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Name:
1.
Date:
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the cross
section below, and your knowledge of Earth
science. Letters A through J represent rock units.
An uncomformity is shown at letter X. A fault is
shown at letter Y.
3.
When do scientists think these continents were
joined together?
Which process occurred most recently?
A.
formation of fault Y
B.
development of unconformity X
C.
formation of intrusion H
D. deposition of rock layers D, E, and F
2.
deposit quickly over a wide area
B.
are older than the surrounding rock
C.
can be sampled easily
A.
during the Tertiary Period, only
B.
from the Cretaceous Period through the
Tertiary Period
C.
from the Devonian Period through the Triassic
Period
D. during the Cambrian Period, only
Layers of volcanic ash often serve as useful
geologic time markers because ash layers usually
A.
The accompanying diagram shows how scientists
think some of Earth's continents were joined
together in the geologic past.
D. darken with age
page 1
4.
The accompanying geologic cross section below
represents a cli outcrop. Some bedrock layers are
labeled as millions of years old (myo). Letters A
through E represent di erent rock types.
6.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables, your
knowledge of Earth science, and the block
diagrams below, which represent three widely
separated outcrops. All rock layers are
sedimentary. No overturning has occurred. Layers
labeled with the same letter are the same age.
The fault in the Evansburg Outcrop is younger
than
A.
G, only
B.
J, only
C.
G and J, only
D. F, G, H, I, and J
What is a possible age of igneous rock E?
A.
1.5 million years old
B.
12 million years old
C.
28 million years old
D. 40 million years old
7.
5.
Which major mountain-building episode is most
recent?
A.
Grenville orogeny
B.
Taconian orogeny
C.
Acadian orogeny
The time line below represents the geologic history
of Earth. Letters A, B, C, and D represent speci c
times in Earth's history.
Which letter best indicates when trilobites became
extinct?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D. D
D. Appalachian orogeny
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8.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on cross sections I and II shown below. Letters A
through J represent rock units. Rock units B and I
are the same age. Overturning has not occurred in
either cross section.
10.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the diagram below of a cross section of a
portion of Earth's crust. Letters A through D
represent landscape features, and numbers 1
through 7 represent rock layers. The detail shows
a fossil found in layer 3.
State the letter of the oldest rock unit shown in
the cross sections.
What is the correct sequence of events from oldest
to most recent in the geologic history of this area?
A.
deposition of layers from 1 to 7 ! intrusion
of basalt ! faulting
B.
deposition of layers from 1 to 7 ! faulting
! intrusion of basalt
C.
deposition of layers from 7 to 1 ! intrusion
of basalt ! faulting
D. deposition of layers from 7 to 1 ! faulting
! intrusion of basalt
9.
State the name of a metamorphic rock that would
be found in the zone of contact metamorphism
surrounding rock unit J.
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11.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference
Tables, the map and cross section below, and your
knowledge of Earth science. The shaded areas on
the map represent regions of the United States
that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock
formed from the evaporation of seawater) under
the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the
generalized structure of the area in which the
evaporite layers are found in New York State.
12.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference
Tables, the block diagram and the cross section
below, and your knowledge of Earth science.
The block diagram shows the present position
of Niagara Falls in relation to the Niagara
Escarpment. The cross section shows the general
bedrock structure of present-day Niagara Falls.
The presence of these evaporite rocks indicates
that the shaded areas on the map at some time in
the past were
A.
high mountain ranges
B.
glacial ice sheets
C.
shallow seas
D. mid-ocean ridges
What is the approximate age of the Queenston
shale?
page 4
A.
97 million years
B.
220 million years
C.
331 million years
D. 452 million years
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13.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on your knowledge of Earth science and on
the data table, which shows the industrial uses
of wollastonite, a mineral mined in the eastern
Adirondack Mountains of New York State.
15.
Industrial Uses of Wollastonite
in the United States
Industrial Uses of Wollastonite
Plastics
Percent of Total Use
37
Ceramics
28
Paint
10
Miscellaneous
6
Metallurgy
Asbestos substitute
10
appearance of the earliest grasses
B.
appearance of the earliest birds
C.
the Grenville Orogeny
appearance of the earliest trilobites
B.
advance and retreat of the last continental ice
sheet
C.
extinction of the dinosaurs
9
16.
Which event occurred earliest in geologic history?
A.
A.
D. formation of Pangea
Identify the geologic age of the New York
State Adirondack Mountain bedrock in which
wollastonite deposits are found.
14.
A very large, circular, impact crater under the
coast of Mexico is believed to be approximately
65 million years old. This impact event is inferred
to be related to the
17.
