Vocabularies by chapter,
with additional words
Each chapter’s Vocabulary is included here. The ‘Additional Words’ appended to
each chapter provide more exhaustive lists of words which appear throughout the
course. They are for teachers to introduce if and when they think suitable, in new
examples, or as selective additional learning, or for use in activities and tests.
Vocabularies are listed by chapter. To access search/find Chapter 1, Chapter 2, etc.
You can also search/find these section titles
1st declension nouns
2nd declension nouns
2nd declension neuter nouns
3rd declension nouns
3rd declension neuter nouns
4th declension nouns
5th declension nouns
1st conjugation verbs
2nd conjugation verbs
3rd conjugation verbs
4th conjugation verbs
Mixed conjugation verbs
Adjectives like bonus,-a,-um
3rd declension adjectives
Prepositions
Enclitics
Adverbs
Adverbs and conjunctions
Interrogative words
Correlatives
Compound verbs
Compounds of irregular verbs
Deponent verbs
Verbs with a range of meanings
Latin numbers
Typical prefixes
Participles
Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
Chapter 1
agricola farmer
Ascanius Ascanius
Britannia Britain
Brūtus Brutus
dea goddess
deus god
domina lady, mistress
dominus lord, master
equus horse
fīlia daughter
fīlius son
Lāvīnia Lavinia
poēta poet
populus people
puella girl
Rōma Rome
Romulus Romulus
rosa rose
servus slave
taurus bull
Additional words for Chapter 1
none listed
Chapter 2
amīca friend (female), girlfriend
amīcus friend (male)
annus year
Brūtus Brutus
fēmina woman
gladius sword
Horātius Horatius, Horace
Ītalia Italy
lectus bed, couch
Lucrētia Lucretia
mēnsa table
Porsenna Porsenna
prōvincia province
puer boy
rēgīna queen
Rōma Rome
Tarquinius Tarquin
terra ground, land
vīlla villa
vir man, husband
2
Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
Additional words for Chapter 2
none listed
Chapter 3
arma,-ōrum [n.; used only in the plural] weapons, forces
auxilium,-ī [n.] help, aid
bellum,-ī [n.] war
caelum,-ī [n.] heaven, sky
captīvus,-ī [m.] captive, prisoner
cōnsultum,-ī [n.] decree, resolution
dōnum,-ī [n.] gift
elephantus,-ī [m.] elephant
exemplum,-ī [n.] example, precedent
ferrum,-ī [n.] iron instrument, knife, sword
forum,-ī [n.] forum
gaudium,-ī [n.] joy
habēna,-ae [f.] rein, strap
imperium,-ī [n.] power, empire
incendium,-ī [n.] fire
lacrima,-ae [f.] tear
littera,-ae [f.] letter (of the alphabet)
litterae,-ārum [plural of the above] letter (missive), literature
numerus,-ī [m.] number
patria,-ae [f.] country (one’s own)
praeda,-ae [f.] loot, plunder
praemium,-ī [n.] reward, prize
proelium,-ī [n.] battle
rēgnum,-ī [n.] kingdom
silva,-ae [f.] wood
tribūnus,-ī [m.] tribune
unda,-ae [f.] wave
ventus,-ī [m.] wind
verbum,-ī [n.] word
vestīgium,-ī [n.] trace, footstep
victōria,-ae [f.] victory
Additional words for Chapter 3
none listed
Chapter 4
at but
atque (or ac) and
cūr? why?
3
Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
et and (occasionally even, and also, and ... too)
et ... et both ... and
etiam also, even
iam now, already
neque or nec and not, but not
neque … neque (or nec … nec) neither … nor
nihil nothing
numquam never
nunc now
quia because
sed but
semper always
sī if
ubī? where? when
Additional words for Chapter 4
Adjectives like bonus,-a,-um and miser,-era,-erum which appear in the course
asper,-era,-erum harsh, bitter
āter,-tra,-trum black, gloomy
benignus,-a,-um kind
bonus,-a,-um good
cūnctus,-a,-um all, all together, entire
dīvus,-a,-um divine
falsus,-a,-um false, deceptive
īnsānus,-a,-um mad, raging
laetus,-a,-um joyful, cheerful
līber,-era,-erum free
longus,-a,-um long, extended
magnus,-a,-um great, large
malus,-a,-um bad
maximus,-a,-um very great, greatest
medius,-a,-um mid, in the middle of
meus,-a,-um my
miser,-era,-erum wretched, unhappy
multus,-a,-um much (plural: many)
noster,-tra,-trum our
novus,-a,-um new
optimus,-a,-um best, excellent, very good
opulentus,-a,-um wealthy, lavish
prīmus,-a,-um * first
pulcher,-chra,-chrum fine, beautiful
Rōmānus,-a,-um Roman
saevus,-a,-um cruel, harsh
sānctus,-a,-um sacred, holy
summus,-a,-um utmost, top of
superbus,-a,-um proud, arrogant
tantus,-a,-um so great, so much
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tener,-era,-erum tender, soft
tuus,-a,-um your (s.)
Chapter 5
animus,-ī [m.] mind, intention, courage
avāritia,-ae [f.] greed
causa,-ae [f.] case, cause
cēna,-ae [f.] dinner
cūra,-ae [f.] care, anxiety
fātum,-ī fate
flagellum,-ī [n.] whip
lībertus,-ī [m.] freedman, former slave
pecūnia,-ae [f.] money
poena,-ae [f.] punishment, penalty
studium,-ī [n.] pursuit, eagerness
triumphus,-ī [m.] triumph, i.e. triumphal procession
vir,-ī [m.] man, husband
vīta,-ae [f.] life
Additional words for Chapter 5
none listed
Chapter 6
amō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum love
creō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum choose, elect
dēligō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum tie, bind
dō, dare, dedī, datum give
errō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum wander, make a mistake
fugō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum chase, put to flight
laudō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum praise
necō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum kill
ōrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum beg, plead
parō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum prepare
pugnō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum fight
sūdō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum sweat
trucīdō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum slaughter, murder
vocō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum call,summon
Additional words for Chapter 6
1st conjugation verbs which appear in the course
amō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum love
5
Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
appellō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum name, call, call upon
arō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum plough, grow crops
bāsiō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum kiss
bellō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum fight a war
calcō,-āre,-āvi,-ātum tread on, in
certō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum strive, compete
clāmitō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum cry aloud, shout, bawl
clamō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum cry, shout
cōgitō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum consider, contemplate
cōnfirmō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum establish, reassure
creō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum choose, elect
cūrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum care for, see to, look after
decimō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum decimate, execute every tenth man
dēligō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum tie, bind
dō, dare, dedī, datum give
dōnō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum give as a present
dubitō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum hesitate, doubt
equitō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum ride
errō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum wander, make a mistake
exspectō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum expect
fugō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum chase, put to flight
habitō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum live, dwell
implōrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum invoke, entreat
intrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum enter
invītō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum invite
iūrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum swear
iuvō,-āre, iūvī, iūtum help, please
laudō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum praise
lavō,-āre, lāvī, lautum wash, bathe
līberō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum set free, release
locō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum set, arrange, contract
memorō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum relate, tell
mūtō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum change
necō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum kill
nuntiō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum announce
optō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum pray, wish
ōrnō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum adorn, equip, honour
ōrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum beg, plead
parō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum prepare
plōrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum weep
postulō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum demand
pōtō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum drink
probō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum cherish, commend
probō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum cherish, commend
pugnō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum fight
putō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum think, reflect, suppose
rēgnō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum reign, rule
rogō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum ask
salūtō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum greet, salute
secō,-āre, secuī, sectum cut
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servō,-are,-āvī,-ātum save, keep, guard
spectō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum watch
spērō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum hope (for)
stō,-āre, stetī, stātum stand, be stationary
sūdō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum sweat
superō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum overcome, surpass
temptō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum try, make trial of, test
tolerō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum endure
trucīdō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum slaughter, murder
verberō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum beat, whip
Chapter 7
dēbeō,-ēre,-uī,-itum owe, ought
doceō,-ēre,-uī, doctum teach, show
doleō,-ēre,-uī,-itum grieve
exerceō,-ēre,-uī,-itum keep busy, occupy, work at
faveō,-ēre, fāvī, fautum [+ dat.*] favour
fleō,-ēre, flēvī, flētum weep
habeō,-ēre, habuī, habitum have, hold
iaceō,-ēre, iacuī, iacitum lie
iubeō,-ēre, iussī, iussum order
maneō,-ēre, mānsī, mānsum remain
moneō,-ēre, monuī, monitum advise, warn
pāreō,-ēre,-uī,-itum [+ dat.*] obey
placeō,-ēre,-uī, placitum [2; + dat.] please, satisfy
rīdeō,-ēre, rīsī, rīsum laugh (at)
sedeō,-ēre, sēdī, sessum sit
taceō,-ēre, tacuī, tacitum be silent
teneō,-ēre,-uī,-itum hold, keep, occupy
timeō,-ēre,-uī,-itum fear
videō,-ēre, vīdī, vīsum see
arx, arcis [f.] citadel
coniūnx, coniugis [m./f.] husband, wife
dux, ducis [m.] commander, leader, guide
iūdex, iūdicis [m.] judge, juror
nox, noctis [f.] night
pāx, pācis [f.] peace, treaty
rēx, rēgis [m.] king
vōx, vōcis [f.] voice, speech, sound
frāter, frātris [m.] brother
māter, mātris [f.] mother
pater, patris [m.] father, patrician, senator
amor, amōris [m.] love, passion
clāmor, clāmōris [m.]
