŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘„‡–™‡‡
‰”‡ƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǣƒ†‰‡‡ƒŽ‘‰‹•–•ǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ•ǡ‘”’‘‡–•™Š‘’”‡•‡”˜‡‘”ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡
ȋŸͳͻͺͳǡ±”‹†‘‰‘ʹͲͲʹȌǤ‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•’‘”ƒ†‹…ƒŽŽ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•…‘—‹–›
ƒ”‡‘ƒ†‹…—Žƒ‹Š‡”†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ‘ƒ†•ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡”‘„Ž‡•‘”
nyamakala.
47
Ž‡ƒ†‡”ƒŽ•‘•‹–•‹–Š‡‘—…‹Ž‘ˆŽ†‡”•ǤŽŽ‡™‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡƒ†‡“—‹’‡–‰‹˜‡ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘
ϐ‹”•–„‡’”‡•‡–‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›–‘–Š‡Š‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡‘—…‹Ž‘ˆŽ†‡”•Ǥ
ˆ†‡…‹•‹‘•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡‘‡ǯ•••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ•
ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ǡ–Š‡••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘•‡‡•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡‘—…‹Ž‘ˆŽ†‡”•
„‡ˆ‘”‡‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘Ǥ
Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••‹•…‘•‡•—•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ǥ‡‡–‹‰•™‹–Š
–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Š‹‡ˆǡ™Š‘‡˜‡”™ƒ–•–‘ƒ‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•…ƒ•’‡ƒ
ϐ‹”•–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ•’‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡Š‹‡ˆƒƒŽ›œ‡•ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡
•ƒ‹†„›–Š‡Ž†‡”•ƒ†˜‹•‹–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡’”‘‘—…‡•–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘
–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡†‹•…—••‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹‹ˆƒ›Ž†‡”•ƒ”‡‘–…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š
–Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘Ǥƒ…Š‰”‘—’…ƒƒ‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’Ǥ
‘‡–‹‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹’‡”…‡’–‹‘•„›‡Ž†‡”•ƒ†›‘—‰‡”‰”‘—’•
ƒ‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘…‘’Ž‡šǤ‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ”‡’”‘’‘•‡†
„›‡ƒ…Š‰”‘—’–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ††‹•…—••‡†—–‹Žƒ…‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡
‹••—‡‹•”‡ƒ…Š‡†„›‡˜‡”›’ƒ”–›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
The Holistic Process Methods
Š‹•†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒŽǡŽ‹‡ƒ”Ž‘‰‹…
–Šƒ–—†‡”Ž‹‡•–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒŽǡ‘ǦŽ‹‡ƒ”’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–‘……—”•‹ƒ…–—ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ‘–•–‡’•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‹
ƒ•‡“—‡…‡Ǥ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘™‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡•’‘–ƒ‡‹–›Ǥ
Creation of the Holistic Goal ‘”˜‹•‹‘•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–‡’
‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••ȋƒ„Ž‡•͕ǡ͖ȌǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒŽǡ‘Ǧ
‹–”—•‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š”‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•—•‡†
–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘˜‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ȋ͖͔͔͙Ǧ͖͔͔͛Ȍ–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽǤ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ƒ•ƒ‰”‘—’ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘
ˆ‘…—•‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡„”ƒ‹•–‘”‹‰•‡••‹‘‡‰ƒ‰‡†–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–‘‘Ž•–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‡‡†‡†ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡
–Š‡›†‡•‹”‡†Ǥ„”‘ƒ†Ǧ•’‡…–”—‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•—‡†Ǥ
Tools and Testing Questions ™‡”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”• ’ƒ••‡†
ȋ͖͔͔͜Ǧ͖͔͕͕ȌǤ‡•–‹‰—‡•–‹‘•ȋƒ„Ž‡͕Ȍ™‡”‡—•‡†–‘†‡…‹†‡™Š‹…Š
–‘‘Ž• ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ‘•– •‡•‡ ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ† ϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡Žƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡™‡”‡‘‹–‘”‡†„›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡
…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ…‘•›•–‡”‘…‡••‡•Ǣ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•–ƒ†‹‰™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
‘”™ƒ–‡”ϐŽ‘™‹–Š‡ƒ‰‘Ž‘‹˜‡”ǤŠƒ‰‡•‹†‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‡”•ƒ†
Mali ABC
Family not living
in Sanambele
Mali Government
Mali Malaria
Research and
Training Center
Insiders part of whole
Decision makers
Other villagers
Plan Mali
The Whole
[Village of Sanambele]
Village store
and boutique
owners
Teachers
grades 1–9
Montana State
University
L’Institut
d’Economie Rurale
Outsiders indirectly affected
by the whole
Nomadic
Fulani
Herders
Village
Health
Center
Outsiders directly affected
by the whole
Figure 2. Diagram of the “Whole” with specific stakeholders directly and
indirectly affected by the holistic goal of the village of Sanambele, Mali
regarding malaria management.
•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•™‡”‡—†‡”•–‘‘†„›‘‹–‘”‹‰–Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
—ƒ›•–‡”‘…‡••‡•Ǣ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹…‹†‡…‡ƒ††‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ…Š‹Ž†”‡͔–‘͙›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ‰‡ȋƒ„Ž‡͖ȌǤ
The Feedback Loop ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† ˆ”‘ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”• ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
…Žƒ••”‘‘•ȋ™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡†ˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒ•…‘ǦŽ‡ƒ”‡”•Ȍƒ’’Ž›‹‰‡•–‹‰
—‡•–‹‘•–Š‡›•‡Ž‡…–‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘‡ƒ•—”‡’”‘‰”‡••ȋƒ„Ž‡͕ǡ͖ȌǤ
Focus Groups‹…Ž—†‡†‰‡†‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•…—••‹‘•‘˜ƒŽ—‡•†—”‹‰
ƒ”…Š͖͔͔͙ȋƒ–‡‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͝Ȍƒ†ƒ”…Š͖͔͔͚ǡƒ†‘”‡•‘—”…‡•
‹ƒ”…Šǡ‡’–‡„‡”ǡƒ†…–‘„‡”͖͔͔͛Ǥ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••
™ƒ•Š‡Ž†‹ƒ”…Š͖͔͔͜ǡƒ”…Šƒ†‡’–‡„‡”͖͔͔͝ǡƒ”…Š͖͔͕͔ǡ
ƒ†—‡͖͔͕͕Ǥ‘…—•‰”‘—’•…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ͕͙–‘͖͔‡ƒ†™‘‡Ǥ
Stakeholder Meetings™‹–Šˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒ†•–—†‡–•ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
…Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡƒ†‹‡”Ǧ‡•‹–‡‡–‘”•™‡”‡Š‡Ž†ƒ–˜ƒ”›‹‰‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•
†—”‹‰–Š‡͚›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡•‡‡‡–‹‰•™‡”‡Š‡Ž†ǣƒƒ„‡Ž‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡƒƒ„‡Ž‡‘‡ǯ•••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒƒ„‡Ž‡‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
Table 2. How community needs are addressed using the Holistic Management model in
generic and summary terms with respect to the village of Sanambele, Mali.
HOLISTIC
MANAGEMENT Model1
COMMUNITY NEED
HOW this Happens Generically
HOW this happened in Sanambele with Malaria Eradication2
–‡’ͳǤ
‡ϐ‹‡–Š‡DzŠ‘Ž‡dz͵
”—•–ƒ†
acceptance
Šƒ”‹‰…—Ž–—”‡‹†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ‘…—•‰”‘—’•‘–ƒ‹‡†‘Ž›ƒ–…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡
Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—–Dz™Š‘Ž‡dz•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•͵
‘‡•–ƒ›•‘ˆȀƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ȁˆƒ…—Ž–›Ȁ•…‹‡–‹•–•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†
™‹–Š˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
–‡’ʹǤ
”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‘Ž‹•–‹…
‘ƒŽ͵
Šƒ”‡†
‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ„‘—–’”‘„Ž‡
…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡˜‹•‹‘ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡϐ‹†‹‰™‹Ǧ™‹
solutions͵
‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•–‘”‹‡••Šƒ”‡†‘ˆ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ…ƒ—•‹‰ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒ†
ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡‘•“—‹–‘‡•…ƒ””›‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
„”‹…Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ•Š‘™‡”•ȏ‹‰—”‡ͳȐ
–‡’͵Ǥ
†‡–‹ˆ›–‘‘Ž•ǡ–‡•–ˆ‘”
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›4
”‡ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•
ƒ†‹…”ƒˆ––‡”’”‹•‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Š”‹˜‡•‘Ž‘…ƒŽ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›
ȏ‹‰—”‡͵Ȑ
”ƒ‹•–‘”‹‰ǡ–‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž–›4
‘—‹–›ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••’”‘Œ‡…–•‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•…Š‘‘Žȏ‹‰—”‡͵Ȑ
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”•‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒȀ‹…”‘•…‘’‡™‘”•Š‘’•
Step 4.
