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SEVENTH SESSION
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FAITHFUL PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS ACT
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SUNDAY MORNING, JULY 12, 2009
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Levi J. Benton of Texas, presiding.
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Good morning.
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Levi Benton of Texas.
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Faithful Presidential Electors Act.
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initial reading of that act.
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I'm
This is a reading of the
This is the
Before I call upon Commissioner Nichols
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to make an opening statement, I will invite the
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members of the committee to introduce themselves,
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starting from my right, please.
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your hand and introduce yourself for the benefit of
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the reporter.
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COMMISSIONER RICHARD A. CHAMPAGNE
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(Wisconsin):
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Commissioner.
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Commissioner Jim Bush, Arizona.
COMMISSIONER MICHAEL J. WILKINS (Utah):
Commissioner Wilkins, Utah.
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COMMISSIONER JACK DAVIES (Minnesota):
Davies, Minnesota.
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Champagne from Wisconsin,
COMMISSIONER JAMES M. BUSH (Arizona):
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21
If you will raise
COMMISSIONER GENE N. LEBRUN (South
Dakota):
Lebrun, South Dakota.
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COMMISSIONER TERESA ANN TILLER
(Mississippi):
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COMMISSIONER JAMES BOPP, JR. (Indiana):
Bopp, Indiana.
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COMMISSIONER JESS O. HALE, JR.
(Tennessee):
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(Illinois):
Shetterly, Oregon.
COMMISSIONER CAM WARD (Alabama):
MR. ROBERT BENNETT (Reporter):
Bob
Bennett, reporter, from Illinois.
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Ward,
Alabama.
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Tenenbaum, Illinois.
COMMISSIONER LANE SHETTERLY (Oregon):
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Hale, Tennessee.
COMMISSIONER J. SAMUEL TENENBAUM
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Tiller, Mississippi.
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
Carolina):
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Susan Nichols, North Carolina.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
I will now call
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upon Commissioner Nichols to make an opening
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statement.
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COMMISSIONER NICHOLS:
Good morning.
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This is probably the shortest act you're going to
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see in a while, but it's an important one.
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Before we start reading, I would like to
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make a few points to put in context what we're
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trying to do.
First of all, we're extremely
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fortunate to have Bob Bennett as our reporter.
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only is he a professor and former dean of
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Northwestern Law School, he is one of the leading
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experts in the country on the electoral college.
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His breadth of knowledge in this area is wide.
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Not
Unlike his breadth of knowledge, the
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scope of what our committee is charged with doing is
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very, very narrow.
We are not reforming the
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electoral college.
That's not the mission of this
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committee or the purpose of forming this committee.
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What we're trying to deal with is the very narrow
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problem of an elector who does not abide by the
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wishes of the voters of his or her state and chooses
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to vote for a different candidate, throwing things
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into chaos after an election.
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to deal only with that specific problem.
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This act is tailored
Our goal is, obviously, to provide the
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voters of our states with confidence that the votes
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they have cast will be honored when the electoral
20
college meets.
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You may question why this act is
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necessary, why the Conference has undertaken it, and
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why do we need a uniform act.
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acknowledge that the risk that an AWOL elector could
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determine the outcome of a presidential election is
Admittedly, we all
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very, very small.
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the harm to the democracy that could be caused by
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such an action is tremendous.
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should try to deal with the problem before it arises
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rather than develop a solution after one arises.
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But just as the risk is small,
The view is that we
We owe Jack Davies.
He is known for his
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persistence in the Scope and Program Committee.
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has been pushing this idea.
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problem since 1992.
He has seen this
Finally, he got some traction
10
in the Conference in the last few years.
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committee was assembled to follow up and to deal
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with the problem that is a real problem.
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He
This
Some of you may be shocked, as I was, to
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learn that the Constitution of our country does not
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deal with what would happen if a situation developed
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between the election and the meeting of the
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electoral college.
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actually been a novel written by Jeff Greenfield
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that several of our committee members have read that
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brings that to life and highlights just how
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significant a problem could develop if we had
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electors not honoring the votes of their states.
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There's a void there.
There has
The reason a uniform law is needed is
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because 30 states have recognized the problem
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already.
The remedies they have chosen are varied.
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They're pretty broad.
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what the states have chosen to do.
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for example, put someone in jail if they don't vote
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as they're supposed to as an elector.
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doesn't necessarily solve the problem of their
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faithlessness.
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There is not uniformity in
Some, my state,
But that
The other thing that a uniform act would
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do for those of you who are involved in the
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political process, you can easily see that if there
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is not uniformity among the states and there is an
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extremely close election, the candidates and the
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parties will be tempted to try to peel off an
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elector or two or three or however many they need to
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determine the outcome of a presidential election.
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It's our hope with a uniform act that
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narrowly tailors and addresses the problem of a
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faithless elector, we can prevent that kind of
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situation developing that would undermine the
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confidence of our public in the democracy.
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This morning we ask you to bear with us.
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We have very short time here, less than an hour.
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have tried to make some policy decisions.
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explained, the states have had different remedies
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that they have used to deal with the faithless
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elector.
We have looked at those states.
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As I
We have
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We
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made some decisions.
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feedback on the major policy questions.
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appreciate minor comments, you know, the kinds of
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things that aren't major policy decisions, but we
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ask that you put those in writing and deliver them
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to Cam Ward, who is seated next to Bob Bennett, our
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reporter.
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What we need from you today is
We also
Just to give you a brief overview of our
policy decision.
In Section 3 of our act, we
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require a potential elector to execute a pledge to
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vote for the winning presidential candidate.
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provide for an alternate list of electors.
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We
In Sections 3 and 5 we provide a process
for filling vacancies in elections.
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In Section 6 we declare the position to
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be vacant of an elector who does not honor the
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pledge and it is to be filled in the way that
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vacancies are to be filled as spelled out in Section
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5.
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As I indicated, we would like you to
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focus on the policy that we have adopted.
Professor
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Bennett wrote a very informative memo that is behind
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the act in your notebooks.
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chance to read it, it's a wonderful history lesson
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and also an explanation of some of the background of
If you haven't had a
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the decisions that we made.
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I commend that to you.
Finally, we're going to read the title
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of the act.
I've gotten some comments.
If any of
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you have ideas for a different name for the act,
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please submit them to Cam Ward and we will consider
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them.
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that they believe Adulteress Presidential Elector
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Act might be more faithful to the mission that we
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have and the topic.
The Hawaii delegation has already told us
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[Laughter]
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COMMISSIONER NICHOLS:
We'll decide that
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on another day.
Those kinds of comments would best
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be submitted in writing for us to consider.
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The last thing, for those states, there
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are about five or six now, and several more have it
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in their legislatures, that have adopted the
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National Popular Vote initiative.
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lengthy commentary from that organization.
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that we need to relook at our act and make sure it's
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neutral so that it doesn't take a position on that.
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We're not, again, trying to reform the electoral
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college or somehow alter how it functions.
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just trying to preserve the faithfulness of our
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electors.
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We've received
We know
We're
With that, we would like to read the
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act.
Thank you.
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
We'll now proceed
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with a reading of the act.
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of South Dakota will read Sections 1 and 2.
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Commissioner Lebrun.
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COMMISSIONER GENE N. LEBRUN (South
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Dakota):
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be cited as the Faithful Presidential Electors Act."
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"SECTION 1.
Commissioner Gene Lebrun
SHORT TITLE.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
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comments on Section 1?
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Microphone 1.
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This [act] may
Any questions or
The commissioner at
COMMISSIONER LANCE KINZER (Kansas):
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This is a general question.
I haven't had an
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opportunity to read Professor Bennett's article so
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it may be answered.
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discomfort with the idea of state statutory
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provisions that define the role of an elector.
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other words, it has always seemed to me that the
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Constitution is clear that the states have broad
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discretion in terms of defining the manner in which
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electors are selected.
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least an argument can be made that the actual role
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of the elector, which includes implied discretion in
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the way the Constitution is drafted in terms of who
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they would vote for, is a matter that is described
I've always had some level of
In
But it seems to me that at
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and dealt with in the Constitution itself.