senātor, senātōris [m.] senator
uxor, uxōris [f.] wife
7
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victor, victōris [m.] conqueror, winner
amāns, amantis [m./f.] a lover
mōns, montis [m.] mountain
ambitiō, ambitiōnis [f.] ambition
obsidiō, obsidiōnis [f.] siege, blockade
eques, equitis [m.] horseman, equestrian
mīles, mīlitis [m.] soldier, army
hūmānitās, hūmānitātis [f.] civilization
lībertās, lībertātis [f.] freedom, liberty
nōbilitās, nōbilitātis [f.] high rank, nobility
voluntās, voluntātis [f.] wish, choice, inclination
ars, artis [f.] art, skill, practice
mors, mortis [f.] death
pars, partis [f.] part
mōs, mōris [f.] custom, habit, conduct, moral
plēbs, plēbis [f.] people, masses
urbs, urbis [f.] city
homō, hominis [m.] man, person
imāgō, imāginis [f.] portrait
cīvis, cīvis [m.f.] citizen
cōnsul, cōnsulis [m.] consul
mulier, mulieris [f.] woman
Caesar, Caesaris Caesar
Cicerō, Cicerōnis Cicero
Hannibal, Hannibalis Hannibal
Additional words for Chapter 7
2nd conjugation verbs which appear in the course
appāreō,-ēre,-uī, appāritum appear
ārdeō,-ēre, ārsī, ārsum be on fire, burn, be passionate
careō,-ēre,-uī, caritum [+ abl.] be without, lack, lose
coerceō,-ēre,-uī, coercitum restrain
commoveō,-ēre, commōvī, commōtum excite, disturb
dēbeō,-ēre,-uī, dēbitum owe, ought
displiceō,-ēre,-uī [+ dat.] displease
doceō,-ēre,-uī, doctum teach, show
doleō,-ēre,-uī, dolitum grieve
exerceō,-ēre,-uī, exercitum keep busy, occupy, exercise
exhibeō,-ēre,-uī, exhibitum hold forth, present, show
faveō,-ēre, fāvī, fautum [+ dat.] favour, support
fleō,-ēre, flēvī, flētum weep
flōreō,-ēre,-uī blossom, flourish
foveō,-ēre, fōvi, fōtum warm
gaudeō,-ēre rejoice, be jubilant
habeō,-ēre,-uī, habitum have, hold, consider
haereō,-ēre, haesī, haesum cling to
iaceō,-ēre,-uī, iacitum lie
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impleō,-ēre, implēvī, implētum fill
indulgeō,-ēre, indulsī, indultum [+ dat.] gratify, yield to
iubeō,-ēre, iussī, iussum order, tell
maneō,-ēre, mānsī, mānsum remain
mereō,-ēre,-uī, meritum deserve, obtain
misceō,-ēre,-uī, mixtum mix, mingle
moneō,-ēre,-uī, monitum advise, warn
moveō,-ēre, mōvī, mōtum move, stir
noceō,-ēre,-uī, nocitum [+ dat.] harm, injure
pāreō,-ēre,-uī, pāritum [+ dat.] obey
pateō,-ēre,-uī stand open, lie open
placeō,-ēre,-uī, placitum [+ dat.] please, satisfy
praebeō,-ēre,-uī, praebitum offer
praebeō,-ēre,-uī, praebitum: contraction of ‘praehibeō’
praehibeō,-ēre,-uī, praehibitum hold forth, furnish, offer, supply
respondeō,-ēre, respondī, respōnsum answer, reply
retineō,-ēre,-uī, retentum keep, restrain
sedeō,-ēre, sēdī, sessum sit
sileō,-ēre keep silent, be silent
soleō,-ēre be accustomed
studeō,-ēre,-uī study, strive after, pursue
taceō,-ēre,-uī, tacitum be silent
teneō,-ēre,-uī, tentum hold, control
timeō,-ēre,-uī, timitum fear
valeō,-ēre,-uī,-itum be well, fit, powerful
videō,-ēre, vīdī, vīsum see
3rd declension nouns which appear in the course
accūsātor, accūsātōris [m.] prosecutor, accuser
aedēs, aedis [f.] shrine
aetās, aetātis [f.] age, era, time, lifetime
aethēr, aetheris [m.] sky, heaven
amāns, amantis [m./f.] one who loves, a lover
ambitiō, ambitiōnis [f.] ambition
amor, amōris [m.] love, passion
ars, artis [f.] art, skill, practice
arx, arcis [f.] citadel
auctor, auctōris [m.] author
auctōritās, auctōritātis [f.] power, authority
bōs, bovis [m./f.] ox
Caesar, Caesaris [m.] Caesar
calamitās, calamitātis [f.] mischief, misfortune
carcer, carceris [m.] prison
centuriō, centuriōnis [m.] centurion
Cicerō, Cicerōnis [m.] Cicero
cīvis, cīvis [m./f.] citizen
clāmor, clāmōris [m.]
color, colōris [m.] colour
comes, comitis [m./f.] companion
9
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competitor, competitōris [m.] rival, competitor
coniūnx, coniugis [m./f.] husband, wife
cōnsul, cōnsulis [m.] consul
crux, crucis [f.] cross
cupīdō, cupīdinis [f.] desire, longing
dēlectātiō, dēlectātiōnis [f.] delight, pleasure
difficultās, difficultātis [f.] diffulty
dīgnitās, dīgnitātis [f.] prestige, rank, authority
dolor, dolōris [m.] pain, grief, suffering
dux, ducis [m.] commander, leader, guide
eques, equitis [m.] horseman, equestrian
error, errōris [m.] mistake
faex, faecis [f.] dregs
famēs, famis [f.] hunger
favor, favōris [m.] favour, support
fax, facis [f.] torch
fēcunditās, fēcunditātis [f.] fruitfulness, fertility
fīnis, fīnis [m.] boundary, limit, end
flōs, flōris [m.] flower
fōns, fontis [m.] spring, fountain
formīdō, formīdinis [f.] fear, dread
frāter, frātris [m.] brother
frūx, frūgis [f.] fruit, crop, produce
furor, furōris [m.] rage, passion
gēns, gentis [f.] clan, race
gravitās, gravitātis [f.] weight, seriousness
grex, gregis [m.] flock
homō, hominis [m.] man, person
honestās, honestātis [f.] reputation
honor, honōris [m.] public honour, respect, favour
hospes, hospitis [m.] host, guest
hostis, hostis [m.] foe, enemy
hūmānitās, hūmānitātis [f.] civilization
ignis, ignis [m.] fire, firewood
imāgō, imāginis [f.] portrait, likeness, bust
imber, imbris [m.] rain, shower
imperātor, imperātōris [m.] commander, emperor
īnfāns, īnfantis [m./f.] infant
īnscrīptiō, īnscrīptiōnis [f.] inscription
iūdex, iūdicis [m.] judge, juror
labor (labōs), labōris [m.] toil, exertion
latrō, latrōnis [m.] robber
legiō, legiōnis [f.] legion
leō, leōnis [m.] lion
lēx, lēgis [f.] law
lūx, lūcis [f.] light, daylight
maiōrēs, maiorum [m.] ancestors
meretrīx, meretrīcis [f.] prostitute
mīles, mīlitis [m.] soldier, army
mōns, montis [m.] mountain
10
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mors, mortis [f.] death
mōs, mōris [m.] fashion, custom, conduct
mulier, mulieris [f.] woman
nāvis, nāvis [f.] ship
nōbilitās, nōbilitātis [f.] high rank, nobility
novitās, novitātis [f.] newness, novelty
nox, noctis [f.] night
obsidiō, obsidiōnis [f.] siege, blockade
ops, opis [f.] strength; [in plural] resources, wealth
optimātēs, optimātium [m.] aristocrats
orbis, orbis [m.] circle, world
orīgō, orīginis [f.] origin
parēns, parentis [m./f.] parent
pars, partis [f.] part
pater, patris [m.] father, patrician, senator
pāx, pācis [f.] peace, treaty
pedes, peditis [m.] walker, footsoldier
pēs, pedis [m.] foot
pictor, pictōris [m.] painter
pietās, pietātis [f.] piety, sense of duty, dutiful conduct
plēb(ē)s, plēbis [f.] common people
pōns, pontis [m.] bridge
possessor, possessōris [m.] owner
potestās, potestātis [f.] power, authority
praeceptor, praeceptōris [m.] teacher, instructor
praetor, praetōris [m.] praetor, magistrate, governor
prex, precis [f.] prayer
prīnceps, prīncipis [m.] princeps, leading citizen, emperor
pudor, pudōris [m.] decency, shame, embarrassment
ratiō, ratiōnis [f.] argument, reason, justification, procedure
rēgnātor, rēgnatōris [m.] ruler
rēx, rēgis [m.] king
rhētor, rhētōris [m.] professor
sacerdōs, sacerdōtis [m./f.] priest/priestess
sanguis, sanguinis [m.] blood
scrīptor, scrīptōris [m.] writer
secūris, secūris [f.] axe
sēcūritās, sēcūritātis [f.] security, safety
sēditiō, sēditiōnis [f.] rebellion
senātor, senātōris [m.] senator
senectūs, senectūtis [f.] old age
senex, senis [m.] old man
serpēns, serpentis [f.] serpent
servitūs, servitūtis [f.] slavery, servitude
societās, societātis [f.] political alliance, pact, partnership
sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis [f.] loneliness, desert
soror, sorōris [f.] sister
strīdor, strīdōris [m.] rattling, clanking
superstitiō, superstitiōnis [f.] superstition
supplex, supplicis [m.] supplicant
11
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suspīciō, suscipiōnis [f.] suspicion
terror, terrōris [m.] terror, fear
testis, testis [m./f.] witness
tōnsor, tōnsōris [m.] barber
turris, turris [f.] tower
urbs, urbis [f.] city
uxor, uxōris [f.] wife
vēnātor, vēnātōris [m.] huntsman
vestis, vestis [f.] clothing
vetustās, vetustātis [f.] old age
victor, victōris [m.] conqueror, winner
virgō, virginis [f.] girl, virgin
virtūs, virtūtis [f.] courage
voluntās, voluntātis [f.] wish, choice, inclination
vōx, vōcis [f.] voice, speech, sound
Chapter 8
corpus, corporis body
facinus, facinoris crime
frīgus, frīgoris cold, chill
fūnus, fūneris death, funeral
lītus, lītoris shore
opus, operis work
scelus, sceleris crime, wickedness
tempus, temporis time
nōmen, nōminis name
agmen, agminis crowd, throng, troop
carmen, carminis poem, song
crīmen, crīminis crime, charge, offence
flūmen, flūminis river
līmen, līminis threshold, doorway
lūmen, lūminis light
brevis,-e brief, short
cīvīlis,-e civil
facilis,-e easy
familiāris,-e domestic, family, private
fortis,-e brave, strong
humilis,-e humble, insignificant
mīrābilis,-e wonderful, extraordinary
mollis,-e soft
mortālis,-e mortal
nōbilis,-e noble
terribilis,-e terrible
turpis,-e disgraceful
ūtilis,-e useful, suitable
atrōx (atrōc-) fierce, repulsive
ferōx (ferōc-) bold, spirited, headstrong
12
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ultrīx (ultrīc-) avenging
dēmēns crazy, foolish
prūdēns knowing, experienced, wise
imprūdēns without knowing, unwitting
sapiēns wise
Additional words for Chapter 8
3rd declension neuter nouns which appear in the course
agmen, agminis [n.] crowd, throng, troop
carmen, carminis [n.] poem, song
certāmen, certāminis [n.] battle, conflict, competition
crīmen,-inis [n.] crime, charge, accusation
flūmen,-inis [n.] river
fulmen,-inis [n.] thunderbolt
grāmen,-inis [n.] grass
līmen,-inis [n.] threshold, doorway
lūmen,-inis [n.] light, eye
nōmen,-inis [n.] name
nūmen,-inis [n.] nod, divine will, god
corpus,-oris [n.] body
crūs, crūris [n.] leg
facinus,-oris [n.] deed, misdeed, crime, outrage
frīgus,-oris [n.] cold, chill
fūnus,-eris [n.] death, funeral
genus,-eris [n.] race, stock, offspring
iūs, iūris [n.] justice
lītus,-oris [n.] shore
mūnus,-eris [n.] gift, service, public show
onus, oneris [n.] burden
opus, operis [n.] work, action, task
ōs, ōris [n.] face, mouth
pectus, pectoris [n.] breast, heart, courage
rūs, rūris [n.] country, land, estate
scelus, sceleris [n.] evil deed, wicked act, crime
sīdus, sīderis [n.] star, [pl.] sky
tempus, temporis [n.] time