Action and
Žƒƒ…–‹‘•ǡ—•‡‡‡†„ƒ… ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…Ž‘‘’
‘‘’ͷ
…–‹‘’Žƒ•ǡƒ‰”‡‡‹‰‘Š‘™ƒ†
™Š‡–‘‘‹–‘”ƒ†”‡ƒ†Œ—•–ͷ
ƒ”˜ƒŽ‘•“—‹–‘‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–™‹–ŠŽ‘…ƒŽ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ȏ‹‰—”‡•ͶǡͷȐ
ͳ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••†‘‡•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘……—”‹ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”’ƒ–Šƒ†•–‡’•ƒ›‘……—”•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ
‘”…Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›‘ˆŠ‘™ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ††”‡••‡†‹–•Š‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ†‹…ƒ–‹‘‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡ•‡‡—’’Ž‡‡–ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ’†ˆ•Ȁƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ…–‹‘•Ǥ’†ˆǤ
3
—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‹•†‹•…—••‡†ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡Ǥ
4
”‡•‡–”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ††‹•…—••‡†ƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–Ǥ
5
…‘•›•–‡”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†—ƒ›•–‡”‘…‡••‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ†—•‡†‹‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–Ǥ
ʹ
48
American Entomologist • Spring 2013
Š‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡‘—…‹Ž‘ˆŽ†‡”•ȋ͖Ǧ͘–‹‡•’‡”›‡ƒ”ȌǢƒƒ„‡Ž‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•…Š‘‘Ž’”‹…‹’ƒŽǡ„‹‘Ž‘‰›–‡ƒ…Š‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ȋ‰”ƒ†‡•͕Ǧ͝Ȍ
ƒ†ƒƒ„‡Ž‡Ž‹‹…Š‡ƒŽ–Š™‘”‡”•ȋ›‡ƒ”Ž›ȌǢ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒƒ‘
‡†‹…ƒŽ‡–‘‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ȋƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†”ƒ‹‹‰‡–‡”Ȍȋ‡˜‡”›͖›‡ƒ”•ȌǢƒ†ŽƒƒŽ‹ȋ‘Ž›‘‡˜‹•‹–ȌȋŽƒƒŽ‹͖͔͕͖Ȍȋ‹‰Ǥ͖ȌǤ
Transformed Classrooms
Š”‡‡…‘—”•‡•™‡”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†„›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰Ž‡…–—”‡•ƒ†
ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘’”ƒ…–‹…‹‰–Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹‰ǡƒ†˜ƒŽ—‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ™‹•†‘„›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š
ƒ•’‡…‹ϐ‹……‘—‹–›ǣƒ†‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‹‡…‡•ǣ
‘Ž‹•–‹…Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ͖͕͘ȌǢŽƒ–…‹‡…‡•ƒ†
Žƒ–ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‘˜‡”–›ǡ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǣ‘…‡’–•ƒ†…–‹‘
‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋ͚͙͘ȌǢƒ†Žƒ‹––±”ƒ–—”‡‡–Žƒ…—Ž–—”‡ƒŽ‹‡‡•
ȋ͔͘͝ȌǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”™ƒ•ƒ…ƒ’•–‘‡•‡‹ƒ”ǡ–ƒ—‰Š–‡–‹”‡Ž›‹
”‡…Š–‘‹–”‘†—…‡•–—†‡–•–‘•‡‹ƒŽƒŽ‹ƒƒ—–Š‘”•ˆ”‘
˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…•ǡŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›ˆ”‘–Š‹•…‘—”•‡
‹–‡”ƒ…–‡†‹ƒ–”ƒ•†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›™ƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”–™‘…‘—”•‡•–‘
ƒ••‹•–™‹–Šƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹“—‹”›ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ•‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•ƒˆ–‡”„‡‹‰
™‡ŽŽ‰”‘—†‡†‹–Š‡…—Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǧ‘ˆǦˆ‘…—•ȋ—‡Ž
ƒ†
‹—•–‹ǡ͖͔͕͖ȌǤ͚͙͘™ƒ•ƒ—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǧ™‹†‡…‘”‡…‘—”•‡‹
‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†”‡ƒ–‹˜‡…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ͔͘͝™ƒ•‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹‰—‹†‹‰͚͙͘•–—†‡–•–‘™ƒ”†ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘’‡–‡…‡
‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–ŠƒŽ‹ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ‡”Ǥ‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š•…‹‡…‡••–—†‡–•‹
͚͙͘ƒ••‹•–‡†”‡…Š•–—†‡–•‹—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒƒ†‘•“—‹–‘Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡•‹–‡‡–‘”–‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•
™ƒ•–™‘Ǧ–‹‡”‡†ȋ—‡Ž‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͕ȌǤ‹‡”Ǧ‡‡–‘”•™‡”‡•‡˜‡
ƒŽ‹ƒ•™Š‘”‡…‡‹˜‡†–™‘›‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡ǤǤˆ‘”‰Ž‹•Š–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡†‡‰”‡‡…‘’Ž‡–‹‘ǡƒ†•’‡…‹ϐ‹…–”ƒ‹‹‰‹–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••
ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹‰ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•…‘…‡’–•‘ˆ„‘––‘Ǧ—’
…‘—‹–›‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–ƒ†ƒ…–‹‘”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡›ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ƒŽ‹
‰”‹Ǧ—•‹‡••‡–‡”ȋȌ‡–‘”–‡ƒǤ‹‡”Ǧ™‘‡–‘”•™‡”‡
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•™Š‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‡†‹†‹”‡…–Ž›™‹–Š…Žƒ••”‘‘•
ƒ††‹”‡…–Ž›™‹–Šˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒ†•–—†‡–•Ǥ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‘Ž›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
…‘‡…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡˜‹•‹–•™ƒ•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‹‡–‘”–‡ƒ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰–‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǣƒ͖ǦŠ‘—”–”‹’˜‹ƒƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡…ƒ”‘”ƒ
͜ǦŠ‘—”˜‹•‹–˜‹ƒ’—„Ž‹…„—•ǤŽƒ–‡”›‡ƒ”•ȋ͖͔͔͝Ǧ͖͔͕͕Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒŽ‹
–‡ƒ…‘—‹…ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡•‹–‡‡–‘”•„›…‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡Ǥ
‘–Š‡”…‘—‹–›ˆ‘…—•™ƒ•–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‡‡‡”ǡǡ™Š‡”‡”‡•‹†‡–••‡”˜‡†ƒ•‡–‘”•ˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ǤǤ…Žƒ••”‘‘•™‘”‹‰™‹–Šƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ—””‡–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡”•–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒ–
Š‹‡ˆ—ŽŽ‹ˆ‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ȋƒ–”‹„ƒŽǦƒƒ‰‡†…‘—‹–›…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹ƒ‡
‡‡”ǡȌǡ–”‹„ƒŽŽ†‡”•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”–”‹„ƒŽ‡„‡”••‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ†˜‹•‘”•
‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ•’‡…–••—…Šƒ•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰†‡…‹•‹‘•Ǥ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡ƒ†ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•‘……—””‡†‹
’‡”•‘‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡†—”‹‰͖͔͔͘Ǧ͖͔͔͝ȋŠƒ‹‹‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͔ȌǤ‘•–‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒŽ‹‡–‘”•ƒŽ•‘˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡͖͔͔͙Ǧ͖͔͕͕ȋ—‡Žƒ†…ƒ”–‡›͖͔͔͙ȌǤ
Results
Malaria Deaths
……‘”†‹‰–‘”‡…‘”†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡ƒŽ–Š‡–‡”ǡ–Š‡‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ˆ”‘…‡”‡„”ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒȋƒŽŽ…Š‹Ž†”‡͔Ǧ͙›‡ƒ”•Ȍ
†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†’”‡…‹’‹–‘—•Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ•‡ƒ•‘‘ˆ͖͔͔͛ȋƒ„Ž‡͗ȌǤ
͖͔͔͜ǡ†‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘…‡”‡„”ƒŽȋ•‡˜‡”‡ȌƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†
͗͛’‡”…‡–…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”•ǡ†‡•’‹–‡ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‡”‡„”ƒŽ
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‘—–„”‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‹–Šƒ–•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ”›•‡ƒ•‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‘ˆ ‘•“—‹–‘ Žƒ”˜ƒ‡ „‡‰ƒ ‹ ƒ”…Š ͖͔͔͝Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ †‡ƒ–Š•
ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡‹͖͔͔͝ƒ†•‹…‡͖͔͔͝ǡ„—–‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡••—…Šƒ•‘‰‘Žƒƒ†ƒ‘ǡ…‘–‹—‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”–ƒŽ‹–›
ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹͖͔͔͝ǡ͖͔͕͔ǡƒ†͖͔͕͕ȋ”‡’‘”–‡†„›ƒƒ„‡Ž‡‡ƒŽ–Š
‡–‡” ͖͔͕͕ ƒ† ‘‰‘Žƒ ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ”‡•‹†‡–• ͖͔͕͔ȌǤ ‡‹‰Š„‘” ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
‘—–”‡ƒ…Š „‡‰ƒ ‹ ͖͔͕͔Ǥ Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†
ˆ”‘͕ǡ͔͔͔‹͖͔͔͛–‘͕ǡ͖͔͔‹͖͔͕͖ȋ”‡’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Š‹‡ˆ
͖͔͔͛ǡ͖͔͕͖ȌǤŠ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Šƒ•–Š—•ˆƒ””‡ˆ—•‡†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–…‡•—•
’”‘…‡••ȋǡȌǤ
Table 3. Comparison of Sanambele village deaths from malaria in comparison to mortality from malaria in
Mali as a whole, and Sanambele Women’s Association handicraft enterprise involvement and profit.
