Prereading
What is the title of this chapter?
List the section titles and the key terms below.
Section Titles
Key Terms
Quickly sketch two images from the chapter. Write a one-sentence caption that explains
how you think each image relates to the chapter.
Based on the information above, what predications can you make about the main idea of
the chapter?
Source Analysis Packet and Journal
Unit Essential Question: How did the Crusades affect the lives of Christians, Muslims, and Jews?
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns. What is a campaign you ask? Perhaps when you saw the word
campaign, politics came to mind. However, in this case, a campaign is a military operation with a specific objective.
What was the objective of the Crusades? Where did the Crusades happen? How many campaigns were there?
Who was involved? And what happened in the end? All these questions and more will be answered as we go
through our next unit of study.
This packet will be your guide through the Crusades. In here you will be completing journal entries and analyzing
primary sources and images. Take a deep breath and know that the majority of this packet will be completed during
class and, from time to time, you will have the support of a classmate.
Your final culminating assessments will include a DBQ Test and a writing assessment. Information and rubric details
on these assessments will be given at a later date and time.
Student Name:
Class:
Date:
What led to the Crusades?
Journal Entry #1: Have you ever had a sibling or a parent enter your room without your permission or
warning? How did that make you feel? Why? What did you do about it? If you have not experienced this,
how do you think you might react?
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
Why did the Europeans begin the religious wars at the end of the 10th century?
4 Causes of the Crusades
Step 1. Please read section 10.2: Event Leading Up to the Crusades in your text.
Step 2: Complete the graphic organizer below by identifying four causes of the Crusades.
What led to the Crusades?
Journal Entry #1: Have you ever had a sibling or a parent enter your room without your permission or
warning? How did that make you feel? Why? What did you do about it? If you have not experienced this,
how do you think you might react?
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
Why did the Europeans begin the religious wars at the end of the 10th century?
4 Causes of the Crusades
Step 1. Please read section 10.2: Event Leading Up to the Crusades in your text.
Step 2: Complete the graphic organizer below by identifying four causes of the Crusades.
The Seljuk Turks expanded their empire westward,
overrunning much of Anatolia, which was part of the
Byzantine Empire.
Christians in Europe were alarmed by the Seljuk advance
and concerned about the safety and property of Christians
living in the east.
Christians were worried about the fate of the Holy Land,
especially Jerusalem and feared they would no longer be
able to visit the city and other holy sites in the Holy Land.
After the Seljuks took control of the Palestine, political turmoil
made travel unsafe and tales reached Europe of highway robbers
attacking and even killing Christian pilgrims.
Document A
Excerpt on Pope Gregory calling for a Crusade:
“[T]he bearer of this letter, on his recent return from across the sea, came to Rome to
visit us. He repeated what we had heard from many others, that a pagan race had
overcome the Christians and with horrible cruelty had devastated everything almost
to the walls of Constantinople, and were now governing the conquered lands with
tyrannical violence, and that they had slain many thousands of Christians as if they
were sheep. If we love God and wish to be recognized as Christians, we should be
filled with grief at the misfortune of this great [Greek] empire and the murder of so
many Christians. But simply to grieve is not our whole duty… [W[e should lay down
our lives to liberate them… Know, therefore, that we are trusting in the mercy of God
and in the power of his might and that we are striving in all possible ways and making
preparations to render aid to the Christian empire as quickly as possible.”
-Pope Gregory VII, 1074
On the previous page we listed out causes for the Crusades. Which of those causes is highlighted in this
passage? Provide textual support from the above passage in your answer.
According to Gregory, what should people do “to be recognized as Christians”?
Is there any bias* in this passage on behalf of Pope Gregory? Where?
*A bias means that person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea.
Document A
Excerpt on Pope Gregory calling for a Crusade:
“[T]he bearer of this letter, on his recent return from across the sea, came to Rome to
visit us. He repeated what we had heard from many others, that a pagan race had
overcome the Christians and with horrible cruelty had devastated everything almost
to the walls of Constantinople, and were now governing the conquered lands with
tyrannical violence, and that they had slain many thousands of Christians as if they
were sheep. If we love God and wish to be recognized as Christians, we should be
filled with grief at the misfortune of this great [Greek] empire and the murder of so
many Christians. But simply to grieve is not our whole duty… [W[e should lay down
our lives to liberate them… Know, therefore, that we are trusting in the mercy of God
and in the power of his might and that we are striving in all possible ways and making
preparations to render aid to the Christian empire as quickly as possible.”