vulnus, vulneris [n.] wound
caput, capitis [n.] head
iter, itineris [n.] route, way
mare, maris [n.] sea
marmor, marmoris [n.] marble
os, ossis [n.] bone
verber, verberis [n.] blow, lash
cubīle, cubīlis [n.] couch, bed
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3rd declension adjectives which appear in the course
aequālis,-e equal
agrestis,-e rustic, uncultivated
brevis,-e short, brief
cīvīlis,-e civil, political, public
commūnis,-e in common, shared, as one
curūlis,-e of a chariot, curule
dulcis,-e sweet, pleasant, charming
exitiābilis,-e deadly
exsomnis,-e without sleep, wide awake
facilis,-e easy
familiāris,-e domestic, family, private
fortis,-e brave, strong
frūgālis,-e worthy, virtuous, thrifty
gentīlis,-e belonging to their race, native
gravis,-e heavy, serious, important
humilis,-e insignificant, humble
īnsignis,-e distinguished
irreparābilis,-e irrecoverable, irretrievable
levis,-e light, superficial
memorābilis,-e memorable
mīlitāris,-e military
mīrābilis,-e wonderful, extraordinary
mollis,-e soft
mortālis,-e mortal
muliebris,-e womanly, of a woman
navālis,-e naval
nōbilis,-e noble, well-born
nūbilis,-e marriageable
omnis,-e all, every
optābilis,-e desirable
rudis,-e raw, rough
tenuis,-e narrow, small, insignificant
terribilis,-e dreadful, terrible
trīstis,-e sad, grim, gloomy
turpis,-e disgraceful
ūtilis,-e useful, suitable, profitable
vīlis,-e cheap, worthless
atrōx fierce, repulsive
fēlīx fortunate, successful
ferōx bold, spirited, headstrong
īnfēlīx unfortunate, unhappy
pertināx determined, stubborn
tenāx persisting, holding fast
ultrīx avenging
velōx rapid, quick
āmēns crazed, demented
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dēmēns mad, crazy, foolish
imprūdēns unaware, ignorant
impudēns shameless
ingēns huge, immense
īnsolēns haughty
prūdēns knowing, experienced, wise
pudēns modest, bashful
recēns fresh, recent
sapiēns wise, judicious
tepēns warm
Chapter 9
cēdō, cēdere, cēssī, cessum go, give way
crēdō,-ere, crēdidī, crēditum [+ dat.] believe, trust
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum say
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum lead
incendō,-ere, incendī, incēnsum set fire to, inflame, distress
mittō,-ere, mīsī, missum send
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum kill
petō, petere, petīvī (-iī), petītum seek, ask, strive for, attack
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum place
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum write
vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum conquer, win
audiō, audīre, audīvī (-iī), audītum hear
sciō, scīre, scīvī (-iī), scītum know
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum come
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum take, capture
cupiō,-ere, cupīvī (-iī), cupītum desire
faciō,-ere, fēcī, factum make, do
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitum flee, escape
iaciō,-ere, iēcī, iactum throw, hurl
Additional words for Chapter 9
3rd conjugation verbs which appear in the course
abdūcō,-ere, abdūxī, abductum lead away, take away
accendō,-ere, accendī, accēnsum inflame, stimulate
acquīrō,-ere, acquīsīvī, acquīsītum obtain
addō,-ere, addidī, additum put to, add to
addūcō,-ere, addūxī, adductum lead to, bring along
agō,-ere, ēgī, āctum do, lead, act, perform
bibō, bibere, bibī drink
cadō,-ere, cecidī, cāsum fall, fall down
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carpō,-ere, carpsī, carptum pluck
cēdō,-ere, cessī, cessum give way, go, submit
cognōscō,-ere, cognōvī, cognitum become acquainted with, learn, recognize
cōgō,-ere, coēgī, coāctum compel, force
combibō,-ere, combibī drink entirely
comedō,-ere, comēdī, comēsum gobble up
compōnō,-ere, composuī, compositum arrange, settle, record, write
concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum retire, concede, allow
concupīscō,-ere, concupīvī, concupītum desire, aspire to
condō,-ere, condidī, conditum found, establish
cōnfluō,-ere, cōnflūxī flow together
conquīrō,-ere, conquīsīvī (-iī), conquīsītum search for, procure
cōnstituō,-ere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum determine, decide, manage
contemnō,-ere, contempsī, contemptum despise, scorn
contendō,-ere, contendī, contentum compete
contingō,-ere, contigī, contāctum touch
coquō,-ere, coxī, coctum cook
crēdō,-ere, crēdidī, crēditum [+ dat.] believe, trust
crēscō,-ere, crēvī, crētum grow
dēcēdō,-ere, dēcessī, dēcessum go away, withdraw, die
dēcernō,-ere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētum decide, make a judgment
dēcurrō,-ere, dēcucurrī run down
dēdūcō,-ere dēdūxī, dēductum lead away, bring down, take as a bride
dēfendō,-ere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum defend, ward off, repel
dēpellō,-ere, dēpulī, dēpulsum remove, expel
dēpōnō,-ere, dēposuī, dēpositum put aside
dēprehendō,-ere, dēprehendī, dēprehēnsum catch, arrest
dēprōmō,-ere, dēprompsī, dēpromptum bring forth
dēscrībō,-ere, dēscrīpsī, dēscrīptum describe, register
dēsinō,-ere, dēsiī, dēsitum stop, cease
dēsistō,-ere, dēstitī stop, cease
dīligō,-ere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum value, love
dīmittō,-ere, dīmīsī, dīmissum dismiss, release
discēdō,-ere, discessī, discessum depart
discernō,-ere, discrēvī, discrētum divide
discumbō,-ere, discubuī, discubitum recline at table
dīvidō,-ere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum divide, part
dūcō,-ere, dūxī, ductum lead, bring
ēdiscō,-ere, ēdidicī learn thoroughly
ēdō,-ere, ēdidī, ēditum utter, bring forth, give birth
ēdūcō,-ere, ēdūxī, ēductum bring out, lead out, bring up, educate
ēligō,-ere, ēlēgī, ēlectum pick out, choose
ēmittō,-ere, ēmīsī, ēmissum send out
emō,-ere, ēmī, emptum buy
ērumpō,-ere, ērūpī, ēruptum break out
ēvādō,-ere, ēvāsī, ēvāsum go out, come out, escape
exclūdō,-ere, exclūsī, exclūsum shut out, exclude
excolō,-ere, excoluī, excultum tend, improve
expellō,-ere, expulī, expulsum banish
exquīrō,-ere, exquīsīvī, exquīsītum search out, discover
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exstinguō,-ere, exstinxī, exstinctum kill, extinguish
exsūgō,-ere, exsūxī, exsūctum suck out
extendō,-ere, extendī, extentum overreach
extruō,-ere, extruxī, extructum build up
exuō,-ere, exuī, exūtum lay aside, cast off, deprive
fallō,-ere, fefellī, falsum deceive, escape the notice of
fingō,-ere, finxī, fictum make, fashion
flectō,-ere, flexī, flexum bend, turn
fluō,-ere, fluxī, fluxum flow
frangō,-ere, frēgī, frāctum break, corrupt
fundō,-ere, fūdī, fūsum pour, scatter, pour forth, utter
furō,-ere, furuī rave, rage
gemō,-ere, gemuī, gemitum groan
gerō,-ere, gessī, gestum carry, wear, perform, manage
glūbō,-ere pick off, rob
īgnōscō,-ere, ignōvī, ignōtum [+ dat.] forgive, excuse
imbuō,-ere, imbuī, imbūtum fill, taint
immergō,-ere, immersī, immersum plunge, dip
immittō,-ere, immīsī, immissum send in, let in
impōnō,-ere, imposuī, impositum place on, establish, impose
incendō,-ere, incendī, incēnsum set fire to, inflame, distress
incolō,-ere, incoluī inhabit, live
increpō,-ere, increpuī, increpitum rebuke
incurrō,-ere run (into or on to), attack
indūcō,-ere, indūxī, inductum draw upon, spread over
ingemō,-ere, ingemuī, ingemitum groan over, sigh at
inquīrō,-ere, inquīsīvī, inquīsītum inquire into
īnscendō,-ere, inscendī, inscēnsum climb on, up
īnsistō,-ere, īnstitī [3; + dat.] stand on
īnstituō,-ere, īnstituī, īnstitūtum undertake, begin
intellegō,-ere, intellēxī, intellēctum understand
interdīcō,-ere, interdīxī, interdictum [+ dat.] banish, forbid
interficiō,-ere, interfēcī, interfectum kill
intermittō,-ere, intermīsī, intermissum pause, suspend
irruō,-ere, irruī rush in
linquō,-ere, līquī let go
lūdō,-ere, lūsī, lūsum play, tease
manūmittō,-ere, manūmīsī, manūmissum set free
metuō,-ere. metuī, metūtum fear, be apprehensive
mittō,-ere, mīsī, missum send
neglegō,-ere, neglexī, neglectum [3] disregard
nigrēscō,-ere grow dark, become black
noscō,-ere, nōvī, nōtum get knowledge of, become acquainted with (‘nōvī’ =
I know)
nūbō,-ere, nūpsī, nūptum [+ dat.] marry
obdormīscō,-ere fall asleep
obstipēscō,-ere, obstipuī be amazed
occidō,-ere, occidī, occāsum fall, die
occīdō,-ere, occīdī, occīsum kill
occulō,-ere,-uī, occultum hide, cover
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
oppōnō,-ere, opposuī, oppositum place opposite
opprimō,-ere, oppressī, oppressum crush, overwhelm
ostendō,-ere, ostendī, ostentum show
parcō,-ere, perpercī, parsum [+ dat.] spare
pāscō,-ere, pāvī, pāstum feed, pasture
pellō,-ere, pepulī, pulsum drive, beat, strike
percellō,-ere, perculī, perculsum strike, discourage
perdō,-ere, perdidī, perditum ruin, waste
perfundō,-ere, perfūdī, perfūsum pour over, sprinkle, moisten
pergō,-ere, perrēxī, perrēctum go, proceed
perimō,-ere, perēmī, peremptum destroy
permittō,-ere, permīsī, permissum let go, give up, entrust
pervādō,-ere, pervāsī, pervāsum spread through, reach
petō,-ere, petīvī (-iī), petītum seek, ask, strive for, attack
pōnō,-ere, posuī, pos(i)tum put, place, put down, set up
poscō, poscere, poposcī demand, desire, beg
premō,-ere, pressī, pressum press
prōcurrō,-ere, prō(cu)currī, prōcursum rush forth
profundō,-ere, profūdī, profūsum pour forth
prōmittō,-ere, prōmīsī, prōmissum send forth, let hang down, promise
prōscindō,-ere, prōscidī, prōscissum revile
prōtegō,-ere, prōtexī, prōtectum protect
prōvolvō,-ere, prōvolvī, prōvolūtum roll forward
quaerō,-ere, quaesīvī (-iī) quaesītum ask, seek, look for
rādō,-ere, rāsī, rāsum shave
recumbō,-ere, recubuī recline
reddō,-ere, reddidī, redditum give back
redimō,-ere, redēmī, redemptum redeem, buy back
redūcō,-ere, redūxī, reductum bring back, lead back
refellō,-ere, refellī refute, challenge
regō,-ere, rēxī, rēctum rule
relinquō,-ere, relīquī, relictum leave, abandon
repellō,-ere, reppulī, repulsum drive back
repetō,-ere, repetīvī (-iī), repetītum seek again, return to
repōnō,-ere, reposuī, repos(i)tum put away, put down
reprehendō,-ere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum find a fault with, catch out