According to the Geologic History of New York
State in the Earth Science Reference Tables, the
inferred latitude of New York State 362 million
years ago was closest to
A.
where it is now
B.
the North Pole
C.
the Equator
D. 45 south
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the geologic cross section below. Radioactive
dating indicates that the granite intrusion is
279 million years old and the vesicular basalt is
260 million years old. The rock layers have not
been overturned.
D. the intrusion of the Palisades Sill
List the six rock units in the order from the oldest
to the youngest.
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18.
The diagram below shows a geologic cross section.
Letters A through D represent di erent rock units.
20.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the cross
section below, and your knowledge of Earth
science. Letters A through J represent rock units.
An uncomformity is shown at letter X. A fault is
shown at letter Y.
Rock J in the diagram represents a lava ow that
has cooled rapidly at the surface of Earth. Which
diagram and description best represents rock J?
Which sequence correctly shows the age of the
lettered rock units, from oldest to youngest?
19.
A.
A !B! C! D
B.
C.
D! B! A! C
D. D ! C ! B ! A
A.
B.
C.
D.
C! D! A! B
Which rock forms by the recrystallization of
unmelted rock material under conditions of high
temperature and pressure?
A.
granite
B.
C.
rock gypsum
D. bituminous coal
21.
gneiss
Slate is formed by the
A.
deposition of chlorite and mica
B.
foliation of schist
C.
metamorphism of shale
D. folding and faulting of gneiss
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22.
The diagram below represents a sample of a rock
24.
This rock would be classi ed as metamorphic
because it shows
A.
distorted banding
B.
an organic composition
C.
a mixture of minerals
Which statement best describes the formation of
an intrusive igneous rock?
A.
Magma solidi es slowly, resulting in a
coarse-grained texture.
B.
Magma solidi es slowly, resulting in a
ne-grained texture.
C.
Magma solidi es rapidly, resulting in a glassy
texture.
D. Magma solidi es rapidly, resulting in a clastic
texture.
D. crystals from precipitation
23.
The block diagrams below show cross sections
of the crust in a landscape that has undergone
gradual change.
25.
The hardened lava in this volcano's central pipe
formed a mountain peak in the late stage because
the lava plug was composed of
A.
soft igneous rock
B.
soft metamorphic rock
C.
igneous rock that is resistant to erosion
The crystals of many metamorphic rocks are
aligned in bands as a result of
A.
earthquake faulting
B.
cooling and soidi cation
C.
mechanical weathering
D. heat and pressure
D. metamorphic rock that is resistant to erosion
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26.
The accompanying diagram shows a broken crystal
of the mineral halite.
28.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the
diagram and graph below, and your knowledge of
Earth science. The diagram represents the same
rock material at ve stages of development. The
graph shows the temperature and depth of burial
at which stages A through D develop. Stage E has
intentionally been omitted from the graph.
The shape of the halite crystal is a direct result of
the
A.
internal arrangement of the atoms in the
crystal
B.
temperature at which the crystal formed
C.
type of surface on which the crystal formed
In the simple rock-cycle diagram, which process
along path X would change the schist (stage C)
directly into a pile of sediments (stage A)?
D. stream erosion that changed the crystal
27.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the table
below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The
table provides information about the crystal sizes
and the mineral compositions of four igneous
rocks, A, B, C, and D.
Which two rocks most likely formed farthest below
the surface of Earth?
A and B
B.
C.
C and D
D. A and D
uplift, weathering, and erosion of schist
B.
cementing of sediment grains followed by
compaction
C.
melting of the schist followed by cooling
D. heat and/or pressure applied to the schist
29.
A.
A.
Which process is necessary for the formation of
igneous rocks?
A.
erosion
B.
deposition
C.
solidi cation
D. metamorphism
B and C
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30.
How do the metamorphic rocks schist and quartzite
di er?
A.
Quartzite contains the mineral quartz and
schist does not.
B.
Quartzite forms from regional metamorphism
and schist does not.
C.
Schist is organically formed and quartzite is
not.
32.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the diagram and information below.
The diagram shows a cross section of a
portion of Earth's crust that has undergone
geological processes. Overturning of rock
layers has not occurred. Point A represents
one location of metamorphic rock.
D. Schist is foliated and quartzite is not.
State the name of the inorganic sedimentary rock
shown in the cross section that is composed of
sediment with the greatest range in particle size.
33.
31.
Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as
shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure?