-Pope Gregory VII, 1074
On the previous page we listed out causes for the Crusades. Which of those causes is highlighted in this
passage? Provide textual support from the above passage in your answer.
As the Seljuck Turks expanded their empire westward, they overran much of Anatolia, which was part of the Byzantine
Empire. Pope Gregory VII references this when he wrote, “…that a pagan race had overcome the Christians and with horrible
cruelty had devastated everything almost to the walls of Constantinople.” As we have learned, Constantinople was the capital
of the Byzantine Empire.
Another cause of the Crusades highlighted in the passage includes a reference as to how Christians had become concerned
about the safety and property of Christians living the in the east. The pope referenced this when he wrote, “…they had slain
many thousands of Christians as if they were sheep.” Another reference could also align with this cause by the statement
“…we should be filled with grief at the misfortune of the great [Greek] empire and the murder of so many Christians.”
According to Gregory, what should people do “to be recognized as Christians”?
Pope Gregory wrote, “If we love God and wish to recognized as
Christians….[W]e should lay down our lives to liberate them…” With this
statement he explains that a Christian is someone who is willing to fight and
possibly die trying to protect the Christian faith and other Christians.
Is there any bias* in this passage on behalf of Pope Gregory? Where?
In the letter above, Pope Gregory refers to Islam as “pagan race.” (Paganism is
a polytheistic religion.) Over the last few weeks we have learned that Islam is a
monotheistic religion. In fact, Muslims believe that their God is the same God
as the early prophets, Abraham and Moses.
*A bias means that person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea.
Journal Entry #2: The Important Thing
What do you think was the most important thing from today’s lesson? Write a quick paragraph-length
synopsis of today’s lesson. Think back to today’s Question to Ponder.
The Crusades Begin
Journal Entry #3: Describe one thing, in the entire world, that you would want to obtain and explain why.
Teacher will prompt next question to be answered in the space below.
Teacher will prompt next question to be answered in the space below.
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
Why did European Christians want to join the Crusades?
Step 1: Read Section 10.3 The Story of the Crusades (first section only) on p.119 in text.
Step 2: Read the following three primary sources. Answer the questions below using complete
sentences and textual support from the passages.
Document B
Extracts from Pope Urban’s speech in 1095:
“You must run as quickly as you can to help your brothers living on the eastern shores. The Turks
have overrun them, slaughtering and capturing many and destroying churches. They cut open their
navels, and tear out their most vital organs. They tie them to a stake, or drag them around and flog
them.
Jerusalem is the navel of the world. This royal city is now held captive by her enemies and is
enslaved by a people which does not acknowledge God. She asks you to rescue her.
All men going there who die, whether on the journey or while fighting the pagans (non-Christians),
will immediately be forgiven for their sins.
Until now, you have fought and killed one another. Stop these hatreds among yourselves, silence
the quarrels. Instead, rescue the Holy Land from that dreadful race.”
Explain how Document B reflect’s our readings from the text (Section 10.3).
Why do you think being promised entry into heaven was important to the European Christians?
Why do you think the Pope thought it appropriate to speak of the brutality that Christians were experiencing
on the eastern shores? What you think may have been Pope’s purpose for such comments in his speech?
Documents #3 and #4
Document C
From a letter written by St Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146:
“O might soldier, you now have cause for which you can fight without endangering your soul; a
cause in which to win is glorious, and for which to die is a gain. Or are you a shrewd businessman,
a man quick to see the profits of this world? If you are, I can offer you a splendid bargain. Do not
miss this opportunity. Take the sign of the cross. At once you will have forgiveness for all your
sins.”
Document D
Part of a sermon preached by Abbot Marin of Paris in 1201 to persuade people to go on Crusade:
“The land for which you are making is richer by far than this one and more fertile; and it could easily
come to pass that many of you will find a more prosperous way of life there.”