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be that there is case law out there that I'm not
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familiar with or that this question has a simple
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answer.
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provisions of this type where a state actually
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attempts to define not the manner of selection of an
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elector but the role of an elector raise
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constitutional questions in and of itself.
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just be interested.
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It may
But it's just always struck me that
I would
I raise it here at the outset
because it is just kind of a general question.
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COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
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Carolina):
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in Professor Bennett's memo.
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giving you a thumbnail version of it.
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Commissioner, it is dealt with at length
I'll take a stab at
I think the view of elector discretion
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and the way we elect the President has evolved since
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the Constitution was adopted.
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popular perception that when they go to the polls
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they're voting for candidates and not electors that
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they then want to go and choose who will be
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President.
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There is considerable
There has been some case law out of
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Alabama.
The U.S. Supreme Court decided a case
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involving a pledge to a party to remain loyal to
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that party's nominee.
It's the Blair case.
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That's
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one of the reasons our committee chose to use the
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approach of a pledge, because we believe that would
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be one of the most constitutionally defensible ways
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of addressing the problem.
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner Ward.
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COMMISSIONER CAM WARD (Alabama):
What
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you raise is the question at the heart of the entire
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purpose of this draft.
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Anyone looking at the title would say, well, you
You're exactly right.
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know, it's clearly outlined in the Constitution for
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the electoral college.
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wonderful job in his memo.
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Professor Bennett has done a
It did evolve over time.
The Blair case in 1952 in Alabama really
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kind of laid out a lot of arguments that a lot of
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people don't realize, and that is that, yes, states
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do have a lot of authority on how to regulate
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faithfulness.
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actually with regard to when someone is pledged or
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not pledged.
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that have so-called faithful electoral pledges.
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far those have been upheld in the court.
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body of case law out there.
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rich as we would like for it to be.
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questions that you're asking, that is the
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fundamental question that is going to be asked about
They do have a lot of authority
Over the years, you have 30 states now
So
There is a
It's probably not as
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But I think
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the purpose of this act.
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addressed early on.
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4
It's one that has to be
COMMISSIONER KINZER:
Thank you very
much.
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner.
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COMMISSIONER LANE SHETTERLY (Oregon):
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Just to help direct you to that, discussion of
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constitutionality and the Blair case in particular
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begins on Page 5 of the memorandum.
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Langrock at Microphone 5.
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COMMISSIONER PETER F. LANGROCK
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(Vermont):
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other than in the title?
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Is the word "faithful" used in the act
COMMISSIONER CAM WARD (Alabama):
To my
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knowledge, actually it is not, but I don't want
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to -- it could be, yes, sir.
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COMMISSIONER LANGROCK:
I looked through
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it and I didn't see it.
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definition of it as well.
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me to read an act, which has a title, and uses a
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word which is undefined and which has all sorts of
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meanings and not find it in the act anywhere.
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25
I noticed there is no
It's a little unusual for
COMMISSIONER WARD:
good point.
You raise a very
In fact, this was originally, if I'm
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not mistaken, the committee was actually named
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something else originally.
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good point.
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here to listen to you.
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into consideration in our drafting.
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As the chairman said earlier, we're
We'll definitely take that
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The Commissioner at
Microphone 1.
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9
I think you raise a very
COMMISSIONER JOHN L. FELLOWS (Utah):
I
have a question conceptionally that I need answered.
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I'm thinking practically about what would happen if
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during the time between the General Election when a
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candidate is elected -- when that party's chosen
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candidate -- and their vice presidential candidate
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perhaps, dies.
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to me that by this act we're potentially limiting
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the flexibility then of giving the presidential
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electors the opportunity to solve that problem.
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sure you've thought about that.
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know what you think.
Under those circumstances, it seems
I'm
I would like to
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
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COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
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Carolina):
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point.
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statement.
25
We've had one drafting session.
Chair Nichols.
Commissioner, thank you for raising that
I meant to mention it in my opening
That's actually one that we discussed.
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We decided not to
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deal with the death or incapacitation of a candidate
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in that narrow period.
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input of the Conference on whether you think we
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should, for example, loosen the restrictions on the
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electors should that develop, whether you think that
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would be good policy.
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could spell out a little bit some of the discussion
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on the question of death.
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10
We would very much like the
Perhaps Professor Bennett
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Langrock at Microphone 5.
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COMMISSIONER PETER F. LANGROCK
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(Vermont):
13
discovered dishonesty of the candidate?
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felt that if I were an elector my duty would be to,
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first of all, support the person who I was elected
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for, but if that person proved unworthy, either by
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incapacity or death or corruption of some sort, that
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my duty and faithfulness would be to elect the best
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person that is available for the job.
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think you conduct this issue.
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essence and crux of what the meaning of the word
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"faithful" is.
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To expand upon that, what about
I've always
I just don't
I think this is the
MR. ROBERT BENNETT (Reporter):
These
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are real problems, serious questions.
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as Chairman Nichols said, we did talk about them a
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I point out,
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little bit and decided at this stage to defer them,
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which is not to say that we wouldn't welcome some
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suggestions.
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Let me just make a comment or two to
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sort of qualify the point.
6
things to express my concern with dealing with these
7
problems, which are real, through the discretion of
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electors.
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I guess I would say two
One is that the problem can occur
10
immediately after the electors vote, just as it can
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immediately before the electors vote.
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there is no answer in elector discretion to be found
13
then.
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fully worthy of attention from state legislatures,
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and they haven't received them.
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be dealt with in this act or not is a different
17
question.
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Presumably
Those are real problems at both times and are
Whether that should
The second thing I would say, take your
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dishonesty, dishonesty that emerges about a
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presidential candidate before the electors have met.
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I have a real question of whether electors are the
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right vehicle for dealing with that.
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same sort of overarching problem that generates our
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act still present -- that is to say, the voters in
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virtually all states went to the polls thinking they
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We have the
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were voting for X and now the electors make a
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judgment, if we were to follow this up, that X isn't
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going to be the President because they deem him to
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have been dishonest.
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are difficulties.
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that.
7
8
There is tension here.
I don't have any doubt about
We welcome suggestions about how these
might be dealt with.
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COMMISSIONER LANGROCK:
10
follow up on that very briefly.
11
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
12
There
If I could just
Commissioner
Langrock.
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COMMISSIONER LANGROCK:
The elector, if
14
they're nothing but a conduit, this whole thing is a
15
fiction.
16
that -- take the example of the recent governor of
17
Illinois.
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elector was told they had to cast the vote for
19
President, that would be a travesty, as far as I'm
20
concerned.
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system, they must have some discretion, some
22
authority, or they're meaningless.
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If they're to have any authority, anything
If those disclosures were made and an
If you want to keep the electoral
COMMISSIONER JAMES BOPP, JR. (Indiana):
Could I address that, please?
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
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Commissioner
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Shetterly.
COMMISSIONER LANE SHETTERLY (Oregon):
3
To respond to that, I was speaking personally
4
because we did not discuss, I don't believe, in the
5
committee this issue of dishonesty discovered
6
between the date of the election and the date of the
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electoral college votes.
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9
Speaking personally, my concern about
that to explicitly acknowledge that and empower the
10
electors to have that power, to vote other than
11
their states based on some later discovered evidence
12
really I think suggests that the campaign doesn't
13
end -- won't end until the electoral college meets.
14
In fact, might even become more intense after the
15
date of the election and before the electoral
16
college vote because you have fewer votes in play
17
and greater opportunity to influence.
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I personally would not go down that road
19
to explicitly acknowledge electoral college member's
20
authority to act on just later discovered
21
information and say, well, we think that the voters
22
would have voted otherwise if they knew this.
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25
Death or incapacity is an issue we have
looked at and probably will some more.
The other issue of later discovered
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information is a real concern.
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suggest to leave that to Congress after inauguration
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if there is information so significant that has come
4
to light that might justify impeachment or some
5
other action.
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7
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Burnett of Maryland at Microphone 4.