reprimō,-ere, repressī, repressum curb, keep in check
requīrō,-ere, requīsīvī (-iī), requīsītum seek to know
rescindō,-ere, rescidī, rescissum repeal, cancel
resistō,-ere, restitī resist
restituō,-ere, restituī, restitūtum bring back, restore
retrahō,-ere, retraxī, retractum drag back, bring back
revīsō,-ere, revīsī revisit, rejoin
rōdō,-ere, rōsī, rōsum gnaw, nibble
rumpō,-ere, rūpī, ruptum break
scindō,-ere, scidī, scissum tear, cut up
scrībō,-ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum write
serō,-ere, sēvī, sātum sow, cause, bring forth
sinō,-ere, sīvī, situm allow
solvō,-ere, solvī, solūtum loosen, release
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
subdō,-ere, subdidī, subditum substitute, introduce falsely
subvertō,-ere, subvertī, subversum overthrow, upset, ruin
succēdō,-ere, successī, successum enter, approach, succeed
succingō,-ere, succinxī, succinctum gird up, tuck up
sūmō,-ere, sūmpsī, sūmptum take, take up
surgō,-ere, surrexī, surrectum rise
tangō,-ere, tetigī, tāctum touch
tendō,-ere, tetendī, tentum stretch, reach, march
texō,-ere, texī, textum weave
tollō,-ere, sustŭlī, sublātum take up, lift up, remove
trādō,-ere, trādidī, trāditum hand over, pass on, record
trahō,-ere, traxī, tractum draw, drag
trānsdūcō,-ere, trānsdūxī, trānsductum transfer, bring across
tribuō,-ere, tribuī, tribūtum grant, give
ūrō,-ere, ussī, ustum burn
vādō,-ere go, walk
vehō,-ere, vēxī, vectum carry, bring, ride, travel
vertō,-ere, vertī, versum turn
vincō,-ere, vīcī, victum conquer
vīsō,-ere, vīsī go to see, gaze on
vīvō,-ere, vīxī, vīctum live
vomō,-ere, vomuī, vomitum pour forth
4th conjugation verbs which appear in the course
adveniō,-īre, advēnī, adventum arrive
audiō, audīre, audīvī (-iī), audītum hear
circumveniō,-īre, circumvēnī, circumventum surround
conveniō,-īre, convēnī, conventum meet, agree
dormiō,-īre, dormīvī (-iī), dormītum sleep
ēveniō,-īre, ēvēnī, ēventum happen
exaudiō,-īre, exaudīvī (-iī), exaudītum hear clearly
expediō,-īre, expedīvī (-iī), expedītum disengage, set free
fīniō,-īre, fīnīvī (-iī), fīnītum finish, limit
hauriō,-īre, hausī, haustum drain, drink up
inveniō,-īre, invēnī, inventum discover, find
perveniō,-īre, pervēnī, perventum reach
praesentiō,-īre, praesēnsī, praesēnsum feel beforehand
pūniō,-īre, pūnīvī (-iī), pūnītum punish
saepiō,-īre, saepsī, saeptum fence in, barricade
saeviō,-īre, saeviī, saevītum rage, vent one’s fury
sciō,-īre, scīvī (-iī), scītum know
sōpiō,-īre, sōpīvī (-iī), sōpītum put to sleep, lull
veniō,-īre, vēnī, ventum come
vestiō,-īre, vestīvī (-iī), vestītum clothe, dress
Mixed conjugation verbs which appear in the course
accipiō,-ere, accēpī, acceptum receive, take, get, welcome
adiciō,-ere, adiēcī, adiectum throw to, add
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afficiō,-ere, affēcī, affectum treat, affect, afflict
aspiciō,-ere, aspexī, aspectum look upon, consider
capiō,-ere, cēpī, captum take, capture
concipiō,-ere, concēpī, conceptum conceive
cōnficiō,-ere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectum complete, finish
cōnfodiō,-ere, cōnfōdī, cōnfossum pierce, stab
cōnspiciō,-ere, cōnspexī, cōnspectum catch sight of, see
cupiō,-ere, cupīvī (-iī), cupītum desire
dēfīciō,-ere, dēfēcī, dēfectum revolt
dēiciō,-ere, dēiēcī, dēiectum throw down
dēripiō,-ere, dēripuī, dēreptum tear down
efficiō,-ere, effēcī, effectum effect, produce, bring about, accomplish
ēripiō,-ere, ēripuī, ēreptum snatch, take away
excipiō,-ere, excēpī, exceptum take, take the place of
excutiō,-ere, excussī, excussum remove
faciō,-ere, fēcī, factum do, make
fugiō,-ere, fūgī, fugitum flee, escape
incipiō,-ere, incēpī, inceptum begin, undertake
īnficiō,-ere, īnfēcī, īnfectum colour, stain, infect
īniciō,-ere, īniēcī, īniectum throw on, in
patefaciō,-ere, patefēcī, patefactum reveal, open
profugiō,-ere, prōfūgī flee away
prōiciō,-ere, prōiēcī, prōiectum throw, throw forth, throw down
rapiō,-ere, rapuī, raptum seize, take, plunder, rape
recipiō,-ere, recēpī, receptum take, accept, recover
reficiō,-ere, refēcī, refectum make again, restore
refūgiō,-ere, refūgī flee back, away
sapiō,-ere taste, have good taste, be wise
satisfaciō,-ere satisfy, apologize
subiciō,-ere, subiēcī, subiectum throw under, subject, subdue
sufficiō,-ere, suffēcī, suffectum provide, supply, be enough
Chapter 10
cāsus,-ūs [m.] accident, misfortune
cōnsulātus,-ūs [m.] consulship
domus, domūs (domī) [f.] house, home, family (see p.00)
flētus,-ūs [m.] weeping, tears
gemitus,-ūs [m.] groan, sigh
gradus,-ūs [m.] step
lūctus,-ūs [m.] grief
manus,-ūs [f.] hand
metus,-ūs [m.] fear
socrus,-ūs [f.] mother-in-law
spīritus,-ūs [m.] spirit
tumultus,-ūs [m.] uproar, insurrection
vultus,-ūs [m.] face
sum, esse, fuī be
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
absum, abesse, āfuī be absent
adsum, adesse, adfuī be present, at hand
eō, īre, iī, itum go
exeō,-īre, exiī, exitum go out
pereō,-īre, periī, peritum perish, die
trānseō,-īre, trānsiī, trānsitum go across, pass through
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum bear, carry
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum bring
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum take away, steal
circumferō, circumferre, circumtulī, circumlātum carry around
perferō, perferre, pertulī, perlātum endure, suffer
referō, referre, rettulī, relātum bring back, report
Additional words for Chapter 10
4th declension nouns which appear in the course
acus,-ūs [f.] needle
adventus,-ūs [m.] arrival
amplexus,-ūs [m.] embrace
apparātus,-ūs [m.] preparation
artus,-ūs [m.] limb
aspectus,-ūs [m.] appearance
cāsus,-ūs [m.] chance, accident, misfortune
cōnsēnsus,-ūs [m.] agreement, unanimity
cōnsulātus,-ūs [m.] consulship
cornū,-ūs [n.] horn
cultus,-ūs [m.] cultivation
currus,-ūs [m.] chariot
cursus,-ūs [m.] course
dēscēnsus,-ūs [m.] descent, way down
domus,-ūs [f.] house, home, family
ductus,-ūs [m.] leadership
exercitus,-ūs [m.] army
flētus,-ūs [m.] weeping, tears
frūctus,-ūs [m.] fruit, produce
gemitus,-ūs [m.] groan
gradus,-ūs [m.] step
ictus,-ūs [m.] blow, thrust
Īdūs, Īduum [f.pl.] Ides
lūctus,-ūs [m.] grief
luxus,-ūs [m.] extravagance, excess
manus,-ūs [f.] hand
metus,-ūs [m.] fear
morsus,-ūs [m.] bite
mūgītus,-ūs [m.] bellowing
porticus,-ūs [f.] entrance, colonnade
prīncipātus,-ūs [m.] principate, reign
quaestus,-ūs [m.] profit, business
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
recessus,-ūs [m.] corner, retreat
senātus,-ūs [m.] senate
sexus,-ūs [m.] sex, gender
sinus,-ūs [m.] fold of a garment, bosom
socrus,-ūs [f.] mother-in-law
spīritus,-ūs [m.] breath, spirit
strepitus,-ūs [m.] noise
tumultus,-ūs [m.] uproar, insurrection
vultus,-ūs [m.] face
Compounds of irregular verbs which appear in the course
sum, esse, fuī be
absum, abesse, āfuī be absent
adsum, adesse, adfuī be present, at hand
eō, īre, iī, itum go
abeō,-īre, abiī, abitum go away
adeō,-īre, adiī, aditum approach, go to
exeō,-īre, exiī, exitum go out
ineō,-īre, iniī, initum go in, enter
pereō,-īre, periī, peritum perish, die
trānseō,-īre, trānsiī, trānsitum go across, pass through
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum bear, carry
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum bring
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum take away, steal
circumferō, circumferre, circumtulī, circumlātum carry around
dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātum offer, bring down, accuse
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātum bring in, put on, cause
referō, referre, rettulī, relātum bring back, report
Chapter 11
put to flight, chase fugō, fugāre
this, he hic
free līber,-era,-erum
knock down, kill occīdō, occīdere
prepare paro, parāre
which, whom [f.] quam
indeed, even quidem
who, which quis
which, that which quod
keep, protect servō, servāre
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
fugiō, fugīre flee, escape
hīc here
liber, librī book
occidō, occidere fall, die
pāreō, pārēre [+ dat.] obey
quam than, as, how
quīdam a certain (one), somebody
quis any(one), some(one)
quod because
serviō, servīre [+ dat.] serve
deinde (sometimes shortened to dein) then, next, afterwards
ēheu, heu alas, oh no
inde then, after that, from that place
intereā meanwhile
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
igitur therefore, then, accordingly
ita so, in such a way, thus
minimē not at all
modo only, recently
nōnne surely …? (expecting the answer ‘yes’)
num surely …not? (expecting the answer ‘no’)
sīc so, thus, in this way, just so, yes
tamen nevertheless, yet, still, for all that, however
umquam ever
vērō indeed, yes
Additional words for Chapter 11
Latin numbers
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XL
L
LX
LXX
LXXX
XC
C
CI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
cardinals
ūnus,-a,-um*
duo*
trēs, tria*
quattuor
quīnque
sex
septem
octo
novem
decem
ūndecim
duodecim
tredecim
quattuordecim
quīndecim
sēdecim
septendecim
duodēvigintī
ūndēvigintī
vīgintī
ūnus* et vīgintī
duo* et vīgintī
duodētrīgintā
ūndētrīgintā
trīgintā
quadrāgintā
quīnquāgintā
sexāgintā
septuāgintā
octōgintā
nōnāgintā
centum
centum et ūnus*
ordinals
prīmus,-a,-um first
secundus,-a,-um second
tertius,-a,-um third
quārtus,-a,-um fourth.
quīntus,-a,-um fifth
sextus,-a,-um sixth
septimus,-a,-um seventh
octāvus,-a,-um eighth
nōnus,-a,-um ninth
decimus,-a,-um tenth
etc
* variable endings
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CC 200 ducentī,-ae,-a*
CCC 300 trecentī,-ae,-a*
CCCC 400 quadringentī,-ae,-a*
D 500 quīngentī,-ae,-a*
M 1000 mīlle (plural: mīlia*)
MM 2000 duo* mīlia
Chapter 12
aciēs, aciēī [f.] battleline
diēs, diēī [m./f.] day
faciēs, faciēī [f.] face, shape
fidēs, fideī [f.] faith, loyalty, trust
rēs, reī [f.] thing, matter, business, issue
spēs, spēī [f.] hope
adhūc still, yet
aut or
aut ... aut either … or
autem however, but, and now
ergō therefore, so, accordingly, then
itaque and so, and thus
magis … quam rather … than
mox soon
quidem indeed, certainly, no less (emphasizes the word before it)
nē … quidem not even ...
