2/23/2010
General Psychology
Lawrence D. Wright Ph.D.
Professor
Chapter 6 – Motivation and Emotion
6-1
What Is Motivation?
Motivation:
The aspects of motivation are
a)
b)
c)
Instincts:
6-2
Theories of Motivation
Biological theories of motivation:
6-3
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Theories of Motivation
A drive:
The drive-reduction theory:
6-4
Theories of Motivation
Drive reduction signals…
6-5
Theories of Motivation
Optimum-level theory:
6-6
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Theories of Motivation
Cognitive theories of motivation:
According to cognitive-consistency theories:
6-7
Theories of Motivation
Cognitive dissonance:
6-8
Theories of Motivation
Incentive theories see motivated behavior:
According to Maslow’s theory:
6-9
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
6-10
Theories of Motivation
The existence of multiple motives often results in conflicts.
The most common conflicts are;
approach-approach,
avoidance-avoidance,
approach-avoidance,
and multiple approach-avoidance.
6-11
Specific Motives
Although sex is classified as a biological motive, it is different
from other biological motives in important ways.
Pheromones:
6-12
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Specific Motives
Masters and Johnson
outlined the stages of
sexual arousal: excitement,
plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.
They also pioneered the
development of techniques
to treat sexual
dysfunctions.
6-13
Specific Motives
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) has been used
to measure levels of achievement motivation.
6-14
The Thematic Apperception Test
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The What and the Why of Emotion
Emotion:
6-16
The What and the Why of Emotion
Charles Darwin suggested that emotional expressions have a
biological basis.
6-17
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
The James-Lange theory states that
In the James-Lange theory, the sequence of events in
emotional responding is:
6-18
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The Physiological Components
of Emotion
The commonsense view of emotions states the sequence
of events in emotional responding as:
6-19
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
The Cannon-Bard theory:
6-20
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
Establishing the physiological specificity…
Research suggests that there are several differences among
emotions.
6-21
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The Physiological Components
of Emotion
One consistent finding is that anger tends to be associated
with
6-22
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
We can observe physiological patterns in certain emotions
such as embarrassment, which can lead to blushing.
6-23
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
The limbic system is probably the most important in a
discussion of emotion.
Joseph LeDoux has found that the amygdala reacts instantly
to sensory inputs and can trigger...
6-24
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The Physiological Components
of Emotion
The entire brain plays a role in emotion.
The right hemisphere appears to be specialized for…
The left hemisphere is more active during…
6-25
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
Alexithymia:
6-26
The Physiological Components
of Emotion
The polygraph is an electronic device (often called a lie detector)
that…
6-27
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The Expressive Components
of Emotions
There is strong evidence for universal recognition of at least
six basic emotions:
6-28
The Expressive Components
of Emotions
The facial feedback hypothesis:
Display rules
6-29
The Expressive Components
of Emotions
Smiling:
6-30
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The Expressive Components
of Emotions
A real smile of enjoyment,
the Duchenne smile,
involves:
6-31
The Expressive Components
of Emotions
Nonverbal communication:
6-32
The Expressive Components
of Emotions
There are four major categories of body language: emblems,
illustrators, regulators, and adaptors.
Emblems:
Illustrators:
Regulators:
Adaptors:
6-33
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The Expressive Components
of Emotions
Paralanguage:
6-34
The Expressive Components
of Emotions
Gender Differences in emotions:
6-35
The Cognitive Components
of Emotion
Cultures and languages differ in the number of terms they
use to describe emotion.
6-36
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The Cognitive Components
of Emotion
Schachter and Singer proposed a theory that described
emotion as beginning with:
6-37
The Cognitive Components
of Emotion
Appraisal theories of emotion propose that how we make
judgments about events leads to emotional reactions.
Cultural values can influence people’s emotions.
6-38
The Cognitive Components
of Emotion
A key cognitive ability is evaluating one’s behavior in relation
to standards.
This ability is the basis of the self-conscious emotions such as
shame, guilt, and pride.
6-39
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The Cognitive Components
of Emotion
The term emotional intelligence describes four qualities:
a)
b)
c)
d)
6-40
14