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9
Better I would
COMMISSIONER K. KING BURNETT (Maryland):
I know you have a limited amount of time.
I would
10
like to discuss at some point the death of the
11
President Elect.
12
be in Sections 5 and 6.
13
do you want to discuss it now, it was raised a
14
minute ago, or discuss it later after you've read
15
some of the sections?
16
17
In the context, in my mind, would
I just wanted to make sure,
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Chairwoman Nichols,
do you want to respond?
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COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
19
Carolina):
20
would be good to go on and get it.
21
move on and actually read some of the other more
22
substantive provisions.
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24
25
If you have a brief comment now, it
COMMISSIONER BURNETT:
We do need to
Well, I have a
potential fix.
COMMISSIONER JAMES BOPP, JR. (Indiana):
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May I respond to that?
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CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Just a second,
please.
COMMISSIONER BURNETT:
potential fix.
6
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
7
COMMISSIONER NICHOLS:
8
9
I have a
Chairwoman Nichols.
Commissioner
Bopp, did you want to -COMMISSIONER BOPP:
Yes.
I think that
10
the term "President Elect" is not properly attached
11
until after the vote of the college.
12
election and the vote of the college, he is not the
13
President Elect.
14
act is whether the pledge will be required to be
15
fulfilled, and that is at the point of the meeting
16
of the electoral college the person would be
17
obligated to fulfill the pledge and vote for the
18
candidate, the winning candidate.
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Between the
Of course, the issue here for this
Now, there are, it seems to me, three
20
circumstances.
One circumstance is readily
21
ascertainable, has the person died.
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possible criteria that could be employed or
23
considerations made, and that would be is the person
24
qualified to serve as President?
25
questions were raised in this last election on
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The second
For instance,
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whether either candidate was qualified as a citizen
2
or a naturalized citizen.
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The third would be what Peter raised,
4
and that is like other issues that ought to be
5
considered in the circumstance.
6
I have suggested that we should
7
certainly deal with the number one, which is readily
8
ascertainable, and that an elector should be
9
relieved of his pledge to vote for a dead candidate.
10
That would allow the college to come to a resolution
11
of who ought to be elected President.
12
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner Bush.
13
COMMISSIONER JAMES M. BUSH (Arizona):
14
Mr. Chairman, with respect to a couple of the
15
questions that have been raised about not dealing
16
with certain points, confining our effort to the
17
faithfulness of presidential electors.
18
aware that legislatures are very partisan bodies.
19
The mere title of this act is going to get immediate
20
attention when it's introduced.
21
We're all
If we undertake to deal with some of
22
these difficult questions you have raised, this act
23
isn't going anywhere.
24
experience, for every one of these questions raised,
25
there is a partisan view, a different one.
I can tell you from long
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If we
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want to get a uniform enactment of this bill, we
2
ought to stay away from those things and confine it
3
to the faithless elector.
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5
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Burnett, any further comment or question?
6
COMMISSIONER K. KING BURNETT (Maryland):
7
There are two aspects as relates to reading this.
8
One is the scope.
9
reference to this particular possibility, the death.
10
The second is how you could fix it and would fix it.
11
I have a suggestion for that, which would relate to
12
a specific section.
13
And I want to address that with
My thought was is the best time to raise
14
this is when we come to Sections 5 and 6.
15
why I rose at this time.
16
and the scope together is a better way of
17
proceeding.
18
the limited time, as to the best way to do this
19
effectively in the time that you have.
20
21
That's
I think discussing the fix
I just wanted to inquire, because of
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Thank you,
Commissioner.
22
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
23
Carolina):
I don't think there is much chance we
24
are going to get through Section 6 in the next 30
25
minutes.
If you would like to either give us your
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1
fix or you would like to provide it in writing or
2
after our meeting, any of those, we would love to
3
hear your solution, particularly if you would feel
4
more comfortable dealing with it after we've
5
discussed it.
6
COMMISSIONER BURNETT:
Well, I think
7
raising it on the floor is very important because
8
this is a very important subject.
9
with something a lot more important potentially than
We're dealing
10
any of these other acts that we discussed.
11
dealing with something that relates to the country,
12
the presidency.
13
true that the odds are long that we won't have any
14
problem.
15
We're
This is a really big subject.
It's
I take Commissioner Bush's comments very
16
seriously.
17
very big subject.
18
you during this next year to really consider whether
19
you should enlarge the scope slightly to cover this
20
point that you have mentioned in your comments.
21
The question of enactability is always a
I think that we owe it here for
It seemed to me, and I'll go right
22
quickly to the fix because that may -- to me, when I
23
read through Sections 5 and 6 particularly, you have
24
the electoral college that takes its vote, it has to
25
meet at a certain time.
That is fixed, we can't
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1
fool with that.
2
say exactly when the vote is effective of the
3
electoral college.
4
is that it's effective when the votes are cast and
5
counted and the chairman bangs his gavel and says
6
the vote is such-and-such, like when we have a vote
7
here, people raise their hands, stand up, or
8
whatever, and we articulate their vote.
9
But then if you look -- it doesn't
The assumption when you read it
The fix I sort of have in mind is that
10
the vote would be effective, this would be in I
11
think Section 5, I think probably a new subsection,
12
only maybe the day before the inauguration or at
13
some point there so that you would have the vote
14
taken as constitutionally provided, but it would, in
15
essence, postpone the effective date.
16
normally.
17
law.
18
We do that
We indulge in a lot of fictions in the
This would be one.
Section 6 would be amended technically
19
to adjust to -- or 7, I guess it is, excuse me.
20
It's 6 and 7 that I'm referring to.
21
solution, of course, is to follow the Constitution's
22
provision about the Vice President taking the seat
23
of the President, to take that as the solution.
24
Now, this would be some technical drafting to do
25
this.
The easiest
But it would seem to me not really that
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1
difficult to do it in that matter by indulging in
2
this fiction.
3
Normally I would indulge in some
4
questions and answers with you because I am not at
5
all as knowledgeable about this.
6
out on a clean slate.
7
assumptions.
8
9
I just throw this
I may be wrong on some
I think that this is an important
subject, such an important subject that it should be
10
addressed in this.
11
carrying so much weight as to endanger the package,
12
as Commissioner Bush says, but I take his comments
13
very seriously, and that is an issue.
14
I don't think it would end up
Thank you.
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
15
Carolina):
16
is going to try to resist the urge to respond, but
17
take that under advisement in the interest of
18
hearing from the other commissioners who are
19
standing and wishing to make a point.
20
21
Thank you, Commissioner.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The committee
Thank you.
Commissioner
Cassidy at Microphone 5.
22
COMMISSIONER RICHARD T. CASSIDY
23
(Vermont):
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
24
suggestion about the scope issue that you're facing,
25
which obviously is an important issue and has to be
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
I have a
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1
balanced.
There is a balance between what is
2
practical and democratic values and the discretion
3
that some would say electors were vested with.
4
My suggestion is simply that you look at
5
the concept of impossibility as the only escape
6
valve.
7
sort of similar to Commissioner Bopp's thinking that
8
you might deal with death, you might deal with
9
disability.
Just where that works, I don't know.
It's
You might deal with constitutional
10
eligibility.
11
that come to my mind as potential exceptions to
12
the idea that the elector is inevitably bound to the
13
popular vote outcome.
14
can't safely go.
15
16
I think beyond that, you
That's just my thought for your
consideration.
17
18
Those I think are the three things
Thank you.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Thank you,
Commissioner.
19
The Commissioner at Microphone 6.
20
COMMISSIONER DANIEL A. IVEY-SOTO (New
21
Mexico):
It seems to me the purpose of this act is
22
to deal with the rogue person, the rogue elector.
23
What we're having a discussion about is the
24
unanticipatable situations.
25
able to anticipate all of them.
We're never going to be
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1
However, it does seem to me that we
2
could put in as a solution that if by a two-thirds
3
vote of the electors of a state, they can relieve
4
each other of the pledge.
5
unanticipated situation, but it would also hold the
6
rogue to the pledge.