quod which, because
quoque also, too
statim immediately
ubīque everywhere
vel or
vix barely, hardly, scarcely
Additional words for Chapter 12
5th declension nouns which appear in the course
aciēs,-ēī [f.] battle-line, battle
diēs,-ēī [m./f.] day
effigiēs,-ēī [f.] image
faciēs,-ēī [f.] face, shape
fidēs,-eī [f.] faith, loyalty, trust
rēs,-eī [f.] thing, matter, business, issue
saniēs,-ēī [f.] gore
spēs,-ēī [f.] hope
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Chapter 13
Verbs with many compounds
capiō,-ere, cēpī, captum take, capture
cēdō,-ere, cessī, cessum give way, go
dūcō,-ere, dūxī, ductum lead, bring
eō, īre, īvī (iī) go
faciō,-ere, fēcī, factum do, make
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum carry, bear, say
iaciō,-ere, iēcī, iactum throw, hurl
mittō,-ere, mīsī, missum send
moveō,-ēre, mōvī, mōtum move, stir
pōnō,-ere, posuī, positum put, place
teneō,-ēre,-uī, tentum hold, control
veniō,-īre, vēnī, ventum come
Additional words for Chapter 13
Compound verbs which appear in this course (see Ch.10 for compounds of irregular
verbs)
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum has the meaning of take:
accipiō,-ere, accēpī, acceptum receive, take
excipiō,-ere, excēpī, exceptum take, take the place of
incipiō,-ere, incēpī, inceptum begin, undertake
recipiō,-ere, recēpī, receptum take, accept, recover
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum has the meaning of go or yield
concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum retire, allow
dēcēdō, dēcēdere, dēcēssī, dēcessum go away, depart, withdraw, die
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum depart
succēdō, succēdere, successī, successum enter, approach, succeed
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum has the meaning of lead or bring:
abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductum lead away, take away
dēdūcō, dēdūcere, dēdūxī, dēductum lead away, bring down, lead in a
procession, take as a bride
ēdūcō, ēdūcere, ēdūxī, ēductum bring out, lead out, bring up, educate
prōdūcō, prōdūcere, prōdūxī, prōductum lead forth, bring before
redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductum bring back, lead back
facio, facere, fēcī, factum has the meaning of make or do:
afficiō (adficiō), afficere, affēcī, affectum treat, affect, afflict
efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum effect, produce, bring about, accomplish
inficiō, inficere, infēcī, infectum colour, stain, infect
reficiō, reficere, refēcī, refectum make again, restore
satisfaciō, satisfacere, satisfēcī, satisfactum satisfy, apologize
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habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum has the meaning of have, hold, possess:
adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitum bring, summon, invite
exhibeō, exhibēre, exhibuī, exhibitum hold forth, present, show
praehibeō, praehibēre, praehibuī, praehibitum hold forth, furnish, supply
iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum has the meaning of throw:
adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectum throw to, add
dēiciō, dēicere, dēiēcī, dēiectum throw down
īniciō, īnicere, īniēcī, īniēctum throw in, on, put on
prōiciō, prōicere, prōiēcī, prōiectum throw, throw forth, throw down
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum has the meaning of send or let go:
dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum dismiss, release
ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmīsī, ēmissum send out
prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum let go forward, let hang down,
promise
remittō, remittere, remīsī, remissum let go back, send back
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum has the meaning of put, place, put down or set
up
compōnō, compōnere, composuī, compositum [3] compose, arrange,
settle, record, write
dēpōnō, dēpōnere, dēposuī, dēpositum put aside
impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum place on, establish, impose
repōnō, repōnere, reposuī, repositum put away, put down
stō, stāre, stetī, stātum has the meaning of stand or be stationary:
obstō, obstāre, obstitī, — stand in the way, hinder, obstruct
prōstō, prōstāre, prōstitī, — stand for sale, be on sale
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum has the meaning of hold, control, occupy
abstineō, abstinēre, abstinuī, abstentum hold back, abstain
contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum hold together, restrain
retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentum keep, restrain
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum has the meaning of come:
circumveniō, circumvenīre, circumvēnī, circumventum surround 1
conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum meet, agree
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum find, come upon
perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum reach
Typical prefixes, with assimilated forms in brackets:
ā-, ab-, abs-, (au-) from, away from
ad- (acc-, aff-, agg-, all-, ann-, app-, arr-, att-, āsp-, ass-, att-) to, towards
ante- before, in front
circum- around
1
Some compounds can govern a direct object, even though their simple forms cannot, e.g.
veniō/circumveniō: you cannot ‘come’ something, but you can ‘surround’ it.
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con- [i.e. cum] (co-, coll-, comm-, comb-, comp-, corr-) together with
dē- down, down from, lacking
dis-, dī-, (diff-, diss-) apart
ē-, ex-, (eff-) from, away from, out, out of
in- (ill-, imb-, imm-, imp-, irr-)2 in, into, on, onto, against
inter- between
ob- (occ-, off-, opp-) in the way of
per- through, thoroughly
post- after
prae- in front, at the head of, very
prō- forward, in front of
re-, red- back, again
sē- apart
sub- (succ-, suff-, sugg-, summ-, supp-, surr-, sus-) beneath, from under
super- above, over
trāns-, trā- across
Chapter 14
hic, haec, hoc this (man, woman, thing), he, she
ille, illa, illud that (man, woman, thing), he, she
is, ea, id this, that, he, she, it
sē himself, herself, itself, themselves (reflexive)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum (my/your/him/her/it)self, (our/your/them)selves (emphatic)
hīc (not hic as above) here
illīc in that place, over there
hūc to here, hither
illūc to that place, thither
hinc from here, on this side
īdem, eadem, idem (the) same:
iste, ista, istud that … near you, that … of yours
Additional words for Chapter 14
None listed
Chapter 15
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus [1] try
fateor, fatērī, fassus [2] speak
gradior, gradī, gressus [M.] step, walk, go
loquor, loquī, locūtus [3] speak
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus [1] admire, marvel at, be surprised
morior, morī, mortuus [M.] die
2
The ‘in-’ prefix in some words has the very different function of negation: ‘indīgnus’ = unworthy.
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patior, patī, passus [M.] allow, endure, suffer
reor, rērī, ratus [3] think, imagine, suppose
sequor, sequī, secūtus [3] follow
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus [3; + abl.] use
vereor, verērī, veritus [3] fear
Additional words for Chapter 15
Deponent verbs which appear in the course
aggredior, aggredī, aggressus [5] attack, approach
audeō, audēre, ausus [2] dare #
cōnfiteor, cōnfitērī, cōnfessus [2] admit, confess
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus [1] try
cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus [1] hesitate, delay
dēlector, dēlectārī, dēlectātus [1] delight, give pleasure to
faenerāror, faenerārī, faenerātus [1] lend money
fateor, fatērī, fassus [2] speak, confess, make plain
for, fārī, fātus [1] speak, utter
frūstror, frūstrārī, frūstrātus [1] deceive, elude, frustrate
gaudeō,-ēre, gāvīsus [2] rejoice #
glōrior, glōriārī, glōriātus [1] boast
imitor, imitārī [1] imitate, copy
indīgnor, indīgnārī, indīgnātus [1] think demeaning, resent
ingredior, ingredī, ingressus [3] go forward
intueor, intuērī, intuitus [2] look upon, consider
lacrimor, lacrimārī, lacrimātus [1] weep
loquor,-ī, locūtus [3] speak
mentior, mentīrī, mentītus [4] lie
minor, minārī, minātus [1] threaten
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus [1] be surprised, amazed
miseror, miserārī, miserātus [1] pity, feel compassion for
morior, morī, mortuus [5] die
moror, morārī, morātus [1] delay, wait
nītor, nītī, nīsus [3] strive
orior, orīrī, ortus [4] rise, arise
patior, patī, passus [M.] allow, suffer
perpetior, perpetī , perpessus [M.] endure
persequor, persequī, persecūtus [3] pursue
precor, precārī, precātus [1] ask, entreat
queror, querī, questus [3] complain
regredīor, regredī, regressus [3] go back
reor, rērī, ratus [3] think, imagine, reckon, suppose
rēvereor, reverērī, reveritus [2] be in awe of, revere
revertor, revertī, reversus [3] return, come back, turn back
sequor, sequī, secūtus [3] follow
suffrāgor, suffrāgārī, suffrāgātus [1] support, vote for
testor, testārī, testātus [1] declare, give evidence
trānsgredior, trānsgredī, trānsgressus [M.] go across, cross
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tueor, tuērī, tuitus [2] look upon, regard, protect
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus [3; + abl.] use, profit by, benefit from
vereor, verērī, veritus [2] fear, respect
# one or two verbs are deponent only in the past tenses (called ‘semi-deponent’)
Chapter 16
ut [+ subjunctive] that, so that, in order that, with the result that
ut [+ indicative] as, when
nē [introducing a subordinate clause] that … not
nē [after a verb of fearing] lest, that
nē [+ perfect subjunctive] do not …
cum [preposition + ablative] (together) with
cum [conjunction] when, since, although
Words which may introduce an indirect command
cūrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1] take care, see (that)
imperō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1; + dat.] order
iubeō,-ēre, iussī, iussum [2] * order, tell
moneō,-ēre, monuī, monitum [2] advise
ōrō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1] plead, entreat
petō,-ere, petīvī (-iī), petītum [3] seek
poscō, poscere, poposcī, — [3] demand, desire, beg
postulō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1] demand
rogō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1] ask
* followed not by ut + subjunctive as the others but by an infinitive
Verbs of fearing
metuō,-ere [3] fear, be apprehensive
timeō,-ēre [2] fear, be afraid of
vereor, verērī [2; deponent] fear, respect
Verbs which may introduce an indirect question
interrogō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1] ask, question, interrogate
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī (quaesiī), quaesītum [3] ask, inquire, seek
rogō,-āre,-āvī,-ātum [1] ask, question
sciō,-īre, scīvī, scītum [4] know
Additional words for Chapter 16
None listed
Chapter 17
quis/ quī (m.), quis/ quae (f.), quid/ quod (n.)
who?, which?, what?
(interrogative); who, which (relative); any (indefinite)
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quam as, than, or acc.fem.sing. of quis/ quī above (whom, which)
alius, alia, aliud other, another
nūllus, nūlla, nūllum none, no
sōlus, sōla, sōlum only, sole
tōtus, tōta, tōtum whole, entire
ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any
Verbs with a range of meanings
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum
do, perform, lead, drive, rouse, excite, pursue (a course of action)
(i.e. put something in motion, stimulate some action, stir something up)
The imperative age! is often used as an encouragement: come on!
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum
make, do, perform, accomplish, prepare, produce, bring to pass, cause, effect
Faciō is the equivalent of both ‘make’ and ‘do’ in English, like its descendants
in French, Spanish and other Romance languages. The imperative fac is used
with the subjunctive with or without ut to mean see that …, make it happen
that …
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum
bring, support, endure, bear, carry, say
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum
bear, carry, wear, have, manage, show, perform, accomplish
(i.e. broadly to do with personal performance or appearance)
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum
have, hold, possess, consider, deem, regard
Additional words for Chapter 17
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum
do, perform, lead, drive, rouse, excite, pursue (a course of action)
Idioms and phrases:
agō grātias [+ dat.] thank
causam agō try or plead a case
age! [imperative] come on!