Indicators of Progress toward Holistic Goal of
Malaria Eradication
—„‡”‘ˆ†‘…—‡–‡††‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ͳ
‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹œ‡‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡
20071
20081,2
2009
20103
20114
ͺ
ͷ
Ͳ
Ͳ
Ͳ
͹ͷͲ
ͳǡͲͲͲ
ͳǡʹͲͲ
ͳǡʹͲͲ
ͳǡʹͲͲ
ͳǡ͹ͺʹ
ͳǡʹʹ͹
ʹǡ͵͵ͳ
ʹǡͲͲ͸
ʹǡͳʹͺ
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ͷ
ͳʹǡ͹Ͳͷǡ͹͵͹
ͳ͵ǡͲͳͲǡʹͲͲ
ͳͷǡ͵͸ͻǡͺͲͻ
ͳͷǡͺ͵ͻǡͷ͵ͺ
—„‡”‘ˆ™‘‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡ʹǡ͵ǡͶ
ʹ
ͳͶ
ʹ͹
Ͷ͵
ͳͲͷ
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘‡ǯ•‡˜‡—‡ˆ”‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡
ƒ†‹…”ƒˆ––‡”’”‹•‡͵ǡͶ
̈́͹ͷ
̈́͸ͲͲ
̈́ͳǡͲͳͳ
̈́ͳǡͺͲͲ
̈́ͳǡʹ͸Ͷ
—„‡”‘ˆ…‘ϐ‹”‡††‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹
‹ƒŽ‹
‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹œ‡‘ˆƒŽ‹
ͳ
ŽŽ†‘…—‡–‡†ȋƒƒ„‡Ž‡‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡ƒŽ–Š‡–‡”Ȍ†‡ƒ–Š•™‡”‡…Š‹Ž†”‡Ͳ–‘ͷ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡‘†‘…—‡–‡††‡ƒ–Š•‹ʹͲͳʹǡ‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ
–ƒ”–‹‰‹ʹͲͲͺǡ‡ƒ†„‘›•ȏƒ‰‡•ͳͳǦͳͶȐ…‘–”‹„—–‡†Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–Ž‹‡•–‘–Š‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǥ
͵
ʹͲͳͲǡ–Š‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡„‡…ƒ‡ƒ‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽǡ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–•™‡”‡…‘–”‹„—–‡†„›™‘‡’‘––‡”•ǡ„ƒ•‡–™‡ƒ˜‡”•ǡ™‘‘†™‘”‡”•ǡ
ƒ†„Žƒ…•‹–Š•ǤŠ‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡‘‡ǯ•••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘„—‹Ž–ƒ™‘””‘‘ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’”‘ϐ‹–•ǡƒ†”‡…‡‹˜‡†–Š‡‹”ϐ‹”•–‘”†‡”ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–‹“—‡‹ƒƒ‘Ǥ
4
ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡„‡‰ƒƒ”‡–‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–•˜‹ƒ–Š‡–‡”‡–ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒƒǤ‡–Ǥ›—‡ʹͲͳͳǡ™‘‡Šƒ†ƒ†‡ͳͲ͵‹…”‘Ž‘ƒ•–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’”‘ϐ‹–•‹–Š‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
ͷ
ʹͲͲ͸ǡ–Š‡†‘…—‡–‡†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‹™ƒ•ͳͳǡͻ͸ͺǡ͵͹͹Ǣ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ʹͶǡͲ͹͵…‘ϐ‹”‡††‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ
ʹ
American Entomologist • Volume 59, Number 1
49
Figure 3. Handicraft and village school art awareness examples from the integrated malaria program in Sanambele, Mali.
Cash Flow and Village Involvement
Documented Level of Education of Village Women
”‡•’‘•‡–‘Dz–‘‘Ž‹†‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘dz–Šƒ–ƒ”‘•‡†—”‹‰–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡƒŠƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†–‘…”‡ƒ–‡…ƒ•ŠϐŽ‘™ȋ‹‰Ǥ͗ȌǤ
™‘™‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Ž‡…Žƒ••͕„‡‰ƒ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‹‘˜‡„‡”
͖͔͔͛™Š‡–Š‡›”‡…‡‹˜‡†–Š‡‹”ϐ‹”•–‘”†‡”Ǥ•–—†‡–•ƒŒ‘”‹‰
‹”‡…Š™‹–Šƒ„—•‹‡••‹‘”‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‹†‡ƒ•†—”‹‰ƒ”…Š͖͔͔͜
ˆ‘”Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–•‡ŽŽ‹‘œ‡ƒǡǤ›͖͔͕͕ǡ
–Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–͕͔͙™‘‡
–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒƒ„‡Ž‡™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹…”‡ƒ–‹‰Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–•Ǥ•
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ…ƒ•–‡„ƒ””‹‡”•™‡”‡„”‘‡Ǥ
”‘–Š‡’”‘ϐ‹–•ǡ͕͔͗‹…”‘Ž‘ƒ•ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰͕͔͂‡ƒ…Šǡ™‡”‡‰‹˜‡
„›ƒƒ„‡Ž‡™‘‡–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ—ƒŽ”‡˜‡—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–
‡–‡”’”‹•‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘͙͂͛‹͖͔͔͛–‘͕͂ǡ͚͘͘‹͖͔͕͕ˆ‘”ƒ–‘–ƒŽ
‘ˆ͂͘ǡ͙͔͛ǤȋŠ‡’‡”…ƒ’‹–ƒ‹…‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ
͙͔͂’‡”›‡ƒ”ǤȌ‘‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‹͖͔͕͔„—‹Ž–ƒ—†Ǧ„”‹…Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–™‘”•Š‘’ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡
…‡–‡”‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǥƒ”‡–•‘’‡‡†‹ƒƒ‘ǡ
ƒŽ‹Ǣ‘œ‡ƒǡǢƒ†‘–Š‡–‡”‡–ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒƒǤ‡–Ǥ
•ƒŽŽǡ”‡‘–‡ˆ”‹…ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†‘‡•‘–”‡“—‹”‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›‹‘”†‡”
–‘ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ ‡ †‘…—‡–‡† –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™‘‡‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ•—‰‰‡•––Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ
…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‘†‡–‘—•‡‹–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹
–Š‹• …‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”‡‡†•–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ›͖͔͔͛ǡ
–™‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ™‘‡Šƒ†–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘”‡ƒ†ƒ†™”‹–‡ǡ
‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”Ǥ
Transformed Classrooms and Village Involvement
›—‡͖͔͕͕ǡ͕͗͛•–—†‡–•ƒ†•‹šˆƒ…—Ž–›Šƒ†„‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†
™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ˜‹ƒ –Š”‡‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† …Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡™ƒ•‡š…Šƒ‰‡††—”‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡˜‹•‹–•™‹–Šƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•
ˆ”‘͖͔͔͖Ǧ͖͔͕͕„›͕͗ˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒ†͕͘—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ƒ†‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘ǡŠ‹‡ˆ—ŽŽ‹ˆ‡‘—‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ
ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǦ‹˜‡”•‹†‡ǡƒ†‹”‰‹‹ƒ‡…ŠǢƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ˜‹†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”Ǣ
ƒ†–Š”‡‡‘–ƒƒ’—„Ž‹…•‡…‘†ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•Ǥ
50
Changes in Malaria Knowledge Base in the Village
› ͖͔͕͕ǡ ™‡ †‘…—‡–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ†‡‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǣ
• ‘–Š‡”•‹’”‘˜‡†–Š‡‹”‡‡”‰‡…›’Žƒˆ‘”…‡”‡„”ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ
• ǡ ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ ‘‡ǯ• ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ
™‡‡Ž›™‘‡ǯ•Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›…‘—”•‡ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†
Š‡”‘™…‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡Ǥ
• ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ȋ͕͔‡ƒ†͕͔™‘‡Ǣ͕‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‰‡†‡”™‡”‡
Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡ȌŽ‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒƒ†‘•“—‹–‘Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ
• ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‡ƒ”‡†™Š‹…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Žƒ–•—•‡†
ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‹ƒŠƒ†ƒ‡•–‡”•…‹‡–‹ϐ‹…„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ
• ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ȋ‡ƒ†™‘‡Ȍƒ†›‘—–Šȋ͕͔–‘͕͙›‡ƒ”•
‘Ž†ȌŽ‡ƒ”‡†ƒ†—•‡†‘•“—‹–‘Žƒ”˜ƒ‡•ƒ’Ž‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǡ
‹†‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒǡƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ Žƒ”˜ƒŽƒ…–‹‘
–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†•Ǥ
American Entomologist • Spring 2013
• ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ȋ‡ƒ†™‘‡Ȍǡ›‘—–Šǡƒ†…Š‹Ž†”‡ȋ͙–‘
͕͔›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†Ȍ’”ƒ…–‹…‡†Žƒ”˜ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–—•‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†
„‘–ƒ‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
• ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•…Š‘‘Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–••–”‡‰–Š‡‡†’”‘–‘œ‘ƒƒ†‘•“—‹–‘Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ȋ”‡“—‹”‡†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•
‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”‹–Š‰”ƒ†‡”•‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–
ƒŽ‹Ȍƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡†Š‘™–‘—•‡–Š‡…‘’‘—†‹…”‘•…‘’‡–‘
†‹ƒ‰‘•‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹„Ž‘‘†•‡ƒ”•Ǥ
Case History of Interactions of Villagers, Decision
Makers, and Transformed Classrooms
‹˜‡Ǧƒ†Ǧ–ƒ‡–Šƒ–Ž‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
Ž‘…ƒŽ†‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘…‡”‡„”ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹•†‘…—‡–‡†‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡Š‹•–‘”›ȋ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠ––’ȀȀǣ™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ’†ˆ•Ȁ
ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ…–‹‘•Ǥ’†ˆȌǤ
Š‡†ƒ›ƒˆ–‡”ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ‡ƒ†™‘‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹„ƒ””‹‡”–‘–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘…—•
‰”‘—’’”‘…‡••‹͖͔͔͙ǡ™‹–Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†ƒŽ‹ƒ‹‡”Ǧ‡•‹–‡
‡–‘”•ǡ–Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡‘‡ǯ•••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–ȋȌ”‡Žƒ›‡†
ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡˜‹ƒ„‹…›…Ž‡‡••‡‰‡”–‘–Š‡–‡ƒ‹ƒ‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†ƒŽ‹–‡ƒ—•–”‡–—”–‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡
–‘”‡…‡‹˜‡–™‘Ž‹˜‡…Š‹…‡•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•›„‘Ž–Šƒ–ƒ‡™ǡ
†‡‡’‡”ǡŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ‘”
ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ –Š‹• Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘—–•‹†‡”• •‡‡‡†
ƒ•–‘—†‹‰ƒ†Ž‡†–‘ƒ‡™Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ…‘‹–‡–Ǥ
˜‡”–Š‡‡š–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ȋǡ
Ȍƒ†–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–•
ƒ†‡—‡”‘—•˜‹•‹–•–‘ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ„ƒ…Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘…‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ƒ–ǤŠ‡
ƒŽ‡ƒ†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒˆϐ‹”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡
ȋŠ‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽȌ™ƒ•ƒƒŽƒ”‹ƒǦˆ”‡‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Š‘‡•–ƒ›•™‡”‡
‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†–‘Š‡Ž’‘—–•‹†‡”•—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—”‹‰
Š‘‡•–ƒ›•ǡŽ‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•…ƒ—•‹‰Š—ƒƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
ƒ†‘•“—‹–‘‡•…ƒ””›‹‰–Š‡’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•™‡”‡–‘Ž†„›•–—†‡–•ƒ†
ˆƒ…—Ž–›Š‡Ž’‡†„›™‘”†Ž‡••†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†‹–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
…Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•‘ˆ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ•–Šƒ–…ƒ—•‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤŠ‡›–Š‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†
–Š‡‘•–˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…›…Ž‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡–‹‡™Š‡
ƒ’‡”•‘‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‡˜‡”•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒ†—•—ƒŽŽ›—…‘•…‹‘—•Ǥ
Š‹•‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ––‹‡–‘—•‡„‡†‡–•–‘’”‡˜‡–ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ǥ–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ”‡††—”‹‰–Š‡•‡˜‹•‹–•
–Šƒ–‹–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡‘ˆƒƒ„ƒ”ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡŽ‹‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•†‹†‘–•‹–—†‡”„‡†‡–•ƒ–†—•ǡ†—”‹‰’‡ƒ‡˜‡‹‰
ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡„‹–‹‰–‹‡•ȋ‘Šƒ‡•ƒ†‘‡Ž‡‡͖͔͕͖Ǣƒ””‹•‡–ƒŽǤ
͖͔͔͚ȌǤˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›—•‡†„‡†‡–•‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡‘–—•‡†
—–‹Ž͗–‘͙Š‘—”•ƒˆ–‡”†—•ǡ™Š‡•—’’‡”™ƒ•…‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒ†ƒ
•‘…‹ƒŽ–‹‡™‹–Šˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†‘–Š‡”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•™ƒ•…‘’Ž‡–‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ
†—”‹‰’‡ƒƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡„‹–‹‰–‹‡•ǡ‘Ž›–Š‡‹‘„‹Ž‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•
ȋ–Š‡…‘ƒ–‘•‡ƒ†…Š‹Ž†”‡͔–‘͛‘–Š•‘Ž†Ȍ™‡”‡—†‡”„‡†‡–•ǡ
‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›Š‡Ž’‡†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡
Žƒ”˜ƒŽ‘‹–‘”‹‰‹’‘‘Ž•‹–Š‡†”›”‹˜‡”‡ƒ”–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǢŽ‘…ƒ–‡
’‘••‹„Ž‡ Žƒ”˜ƒŽ ”‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•Ǣ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›
ƒ‘’Š‡Ž‹‡Žƒ”˜ƒ‡˜‡”•—•‘–Š‡”‘•“—‹–‘Žƒ”˜ƒ‡Ǣƒ†—•‡ƒ•–—†‡–Ǧ
‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ǡ‡–‡”ˆ‘”‹•‡ƒ•‡‘–”‘ŽȋȌǦ†‘ƒ–‡†‘‹Ž‹‡”•‹‘
‹…”‘•…‘’‡–‘†‹ƒ‰‘•‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹„Ž‘‘†•‡ƒ”•ȋ‹‰Ǥ͘ȌǤ
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”• –”ƒ‹‡† •–—†‡–• ƒ† ˆƒ…—Ž–› ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
ƒƒ‰‡‡–—•‹‰Ž‘…ƒŽ’Žƒ–•Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•–Š‡’‘•‡†•’‡…‹ϐ‹…“—‡•–‹‘•–‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‡–•ǡ™Š‘„”‘—‰Š––Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†‡š–”ƒ…–•‘ˆ
’Žƒ–•ƒ’Ž‡•„ƒ…–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†
Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•Ǥ–—†‡–•ƒ•™‡”‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹„”ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋ›‡–ƒŽǤ
͖͔͔͝Ȍƒ†–‹••—‡…—Ž–—”‡•–—†‹‡•ȋ‡†•‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͜ȌǤ
American Entomologist • Volume 59, Number 1
– –Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘” ȋȌ ƒ•‡† ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”• ™Šƒ– ™ƒ•
‹••‹‰ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ’”‘…‡••ǡ‹š‡†™‹–Š•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ
™ƒŽ•–‘‰”‡‡–‘–Š‡”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡƒ†˜‹•‹–•–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǯƒ‰‘‘”…Šƒ”†•
ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡‰ƒ”†‡•Ǥ‡†ƒ›ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‹–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•
ȋȌ…‘—”–›ƒ”†–‘†‹•…—••–Š‹•ƒ††”‡™‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘”’—–ƒ…–—ƒŽ
•ƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡–”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡‘Žƒ”‰‡’‹‡…‡•‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”
•’”‡ƒ†‘–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ…‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š‡”‡™ƒ•
ƒ‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡–”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‘—”…‡•
‡‡†‡†–‘‡‡––Š‡‹”Š‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽǤ‘–‹…‡†–™‘™‘‡“—‹‡–Ž›
…”‘…Š‡–‹‰†—”‹‰–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ›„‡
ƒ‡…‘‘‹…‡‰‹‡ǣ–Š‡‹”‘™Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ
‹’‘”–ƒ––—”‹‰’‘‹–ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ƒϐŽ‘‘†‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‡‡”‰›
–Šƒ–‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”ȋ
Ȍƒ†Š‡”
•–—†‡–•’”‘˜‹†‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡™‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›
™‘‡ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘™ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‘—”…‡„ƒ•‡–‘
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž›ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•™ƒ–‡†Ȅ‘
‘”‡†‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒȋƒ„Ž‡͗ȌǤ
Discussion
Roles of the Holistic Process and Transformed
Agriculture Courses in Malaria Management
‹–Š‘—––Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹–Š‹••‡”‹‡•‘ˆ
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡…–•™‘—Ž†‡˜‡”Šƒ˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡†Ǥ‹–Š‘—–…‘–‹—‡†
†‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒ„ƒ–‡‡–‰‘ƒŽ™‘—Ž†
‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†ǤŠ‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••™ƒ•
ϐ‹”•–”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†„›–Š‡…‘—‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘—‹…ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š spe…‹ƒŽƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘…‡••‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒˆ–‡”‹–™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†
‹͖͔͔͙Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡͖͔͔͜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‡”‡„”ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡’‹†‡‹…ǡ–Š‡
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–„›ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Ǧ–ŠƒǦ‡š’‡…–‡†
—„‡”‘ˆ…Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•†‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ
‹–Š‘—––Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡ–Š‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡–‘‡‡–
ƒ†‘˜‡”…‘‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘ƒŽ‹ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘
ƒ††”‡••ƒ‘Ǧƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ–‘’‹…•—…Šƒ•ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‹•’”‡••—”‡”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘•–”‹…–‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†„›
‰‘˜‡”‡–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ””‘™Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘–Š‡
†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹••—‡Ǣ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ˆ‘…—•‡†‘
‰”‘™‹‰…”‘’•ǡƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†‡†‹…ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ˆ‘…—•‡†
‘†‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡•ǤŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘‹•
ƒ…‘—‹–›‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ǣ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǡ•–—†‡–•ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡƒ†•‹–‡Ǧ
‡–‘”•Ǥˆ–‡ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•„‡…ƒ‡–Š‡Dz’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǡdzƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•
„‡…ƒ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡
‹†‡ƒ•ϐŽ‘™‡†ˆ”‡‡Ž›ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ
‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒŽ‹•‹–‡‡–‘”•ƒ†•–—†‡–•
‹–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‹…ƒŽ—”‰‡…›–‘‰‘„‡›‘†–Š‡
•–”‹…–•—„Œ‡…–Ž‹‹–•‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡…–•™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
”‡…‘‰‹œ‡††—”‹‰–Š‡͖͔͔͜ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡’‹†‡‹…‹ƒŽ‹Ǥ‡”‡‹™ƒ•ƒ
‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆDz…Š‡‡–ƒŠ•ǡdz–Š‡›‘—‰‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘
Ž‡˜‡Ž™‹–Š‡™Dz…ƒǦ†‘dzƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡ‘’’‘•‹‰DzŠ‹’’‘•dzȄ–›’‹…ƒŽ„‹‰Ǧ
‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡”‡•’‘•‡•ȋ›‹––‡›͖͔͔͙ȌǤ
Relationship of Listening Process to Success
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ…ƒ•ŠϐŽ‘™ˆ”‘ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†™‘‡ǯ•‡–‡”’”‹•‡
™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡„‡•–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‹‰’”‘…‡••
ȋƒ„Ž‡͗ȌǤƒ”Ž›‹ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡ǤǤ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
…Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ‹•‹–‡‡–‘”•Ž‡ƒ”‡†Š‘™…”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ›
‹’‘”–ƒ–…ƒ•Šƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•™Š‘•‡’”‹ƒ”›‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•
–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Šˆ‘”ƒ›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™‘‡
™ƒ•–Š‡‘—–…‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‡–‡”’”‹•‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡
Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡–Šƒ–Ž‹‡Ž›Ž‡†–‘
ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
Š‹•‡–‡”’”‹•‡„”‘—‰Š––Š‡…‘—‹–›–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒ›
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‘–Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡ǤŠ‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡‰”‡™–‘‹…Ž—†‡‡
ƒ† ™‘‡ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” …ƒ•–‡•Ȁ‰—‹Ž†• ƒ† „‘›• ȋ͕͔Ǧ͕͙ ›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†Ȍ
™Š‘…”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”‘™…”ƒˆ–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡–‘•‡ŽŽȋƒ„Ž‡͗ȌǤ
Š‹•ˆ‘”‘ˆ™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘ƒ…‘‘‰‘ƒŽ™‹–Š‘—–‘—–•‹†‡
Dz’Žƒ‡”•dzȋƒ•–‡”Ž›͖͔͔͚Ȍ™ƒ•ƒ‡…‡••ƒ”›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••
–Šƒ–ƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘”‘–Š‡”…‘—‹–›–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡
•‘…‹ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”•–‘ƒƒ‰‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‘”‡‡–‘–Š‡”Š‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ•
…‘‡…–‹‘•™‹–Š„‘—–‹“—‡•‹ƒƒ‘•–”‡‰–Š‡ǡ–Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡
‘‡ǯ•ƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ†›ƒ”‡–‘–”‡“—‹”‹‰ǤǤ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‹•‡–‹”‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡”‡•—Ž–‡††‹”‡…–Ž›
ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••Ǥ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•–Šƒ––Š‹•‡–‡”’”‹•‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†…ƒ•Š‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡†”›