7
8
9
That would deal with any
Thank you.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The commissioner at
Microphone 1.
COMMISSIONER JOHN L. FELLOWS (Utah):
As
10
I think about this, it at least seems to me that the
11
question is in a case of death of both the President
12
and Vice President after an election, the question
13
is who gets to decide who the new President is.
14
That's a policy question.
15
One of the things about this act that
16
seems true is by binding electors to a pledge, you
17
take that vote away from them.
18
court or somebody else who makes that decision.
19
you think about that, it really becomes a policy
20
question, do we want presidential electors selected
21
by a party and elected by the voters to make the
22
decision of who the new President is or do we want
23
Congress or do we want the Supreme Court to do it?
24
You have probably already thought of that.
25
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
It ends up being the
As
The commissioner at
(417) 742-3817
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1
Microphone 5.
2
COMMISSIONER DEBORAH E. BEHR (Alaska):
3
I was wondering if the committee has made any
4
discussion about moving this voting process and
5
meeting process into the electronic age?
6
Page 4, Line 12, and it talks about the electors
7
legibly printed name.
8
Alaska because when we fly these folks in to vote,
9
it's usually in January, they come to Juneau, the
I look at
It's of interest to me in
10
weather is terrible.
It's very easy that they could
11
not all get in to Juneau to vote.
12
earthquake, a flood, Hurricane Katrina, something
13
happen.
14
discussed electronic balloting or has any thoughts
15
on it.
I could see an
I was wondering if the committee has
16
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
17
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
18
Carolina):
19
it in this draft.
20
consideration.
21
22
25
We did discuss it and decided not to put
We'll take your comments under
Thank you.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The commissioner at
Microphone 4.
23
24
Chairwoman Nichols.
COMMISSIONER LARRY L. RUTH (Nebraska):
I'm sorry.
COMMISSIONER JAMES BOPP, JR. (Indiana):
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1
Could I respond to the question?
2
3
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Just one second,
please.
4
The commissioner at Microphone 4.
5
COMMISSIONER RUTH:
I can't think of any
6
act that we've had that will attract more attention
7
than this one in our state and in most states.
8
just can't think of one.
9
understandable.
I
No. 1, it's short so it's
No. 2, there is just an incredible
10
amount of interest, of course, in the presidential
11
elections.
12
I would just urge you to keep the scope
13
as narrow as possible.
14
get into allowing the pledgor to change their minds.
15
Maybe death, I suppose.
16
into disability, you're in deep water.
17
I just don't think we can
But I think if you even get
There are a number of competing
18
proposals out here in the states.
Some of them
19
have, I think you used the term "outfits," that
20
wasn't maybe a slip of the tongue, but there are
21
outfits that are financing very legitimate
22
approaches, differing approaches.
23
act done and into the states, we're going to be in
24
great competition for review.
25
I think, the national popular vote in some way, and
When we get our
Most of them look to,
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1
then make the pledge to be in accordance with the
2
national popular vote as opposed to the states.
3
That's where we have the benefit of this act in
4
looking at the local vote, each state's vote.
5
think that's really important to keep.
6
I
I would urge you in your prefatory note
7
and in your comments to realize you're always
8
building a case for this on a very broad, national
9
and very public scene.
10
This isn't just lawyers who
are going to be applying this.
11
Incidentally, I like your comment about
12
the AWOL electors.
13
AWOL Electors Act.
Maybe we could call this the
14
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner Bopp.
15
COMMISSIONER JAMES BOPP, JR. (Indiana):
16
Thank you.
17
that there are several sets of laws that apply to
18
this subject that we cannot vary by state enactment.
19
First, we have the 12th Amendment that provides for
20
the meeting and vote by ballot of electors.
21
a difficulty on one of these suggestions, which is
22
doing it electronically when you have the 12th
23
Amendment that requires you to meet and vote by
24
ballot.
25
I think it's important to understand
We have
Secondly, 3 USC, Sections 1 through 18
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have very detailed requirements concerning how the
2
electoral college shall conduct its business.
3
instance, the suggestion from Microphone 4 about not
4
submitting the votes of the electoral college until
5
the day before inauguration is dealt with in the
6
congressional enactment, which requires that the
7
votes be conveyed to the president of the Senate as
8
soon after the meeting of the electoral college as
9
possible.
10
For
One of the difficulties that we have
11
had, and you all need to, as you think of ideas
12
about this over the next year, you really must try
13
to fit them within both the requirements of
14
Amendment 12, but also the requirements of 3 USC
15
Section 1, et seq.
16
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Chairwoman Nichols.
17
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
18
Carolina):
Commissioner Ruth picked up on something
19
that I regret very much.
20
neutral on other activities with respect to the
21
electoral college.
22
have implied that in some way we were disparaging
23
those efforts.
24
very good comments from the National Popular Vote
25
initiative, that we plan to carefully look at the
The committee is entirely
By a slip of the tongue, I may
We are not.
In fact, we've gotten
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1
act to make sure that it's neutral as to things like
2
that.
3
impression.
I apologize if I created a different
4
5
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Langrock.
6
COMMISSIONER PETER F. LANGROCK
7
(Vermont):
I'm not sure the system is broken.
We
8
have over 200 years of experience and we haven't had
9
a problem.
That doesn't mean we can't have a
10
problem in the future.
11
there is a concept of representative government in
12
the electoral college.
13
legislation, I'm not sure I can agree with that.
14
But if I'm not mistaken,
To just bypass that by state
At one time the U.S. Senators were
15
elected by a representative body, representative
16
democracy, and now we have a direct vote.
17
I'm not familiar with the history of
18
where you're coming from.
But I'm not at this point
19
ready to abandon the concept that an elected
20
official is nothing but a robot.
21
point, I would tend to argue for the very broad
22
scope of this act.
23
away from the elector, rogue or otherwise, bad faith
24
or good faith, corrupt or otherwise, taking those
25
powers away, you had better have some reasons and
At least at this
If you're going to take powers
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some arguments that change the historical value.
2
3
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The Commissioner at
Microphone 4.
4
COMMISSIONER DAVID J. CLARK
5
(California):
6
find excellent and fascinating.
7
on Page 2 at the end of the second paragraph that
8
the Constitution does not allow state electors to
9
cast both of their votes for inhabitants of their
10
I read the reporter's memo, which I
There is a comment
own state.
11
I don't know if that still applies, but
12
if it does it seems that probably needs to be
13
addressed in the act.
14
Who knows, there may be a Feinstein-Boxer ticket
15
coming up.
I didn't see it in there.
16
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Reporter Bennett.
17
MR. ROBERT BENNETT (Reporter):
It's
18
still in the Constitution.
19
election caused a little bit of commotion because of
20
Cheney and Bush both being Texans.
21
Indeed, the 2000
I'm not sure I understand how and why
22
this statute has to deal with that further than the
23
Constitution does.
24
hearing more about that.
25
I would be very interested in
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
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Commissioner
(417) 742-3817
32
1
Davies.
2
COMMISSIONER JACK DAVIES (Minnesota):
3
In response to Peter Langrock, is the system broken.
4
My interest in this going way back is prompted by
5
Murphy's law, whatever can happen will happen.
6
fact that we haven't had it yet is not a reason not
7
to worry about it.
8
remote, but it's so stupendous, if we do have an
9
election turned over by a renegade elector, we
10
The problem is so -- it may be
should do something to guard against it.
11
12
The
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Tenenbaum.
13
COMMISSIONER J. SAMUEL TENENBAUM
14
(Illinois):
15
fact, 30 states that have attempted to deal with
16
this issue.
17
nobody is worried about it.
18
that have attempted to deal with this very specific
19
issue of the elector who doesn't follow his pledge.
20
The reason for that is that the people who vote
21
think that the electors are going to follow their
22
pledge.
23
In further response, there are, in
It's not like nobody has thought of it,
There are 30 states
Let me also say that Commissioner Bopp
24
has done a lot of interesting historical work.
25
There have been delegate hunting expeditions to try
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1
to find people who are willing to be rogue electors
2
and change who they were elected for.