What do Documents C and D reveal to us about why else people joined the Crusades?
Journal Entry #4: Drawing It Out
In the space below sketch out three reasons why people wanted to join the crusades. Next to each sketch,
write a quick caption that explains your work.
The First Crusade
Journal Entry #5: Pretend for a few minutes that you are about to leave on the First Crusade. What is
going through your mind? How do you feel? Be descriptive, use adjectives!
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
What happened during the First Crusade?
Step 1: Read Section 10.3 The Story of the Crusades (second section only) on p.119 -120 in text.
Step 2: Familiarize yourself with the geography of the area by drawing the route of the First Crusade. You
will need to add the cities of Edessa and Tripoli. Create a map key and label your route, then answer the
question below.
Geographically speaking, why did do you think the Crusaders had to defeat Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli, if
the heart of their campaign was to regain Jerusalem?
Step 3: Read the following three primary sources. Answer the questions below using complete sentences
and textual support from the passages.
Document E
Written by the French chaplain, Fulcher of Chartres. He went on the First Crusade and recorded what he
saw:
“Oh what pain! What sighs! What weeping! What sadness when a husband left his beloved wife and
children and whatever possession he had.
Yet the crusaders were happy to leave all their possessions behind. They knew they would increase
them a hundredfold as the Lord had promised. Grief it was to those who remained behind, but joy to
those who left.”
Document F
Written by Jean de Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, on his way to the Holy Land:
“I never once let my eyes turn back towards Joinville, for fear my heart might be filled with longing
at the thought of my lovely castle and the two children I left behind.”
Document G
From a 13th-century Christian manuscript, ‘The Crusades of Godfrey of Bouillon’:
“Hundreds of less important nobles also went on the crusade. For them it meant risking financial
ruin. Many of them had to sell or mortgage their land on very poor terms. They had to pay for
weapons, armor, horses, and equipment. They also had to pay their own travel costs and take large
sums of money with them to pay for food and other expenses.”
How does Document E and Document F contradict each other?
According to the three documents, what were some of the hardships felt by the Crusaders?
Document H
In Gesta Francorum, its anonymous writer recounts the final onslaught of the regaining of the city of
Jerusalem:
“On Friday 15 July 1099, early in the morning, we attacked the city from all sides, but we could make
no headway against it, and we were all numb with astonishment and very frightened. Godfrey of
Bouillon and his brother Baldwin, count of Boulogne, were fighting bravely in the seige-tower. Then
one of our knights, Lethold by name, climbed up on to the wall of the city. As soon as he had
climbed it, all the defenders of the city fled along the walls and through the city, and our men,
following Lethold, chased after them, killing them and dismembering them as far as the Temple of
Solomon. And in that place there was such a slaughter that we were up to our ankles in their
blood…
…Then our men held a council, and gave out that everyone should give alms and pray that God
would choose whom he wished to reign over the others and rule the city. ..”
It is said that after Jerusalem was regained and controlled by the crusaders that many believed that God
was on their side. How does the above passage illustrate this fact?
Journal Entry #6: One-Word
On the line below write one word that you think summarizers the First Crusade. Then write two to three
sentences that explain why you chose that word.
The Second and Third Crusade
Journal Entry #7: Have you ever played a team sport? When is a team most successful? If you have not
played a team sport, what do you think would help any team to be successful?
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
What happened during the Second and Third Crusade?
Step 1: Read Section 10.3 The Story of the Crusades (Second Crusade and Third Crusade only) on p.120
in text.
Step 2: Familiarize yourself with the geography of the area by drawing the routes of the Second and Third
Crusade. You will need to add the cities of Paris, Metz, Regensburg, and Vienna.
Step 3: Read the following primary sources. Answer the questions below using complete sentences and
textual support from the passage.
Document I
Written by Salah al-Din (d. A.H. 589/A.D. 1193)
" If God blesses us by enabling us to drive His enemies out of Jerusalem, how fortunate and happy
we would be! For Jerusalem has been controlled by the enemy for ninety-one years, during which
time God has received nothing from us here in the way of adoration. At the same time, the zeal of
the Muslim rulers to deliver it languished. Time passed, and so did many [in different] generations,
while the Franks succeeded in rooting themselves strongly there. Now God has reserved the merit
of its recovery for one house, the house of the sons of Ayyub, in order to unite all hearts in
appreciation of its members."