•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›™‡–•‡ƒ•‘ǡ™Š‡–Š‡‰ƒ”†‡•ƒ†‰”ƒ‹ϐ‹‡Ž†•
…ƒ‘–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡…ƒ•ŠǤ
Trust and Respect
‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ„‘—–Ž‘…ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡ƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰•‹…‡”‡ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǯ…—Ž–—”‡™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›ǡ„—–‘–•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–Ǥ‘
–”ƒ•‹– ‘‡ǯ• ‘™ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ϐ‹”•– „‡…‘‡
–”—•–‡†„›–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥƒ…—Ž–›ƒ†•–—†‡–•Ž‹˜‹‰™‹–Šˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•
‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒ™‡‡ƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ž‡†–‘–”—•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ƒ†‘’‡‡†–Š‡†‘‘”–‘ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹“—‹”›‘–Š‡’ƒ”–
‘ˆǤǤ•–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›ǤŠ‹•—–—ƒŽ”‡•’‡…–ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘–‘„‡…‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘—–‹‡ƒ†
Ž‡†–‘•—•–ƒ‹‡†ƒ†‘’–‹‘”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‹’Ž‡—’–ƒ‡ǡ‘”‘™‹‰
a
a
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›†‘‹‰‘–Š‹‰Ǥ
Village Governance and Sustainable, Villagebased Malaria Management
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ †‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ‹ ƒ …‘—‹–› —•– „‡
—†‡”•–‘‘† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ Š‘Ž‹•–‹… ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ƒ†‘’–‡† ƒ• ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž
ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹†‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥˆ”‹…ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰‘˜‡”‡†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› „› ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† ‘—…‹Ž ‘ˆ Ž†‡”• —•‡ ƒ …‘•‡•—•Ǧ
„ƒ•‡††‡‘…”ƒ…›ȋ›‹––‡›͕͕͝͝ȌǤƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡƒŽŽ‹•‘–’‡”ˆ‡…–Ǥ
ŽŽ †‡…‹•‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‘” ™‹–Š •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹
‹†ǤŠ‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ
Village Views of Interactions with Transformed Classrooms
‡‡†„ƒ… ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• •—ƒ”‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ȋǡ
Ȍƒ†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣDz‡ƒ”‡†‡Ž‹‰Š–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘…‘–‹—‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡…ƒ—•‡™‡
„‡‡ϐ‹–ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ‡ƒ”‡•ƒ–‹•ϐ‹‡†Ǥdz
Opening the Mind Beyond Western Culture
‘„‡‰‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‡•–‡”—Ž–—”‡•ǡ‹–
™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›–‘Ž‹˜‡‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡
‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡–‘Ž‹•–‡ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‹–ŠŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ
–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†›ƒ‹…Ǥ‡‰‡ȋ͕͕͝͝Ȍ”‡‹†•‘‡–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡
‡›‡…ƒ‘–•‡‡–Š‡‡›‡Ǥdz‡…ƒ—•‡‘‡ƒ……‡’–•–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–Dzϐ‹–dz
‘‡ǯ•’”‡…‘…‡‹˜‡†‘–‹‘•‘ˆ”‹‰Š–ƒ†™”‘‰‘”‰‘‘†ƒ†„ƒ†ǡ
a
b
c
Figure 4. Larval detection and monitoring equipment invented by Sanambele villagers from local materials: a) Long-handled calebasse for dip-sampling
larval rearing pools; b) local leaf used for counting larvae; and c) Village 8th grade receives malaria lesson with their CDC-donated microscope.
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American Entomologist • Spring 2013
–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–†‘‘–ϐ‹–ƒ”‡‹‰‘”‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘‡—•–Ž‡ƒ”–‘•‡‡
–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ȋ‡‰‡͕͕͝͝ȌǤ
‘–Š‹ǡ‹–‡”ƒ…–ǡƒ†•‡‡…‘‡…–‡†‡••‹‡™ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
™ƒ›••‘‡–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡•‰—‹†ƒ…‡ˆ”‘ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‹‰‡‘—•
…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ƒ–™‡”‡‰”‡ƒ–Ž›•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†„›‹…Ž—†‹‰
ƒ–Š‹”†…—Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡ȋŠƒ‹‹‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͔ȌǤ–™ƒ•
ˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡–Šƒ–
–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒ›–Š‹‰•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”••’‘‡‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ƒ„ƒ”ƒǡ‘•–—†‡–•
‘” ˆƒ…—Ž–› …‘—Ž†Ǥ Ž› •‹–‡ ‡–‘”• ™‡”‡ ϐŽ—‡– ‹ ƒ„ƒ”ƒ ƒ†
‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡ƒŽŽ•’‘‡‰Ž‹•ŠϐŽ—‡–Ž›ǡ‘•–ƒ•
ƒϐ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡Š‡Ž’‡†—•—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡
–”‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Š‡›‡‡Šƒ†
Ž‘•––Š”‘—‰Šˆ‘”…‡†ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Š‡›‡‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘
†‡•…”‹„‡–‘–Š‡‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹…ƒ•–—†‡–•ƒ†ˆƒ…—Ž–›–Š‡•—„–Ž‡–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǡ‰”‘—’Ǧ…‡–‡”‡†ǡ‘Ǧ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǦˆ‘…—•‡†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
‡–‘”‡‡–‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡ϐ‹Ž
–Š‡›ƒ†‡ȋŠƒ‹‹‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͔Ȍǡ–Š‡•‡‹•‹‰Š–•†‹ˆˆ—•‡†–‘•–—†‡–•
‹–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘™Š‘™‡”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘˜‹•‹––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ
Storytelling
ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹‘”ƒŽǦ„ƒ•‡†‹†‹‰‡‘—•…—Ž–—”‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡ
•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹•‘ˆ–‡–Š‡‘•–…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ……‡’–‡†™ƒ›–‘–”ƒ•‹–
–Š‡‡‡†ƒ†‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”…Šƒ‰‡ȋ‡••‡”•…Š‹†–͖͔͔͜ȌǤƒƒ„‡Ž‡
Šƒ•ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†…Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡ȋƒ͘–Š‘”͙–Š‰”ƒ†‡
•–—†‡–Ȍ ™Š‘•‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‹• –‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡ •–‘”‹‡• †—”‹‰ •–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰
•‡••‹‘•ƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ•–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡Š‡Ž’‡†‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹…ƒˆƒ…—Ž–›
ƒ†•–—†‡–•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘”›ȋŠƒ‹‹‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͔ȌǤ
Š‡›Š‡Ž’‡†—••‡‡Š‘™–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹•ƒ•–‘”›Ǥ‹–Š
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ–‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†”‡–‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡•‡•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ…ƒ—•‹‰ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǡ•’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ›Plasmodium falciparumǡ
Plasmodium vivaxǡ Plasmodium ovaleǡƒ† Plasmodium malariae and
–Š‡‹”‹•‡…–˜‡…–‘”•ǡAnopheles gambiae ‹Ž‡•ƒ† Anopheles funestusǡ
‹Ž‡•ǡ –Šƒ–…‘˜‡›‡†–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǯƒ…–‹‘•–‘
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤŠ‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘”›‹ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–
Ž‹‡•‹‹–•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–”ƒ•‹–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Sustainable Change
’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘Ž‹•–‹… ’”‘…‡•• ‹ –Š‡ ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ …ƒ•‡ •–—†›
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤŠ‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ”‡•‹–‡Ǧ
•’‡…‹ϐ‹…Ǥ–Š‡”•—……‡••ˆ—Ž…ƒ•‡•–—†‹‡••—…Šƒ•–Š‘•‡”‡’‘”–‡†‹…‘—‹–‹‡•‹™‡•–ƒ†•‘—–ŠŠƒ‹Žƒ†ȋ‘‰•—•—–‹‰—Ž‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͙Ȍ
—•‡†•‹‹Žƒ”’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ„—––Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•™‡”‡•’‡…‹ϐ‹…–‘–Š‡‹”•‹–‡•Ǥ
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡…Šƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ‘Ž›‘……—”‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ
…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡––‘”‡†—…‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‘•“—‹–‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’”‘š‹‹–›–‘Š—ƒ•Šƒ”„‘”‹‰–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ’”‘–‘œ‘ƒ
†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒŽˆ‡˜‡”•–ƒ–‡Ǥ‹–Š‘—–•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡŽ‘…ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘„›ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•‡”‡Ž›•‡‡ƒ•Žƒ„‘”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ
Š‡–Š‡•–‘”›‘ˆ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ˆ”‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡„›–Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•Žƒ„‘”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘•ƒ”‡
—†‡”•–‘‘†ǤŠ‹•ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ”‡”–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒŽ•‘‘
Ž‘‰‡”‡š’‡•‹˜‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•„ƒ•‡†‘—•‹‰Ž‘…ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†
ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›‹–•‡Žˆȋ‹‰Ǥ͙ȌǤ
ƒ”‡”•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‡”‹‡Ž†…Š‘‘Ž‡–Š‘†
ȋ—–Š‡”‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͙Ȍϐ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘ƒ’’Ž›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘˜‡”‹ϐ‹‡•–Š‡„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘””‡…–‡••
‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘”‹‡•‹–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ‡›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ
•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†„›–Š‡‡–‘””‘Ž‡–Š‡›–‘‘‹–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š
–Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† …Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ –Š‡ –ƒ‡• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ˆ‘” ƒ”‡ƒǦ™‹†‡
American Entomologist • Volume 59, Number 1
Figure 5. Potential sustainable plant-based larvicide management for the
village: a) author (HC) prepares neem leaf slurry for larval rearing pool
treatment. b) large neem tree from one of the 81 Sanambele village
neem trees indicate abundant future base resources.