A.
shale ! schist ! phyllite ! slate ! gneiss
B.
shale ! slate ! phyllite ! schist ! gneiss
C.
shale ! gneiss ! phyllite ! slate ! schist
The accompanying diagram shows four rock
samples.
Which sample best shows the physical properties
normally associated with regional metamorphism?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D. D
D. shale ! gneiss ! phyllite ! schist ! slate
34.
page 9
Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone of
contact metamorphism?
A.
conglomerate
B.
hornfels
C.
pegmatite
D. quartzite
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35.
When granite melts and then solidi es, it becomes
A.
a sedimentary rock
B.
an igneous rock
C.
a metamorphic rock
38.
D. sediments
36.
Bedrock in the area of Binghamton, New York,
consists of
A.
plutonic igneous rock
B.
sedimentary rock layers
C.
faulted and tilted volcanic rock
D. folded metamorphic rock
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the geologic cross section below. Radioactive
dating indicates that the granite intrusion is
279 million years old and the vesicular basalt is
260 million years old. The rock layers have not
been overturned.
Describe the rate of cooling that must occur for
magma to form vesicular basalt.
37.
Which rock type is most likely to be
monomineralic?
A.
rock salt
B.
rhyolite
C.
basalt
D. conglomerate
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39.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the two tables below and on your knowledge
of Earth science. Table 1 shows the composition,
hardness, and average density of four minerals
often used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals
in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10
(hardest).
40.
Table 1
Gemstone Mineral
Composition
emerald
Be3 Al2 (Si6 O18 )
spinel
MgAl2 O4
sapphire
Hardness Average Density
(g/cm3 )
Al2 O3
zircon
7.5–8
2.7
8
3.8
7.5
4.7
9
ZrSiO4
Most rock gypsum is formed by the
A.
heating of previously existing foliated bedrock
B.
cooling and solidi cation of lava
C.
compaction and cementation of shells and
skeletal remains
D. chemical precipitation of minerals from
seawater
4.0
KEY
Al = aluminum
O = oxygen
Mg = magnesium
Zr = zirconium
Be = beryllium
Si = silicon
41.
Table 2
The three statements below are observations of the
same rock sample:
The rock has intergrown crystals from 2 to
3 millimeters in diameter.
The minerals in the rock are gray feldspar, green
olivine, green pyroxene, and black amphibole.
There are no visible gas pockets in the rock.
This rock sample is most likely
Moh's Scale
of Hardness
1
talc
3
calcite
5
apatite
A.
sandstone
B.
6
feldspar
7
quartz
C.
granite
D. phyllite
8
topaz
9
corundum
2
4
10
gypsum
uorite
gabbro
diamond
Sapphire is a gemstone variety of which mineral
on Moh's scale of hardness?
A.
C.
corundum
uorite
B.
42.
diamond
D. topaz
page 11
Which intrusive igneous rock could be composed
of approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase
feldspar, 10% olivine, and 5% amphibole?
A.
granite
B.
rhyolite
C.
gabbro
D. basalt
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43.
Rocks are classi ed as igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic based primarily on their
A.
texture
B.
crystal or grain size
C.
method of formation
44. Which rock most probably formed directly from
lava cooling quickly at Earth's surface?
A.
D. mineral composition
B.
C.
D.
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45.
Which phrase best describes coal?
A.
low density, ma c
B.
chemical precipitate
C.
organic plant remains
48.
Which common rock is formed from the
solidi cation of molten material?
A.
rock gypsum
B.
slate
C.
rhyolite
D. coal
D. glassy texture, volcanic
46.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Rock Classi cation owchart shown below.
Letters A, B, and C represent speci c rocks in this
classi cation scheme.
49.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the “Properties of Common Minerals” chart in
the Earth Science Reference Tables.
Minerals from this chart are found in several
di erent rocks. Which two rocks are primarily
composed of a mineral that bubbles with acid?
The diagram below represents two magni ed views
showing the arrangement of minerals before and
after metamorphism of rock C. State the name of
rock C.
limestone and marble
B.
granite and dolostone
C.
sandstone and quartzite
D. slate and conglomerate
50.
47.
A.
For an igneous rock to be classi ed as rhyolite, it
must be light colored, be ne grained, and contain
A.
quartz
B.
calcite
C.
pyroxene
D. olivine
Rock A is composed of very ne-grained quartz
and feldspar particles 0.005 centimeter in diameter.
State the name of rock A.
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51.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables and on
your knowledge of Earth science.
53.
The graph below represents the percentage of each
mineral found in a sample of igneous rock. Which
mineral is represented by the letter X in the graph?