3
fact, happened in the past.
4
That has, in
Issues like death, corruption and all
5
those we've talked about in the committee, there
6
are, in fact, alternative remedies for each of them.
7
We talked about the fact, okay, let's say -- and I
8
read a recent article, fairly close, there was a
9
serious problem with Barack Obama's airplane.
If
10
something would have happened, how do you resolve
11
it?
12
Hillary Clinton instead of Joe Biden, when Joe Biden
13
was the one who was elected as the Vice President,
14
or should the electors, if they actually followed
15
through on their pledge, Joe Biden would have become
16
the President?
17
Do you have the parties decide, well, we want
There are remedies for each of those
18
other things.
But the rogue elector who doesn't
19
follow who he was elected for, it's different.
20
Originally electors were just elected as electors.
21
They actually got together and tried to decide who
22
should be the next President, but it doesn't work
23
that way any more.
24
on the ballots any more.
25
wanted to deal with this very narrow problem.
You don't even see the electors
That being the case, we
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1
That's why we've decided on the scope -- and it is a
2
problem because you have 30 different approaches to
3
it throughout the states.
4
5
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The commissioner at
Microphone 4.
6
COMMISSIONER DAVID J. CLARK
7
(California):
My comment with respect to the
8
possible constitutional limitations, obviously it's
9
premature, but what I was referring to was Section
10
6, elector voting specifically says you hand out
11
lists of potential candidates to each of the
12
electors.
13
hand a list of two candidates who constitutionally
14
can't qualify that there's -- you just need to
15
address it.
16
17
18
It seems to me that if you're going to
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The commissioner at
Microphone 5.
COMMISSIONER FRANK W. DAYKIN (Nevada):
19
As one of the members of the Study Committee for
20
this act, I would like to suggest to you that one of
21
the elements of the debate was, compared popular
22
election of the President to entrusting the choice
23
of colors to a blind man.
24
25
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner.
Thank you,
Commissioner Ruth.
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1
COMMISSIONER LARRY L. RUTH (Nebraska):
2
Just a broad statement again.
I notice in the memo
3
on the discussion of Ray versus Blair that it's
4
pointed out that the case appears to be based on
5
protecting the party system.
6
primacy of national party laws in some of the areas
7
here.
8
work in some comments or even into the draft
9
something about preserving the party's roles in
I recognize the
I would urge your consideration to try to
10
this.
I don't particularly want to be preserving
11
the party's roles necessarily, but I'm looking at it
12
from the constitutional standpoint.
13
You said in your memorandum also that
14
it's a state extracted pledge or a state
15
administered pledge.
16
system works is it's the political parties generally
17
that submit the lists.
18
fact that you're protecting the parties, I think you
19
might be able to get a little more constitutional
20
protection here.
21
I think that the way that the
If you could dwell on the
I think what you're looking for is a
22
very old case that doesn't come down squarely with
23
what you're trying to do.
24
the party protection, you may be actually supporting
25
the act.
To the extent you can use
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1
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
2
Langrock, before recognizing you, the chair would,
3
as a matter of privilege, in light of the comments
4
that have been made thus far, invite the Committee
5
of the Whole to let Commissioner Shetterly read
6
Section 6, and then we'll come back to you,
7
Commissioner Langrock.
8
9
10
In light of the comments that have been
posed thus far, the chair goes to Commissioner
Shetterly for a reading of Section 6.
11
COMMISSIONER LANE SHETTERLY (Oregon):
12
"SECTION 6.
ELECTOR VOTING.
At the time designated
13
for elector voting and after any vacancies have been
14
filled under Section 5, the [Secretary of State]
15
shall provide each elector with a presidential
16
ballot and a vice presidential ballot.
17
shall designate votes for those offices
18
respectively, along with the elector's signature and
19
the elector's legibly printed name.
20
shall present both completed ballots to the
21
[Secretary of State] who shall examine them and
22
record as cast all ballots for the winning
23
presidential and winning vice-presidential
24
candidates respectively.
25
presidential nor vice-presidential ballot is to be
The elector
Each elector
Neither an elector's
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1
cast, and neither shall be counted, if the elector
2
fails to vote for the winning presidential or
3
winning vice-presidential candidate in violation of
4
the elector's pledge required under Section 3 or 5.
5
An elector who presents a blank ballot or ballot in
6
violation of the pledge required under Section 3 or
7
5 is deemed to have resigned from the office of
8
elector, creating a vacancy to be filled as provided
9
in Section 5.
The [Secretary of State] shall then
10
distribute to and collect ballots from properly
11
substituted electors and record as cast votes for
12
the winning presidential and winning
13
vice-presidential candidates until a full slate of
14
elector votes has been recorded as cast."
15
16
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner
Langrock at Microphone 5.
17
COMMISSIONER PETER F. LANGROCK
18
(Vermont):
19
worrying about the rogue elector.
20
defined.
21
Commissioner Davies talked about
"Rogue" is not
When Jim Jeffers, U.S. Senate, moved
22
from the Republican Party to an Independent in line
23
with Democrats changing the balance of power, there
24
were people who called him a rogue and other people
25
called him a fundamentally a hero.
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
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1
The "rogue" is in the eyes of the
2
beholder.
3
were decided by the United States Supreme Court
4
rather than by the voters, and we have survived
5
those situations.
6
We have had elections, several arguments
It seems to me that just carrying
7
through here, that it is not a given situation that
8
preventing people under appropriate circumstances
9
from using discretion is a bad thing.
It wasn't
10
when the Constitution was set up.
11
line it goes, that's another question.
12
this point, I want that side fully represented,
13
saying let's keep this as a semi legislative body
14
with one thing in mind, to elect the President,
15
given the political realization of how they got
16
there.
17
18
19
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
How far down the
At least at
Commissioner
Wilkins.
COMMISSIONER MICHAEL J. WILKINS (Utah):
20
May I respond briefly?
Commissioner Langrock, there
21
are three or four things here that are a problem.
22
One is that our charge was extremely narrow.
23
although we may fully agree with your comments, it
24
was not within our charge to deal with them.
25
is a problem to be dealt with by this body.
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
And
That
I think
(417) 742-3817
39
1
we would welcome additional guidance.
2
Secondly, the Constitution of the United
3
States and the federal statutory law bound our
4
deliberations.
5
Thirdly, with response to Senator
6
Jeffers, well, he may well have been a hero, your
7
choice, not mine, I don't live in Vermont.
8
Everybody knew he had been elected to the Senate.
9
Everybody knew who he was.
10
consequence of his change.
11
Everybody knew the
The motivation behind our activities
12
here and our effort to routinize the activities of
13
electors is the fundamental truth that the vast
14
majority of American voters have no idea who their
15
electors are, how they're selected, or what they do.
16
And that's the difference.
17
difference between the represented democracy that
18
you describe and the function of the electoral
19
college.
20
That's the major
COMMISSIONER LANGROCK:
Just briefly to
21
respond.
Maybe we should be looking forward to
22
reinstating the quality of the electors.
23
be one way or another.
24
abolishing their discretionary matters is
25
necessarily good.
That would
I just don't think
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1
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner Ward.
2
COMMISSIONER CAM WARD (Alabama):
I
3
think the commissioner at Microphone 5, Commissioner
4
Langrock, you raised some very valid issues.
5
think those are issues, which you just discussed,
6
that is really going to be the scope of our work
7
over the next year.
8
the entire committee, we would appreciate any
9
comments, memorandums or suggestions that you have.
I
I know, speaking on behalf of
10
I think the questions that have arisen here today
11
from everyone has been how narrow or how broad based
12
our scope is.
13
evenly divided on it.
14
from our political leanings and feelings about it as
15
we go forward with that.
16
It's obvious that the commission is
Hopefully, we can stay away
I would suggest that any comments -- I
17
think you raised some very good points, and we will
18
definitely use that in the scope of our work over
19
the next year.
20
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner Ruth.