Two compounds of agō appear in the course:
adigō, adigere, adēgī, adāctum [3]: see 11.9
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum [3]: see 10.3
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum
make, do, perform, accomplish, prepare, produce, bring to pass, cause, effect
Idioms:
fac [imperative, used with the subjunctive with or without ut] make it
happen that …, see that … [19.9]
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Compounds of faciō:
afficiō (adficiō), afficere, affēcī, affectum treat, affect, afflict
dēfīciō,-ere, dēfēcī, dēfectum desert, fail, revolt
efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum effect, produce, bring about,
accomplish
inficiō, inficere, infēcī, infectum colour, stain, infect
reficiō, reficere, refēcī, refectum make again, restore
satisfaciō, satisfacere, satisfēcī, satisfactum satisfy, apologize
sufficiō,-ere, suffēcī, suffectum provide, supply
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum
bring, support, endure, bear, carry, say
This verb has an eccentric present tense. The future and imperfect are
regular (feram, ferēs, etc; ferēbam, ferēbās, etc). The perfect and past
participle are radically different from the present ferō.
Compounds of ferō:
dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātum bring away, bring down, accuse
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum bring to
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum take away, steal
circumferō, circumferre, circumtulī, circumlātum carry around
perferō, perferre, pertulī, perlātum endure, suffer
referō, referre, rettulī, relātum bring back, report
gerō, gerere, gessī gestum
bear about with one, bear, carry, wear, have, manage, show, perform,
accomplish (broadly to do with personal performance or appearance)
Idioms and phrases:
sē gerō conduct oneself, behave
mōrem gerō [+ dat.] comply with the wishes of, gratify, humour
[16.5]
rēs gestae exploits, deeds, lit. the things accomplished (the title of
Augustus’ own record of his political achievements)
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum
have, hold, possess, consider, deem, regard
Idioms:
pēnsī habeō,-ēre care a jot for [19.1]
cōleōs habeō,-ēre have some balls [20.3]
Compounds of habeō:
adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitum bring, summon, invite
exhibeō, exhibēre, exhibuī, exhibitum hold forth, present, show
praehibeō, praehibēre, praehibuī, praehibitum hold forth, furnish,
supply
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Chapter 18
quod which, what, any
that, namely that, in that, that which, because
quia because
quam whom, which, any (feminine accusative of quis/quī)
as, than, how … ? how … !
quam + superlative as … as possible
quamquam although
alter, altera, alterum one ... another, the one ... the other
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid any, some, anyone, someone, anything, something
(aliquī, aliquae, aliquod)
quisquis, quidquid whoever, whichever, whatever
quisquam, quidquam anyone at all
quisque, quaeque, quodque each, every
quīdam, quaedam, quiddam/quoddam a certain (person, thing)
quidem indeed, certainly, no less
nē … quidem not even
quō in/on/by/with/from…whom/which/any (masculine or neuter ablative of
quis/quī)
to where
quā in/on/by/with/from…whom/which/any (feminine ablative of quis/quī)
by which way
by any way
Additional words for Chapter 18
None listed
Chapter 19
ācrius more keenly
adhūc still, yet
bene well
certē surely, certainly
diū for a long time
etiam also, even, yes
facile easily
forte by chance
frūstrā in vain
hīc here
iam now, already
intereā meanwhile
maximē especially, very, most
minimē in the smallest degree, not at all, no
modo only, recently
mox soon, presently
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numquam never
nunc now
ōlim once upon a time
paene nearly, almost
paulātim little by little, gradually
quoque also, too
saepe often
sānē certainly
satis enough
semper always
simul at the same time
sponte willingly, of one’s own accord
statim immediately
turpiter disgracefully
umquam ever
vix hardly, scarcely, with difficulty
Additional words for Chapter 19
Adverbs which appear in the course
ācrius rather keenly, too keenly
adeō so much, to such an extent
adhūc still, yet
aegrē with difficulty
aequē equally, in like manner, as much
aliter otherwise, by another way
amplius further, again, more so
antehāc before this, hitherto
assiduē assiduously, busily, constantly
audācter boldly
bene well
certē surely, certainly
circā, circum near, around
citius more quickly
contrā opposite
cōram openly, in public
deinde, dein then, next, afterwards
diū for a long time
ergō therefore, so, accordingly, then
etiam also, even, yes
extemplō immediately, without delay
facile easily
ferē almost, nearly
forās out of doors
forte by chance
frūstrā in vain
hāctenus thus far
hīc here
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hinc from here, on this side
hodiē today
honōrificē respectfully
hūc to here, hither
iam now, already
ibi there
identidem again and again, repeatedly
igitur therefore, then, accordingly
illīc in that place, over there
illūc to that place, thither
immō on the contrary, by no means, no
intereā meanwhile
interim sometimes, meanwhile
istīc there
ita so, in such a way, thus
iterum again, a second time
iūre rightly, justifiably
libenter willingly, gladly
magis more, rather
magnopere greatly, very much
male badly
māne early, in the morning
maximē especially, very, most
minimē in the smallest degree, not at all, no
minus less
modo only, recently
mox soon, afterwards, presently
nēquīquam in vain, fruitlessly
nimis too, too much, excessively
nōndum not yet
nōnne surely
num surely not, whether
numquam never
nunc now
nūper recently, not long ago
ōlim once, previously
omnīnō entirely, in entirety
paene nearly, almost
pariter equally, in equal degree
parum too little, not enough
passim everywhere
paulātim little by little, gradually
paulum briefly, little
persevēranter steadfastly
placidē calmly, peacefully
plūs more
potius more, rather, preferably
praecipuē especially, chiefly
praetereā moreover
prīdem long ago, long since
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prīmum, prīmō at first
procul far off, distant
prope almost
prōtinus immediately, at once
pulchrē well, splendidly
quidem indeed, certainly, even
quippe indeed, to be sure, by all means
quondam formerly
quoque also, too
rēctē properly, correctly
repente recently, suddenly
rūrsum (rūrsus) again
saepe often
sānē certainly
satis enough
scīlicet no doubt, to be sure, of course
scītē elegantly, tastefully
semper always
sīc so, thus, in this way, just so, yes
simul at the same time, together
sōlum only
sponte willingly, of one’s own accord
statim immediately
subinde then
super above
tam so
tamen nevertheless, yet, still, for all that, however
tantum only, just, merely, so much
timide timidly
tot so many
tum then, at that time
tunc then, at that time, thereupon
turpiter disgracefully
ultrā beyond
ultrō moreover, even, actually
umquam ever
ūnā together, at the same time
undique from all sides
ūnicē especially, above all
utinam if only
vērō indeed, really, certainly, for sure, yes
vērum but, certainly, yes
vix hardly, scarcely, with difficulty
vixdum scarcely yet, barely yet
Chapter 20
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Additional words for Chapter 20
Here are most of the 200+ participles as they appear in the course. A few which
settled as nouns in their own right have been omitted (e.g. ēdictum, nātus, strātum):
fluēns [1.4]
creātī [2.5]
dēligātī [2.7]
creātus [2.10]
amantem [3.9]
dicta [3.12]
audītā [4.3]
inventae [4.4]
capta [4.6]
laudantēs, mīrantēs [4.7]
subiectīs [4.10]
ārdēns, ferentīs [4.13]
occīsus, īnsepultus, prōiectus [5.1]
pulsus, occīsus [5.2]
ductus, necātus [5.7]
occīsus, prōmissum, manūmissus, dēiectus [5.10]
incepta [6.5]
cōnscrīptī, cōnātus [6.7]
perditōrum [6.8]
gubernantibus [6.9]
implōrātō [7.2]
dēprehēnsus [7.3]
interrogātus [7.4]
factūrum [7.5]
nītentem [7.8]
suffrāgantibus [7.10]
fabricātō, adgressus [7.11]
conversus [8.6]
trānsgressus, fugientem, persecūtus [8.10]
furentem [8.12]
passus [9.3]
cōnfossus, ēditō, irruentī [9.4]
coniūrātīs, occīsī, ācta [9.5]
repulsa, praefixum [9.6]
audientibus [9.9]
profugientēs [10.4]
relātum, positum, trucīdātī [10.6]
ortā, intāctam [10.7]
catēnātī, salūtātō [10.8]
ūsus, inviolātum, saevītum [10.10]
extructam, mactātī [10.11]
composita [10.12]
praegnantem [11.1]
capta [11.2]
agēns [11.4]
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fugientis, pugnantis [11.7]
persecūtus [11.8]
temptantem, mortuum [11.9]
servātam [11.10]
retractum [11.11]
addictos [11.12]
ausa, iacentem, dēliberātā, invidēns [11.14]
meritō, appellātus [12.1]
fīnīta, revocāta, restitūta [12.3]
dēlātam [12.5]
collāpsās, absūmptās [12.7]
glōriātus [12.8]
decimātās [12.12]
ēdictum [12.13]
prōditā [12.14]
missae [12.18]
satisfacientem [13.2]
adiectīs [13.4]
scissā, gaudēns [13.5]
factī [13.6]
victōs [13.8]
meritum [13.10]
memorāta [13.11]
flōrentibus, compositae [13.12]
facta [13.14]
rogātus, stante [14.2]
fictus [14.3]
dērepta [14.7]
tenente [14.8]
ōrantis, parantis, tepentem, prōvolvēns [14.10]
rēgnāta [14.11]
dictīs [14.12]
repostō
repostō, lacrimāns, gemēns [14.14]
amāns, mixtās [15.1]
inductā [15.2]
sēductus [15.3]
parātam [15.13]
amantem [15.14]
caligantēs [16.1]
reversā, vīsūrus [16.2]
peritūrae [16.3]
aurātam, vestītam [16.5]
cōnsternātae [16.6]
īnstrātus [16.8]
comptōs [16.9]
receptōs, moventēs [17.1]
ferēns, ventum, nuntiātum [17.2]
ērepta [17.3]
profūsīs, mandāta [17.5]
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adoptātus [17.6]
repetīta, aestimantēs [17.7]
addēns, pēnsō [17.9]
concessum, incēnsum, flagrantem [17.10]
monēns, imperātūrō [17.11]
coctum [18.1]
damnāta [18.3]
damnātī [18.8]
maledictīs [18.13]
adcommodātus, pēnsī [19.1]
praetextātus [19.5]
ortī, ausus [19.11]
habitum, vīsus [20.2]
ēsuriēns [20.7]
querente, exclūsō [20.8]
comitātus [20.10]
revulsīs [21.4]
intermissum [21.7]
dēprehēnsus, coāctus [21.8]
lūdentibus [21.10]
currentēs, īnsistentēs [21.11]
scelerātus [22.4]
victa [22.5]
repressa [22.9]
locūtus [22.10]
prōmissō, rāsā, dēducta [23.1]
sublātīs, fundentēs [23.5]
adfecta, violātae [23.7]
vehēns, dēstinātum [23.9]
dēscēnsum [23.14]
amāns [24.1]
ingressa [24.2]
cūnctantem [24.4]
ligātī [24.5]
vīsa, dīlecta, rapta [24.6]
pallentēs [24.9]
indīgnāta [24.13]
petentibus [25.5]
oppositīs [25.6]
sedēns, succinctā, tractae [25.9]
mersīs, fīnītā, pharetrātae, satiāta [25.10]
perfūsus [25.11]
invīsōs, imperitante, adfectus [26.1]
cōnsīderāns, respondentēs, mīrātī, respōnsō [26.2]
secūtus, cōnfitentēs, minātus, perseverantēs [26.5]
vidēns, mortuus, plōrantem, lacrimātus [26.8]
texēns [26.9]
īrātīs, miserantibus [26.10]
interrogātus [26.13]
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Chapter 21
Enclitics, exclamations and conditional conjunctions
-ne introduces a question
-que and (-que … -que = both … and)
-ve or (-ve … -ve = either … or)
nī unless, if not
nisi unless, if not, except
seu … seu (sīve … sīve) whether … or
sī if
sīn but if
-ve or (enclitic, like ‘-que’)
ecce look, see
ēheu oh no, alas!