A ne-grained igneous rock composed mostly of
plagioclase feldspar and hornblende and containing
no quartz or pyroxene would be classi ed as
A.
granite
B.
andesite
C.
peridotite
D. scoria
54.
52.
Which relative concentration of elements is found
in a ma c rock?
A.
a high concentration of silicon and a low
concentration of iron
B.
a high concentration of iron and a low
concentration of aluminum
C.
a high concentration of aluminum and a low
concentration of iron
A.
potassium feldspar
B.
plagioclase feldspar
C.
quartz
D. biotite
Which sedimentary rock may have both a chemical
origin and an organic origin?
A.
limestone
B.
rock gypsum
C.
rock salt
D. shale
D. a high concentration of aluminum and a low
concentration of magnesium
55.
page 14
Which mineral property is illustrated by the
peeling of muscovite mica into thin, at sheets?
A.
luster
B.
streak
C.
hardness
D. cleavage
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56.
The diagrams below represent fractured samples of
four minerals.
58.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the Earth Science Reference Tables and on
your knowledge of Earth science.
The accompanying data table shows the mass and
volume of four di erent minerals.
Mineral
Sample
Mass
Volume
B
C
D
50 g
60 g
55 g
40 g
20 mL 15 mL 10 mL 5 mL
Which mineral property is best illustrated by the
samples?
Which mineral has the greatest density?
A.
harness
B.
A.
C.
cleavage
D. density
streak
59.
57.
A
Which property of the mineral diamond allows
diamond powder to be used to shape gems for
jewelry?
A.
crystal shape
B.
cleavage
C.
luster
D. hardness
A
B.
B
C.
C
D. D
A mineral's crystal shape and cleavage are a direct
result of the mineral's
A.
hardness
B.
abundance in nature
C.
arrangement of atoms
D. exposure to the hydrosphere and atmosphere
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60.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on Moh's mineral hardness scale and the chart
below showing the approximate hardness of some
common objects.
62.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the data table below, which shows the volume
and mass of three di erent samples, A, B, and C,
of the mineral pyrite.
Pyrite
Sample
A
B
C
Volume (cm3 )
Mass (g)
6.0
30.0
2.5
20.0
12.5
100.0
State the mass of a 10.0-cm3 sample of pyrite.
Which statement is best supported by this scale?
A.
A ngernail will scratch calcite, but not
quartz.
B.
A ngernail will scratch quartz, but not
calcite.
C.
A piece of glass can be scratched by quartz,
but not by calcite.
63.
An unidenti ed mineral that is softer than calcite
exhibits a metallic luster and cubic cleavage. This
mineral most likely is
A.
galena
B.
pyrite
C.
halite
D. pyroxene
D. A piece of glass can be scratched by calcite,
but not by quartz.
64. How are the minerals biotite mica and muscovite
mica di erent?
61.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s)
on the “Properties of Common Minerals” chart in
the Earth Science Reference Tables.
Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when
rubbed against an unglazed porcelain plate?
A.
galena
B.
graphite
C.
hematite
D. pyrite
A.
Biotite mica is colorless, but muscovite mica
is not.
B.
Biotite mica contains iron and/or magnesium,
but muscovite mica does not.
C.
Muscovite mica scratches quartz, but biotite
mica does not.
D. Muscovite mica cleaves into thin sheets, but
biotite mica does not.
page 16
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65.
The photograph below shows the intergrown
crystals of a pegmatite rock.
67.
(Actual
Which graph best represents the relative densities
of three di erent types of igneous rock?
A.
B.
size)
Which characteristic provides the best evidence
that this pegmatite solidi ed deep underground?
66.
A.
low density
B.
light color
C.
felsic composition
D. very coarse texture
C.
D.
Which physical characteristic best describes the
rock phyllite?
A.
glassy texture with gas pockets
B.
clastic texture with angular fragments
C.
bioclastic texture with cemented shell
fragments
D. foliated texture with microscopic mica crystals
page 17
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68.
Most rocks that form from fragmental rock
particles are classi ed as
A.
extrusive igneous
B.
intrusive igneous
C.
clastic sedimentary
70.
The owchart below illustrates the change from
melted rock to basalt.
The solidi cation of the melted rock occurred
D. chemical sedimentary
A.
slowly, resulting in ne-grained minerals
B.
slowly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals
C.
rapidly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals
D. rapidly, resulting in ne-grained minerals
69.
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on
the magni ed views shown below of the minerals
found in an igneous rock and in a metamorphic
rock. The millimeter scale indicates the size of
the crystals shown in the magni ed views.
Identify the environment of formation of this
igneous rock based on the size of its intergrown
crystals.
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