Document J
Salah al-Din’s Muslim biographer, bha ad-Din Ibn Shaddad, who was a member of his
staff, writes:
“God—may he be exalted—has said, ‘And as for those who fight us,we guide them along our path.
Indeed, God is on the side of those who do good.’ There are many texts on jihad in the Koran.
Saladin was extremely diligent in waging this holy war, and it was constantly on his mind. One could
swear by one’s right hand without fear of contradiction that, from the time he first set out, intent on
jihad, until he died, he did not
spend a single gold or silver coin except on jihad and pious works. His heart and mind were so
taken over by this burning zeal for jihad that he could speak of nothing else. Out of his desire to
fight for God’s cause, he left behind him his family, children, country, home and all the towns under
his control.
Saladin was sociable, well mannered and entertaining. He could recite by heart the genealogies and
battles of the Arab tribes, and knew all their exploits. He could even recall the genealogies of their
horses. In addition he had studied the curiosities and wonders of the world. As a result, those who
sat with him learned from him things they would never have heard elsewhere. He would put his
friends at ease and raise their spirits. If anyone was sick he would ask about his illness, his
treatment, his food and drink and whether there was any change in his condition.”
Salah al-Din unified Muslim groups allowing for them to fight back more effectively to win the Second
Crusade and gain a peace treaty during the Third Crusade. Using information from Document I and
Document J compose a list of four words you would use to describe the character of Salah al-Din. Next to
each word write your reasons citing textual evidence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Journal Entry #8: 3-2-1
3 – Three separate words that summarize your feelings about how the Third Crusade ended.
2 – Two keys figures from today’s lesson were.
1 – One question you are left wondering about from today’s lesson.
Later Crusades and the Reconquista
Journal Entry #9 Do you agree with our country’s minimal age for signing up for the army? Do you think
that is too young? Too old? Essentially, how old do you think a person should be to fight for its country?
Why?
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
How were children involved in the Crusades and what about the Jews?
Step 1: Examine the two images below. Both illustrate European Christians going on the Crusades.
However, there are differences between the two illustrations. Below the images identify the differences.
Step 2: Read Section 10.3: Later Crusades and the Reconquista
Step 3: Read and analyze the documents below.
Document K
The “Children’s Crusade" was started in France by a peasant boy named Stephen. In Germany, a boy
named Nicholas from Cologne started the full movement. The awful business was summarized by a
chronicler in these terms:
“In this year occurred an outstanding thing and one much to be marveled at, for it is unheard of
throughout the ages. About the time of Easter and Pentecost, without anyone having preached or
called for it and prompted by I know not what spirit, many thousands of boys, ranging in age from
six years to full maturity, left the plows or carts which they were driving, the flocks which they were
pasturing, and anything else which they were doing. This they did despite the wishes of their
parents, relatives, and friends who sought to make them draw back. Suddenly one ran after another
to take the cross. Thus, by groups of twenty, or fifty, or a hundred, they put up banners and began
to journey to Jerusalem. They were asked by many people on whose advice or at whose urging they
had set out upon this path. They were asked especially since only a few years ago many kings, a
great many dukes, and innumerable people in powerful companies had gone there and had returned
with the business unfinished. The present groups, moreover, were still of tender years and were
neither strong enough nor powerful enough to do anything. Everyone, therefore, accounted them
foolish and imprudent for trying to do this. They briefly replied that they were equal to the Divine will
in this matter and that, whatever God might wish to do with them, they would accept it willingly and
with humble spirit. They thus made some little progress on their journey. Some were turned back at
Metz, others at Piacenza, and others even at Rome. Still others got to Marseilles, but whether they
crossed to the Holy Land or what their end was is uncertain. One thing is sure: that of the many
thousands who rose up, only very few returned.”
Does the author know what happens to the children? What does he speculate?
The is author is uncertain of the fate of young crusaders. However, he is certain that of the “thousands who
rose up, only very few returned (Document K).” He speculates that few returned because they were “still
of tender years and were neither strong enough nor powerful enough to do anything (Document K).” The
author felt the children to be unwise and reckless with their lives.