21
COMMISSIONER LARRY L. RUTH (Nebraska):
22
Now directing attention directly to Section 6, I
23
think you're looking for some comment.
24
25
You're using the term "cast" a lot.
That's a troublesome word to me.
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
I think it may be
(417) 742-3817
41
1
trouble to the committee because there is certainly
2
some ambiguity here.
Look at Line 15 -- well,
3
starting at Line 15.
You seem to have to cast a
4
ballot in order to find out whether you have been
5
faithful.
6
ballot.
7
sentence works.
8
but you can't cast it unless you're doing it in
9
accordance with the winning presidential candidates.
But Line 15 says you can't cast the
Help me understand how Line 15, that
An elector's ballot is to be cast,
10
How do you figure that out unless you cast the
11
ballot?
12
work this casting.
13
a term of art, I imagine.
Just generally talk with me about how you
The term, whether it's a -- it's
Help me understand that.
14
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Reporter Bennett.
15
MR. ROBERT BENNETT (Reporter):
The
16
comment you make is a very sensible one.
17
we're going to have to go back and look at it.
18
were trying to draw a distinction between casting
19
the ballot, marking it, and the counting of it later
20
on.
21
We
I agree that it's a little convoluted.
COMMISSIONER RUTH:
In Line 18 you have
22
the same problem.
23
-- "in violation of the pledge."
24
that until you have cast it.
25
I think
You can't present a blank ballot
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
You don't know
The commissioner at
(417) 742-3817
42
1
Microphone 5.
2
COMMISSIONER LARRY T. GARVIN (Ohio):
I
3
agree entirely that an elector who votes on the
4
basis of caprice or fraud or bribery or the like
5
would qualify as a faithless elector and should be
6
dealt with accordingly.
7
more is a circumstance in which a state goes for
8
Candidate A by a plurality, though not a majority of
9
the vote, but if there were instant run off voting
What troubles me a little
10
so one could express second choice preferences,
11
Candidate B would have taken a majority of the vote.
12
My concern is not whether it's better to
13
go for Candidate A or for Candidate B.
14
little harder to say that an elector who votes for
15
either A or B is acting faithlessly if the goal is
16
to give effect to the intent of the voters of the
17
state.
18
So, I hesitate a little before dealing with that.
19
20
21
I find it a
Either one seems to me perfectly defensible.
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Thank you,
Commissioner Garvin.
Reporter Bennett, and before Reporter
22
Bennett responds, the chair will recognize those
23
commissioners who are standing and then after that
24
we'll recess for the day.
25
Reporter Bennett.
MR. ROBERT BENNETT (Reporter):
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
State
(417) 742-3817
43
1
law already deals with that question.
2
it into a selection of electors pledged in one
3
fashion or another to a candidate.
4
change that if it wants.
5
it make sense for an elector elected under state law
6
that says one thing to then decide another.
7
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
8
It translates
State law can
The real question is, does
Commissioner Pepe
from the great state of Pennsylvania.
9
COMMISSIONER RAYMOND P. PEPE
10
(Pennsylvania):
11
of the assignment to this committee.
12
committee assigned the task of determining a law to
13
direct how electors should vote or is the
14
committee's assignment more narrow, just limited to
15
preventing faithless voting by electors?
16
I have a question about the scope
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
17
Carolina):
18
to focus on the faithless elector.
19
Is the
Our scope from, as I understand it, is
COMMISSIONER PEPE:
If that's the case,
20
then am I right that in terms of whether this
21
project should go forward we're faced with the
22
fundamental policy decision, and the policy decision
23
is whether the risks associated with faithless
24
voting exceed the risks associated with allowing
25
electors to exercise discretion.
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
Perhaps that
(417) 742-3817
44
1
represents a decision that should be put to this
2
body before the committee proceeds to draft a full
3
act based on the assumption that the risks
4
associated with faithless voting exceed the risks
5
associated with the exercise of discretion.
6
I don't know if this is the right time
7
to do that.
Maybe we let the committee work on it
8
for another year.
9
and the only thing they can do is basically decide
If the committee's hands are tied
10
whether or not -- I mean, right to regulate
11
faithless electors, then perhaps the body as a whole
12
ought to consider -- and we probably can't do it in
13
this session, we probably need to do it in the
14
committee.
15
place to do it is.
16
has to be made by the body, maybe we ought to make
17
it.
I don't know procedurally what the right
But if that fundamental decision
18
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
19
COMMISSIONER JACK DAVIES (Minnesota):
20
The only thing the committee wants to do by every
21
indication is to deal with the faithless elector.
22
That's all we think we as the Conference the
23
competence to do.
24
25
COMMISSIONER PEPE:
Commissioner Davies
But then that poses
the fundamental question, should we do that?
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
45
1
Because the questions that are arising on the floor
2
suggest that there may be benefits to allowing
3
electors to exercise discretion.
4
this drafting process is based on the assumption
5
that the risks of faithless acts by electors exceed
6
the benefits of allowing electors to exercise
7
discretion.
8
9
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The whole point of
Commissioner
Lebrun.
10
COMMISSIONER GENE N. LEBRUN (South
11
Dakota):
As you know, the scope is drafted by Exec
12
Committee as a result of a recommendation by the
13
Scope and Program Committee.
14
if the body feels that that scope is not correct,
15
that they go first to the Scope and Program
16
Committee or the Exec Committee rather than try to
17
make that decision here on the floor.
I would suggest that
18
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner Bush.
19
COMMISSIONER JAMES M. BUSH (Arizona):
I
20
think every member of this committee has received a
21
letter from an organization that is advocating
22
changing the Constitution to allow popular vote
23
rather than the electoral college.
24
think has received -- maybe some of you have
25
received it, telling you not to support this act.
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
Everybody I
(417) 742-3817
46
1
That was my instruction, don't support this act.
2
will meet you at the legislature to defeat it.
3
We
Now, if we're going to make a
4
determination in this body that we favor discretion
5
among electors, that's just not consistent with the
6
popular vote concept.
7
things at movement here.
8
popular election are not going to favor giving
9
discretion to electors that would go against the
10
We're looking at two major
The people who want the
popular vote.
11
I don't know just what this committee
12
should do.
13
given a very narrow charge, one that we felt was
14
needed, as Jack Davies said, the possibility of
15
something happening that has never happened is
16
small, but as long as it exists, and we've had the
17
electoral college all this time, we ought to try to
18
narrowly fix it.
19
Conference then we ought to get this committee some
20
new instructions.
21
22
23
As my friend on my left said, we were
If that's not the will of the
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
The commissioner at
Microphone 1.
COMMISSIONER JOHN L. FELLOWS (Utah):
24
First of all, I think the committee has met its
25
obligations from the Scope Committee.
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
I think you
(417) 742-3817
47
1
have done what you were asked to do.
2
The effect of Section 6, though, as I
3
look at it, is to ensure that in any situation, no
4
matter what happens, death, disability, felony
5
conviction, no matter what happens, those electors
6
are going to be obligated to vote for the candidate
7
that received the highest popular vote in their
8
state.
9
putting it another way, is the fundamental question.
I think that, as Commissioner Pepe said,
10
I'm not sure sending it back to the
11
Scope Committee is going to resolve that.
12
Committee will come down one way or the other and
13
then you guys will draft something based upon that
14
and then the Conference will agree with the Scope
15
Committee or not.
16
The Scope
I don't envy you in your task ahead
17
unless you have some direction from the Conference
18
in terms of the exact issue that Commissioner Pepe
19
has raised.
20
21
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Thank you,
Commissioner Fellows.
22
Reporter Bennett or Chairwoman Nichols.
23
MR. ROBERT BENNETT (Reporter):
Well, I
24
would only say that there is discretion and there is
25
discretion.
We have identified some discrete areas
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
48
1
where there is a good argument, I would say, to be
2
made for discretion, good arguments to be made
3
against it.
4
Like death, the clear one.
5
different from the large question of whether
6
electors should have discretion to do as they want.
7
As to that, the committee has proceeded on a clear
8
assumption that the answer is no.
9
surprised if some vote were to undo that.