hercle (hercule) indeed, by Hercules!
heu oh! alas!
immō on the contrary, by no means, no, to be more accurate
pol indeed, truly, by Pollux!
vae alas, oh dear
Additional words for Chapter 21
1st declension nouns which appear in the course
agricola,-ae [m.] farmer
alīptēs,-ae [m.] masseur
amīca,-ae [f.] female friend, girlfriend
amīcitia,-ae [f.] friendship
anagnōstēs,-ae [m.] reader
ancilla,-ae [f.] servant
anima,-ae [f.] spirit, soul, breath
aqua,-ae [f.] water
āra,-ae [f.] altar
audāciā,-ae [f.] boldness, presumption
aura,-ae [f.] air, breeze, fresh air
avāritia,-ae [f.] greed
bēstia,-ae [f.] beast
bybliothēca,-ae [f.] library
carīna,-ae [f.] boat
catēna,-ae [f.] chain
cauniae,-ārum [f.pl.] figs
causa,-ae [f.] case, cause
cella,-ae [f.] cellar
cēna,-ae [f.] dinner
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cēra,-ae [f.] writing tablet
chorda,-ae [f.] string
clēmentia,-ae [f.] kindness
cloāca,-ae [f.] sewer
contrōversia,-ae [f.] quarrel, dispute
convīva,-ae [m.] table companion, guest
cōpia,-ae [f.] abundance, supply
culpa,-ae [f.] blame, mistake, transgression
cultūra,-ae [f.] tilling, cultivation
cūra,-ae [f.] attention, care, anxiety
dea,-ae [f.] goddess
dextra,-ae [f.] right hand
dictātūra,-ae [f.] dictatorship
discordia,-ae [f.] disagreement, strife, acrimony
dīvitiae,-ārum [f.pl.] riches, wealth
domina,-ae [f.] lady, mistress
ēlegantia,-ae [f.] refinement
ēloquentia,-ae [f.] eloquence, fluency
epistula,-ae [f.] letter
essedāria,-ae [f.] female chariot fighter
fābula,-ae [f.] tale, story
fāma,-ae [f.] rumour
familia,-ae [f.] household, family
famula,-ae [f.] maidservant
fēmina,-ae [f.] woman
fenestra,-ae [f.] window
fera,-ae [f.] wild animal
fīlia,-ae [f.] daughter
fōrma,-ae [f.] beauty, shape
fortūna,-ae [f.] fortune, luck
fuga,-ae [f.] escape, flight
grātia,-ae [f.] gratitude, good will, affection, influence
habēna,-ae [f.] rein, strap
harēna,-ae [f.] arena
hasta,-ae [f.] spear
hecyra,-ae [f.] mother-in-law
historia,-ae [f.] history, story
hostia,-ae [f.] sacrificial victim
iānua,-ae [f.] door, entrance
ignāvia,-ae [f.] worthlessness, idleness
industria,-ae [f.] diligence
iniūria,-ae [f.] harm
īnsānia,-ae [f.] madness
īnsidiae,-ārum [f.pl.] treachery, ambush, trap
īnsula,-ae [f.] island
īra,-ae [f.] anger
iuventa,-ae [f.] youth
lacrima,-ae [f.] tear
laetitia,-ae [f.] joy, rejoicing, cheerfulness
lectīca,-ae [f.] litter
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lingua,-ae [f.] tongue, speech
littera,-ae [f.] letter
mātrōna,-ae [f.] lady, matron
medicīna,-ae [f.] medicine, treatment
mēnsa,-ae [f.] table
mentula,-ae [f.] penis
mercātūra,-ae [f.] trade, business
ministra,-ae [f.] deaconess
mora,-ae [f.] delay
nebula,-ae [f.] mist, fog
nēquitia,-ae [f.] wickedness
noverca,-ae [f.] stepmother
opera,-ae [f.] task, effort
opulentia,-ae [f.] wealth
ōra,-ae [f.] shore, land
palla,-ae [f.] cloak
pecūnia,-ae [f.] money
philosophia,-ae [f.] philosophy
pila,-ae [f.] ball
plāga,-ae [f.] blow, lash, wound
poena,-ae [f.] punishment
poēta,-ae [m.] poet
porta,-ae [f.] gate
praeda,-ae [f.] loot, plunder
prīvīgna,-ae [f.] stepdaughter
prōvincia,-ae [f.] province, provincial command
prūdentia,-ae [f.] good sense
puella,-ae [f.] girl
pugna,-ae [f.] battle
querēla,-ae [f.] complaint, wailing
raeda,-ae [f.] carriage
rēgia,-ae [f.] palace
rēgīna,-ae [f.] queen
rēgula,-ae [f.] rule
rosa,-ae [f.] rose
ruīna,-ae [f.] ruin, destruction
saevitia,-ae [f.] cruelty
sella,-ae [f.] chair, seat
sēmita,-ae [f.] narrow path, narrow track
sera,-ae [f.] bar
serva,-ae [f.] slave (female)
silva,-ae [f.] wood
stultitia,-ae [f.] folly, foolishness
syllaba,-ae [f.] syllable
taberna,-ae [f.] shop
tenebrae,-ārum [f.pl.] darkness, gloom
terra,-ae [f.] ground, land, earth
toga,-ae [f.] toga
tunica,-ae [f.] under-garment, tunic
turba,-ae [f.] crowd
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turma,-ae [f.] troop, throng
umbra,-ae [f.] shadow, shade
unda,-ae [f.] wave
ūrīna,-ae [f.] urine
vēna,-ae [f.] vein
via,-ae [f.] road
victōria,-ae [f.] victory
vīlla,-ae [f.] villa
viola,-ae [f.] violet
vīta,-ae [f.] life
Chapter 22
Verbs which may introduce an Accusative and Infinitive
audiō,-īre, audīvī (-iī), audītum [4] hear
cognōscō,-ere, cognōvī, cognitum [3] become acquainted with, learn
cōnfirmō,-āre, cōnfirmāvī, cōnfirmātum [1] establish, confirm
cōnstituō,-ere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum [3] determine, decide
crēdō,-ere, crēdidī, crēditum [3; + dat.] believe, trust
dīcō,-ere, dīxī, dictum [3] say, tell
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum bear, tell, say
iubeō,-ēre, iussī, iussum [2] order, tell (instruct)
mīror,-ārī, mīrātus [1; deponent] be surprised, be amazed
negō,-āre, negāvī, negātum [1] say that … not, deny
nuntiō,-āre, nuntiāvī, nuntiātum [1] announce
putō,-āre, putāvī, putātum [1] think, consider, reflect, suppose
referō, referre, rettulī, relātum report
reor, rērī, ratus [3; deponent] think, imagine, suppose
sciō,-īre, scīvī, scītum [4] know
testor,-ārī, testātus [1; deponent] declare, give evidence
trādō,-ere, trādidī, trāditum [3] hand over, pass on, record
videō,-ēre, vīdī, vīsum [2] see
Additional words for Chapter 22
2nd declension nouns which appear in the course
All these nouns are masculine except humus,-ī [feminine] amd virus,-ī and vulgus,-ī
[neuter]. 2nd declension neuter nouns like vīnum,-ī are included under Chapter 23.
adversārius,-ī [m.] opponent
ager,-grī [m.] field, estate
amīcus,-ī [m.] a (male) friend
animus,-ī [m.] mind, intention, feeling, courage
annus,-ī [m.] year
asinus,-ī [m.] donkey
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avunculus,-ī [m.] uncle, great-uncle
barbarus,-ī [m.] foreigner
bēstiārius,-ī [m.] animal fighter
caballus,-ī [m.] horse
calathus,-ī [m.] basket
camēlus,-ī [m.] camel
capillus,-ī [m.] hair
captīvus,-ī [m.] captive, prisoner
cāseus,-ī [m.] cheese
cervus,-ī [m.] deer, stag
cinaedus,-ī [m.] sodomite
cocus,-ī [m.] cook (alt. spelling of ‘coquus,-ī’)
cognātus,-ī [m.] kinsman
cōleus,-ī [m.] sack, scrotum
coniūrātus,-ī [m.] conspirator
dēnārius,-ī [m.] denarius
deus,-ī [m.] god
digitus,-ī [m.] finger
discipulus,-ī [m.] student
dolus,-ī [m.] trick, malice
dominus,-ī [m.] lord, master
elephantus,-ī [m.] elephant
erus,-ī [m.] master
essedārius,-ī [m.] chariot fighter
fīlius,-ī [m.] son
gener,-ī [m.] son-in-law
gladius,-ī [m.] sword
grammaticus,-ī [m.] teacher
haedus,-ī [m.] young goat, kid
humus,-ī [f.] earth, ground, soil
labyrinthus,-ī [m.] labyrinth
lacertus,-ī [m.] arm
lanius,-ī [m.] butcher
lectus,-ī [m.] bed, couch
lēgātus,-ī [m.] commander, commissioned officer
libellus,-ī [m.] little book
liber,-brī [m.] book
lībertus,-ī [m.] freedman
librārius,-ī [m.] clerk, secretary
locus,-ī [m.] place
lūcus,-ī [m.] wood, grove
lūdus,-ī [m.] school, game
magister,-trī [m.] master
magus,-ī [m.] sorcerer
marītus,-ī [m.] husband
medicus,-ī [m.] doctor
mercēnārius,-ī [m.] mercenary, hired hand
modus,-ī [m.] extent, manner, method
morbus,-ī [m.] disease
mūlus,-ī [m.] mule
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mundus,-ī [m.] world
nātus,-ī [m.] son
nōdus,-ī [m.] knot
numerus,-ī [m.] number
nummus,-ī [m.] coin
oculus,-ī [m.] eye
ōstiārius,-ī [m.] doorkeeper
pālus,-ī [m.] stake, pole
pannus,-ī [m.] rag, cloth
pantomīmus,-ī [m.] pantomime artist
ponticulus,-ī [m.] little bridge
populus,-ī [m.] people
praefectus,-ī [m.] commander, prefect
profugus,-ī [m.] fugitive
propinquus,-ī [m.] relative
puer,-ī [m.] boy
reus,-ī [m.] defendant
rīvus,-ī [m.] stream
servus,-ī [m.] slave
socer,-ī [m.] father-in-law
socius,-ī [m.] colleague, comrade
somnus,-ī [m.] sleep
taurus,-ī [m.] bull
thesaurus,-ī [m.] treasure
tribūnus,-ī [m.] tribune
triumphus,-ī [m.] triumph
triumvir,-ī [m.] triumvir
ventus,-ī [m.] wind
veterānus,-ī [m.] veteran
vīcīnus,-ī [m.] neighbour
vīcus,-ī [m.] village, street
vir,-ī [m.] man, husband
vīrus,-ī [n.] poison, slime
vulgus,-ī [n.] crowd
Chapter 23
Interrogative words which appear in the course
cūr why
quā by what way
quālis* of what sort
quam how
quandō when
quantus* how great, how many
quārē why, for what reason
quid* what, why
quis* who
quō to where
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quot how many
quotiēns how often, how many times
ubī (ubi) where, when
* variable endings
Additional words for Chapter 23
2nd declension neuter nouns which appear in the course
aconītum,-ī [n.] poison
adulterium,-ī [n.] act of adultery
adversum,-ī [n.] calamity, misfortune
amiculum,-ī [n.] cloak
amphitheātrum,-ī [n.] amphitheatre
angiportum,-ī [n.] alley
arbitrium,-ī [n.] will, bidding, authority
argentum,-ī [n.] silver
arma,-ōrum [n.pl.] weapons, forces
arvum,-ī [n.] ploughed field, plain
ātrium,-ī [n.] hall
aurum,-ī [n.] gold
auspicia,-ōrum [n.pl.] auspices
auxilium,-ī [n.] help, aid
bal(i)neum,-ī [n.] bath
bellum,-ī [n.] war
bona,-ōrum [n.] goods, property
caelum,-ī [n.] heaven, sky
coniugium,-ī [n.] union, marriage
cōnsilium,-ī [n.] intention, plan, advice
cōnsultum,-ī [n.] decree, resolution
convītium,-ī [n.] abuse
convīvium,-ī [n.] banquet, dinner-party
damnum,-ī [n.] loss
dēlēnīmentum,-ī [n.] allurement
dēlictum,-ī [n.] fault, offence, wrong
discidium,-ī [n.] divorce
documentum,-ī [n.] example, demonstration
dōnum,-ī [n.] gift
ēdictum,-ī [n.] decree
exemplum,-ī [n.] example, precedent
exilium,-ī [n.] exile
exitium,-ī [n.] destruction, ruin
factum,-ī [n.] deed, action, thing done