†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‡…Š‹“—‡•Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
…Žƒ••”‘‘‹•–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‹™‹–Š‘–Š‡”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘•‘”™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ••‹•–‹”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ
–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǯŠ‘Ž‹•–‹…‰‘ƒŽǤ
Š‡•‡ϐ‹†‹‰•ƒ›„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž–‘–Š‡‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š••‡„Ž›–Šƒ–
—”‰‡†‡„‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹͖͔͔͙–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š’Žƒ•–‘†‡…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡
‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ„—”†‡͙͛Ψ„›͖͔͕͙Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‹‰–Š‡•‡–ƒ”‰‡–•™‘—Ž†
Šƒ˜‡…‘•–ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†͂͗Ǥ͜–‘͂͘Ǥ͙„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ—ƒŽŽ›„‡–™‡‡͖͔͔͙
ƒ†͖͔͕͙ȋ‹•œ‡™•‹‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͛ȌǤŠ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š†‡•…”‹„‡†
‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹…Ž‡…‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡…‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡
…—””‡–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ
Conclusions
Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•™ƒ•ƒ……‡’–‡†–Šƒ–•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡŽ‘…ƒŽ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ…ƒ„‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ††‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Šƒ
…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‘”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡…Žƒ••”‘‘
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—•‹‰–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡•–‘”›–‡ŽŽ‹‰ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ
—•‹‰–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…’”‘…‡••ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡ”‡“—‹”‡•
•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡––‹‡–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†–‘Ž‡––Š‘•‡‹†‡ƒ•’‡”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡
…‘—‹–›ǤŠ‹•—•–„‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰–”—•–
ƒ†”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǯ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒ††‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ǤŠ‡‹•›’Š‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
‹ˆ”‹…ƒȋ‹–Š‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͕͕Ȍ™‹ŽŽ†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ„‘––‘Ǧ—’ƒ––ƒ…
‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ…ƒ•—……‡‡†™Š‡”—”ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•–ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹
–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‘…ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Acknowledgements
‡–Šƒ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‡••‘•–Š‡›
Šƒ˜‡–ƒ—‰Š–—•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”…‘—‹–›Ǣ͕͗͛•–—†‡–•
‘ˆ͚͙͘ƒ†‹–•’”‡…—”•‘”•ƒ†͖͔•–—†‡–•‘ˆ͔͘͝ƒ–
‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǢƒ†–Š‡Žƒ–‡
”Ǥƒ…›‡…ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ—†‹‰ƒ†‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ‡
™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒƒ”‹‘—Ž‹„ƒŽ›ˆ‘”Š‹••—’’‘”–‹ƒƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ†”Ǥƒƒ†‘—‘—Ž‹„ƒŽ›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒƒ‘…Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ
‡†‹…‹‡ǡƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†”ƒ‹‹‰‡–‡”Ǥ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–
™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‘–ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽš’‡”‹‡––ƒ–‹‘͓͕͕͕͚͕͝
ȋ—‡ŽȌǤŠ‹•’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ‹’ƒ”–ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š•—’’‘”–’”‘˜‹†‡†„›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ
‹‰Š‡”†—…ƒ–‹‘ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡
”ƒ–͓͖͔͔͛Ǧ͕͕͗͘͜Ǧ͕͚͔͜͝ȋ—‡ŽȌƒ†
–Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆϐ‹…‡‘ˆ‹‰Š‡”†—…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ȋȌ—†‡”‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‰”‡‡‡–ǦǦ͔͔Ǧ͛͝Ǧ͔͔͔͙͝Ǧ͔͔ȋ—‡ŽȌǤ’‹‹‘•‡š’”‡••‡††‘‘–‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž›”‡ϐŽ‡…–˜‹‡™•‘ˆǡ
ǡ‘”Ǥ
Literature Cited
Ž˜ƒ”ƒ†‘ǡǤǡǤ—‡Žǡƒ†Ǥ‘—Ž‹„ƒŽ›Ǥ͖͔͕͔Ǥ”‰ƒ‹…’”‘–‡…–‹‘‘ˆ…‘™’‡ƒ•
’‘•–Šƒ”˜‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) —•‹‰•Š‡ƒ„—––‡”ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ
™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ’’–•ƒ•’†ˆ•Ȁ͖͔͕͔’‘•–‡”Ǥ’ˆ
›‹––‡›ǡ
ǤǤǤ͕͕͝͝Ǥ†‹‰‡‘—•ˆ”‹…ƒ•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ”ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ
…Ǥ”†•Ž‡›Ǧ‘Ǧ—†•‘ǡǤ
›‹––‡›ǡ
ǤǤǤ͖͔͔͙Ǥˆ”‹…ƒ—…Šƒ‹‡†ǣŠ‡„Ž—‡’”‹–ˆ‘”ˆ”‹…ƒǯ•ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
ƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ…‹ŽŽƒǤ‡™‘”ǡǤ
Ÿǡƒ†‘—ƒ’Ÿ–±Ǥ͕͕͜͝ǤŠ‡Ž‹˜‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ‘ŽǤ͕Ǥ
‡‡”ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ
ˆ”‹…ƒǣ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ˆ”‹…ƒ’”‡Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ
…‹‡–‹ϐ‹…ǡƒ†—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ”‹•Ǥ
±”‹†‘‰‘ǡ”±Š‹ƒǤ͖͔͔͖Ǥ‡”±‰‹‡†‡•…ƒ•–‡•‡–Ž‡—”†›ƒ‹“—‡ƒ—ƒŽ‹Ǥ
‡…Š‡”…Š‡•ˆ”‹…ƒ‹‡•ǣƒŽ‡•†‡Žƒƒ…—Ž–±†‡•Ž‡––”‡•ǡŽƒ‰—‡•ǡƒ”–•‡–
•…‹‡…‡•Š—ƒ‹‡•†‡ƒƒ‘ȋ͖͖—‡͖͔͔͖ȌǤ‡„Ǥ͖͗’”͖͔͕͖Ǥ
Šƒ‹‹ǡǤǡǤǤ—‡Žǡƒ†Ǥ‹––Ž‡„‡ƒ”Ǥ͖͔͕͔Ǥƒ…‹‰ƒ…”‘••–Š‡‰ƒ’ǣƒ
Œ‘—”‡›‘ˆ†‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǥ‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ͙͚Ǧ‹—–‡†‘…—‡–ƒ”›
ƒ‹”‡†‘‘–ƒƒǡ‘˜‡„‡”͖͔͕͔ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ
’˜‹†‡‘•ǤŠ–Ž
—‡ŽǡǤǤ͖͔͔͜Ǥ‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†—†‡”‰”ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǣƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰
ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ”‡”–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ‹ƒŽ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‡’‘”–ǤǦ
͖͔͔͘Ǧ͔͖͛͛͜ǡ
”ƒ–͓͖͔͔͘Ǧ͕͕͗͘͜Ǧ͕͚͖͛͘Ǥ͓͔͖͔͔͙͛͘Ǥ
—‡ŽǡǤǤǡǤǤŠƒ•ǡƒ†ǤǤ
‡‘”‰‡Ǥ͖͔͕͕Ǥš’ƒ•‹˜‡…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣ
‘†‡Žˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡ…‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ†
•‡”˜‹…‡ǦŽ‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‡ƒ…Š‡”•‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‘—”ƒŽ
͙͙ǣ͚͙Ǧ͛͘Ǥ
Dunkel, F.V., K.T. Gamby, M. Diakete, A. Konate, K. Toure, and D.A. Jenkins.