10
11
Nonetheless, that's a serious issue.
That seems to me quite
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Microphone 6.
12
I would be
The Commissioner at
Thank you for your patience.
COMMISSIONER DANIEL A. IVEY-SOTO (New
13
Mexico):
14
comment on Section 6 and then a more generalized
15
one.
16
Thank you to the body.
I have a specific
The specific comment deals with Lines 13
17
through 15 and the subsequent sentence after that.
18
We are changing, in doing this, the Secretary of
19
State's role from a ministerial role to a
20
substantive role.
21
generalized comment.
22
what has brought this to us, and I think the
23
committee has done an outstanding job of wrestling
24
with very difficult issues in doing this, what we've
25
done as a basic civics lesson is we're saying that
That leads me to my more
While I'm very sympathetic to
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
49
1
in the greatest democracy in the world, the vote
2
that really matters is going to be invalidated if
3
you don't vote the right way.
4
vote, under this you present the vote and if it's
5
the right vote, it is cast, and if it's not the
6
right vote, you are deemed to have resigned.
7
just not sure this is the lesson we want to be
8
giving not only to our children but to the rest of
9
the world in terms of democracy.
The casting of the
I'm
In saying that the
10
greatest democracy is going to invalidate someone
11
who exercises dissent, disagreement, or other -- or
12
just simply lunacy -- all of which we value in this
13
country and give great deference to.
14
15
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Commissioner.
16
Thank you,
Chairwoman Nichols.
COMMISSIONER SUSAN KELLY NICHOLS (North
17
Carolina):
18
maybe just begun the debate on the issues raised by
19
this act.
20
Thank all of you.
We have obviously
All the committee members encourage you
21
to submit comments, lobbyists, talk to us, give us
22
your ideas.
23
further.
24
25
We don't have time to discuss it any
For that reason, Mr. Chairman, the
Committee of the Whole rises and reports that it has
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
50
1
had under consideration the Faithful Presidential
2
Electors Act, has made progress and asks leave to
3
sit again.
4
CHAIRPERSON BENTON:
Madam President,
5
the Committee of the Whole rises and reports that it
6
has had under consideration the Faithful
7
Presidential Electors Act, has made progress and
8
asks leave to sit again.
9
---o0o---
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ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
1
I N D E X
2
FAITHFUL PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS ACT
3
4
5
Sunday, July 12, 2009
Seventh Session. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
---o0o---
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ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
PROCEEDINGS IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
FAITHFUL PRESIDENT ELECTORS ACT
of the
UNIFORM LAW COMMISSION
July 9 - July 15, 2009
Convention Center
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Reported by:
RICHARD S. ADAMS
CHRIS LOTHER
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
9695 West Farm Road 76
Willard, Missouri 65781
(417) 742-3817
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
(417) 742-3817
1
1
7
1 [11] - 8:4, 8:7, 8:10,
8:11, 12:7, 25:8,
27:8, 28:25, 29:15,
46:22, 51:4
12 [4] - 1:3, 26:6,
29:14, 51:3
12th [2] - 28:19, 28:22
13 [1] - 48:16
15 [6] - 41:2, 41:3,
41:5, 41:6, 48:17,
52:10
18 [2] - 28:25, 41:21
1952 [1] - 10:13
1992 [1] - 4:9
7 [2] - 22:19, 22:20
742-3817 [1] - 52:25
76 [1] - 52:24
9
9 [1] - 52:10
9695 [1] - 52:24
A
2
2 [3] - 8:4, 27:9, 31:7
200 [1] - 30:8
2000 [1] - 31:18
2009 [3] - 1:3, 51:3,
52:10
3
3 [6] - 6:9, 6:13, 28:25,
29:14, 37:4, 37:6
30 [6] - 4:24, 10:19,
20:24, 32:15, 32:17,
34:2
4
4 [7] - 17:7, 26:6,
26:22, 27:4, 29:3,
31:3, 34:5
417 [1] - 52:25
5
5 [19] - 6:13, 6:19,
11:9, 11:11, 13:10,
17:12, 20:14, 21:23,
22:11, 23:21, 26:1,
34:17, 36:14, 37:4,
37:7, 37:9, 37:16,
40:3, 42:1
6
6 [16] - 6:15, 17:12,
20:14, 20:24, 21:23,
22:18, 22:20, 24:19,
34:10, 36:6, 36:10,
36:12, 40:22, 47:2,
48:11, 48:14
65781 [1] - 52:25
abandon [1] - 30:19
abide [1] - 3:12
able [2] - 24:25, 35:19
abolishing [1] - 39:24
accordance [2] - 28:1,
41:9
accordingly [1] - 42:6
acknowledge [3] 3:24, 16:9, 16:19
ACT [3] - 1:2, 51:2,
52:4
Act [6] - 1:7, 7:8, 8:8,
28:13, 50:2, 50:7
act [40] - 1:8, 2:21,
3:15, 3:21, 3:23, 5:7,
5:15, 6:9, 6:23, 7:3,
7:4, 7:19, 8:1, 8:3,
8:7, 11:1, 11:13,
11:21, 11:23, 12:15,
14:16, 14:24, 16:20,
18:14, 19:19, 19:22,
24:21, 25:15, 27:6,
27:23, 28:3, 30:1,
30:22, 31:13, 34:20,
35:25, 44:3, 45:25,
46:1, 49:19
acting [1] - 42:15
action [2] - 4:3, 17:5
activities [3] - 29:20,
39:11, 39:12
acts [2] - 21:10, 45:5
actual [1] - 8:22
ADAMS [2] - 52:19,
52:24
additional [1] - 39:1
address [3] - 15:24,
20:8, 34:15
addressed [3] - 11:2,
23:10, 31:13
addresses [1] - 5:16
addressing [1] - 10:4
adjust [1] - 22:19
administered [1] 35:15
admittedly [1] - 3:23
adopted [3] - 6:21,
7:16, 9:17
Adulteress [1] - 7:7
advisement [1] 23:17
advocating [1] - 45:21
age [1] - 26:5
ago [1] - 17:14
agree [5] - 30:13,
38:23, 41:20, 42:3,
47:14
ahead [1] - 47:16
airplane [1] - 33:9
Alabama [7] - 2:11,
2:12, 9:23, 10:6,
10:13, 11:15, 40:2
Alaska [2] - 26:2, 26:8
allow [3] - 19:10, 31:8,
45:22
allowing [4] - 27:14,
43:24, 45:2, 45:6
alter [1] - 7:22
alternate [1] - 6:12
alternative [1] - 33:6
ambiguity [1] - 41:2
amended [1] - 22:18
Amendment [3] 28:19, 28:23, 29:14
American [1] - 39:14
amount [2] - 17:9,
27:10
ANN [1] - 2:1