fātum,-ī [n.] fate
feretrum,-ī [n.] bier, stretcher
ferrum,-ī [n.] iron instrument, knife, sword
flagellum,-ī [n.] whip
flagitium,-ī [n.] shameful act, disgrace, crime
forum,-ī [n.] forum
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fundāmentum,-ī [n.] foundation
gaudium,-ī [n.] joy
hordeum,-ī [n.] barley
imperium,-ī [n.] power, empire
incendium,-ī [n.] fire
indicium,-ī [n.] information, evidence
iūdicium,-ī [n.] court, trial, judgment
iugum,-ī [n.] summit, ridge
iūmentum,-ī [n.] pack animal
labrum,-ī [n.] lip
lētum,-ī [n.] death
līlium,-ī [n.] lily
maledictum,-ī [n.] abuse
mancipium,-ī [n.] slave
mātrimōnium,-ī [n.] marriage
membrum,-ī [n.] limb
meritum,-ī [n.] service, worth
merum,-ī [n.] wine
ministerium,-ī [n.] service
moenia,-ōrum [n.pl.] walls
negōtium,-ī [n.] business
obsequium,-ī [n.] compliance, submission
ōdium,-ī [n.] hatred, ill-feeling
ōrnāmentum,-ī [n.] ornament
ōtium,-ī [n.] leisure, free time, peace
patrimōnium,-ī [n.] inheritance
pēnsum,-ī [n.] weight (of wool), importance
praemium,-ī [n.] reward
praesidium,-ī [n.] defence, protection, guard
pretium,-ī [n.] price, value
proelium,-ī [n.] combat, battle
rēctum,-ī [n.] virtue, uprightness
rēgnum,-ī [n.] territory, dominion
remedium,-ī [n.] cure
respōnsum,-ī [n.] reply, response
rōstrum,-ī [n.] snout, muzzle, beak of a ship; [pl.] speaker’s platform
saeculum,-ī [n.] generation, lifetime; [pl.] age, times
scrīpulum,-ī [n.] small weight, scrap
signum,-ī [n.] sign, standard
silentium,-ī [n.] silence
spatium,-ī [n.] space
spectāculum,-ī [n.] show, a seat at a show
studium,-ī [n.] eagerness, inclination, study
stuprum,-ī [n.] lust, defilement
supplicium,-ī [n.] punishment
testāmentum,-ī [n.] will
testimōnium,-ī [n.] evidence
tormentum,-ī [n.] torture
tribūtum,-ī [n.] tribute
tympanum,-ī [n.] drum, tambourine
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vēnābulum,-ī [n.] hunting spear
venēnum,-ī [n.] poison
verbum,-ī [n.] word
vērum,-ī [n.] truth
vestibulum,-ī [n.] hall, porch
vestīgium,-ī [n.] trace, footstep
vīnum,-ī [n.] wine
vitrum,-ī [n.] glass, woad
vīvārium,-ī [n.] pond, aquarium
vōtum,-ī [n.] promise, wish, desire
Chapter 24
Additional words for Chapter 24
Prepositions which appear in this course:
ā (ab) [+ abl.] by, from, away from
ad [+ acc.] to, towards, at
ante [+ acc.] before, in front of
apud [+ acc.] in the presence of, near, with, among
cōram [+ abl.] in the presence of
cum [+ abl.] with, together with
dē [+ abl.] from, down from, concerning
ē (ex) [+ abl.] out of, from, away from
in [+ acc.] into, onto, against; [+abl.] in, on
inter [+ acc.] among, between
ob [+ acc.] because of
per [+ acc.] by means of, through, across, for
post [+ acc.] after, behind
prae [+ abl.] before, in front of
praeter [+ acc.] except, besides
prō [+ abl.] in place of, in return for, for the sake of
prope [+ acc.] near
propter [+ acc.] because of
sine [+ abl.] without
sub [+ acc./abl.] beneath, under
suprā [+ acc.] beyond
trāns [+ acc.] across
ultrā [+ acc.] more, above, beyond
Chapter 25
Word pairs and correlatives
alter* … alter* one … the other
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aut … aut either … or
cum … tum as … so …; both … and; not only … but also
et ... et both ... and
id* … quod* (and other pronouns with quī, quae, quod) that ... which
ita ... ut [+ subjunctive] so/ in such a way ... that
modo … modo sometimes … sometimes, now … now
neque … neque (nec … nec) neither … nor
nōn sōlum/tantum ... sed/vērum etiam not only ... but also
quantus* ... tantus* as much/many as ... so much/many
-que ... -que both ... and
quot ... tot as many .... so many
seu … seu (sīve … sīve) whether … or
sīc ... ut so ... as
simul ... simul while ... at the same time
tālis* ... quālis* of such a kind ... as
tam ... quam as (much) ... as
ut ... ita as ... so
vel ... vel either ...
* variable endings
Additional words for Chapter 25
These adverbs and conjunctions appear in the course:
ac and
ācrius rather keenly, too keenly
adeō so much, to such an extent
adhūc still, yet
aegrē with difficulty
aequē equally, in like manner, as much
aliter otherwise, by another way
amplius further, again, more so
an or, whether
antehāc before this, hitherto
assiduē constantly, busily
at but, but indeed, and indeed
atque (ac) and
audācter boldly
aut, aut … aut or, either … or
autem however, but, now
bene well
certē surely, certainly
circā (circum) near, around (also preposition + acc.)
citius more quickly
contrā opposite (also preposition + acc.)
cōram openly, in public (also preposition + abl. = in the presence of)
cum when, since, as soon as, whereas, although (also preposition + abl.
= with, together with)
deinde (dein) then, next, afterwards
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diū for a long time
dōnec while, as long as, until
dum while, as long as, until
enim for, I mean, in fact, to be sure
ergō therefore, so, accordingly, then
et and, even, and also
et ... et both ... and
etiam also, (and) even, yes
etsī although, albeit
extemplō immediately, without delay
facile easily
ferē almost, nearly
forās out of doors
forte by chance
frūstrā in vain
hāctenus thus far
hīc here
hinc from here, on this side
hodiē today
honōrificē respectfully
hūc to here, hither
iam now, already
ibi there
identidem again and again, repeatedly
igitur therefore, then, accordingly
illīc in that place, over there
illūc to that place, thither
immō on the contrary, by no means, no
inde then, after that, from that place
intereā meanwhile
interim sometimes, meanwhile
istīc there
ita so, in such a way, thus
itaque and so, therefore, for that reason
iterum again, a second time
iūre rightly, justifiably
libenter willingly
magis more, rather
magnopere greatly, very much
male badly
māne early, in the morning
maximē especially, very, most
minimē least, not at all, no
minus less
modo only, recently
modo … modo sometimes … sometimes, now … now
mox soon, afterwards, presently
nam for, in fact
nē that … not, lest, (+ perfect subjunctive ‘do not …’)
neque (nec) and not, but not
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
neque … neque (nec … nec) neither … nor
nēquīquam in vain, fruitlessly
nimis too, too much, excessively
nisi unless, if not, except
nōndum not yet
nōnne surely
num surely not, whether
numquam never
nunc now
nūper recently, not long ago
ōlim once, previously
omnīnō entirely, in entirety
paene nearly, almost
pariter equally, in equal degree
parum too little, not enough
passim everywhere
paulātim little by little, gradually
paulum briefly, little
persevēranter steadfastly
placidē calmly, peacefully
plūs more
postquam after
potius more, rather, preferably
praecipuē especially, chiefly
praetereā moreover
prīdem long ago, long since
prīmum, prīmō at first
procul far off, distant (also preposition + abl. = far from)
prope almost (also preposition + acc. = near)
prōtinus immediately, at once
pulchrē well, splendidly
quam as, than; (also acc.fem. = whom, which)
quamquam although
quamvīs although, even if, and yet
quandō when, since, as
quasi as if
quia because, that
quidem indeed, certainly, even (nē … quidem = not even …)
quippe indeed, to be sure, by all means
quod because, that, that which, in that, which, any, what
quondam formerly
quoniam since
quoque also, too
rēctē properly, correctly
repente recently, suddenly
rūrsum (rūrsus) again
saepe often
sānē certainly
satis enough
scīlicet no doubt, to be sure, of course
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
scītē elegantly, tastefully
sed but
semper always
seu (sīve) ... seu (sīve) whether ... or
sī if
sīc so, thus, in this way, just so, yes
sīcut as, just as
simul at the same time, together
sīn but if
sōlum only
sponte willingly, of one’s own initiative
statim immediately
subinde then
super above (also preposition + acc./abl. = on, upon)
tam so
tamen nevertheless, yet, still, for all that, however
tamquam as much as, just as, as if
tandem at last, finally, (in questions) now, pray
tantum only, just, so much
timide timidly
tot so many
tum then, in those times, at that moment
tunc then, at that time, thereupon
turpiter disgracefully
ubī where, when
ultrā beyond (also preposition + acc. = beyond, past)
ultrō moreover, even, actually
umquam ever
ūnā together, at the same time
undique from all sides
ūnicē especially, above all
ut (uti) [+ subjunctive] that, so that, in order that, with the result that; [+
indicative] as, when, how
utinam if only
utrum whether
vel or, or if you will
velut(i) just as, like
vērō indeed, really, certainly, for sure, yes
vērum but, certainly, yes
vix hardly, scarcely, with difficulty
vixdum scarcely yet, barely yet
Chapter 26
Verbs which take an object in the dative
faveō,-ēre [2] favour
īgnōscō,-ere [3] forgive, excuse
imperō,-āre [1] command
indulgeō,-ēre [2] gratify, yield
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Additional vocabulary : Online support for Essential Latin, © GDA Sharpley 2013
interdīcō,-ere [3] banish, forbid
invideō,-ēre [2] envy, begrudge
noceō,-ēre [2] harm, injure
parcō,-ere [3] spare
pāreō,-ēre [2] obey
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī be of use to
serviō,-īre [4] be a slave (to), serve
Verbs which take an object in the ablative
careō,-ēre [2] be without, lack, lose
ūtor,-ī [3; deponent] use, profit by, benefit from
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