Document L
The beginning of the Children’s crusade, documented in the contemporary Christian ‘Annals of Marback’.
“At that time there took place a pointless adventure involving children and stupid people who
donned the sign of the cross without any idea of its meaning. This they did more because they had
nothing better to do than because they had any concern for their souls. Youngsters of both sexes
joined in, and not only the under-aged, but even adults. Off they went with empty purses. Many
thought that this movement sprang not from stupidity, but from piety and divine inspiration. So they
assisted them with funds and supplied them with food.”
Why do you think the author refers to this crusade as pointless?
The author refers to the crusade as pointless because the children were too young to be of any support in the
wars, and the adults were not properly trained in warfare. Additionally, the author states that those who went
traveled without money.
What reason does the author provide for the children wanting to join the crusade?
The author states the children only went on the crusade because “they had nothing better to do than because they
had any concern for their souls (Doc L)”. In other words, the author did not feel that the children went because
they were worried about the fate of their souls and gaining salvation, but rather because they were bored.
Journal Entry #10
Examine the maps below and their dates. During the Crusades Christians also mounted campaigns in
Europe, known as the Reconquista or the reconquest the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim and Jewish faiths.
If you were a Muslim or a Jew living on the Iberian Peninsula watching your territory slowly disappear over
the years, would you have stayed to fight the Christians? Would have remained and converted to
Christianity? Or would you have remained and secretly practiced your faith? Why?
Why do you think Christian rulers, Queen Isabella and king Ferdinand, ordered the conversion of Jews to
the Christian faith?
Homework: Read Section 10.4 Christians and the Crusades, 10.5 Muslims and the Crusades, and 10.6
Jews and the Crusades from your text. (page 122-124) Complete the T-Charts below.
Impact of the Crusades on Christians
Positive
Negative
Impact of the Crusades on Muslims
Positive
Impact of the Crusades on Jews
Negative
Negative
The Effects
Journal Entry #11The Crusades had both positive and negative effects for the Christians and the Muslims.
However, as you learned from last night, for the Jewish community, there were no positive effects, only
negative effects. Were you surprised by this? What were you thinking as you read this section? Any
questions run through your mind?
The Lesson
Question to Ponder:
What were the effects of the Crusades on Christians, Muslims, and Jews?
Step 1: Examine the passages below and then complete the questions.
Document M
The Jewish chronicler, Solomon bar Samson, 1096
….“At this time arrogant people, a people of strange speech, a nation bitter and impetuous
{impulsive} Frenchmen and Germans, set out for the Holy City, which had been desecrated {a
violation of sacredness} by barbaric nations, there to seek their house of idolatry {worship of idols}
and banish {expel} the Ishmaelite's {Muslims} and other denizens {inhabitants} of the land…Their
ranks swelled until the number of men, women, and children exceeded a locust horde {large
nomadic group} covering the earth;…Now it came to pass that as they passed through the towns
where Jews dwelled, they said to one another: ‘Look now, we are going a long way to seek out the
profane {vulgar} shrine and to avenge ourselves on the Ishmaelite's; when here, in our midst, are the
Jews—they whose forefathers murdered and crucified him for no reason. Let us first avenge
ourselves on them and exterminate them from among the nations so that the name of Israel will no
longer be remembered, or let them adopt our faith…”
What did the crusaders do to the Jews they encountered on their way to the Holy Land?
What was their reason for doing what they did?
Journal #12 Is it important to explore perspectives other than our own? Why or why not? How do these
questions relate to our unit on the Crusades?
Homework: Journal Entry #13
Tomorrow we will begin the writing component of this packet, a five paragraph essay. Tonight, please
answer this chapter’s Essential Question: How did the Crusades affect the lives of Christians, Muslims,
and Jews? In the space below sketch out the main ideas of each paragraph by filling in graphic organizer.
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◊ Document(s) ________ supports the main ideas of this paragraph.
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◊ Document(s) ________ supports the main ideas of this paragraph.
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◊ Document(s) ________ supports the main ideas of this paragraph.
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