͕͜͝͝Ǥ–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰Ž‘…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•‹–‘’‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–•›•–‡•ƒ†–Š‡
Ž‘…ƒŽ‡…‘‘‹…„ƒ•‡‘™ˆƒŠ‡Ž‹ƒȀ‡ƒ”ǦƒŠ‡Ž‹ƒƒŽ‹Ǥ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆŠ‹”†
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ›’‘•‹—‘–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š—’’‘”–”‘‰”ƒǤŽƒ…•„—”‰Ǥ͕͙Ǧ͕͜ƒ›͕͜͝͝Ǥ’Ǥ͕͚͗Ǧ͕͙͛Ǥ
—‡ŽǡǤƒ†Ǥ…ƒ”–‡›Ǥ͖͔͔͙Ǥƒ•–‡‡–•‡•–ǣ‘”–Š‡”Š‡›‡‡‘ˆ
‡ƒ•–‡”‘–ƒƒƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ‹ƒ•‘ˆ‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒǤ͚͗Ǧ‹—–‡ϐ‹ŽǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ
™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ’˜‹†‡‘•ǤŠ–Ž Ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ…‘Ȁ
™ƒ–…Šǫ˜α͚͗š̴͕“‰•ǢŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ…‘Ȁ™ƒ–…Šǫ˜α‘
›„“͔͛Ǣ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ…‘Ȁ™ƒ–…Šǫ˜α›•–‡•™Ƭˆ‡ƒ–—”‡α”‡Žˆ—
—‡ŽǡǤƒ†Ǥ
‹—•–‹Ǥ͖͔͕͖Ǥ”‡…Š•–—†‡–•…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–ŠƒŽ‹ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹–Š‡‹”ϐ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤInǤŠ‘ƒ•ǡ‡†Ǥ–—†‹ƒ–••ƒ•ˆ”‘–‹°”‡•
54
ȋ•–—†‡–•™‹–Š‘—–„‘”†‡”•Ȍǣ‘…‡’–•ƒ†‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”•‡”˜‹…‡ǦŽ‡ƒ”‹‰
‹”‡…ŠǤ‡”‹…ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‡”•‘ˆ”‡…ŠǤƒ‰‡•͕͙͗Ǧ͕͙͔
ƒ•–‡”Ž›ǡǤ͖͔͔͚ǤŠ‡™Š‹–‡ƒǯ•„—”†‡ǣŠ›–Š‡‡•–ǯ•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ƒ‹†–Š‡
”‡•–Šƒ˜‡†‘‡•‘—…Š‹ŽŽƒ†•‘Ž‹––Ž‡‰‘‘†Ǥ‡‰—‹”‡••ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ
Š‘•ŠǡǤǤǡǤǤƒ–‹ŽǡǤ‹™ƒ”‹ǡƒ†ǤǤƒ•ŠǤ͖͔͔͚Ǥ…‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡†—…ƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”„‹‘Ǧ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ
–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‘Ž–Š‡ƒ–”‡ȋƒŽƒŒƒ–ŠƒȌ‹”—”ƒŽ†‹ƒǤƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ͙ǣ͛Ǥ™™™Ǥ
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽǤ…‘Ȁ…‘–‡–Ȁ͙Ȁ͕Ȁ͕͖͗
ƒŽ˜‘”•‘ǡǤǤ͖͔͔͘Ǥ‘‡ǯ•ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–ǣ‡•’‘†‹‰–‘…Š‹Ž†Š‘‘††‹ƒ””Š‡ƒ‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡””‡ƒ•ǡƒ‹•–ƒǤ
‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†Žƒ…‡͕͔ǣ͗͘Ǧ͙͜Ǥ
ƒ””‹•ǡǤǡǤƒ–‹ƒ•Ǧ”‡œǡƒ†Ǥ‹ŽŽǤ͖͔͔͚Ǥ‹–‹‰–‹‡‘ˆAnopheles
darlingi‹–Š‡‘Ž‹˜‹ƒƒœ‘ƒ†‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒǤ
”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘›ƒŽ‘…‹‡–›‘ˆ”‘’‹…ƒŽ‡†‹…‹‡ƒ†›‰‹‡‡͕͔͔ǣ
͙͘Ǧ͛͘Ǥ
‡‹•ǡǤǡǤǤ—‡Žǡƒ†ǤǤ
ƒ„›Ǥ͖͔͔͗Ǥ–‘”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
‡‡‡”‡Ž‡š–”ƒ…–ǣ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘‘˜‹’‘•‹–‹‘†‡–‡””‡…›ƒ†
Žƒ”˜ƒŽ–‘š‹…‹–›‘ˆCallosobruchus maculatusȋǤȌȋ‘Ž‡‘’–‡”ƒǣ”—…Š‹†ƒ‡ȌǤ
‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ–‘‘Ž‘‰›͖͗ǣ͕͖͗͜Ǧ͕͖͜͝Ǥ
Jongsuksuntigul, P. P. Thongthien, N. Sirichotiratana, H. Okabayashi,
ƒ†Ǥ‹„ƒǤ͖͔͔͙ǤŠ‡•‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”ƒ•‹–‡‘–”‘Ž
ȋȌǣ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–Ǥ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–•‹ƒǤ”‘’Ǥ‡†Ǥ—„Ž‹…
‡ƒŽ–Š͚͗ȋ—’’Ž͗Ȍǣ͕͛Ǧ͖͛Ǥ
Kante, A., F.V. Dunkel, A. Williams, S. Magro, H. Sissako, A. Camara, and
Ǥ‹‡–ƒǤ͖͔͔͝Ǥ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹Ž‘™Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›…‘—‹–‹‡•ǣ…ƒ•‡•–—†›‘ˆ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”••‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡
‘—‰‘—Žƒ…‘—‡‹ƒŽ‹Ǥ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡
••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†š–‡•‹‘†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ
—ƒǡ—‡”–‘‹…‘Ǥ
‹•œ‡™•‹ǡǤǡǤ‘Š•ǡǤ…Šƒ’‹”ƒǡ‡–ƒŽǤ͖͔͔͛Ǥ•–‹ƒ–‡†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•
‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ––ƒ‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒŽƒ”‹ƒ…‘–”‘Ž‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ—ŽŽǤ‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š
”‰ƒǤ͙͜ǣ͚͖͗Ǧ͚͔͗Ǥ
›ǡǤǡǤǤ—‡ŽǡǤƒ†•ǡǤƒ„‘—”ƒǡƒ†Ǥ‘—Ž‹„ƒŽ›Ǥ͖͔͔͝ǤŠ›–‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”—•‡‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Žƒ–•ˆ‘”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†
ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡƒŽ‹Ǥ—ƒŽ
‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘…‹‡–›‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒǤƒ‹‡‰‘ǡǤ͕͚‡…
͖͔͔͝Ǥ™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ’’–•ƒ•’†ˆ•Ȁ–‹’Šƒ‹Ž›ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ͖͔͔͝Ǥ’†ˆ
—‘‰ǤǤǡǤǤ—‡ŽǡǤ‘—Ž‹„ƒŽ›ǡƒ†ǤǤ‡…ƒ‰‡Ǥ͖͔͕͖Ǥ•‡‘ˆ‡‡
(Azadirachta indica Ǥ —••ǤȌ Ž‡ƒˆ •Ž—””› ƒ• ƒ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ †”› •‡ƒ•‘
ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ˜‡…–‘” Anopheles gambiae
‹Ž‡••Ǥ•Ǥȋ‹’–‡”ƒǣ—Ž‹…‹†ƒ‡Ȍ ‹‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽ–‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
͘͝ǣ͕͚͕͗Ǧ͕͚͗͝.
—–Š‡”ǡ
ǤǤǡǤƒ””‹•ǡǤŠ‡”™‘‘†ǡǤ
ƒŽŽƒ‰Š‡”ǡǤƒ‰ƒǡƒ†ǤǤ
ƒ„›Ǥ͖͔͔͙Ǥ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•‹ˆƒ”‡”ϐ‹‡Ž†•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†
–Š‡–”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‡”•Ǥ’Ǥ͕͙͝Ǧ͕͔͝ǤIn
ǤǤ‘”–‘ǡǤǤ‡‹”‹…Š•ǡ
ǤǤ
—–Š‡”ǡƒ†ǤǤ”™‹ǡ‡†•Ǥ͖͔͔͙Ǥ
Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǣ
ƒ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘…‡••ǤŽƒ…™‡ŽŽ—„ŽǤǡ‡•ǡ‘™ƒǤ͗͗͜’’Ǥ
‡†•ǡǤǡǤǤ—‡ŽǡǤŠ‹–‡ǡǤ‡”‘‡ǡǤǤŽ‡‹Ǥ͖͔͔͜Ǥš’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‹ǦƒŽƒ”‹ƒŽ‡†‹…‹ƒŽ’Žƒ–•‘ˆƒŽ‹ǣˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‹
‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ(in vitro) –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ—ƒŽ‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘…‹‡–›
‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒǤ‡‘ǡǤ͕͛‘˜͖͔͔͜Ǥ™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ’’–•ƒ•’†ˆ•Ȁ
͖͔͔͜‘•–‡”Ǥ’†ˆ
‡••‡”•…Š‹†–ǡǤ͖͔͔͜Ǥ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹“—‹”›ƒ•ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Žǣƒƒ••‡••‡–ˆ”‘‡’ƒŽǤ—ƒ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
͚͛ǣ͙͘͘Ǧ͚͘͜Ǥ
Minja, H., J.A. Schellenberg, O. Mukasa, R. Nathan, S. Abdulla, H. Mponda,
Ǥƒ‡”ǡǤ‡‰‡Ž‡”ǡƒ†Ǥ„”‹•–Ǥ͖͔͔͕Ǥ–”‘†—…‹‰‹•‡…–‹…‹†‡Ǧ
–”‡ƒ–‡†‡–•‹–Š‡‹Ž‘„‡”‘ƒŽŽ‡›ǡƒœƒ‹ƒǣ–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡ˆ‘”ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘
ȋȌ…ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ”‘’‹…ƒŽ‡†‹…‹‡ƒ†–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–Š͚ǣ͚͕͘Ǧ͚͖͗Ǥ
™‡‡•‹ǡǤǤƒ”’Šƒǡƒ†ǤǤ‘™Ǥ͕͙͝͝ǤŠ‹Ž†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ–”‡ƒ–‡–
’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•‹‡›ƒǤ‘…‹ƒŽ…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡†‹…‹‡Ǥ͔͘ǣ͕͖͕͛Ǧ͕͖͛͛Ǥ
‡‡‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͖͔͕͖ǤŠ‡‹•–”›‘ˆ‡‡Ǥ™™™Ǥ‡‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ
‡‡Ǧƒ”–‹…Ž‡•Ȁƒ‰‘—–Ǧ‡‡Ǧ–”‡‡Ȁ…Š‡‹•–”›Ǧ‘ˆǦ‡‡ǤŠ–Ž
Nonaka, D., J. Kobayashi, M. Jimba, B. Vilaysouk, K. Tsukamoto, S. Kano,
B. Phommasack, P. Singhasivanon, J. Waikagul, S. Tateno, T. Takeuchi.
͖͔͔͜ǤƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘•…Š‘‘Ž–‘…‘—‹–›‹—†‘šƒ›’”‘˜‹…‡ǡ
ƒ‘Ǥƒ”ƒ•‹–‘Ž‘‰›–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ͙͛ǣ͚͛Ǧ͖͜Ǥ
American Entomologist • Spring 2013
‘”–‘ǡ
ǤǤǡǤǤ‡‹”‹…Š•ǡ
ǤǤ—–Š‡”ǡƒ†ǤǤ”™‹ǡ‡†•Ǥ͖͔͔͙Ǥ
Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ȅ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘…‡••Ǥ
Žƒ…™‡ŽŽ—„ŽǤ‡•ǡ‘™ƒǤ͗͗͜’’Ǥ
–‘—‹ǡǤƒ†
Ǥ”‹‡„‡Ǥ͖͔͕͔Ǥˆ”‹…ƒ‹œ‹‰•…‹‡–‹ϐ‹…‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǣ–Š‡—Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡‘ƒŽƒ”‹ƒƒ•ƒ‘†‡ŽǤƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ͝ȋ—’’Ž͗Ȍǣ͙͛Ǥ
͘’ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒŽƒ”‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽǤ…‘Ȁ…‘–‡–Ȁ͝Ȁ͗Ȁ͛
Okabayashi, H., P. Thongthien, P. Singhasvanon, J. Waikagul, S. Looareesu™ƒǡǤ‹„ƒǡǤƒ‘ǡǤ‘Œ‹ƒǡǤƒ‡—…Š‹ǡǤ‘„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹ǡƒ†Ǥ
ƒ–‡‘Ǥ͖͔͔͚Ǥ‡›•–‘•—……‡••ˆ‘”ƒ•…Š‘‘ŽǦ„ƒ•‡†ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ…‘–”‘Ž’”‘‰”ƒ
‹’”‹ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž•‹Šƒ‹Žƒ†Ǥƒ”ƒ•‹–‘Ž‘‰›–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ͙͙ǣ͕͖͕Ǧ͕͖͚Ǥ
ŽƒƒŽ‹Ǥ͖͔͕͖Ǥ”‘‘–‹‰…Š‹Ž†”‹‰Š–•–‘‡†…Š‹Ž†’‘˜‡”–›ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ’ŽƒǦ
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ‘”‰Ȁ™Š‡”‡Ǧ™‡Ǧ™‘”Ȁƒˆ”‹…ƒȀƒŽ‹Ȁƒ……‡••‡†͕͖—‰͖͔͕͖Ǥ
ƒ˜‘”›ǡǤƒ†Ǥ—––‡”ϐ‹‡Ž†͕͝͝͝Ǥ‘Ž‹•–‹…ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǣ‡™ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”
ˆ‘”†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰Ǥ•Žƒ†”‡••Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ
‡‰‡ǤǤǤ͕͕͝͝ǤŠ‡ϐ‹ˆ–Š†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ϊ•–”—…–‹‘͔͗ǣ͗͛Ǥ
Smith, D.L., J.M. Cohen, B. Moonen, A.J. Tatem, O.J. Sabot, A. Ali, S.M.
—‰Š‡‹”›Ǥ͖͔͕͕Ǥ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‹•›’Š‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒ‹ƒœ‹„ƒ”Ǥ
…‹‡…‡͖͗͗ǣ͕͗͘͜Ǧ͕͙͗͜Ǥ
ƒ †‡ ‡”‰ǡ Ǥ ƒ† Ǥ
ǤǤ ‘Ž•Ǥ ͖͔͔͚Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‡” ‹‡Ž† …Š‘‘Žǣ ƒ
‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”‡Šƒ…‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•‹ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ…‘–”‘Žǫ
ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ ͙ǣ ͚ ’‰•Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒŽƒ”‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽǤ…‘Ȁ…‘–‡–Ȁ
’†ˆȀ͕͙͛͘Ǧ͖͙͛͜Ǧ͙Ǧ͗Ǥ’†ˆ
‘‘Ž„ƒ—‰ŠǡǤǡǤǤ—‡ŽǡǤ‘’Šƒǡƒ†Ǥƒ›‡•Ǥ͖͔͔͛Ǥ‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǧ
ƒ•‡†‡…‘†ƒ”›…Š‘‘Ž’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǣƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰
Ž‘„ƒŽ–—†‡–Ǧ–‘Ǧ
–—†‡–ǡ‡ƒ…Š‡”Ǧ–‘Ǧ…‹‡–‹•–‡ƒ…Š‹‰Ȁ‡ƒ”‹‰Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘–ƒƒǤ
‡†—ȀƒŽ‹Ȁ•‡…‘†ƒ”›̴‡†̴‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǤŠ–
‘”Ž† ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ ‡’‘”–Ǥ ͖͔͕͔Ǥ ™™™Ǥ™Š‘Ǥ‹–ȀƒŽƒ”‹ƒȀ™‘”Ž†̴ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ̴”‡’‘”–̴͖͔͕͔Ȁ‡Ȁ‹†‡šǤŠ–Ž
‘Šƒ‡•ǡǤƒ†Ǥ‘‡Ž‡‡Ǥ͖͔͕͖Ǥƒ”Ž›„‹–‹‰”Š›–Š‹–Š‡ƒˆ”‘Ǧ–”‘’‹…ƒŽ
˜‡…–‘”‘ˆƒŽƒ”‹ƒǡAnopheles arabiensisǡƒ†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘”‹–•…‘–”‘Ž‹
–Š‹‘’‹ƒǤ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ†‡–‡”‹ƒ”›–‘‘Ž‘‰›͖͚ǣ͕͔͗Ȃ͕͔͙Ǥ
Florence V. Dunkel, ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŽƒ–…‹‡…‡•ƒ†Žƒ–ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ͕͕͝
Žƒ–‹‘•…‹‡…‡•ǡ‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘œ‡ƒǡ͙͕͛͛͝Ǥ Keriba
Coulibaly, Žǯ•–‹–—–†ǯ…‘‘‹‡—”ƒŽ‡ǡǤǤ͕͚ǡ‹ƒ••‘ǡƒŽ‹ǤClifford Montagne, ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ† ‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ† ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ …‹‡…‡•ǡ ͗͗͘
‡‘‘Š•‘ƒŽŽǡ‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘œ‡ƒǡ͙͕͛͛͝Ǥ Kyphuong Luongǡ ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒŽ–Š…‹‡…‡•ǡ͕͔͗‡‘‘Š•‘ƒŽŽǡ‘–ƒƒ
–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘œ‡ƒǡ͙͕͛͛͝ǤAda Giusti, ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘†‡”
ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ
ƒ‹‡•ƒŽŽǡ‘–ƒƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘œ‡ƒǡ
͙͕͛͛͝Ǥƒ™ƒ‘—Ž‹„ƒŽ›ǡ‘‡ˆƒ”‡”Ž‡ƒ†‡”ƒ†”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‘‡ǯ•
••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡƒŽ‹Ǥ Bourama Coulibaly, ƒ”‡”Ž‡ƒ†‡”ƒ†
’”‘Œ‡…–Š‘•–ǡƒƒ„‡Ž‡ǡƒŽ‹Ǥ
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American Entomologist • Volume 59, Number 1
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