answer [3] - 9:4,
14:12, 48:8
answered [2] - 8:15,
12:9
answers [1] - 23:4
anticipate [1] - 24:25
apologize [1] - 30:2
applies [1] - 31:11
apply [1] - 28:17
applying [1] - 28:10
appreciate [2] - 6:3,
40:8
approach [1] - 10:2
approaches [3] 27:22, 34:2
appropriate [1] - 38:8
area [1] - 3:5
areas [2] - 35:6, 47:25
argue [1] - 30:21
argument [2] - 8:22,
48:1
arguments [4] - 10:14,
31:1, 38:2, 48:2
arisen [1] - 40:10
arises [2] - 4:4, 4:5
arising [1] - 45:1
Arizona [4] - 1:18,
1:19, 19:13, 45:19
art [1] - 41:13
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
article [2] - 8:14, 33:8
articulate [1] - 22:8
ascertainable [2] 18:21, 19:8
aspects [1] - 20:7
assembled [1] - 4:11
assigned [1] - 43:12
assignment [2] 43:11, 43:14
associated [4] 43:23, 43:24, 44:4,
44:5
assumption [4] - 22:3,
44:3, 45:4, 48:8
assumptions [1] 23:7
attached [1] - 18:10
attempted [2] - 32:15,
32:18
attempts [1] - 9:6
attention [4] - 14:14,
19:20, 27:6, 40:22
attract [1] - 27:6
authority [5] - 10:16,
10:17, 15:15, 15:22,
16:20
available [1] - 13:19
aware [1] - 19:18
AWOL [3] - 3:24,
28:12, 28:13
B
background [1] - 6:25
bad [2] - 30:23, 38:9
balance [2] - 24:1,
37:23
balanced [1] - 24:1
ballot [13] - 28:20,
28:24, 36:16, 36:25,
37:5, 41:4, 41:6,
41:7, 41:11, 41:19,
41:22
balloting [1] - 26:14
ballots [4] - 33:24,
36:20, 36:22, 37:10
bangs [1] - 22:5
Barack [1] - 33:9
based [6] - 16:11,
35:4, 40:11, 44:3,
45:4, 47:13
basic [1] - 48:25
basis [1] - 42:4
bear [1] - 5:20
become [2] - 16:14,
33:15
becomes [1] - 25:19
begins [1] - 11:9
begun [1] - 49:18
behalf [1] - 40:7
behind [2] - 6:22,
39:11
beholder [1] - 38:2
BEHR [1] - 26:2
benefit [2] - 1:13, 28:3
benefits [2] - 45:2,
45:6
BENNETT [6] - 2:13,
13:23, 31:17, 41:15,
42:25, 47:23
Bennett [12] - 2:14,
3:1, 6:6, 6:22, 10:11,
13:6, 31:16, 41:14,
42:21, 42:22, 42:24,
47:22
Bennett's [2] - 8:14,
9:13
Benton [2] - 1:4, 1:6
BENTON [53] - 1:5,
2:17, 8:2, 8:9, 10:5,
11:5, 11:10, 12:6,
12:20, 13:9, 15:11,
15:25, 17:6, 17:16,
18:2, 18:6, 19:12,
20:4, 20:20, 23:20,
24:17, 25:7, 25:25,
26:16, 26:21, 27:2,
28:14, 29:16, 30:4,
31:2, 31:16, 31:25,
32:11, 34:4, 34:16,
34:24, 36:1, 37:15,
38:17, 40:1, 40:20,
41:14, 41:25, 42:19,
43:7, 44:18, 45:8,
45:18, 46:21, 47:20,
48:10, 49:14, 50:4
best [4] - 7:12, 13:18,
20:13, 20:18
better [4] - 17:1,
20:16, 30:25, 42:12
between [7] - 4:16,
12:11, 16:6, 18:11,
24:1, 39:17, 41:18
beyond [1] - 24:13
Biden [3] - 33:12,
33:15
big [2] - 21:12, 21:17
bill [1] - 20:1
binding [1] - 25:16
bit [3] - 13:7, 14:1,
31:19
Blair [4] - 9:25, 10:13,
11:8, 35:3
blank [2] - 37:5, 41:22
blind [1] - 34:23
Bob [3] - 2:13, 3:1, 6:6
bodies [1] - 19:18
body [10] - 10:22,
30:15, 38:13, 38:25,
44:2, 44:11, 44:16,
(417) 742-3817
2
45:14, 46:4, 48:13
BOPP [6] - 2:3, 15:23,
17:25, 18:9, 26:25,
28:15
Bopp [4] - 2:4, 18:8,
28:14, 32:23
Bopp's [1] - 24:7
bound [2] - 24:12,
39:3
Boxer [1] - 31:14
breadth [2] - 3:5, 3:6
bribery [1] - 42:4
brief [2] - 6:8, 17:19
briefly [3] - 15:10,
38:20, 39:20
brings [1] - 4:20
broad [6] - 5:1, 8:19,
28:8, 30:21, 35:2,
40:11
broken [2] - 30:7, 32:3
brought [1] - 48:22
building [1] - 28:8
Burnett [2] - 17:7,
20:5
BURNETT [5] - 17:8,
17:23, 18:4, 20:6,
21:6
BUSH [3] - 1:18,
19:13, 45:19
Bush [5] - 1:19, 19:12,
23:12, 31:20, 45:18
Bush's [1] - 21:15
business [1] - 29:2
bypass [1] - 30:12
C
California [2] - 31:5,
34:7
Cam [2] - 6:6, 7:5
CAM [4] - 2:11, 10:6,
11:15, 40:2
campaign [1] - 16:12
Candidate [4] - 42:8,
42:11, 42:13
candidate [15] - 3:14,
6:11, 12:12, 12:13,
13:1, 13:13, 14:20,
18:18, 19:1, 19:9,
37:3, 43:3, 47:6
candidates [7] - 5:11,
9:19, 34:11, 34:13,
36:24, 37:13, 41:9
cannot [1] - 28:18
caprice [1] - 42:4
carefully [1] - 29:25
Carolina [11] - 2:16,
9:12, 12:22, 17:19,
20:23, 23:15, 26:18,
29:18, 43:17, 49:17
carrying [2] - 23:11,
38:6
case [13] - 9:2, 9:22,
9:23, 9:25, 10:13,
10:22, 11:8, 25:11,
28:8, 33:24, 35:4,
35:22, 43:19
Cassidy [1] - 23:21
CASSIDY [1] - 23:22
cast [16] - 3:19, 15:18,
22:4, 31:9, 36:22,
37:1, 37:11, 37:14,
40:24, 41:3, 41:5,
41:7, 41:8, 41:10,
41:24, 49:5
casting [3] - 41:12,
41:18, 49:3
caused [2] - 4:2, 31:19
Center [1] - 52:11
certain [2] - 19:16,
21:25
certainly [2] - 19:7,
41:1
chair [4] - 12:20, 36:2,
36:9, 42:22
chairman [4] - 12:3,
19:14, 22:5, 23:23
Chairman [2] - 13:25,
49:24
Chairwoman [1] 47:22
chairwoman [5] 17:16, 18:6, 26:16,
29:16, 49:15
CHAMPAGNE [1] 1:15
Champagne [1] - 1:16
chance [2] - 6:24,
20:23
change [5] - 27:14,
31:1, 33:2, 39:10,
43:4
changing [3] - 37:23,
45:22, 48:18
chaos [1] - 3:15
charge [3] - 38:22,
38:24, 46:13
charged [1] - 3:7
Cheney [1] - 31:20
children [1] - 49:8
choice [3] - 34:22,
39:7, 42:10
choose [1] - 9:20
chooses [1] - 3:13
chose [1] - 10:1
chosen [3] - 4:25, 5:2,
12:12
CHRIS [1] - 52:19
circumstance [3] 18:20, 19:5, 42:7
circumstances [3] 12:14, 18:20, 38:8
cited [1] - 8:8
citizen [2] - 19:1, 19:2
civics [1] - 48:25
CLARK [2] - 31:4, 34:6
clean [1] - 23:6
clear [3] - 8:19, 48:4,
48:7
clearly [1] - 10:10
Clinton [1] - 33:12
close [2] - 5:11, 33:8
collect [1] - 37:10
college [24] - 3:4, 3:9,
3:20, 4:17, 7:22,
10:11, 16:7, 16:13,
16:16, 16:19, 18:11,
18:12, 18:16, 19:10,
21:24, 22:3, 29:2,
29:4, 29:8, 29:21,
30:12, 39:19, 45:23,
46:17
colors [1] - 34:23
comfortable [1] - 21:4
coming [2] - 30:18,
31:15
commend [1] - 7:1
comment [11] - 14:4,
17:19, 20:5, 28:11,
31:6, 34:7, 40:23,
41:16, 48:14, 48:16,
48:21
commentary [1] - 7:18
comments [17] - 6:3,
7:3, 7:12, 8:10,
21:15, 21:20, 23:12,
26:19, 28:7, 29:24,
35:8, 36:3, 36:8,
38:23, 40:9, 40:16,
49:21
COMMISSION [1] 52:6
commission [1] 40:12
commissioners [2] 23:18, 42:23
Committee [13] - 4:7,
34:19, 36:4, 45:12,
45:13, 45:16, 46:25,
47:11, 47:12, 47:15,
49:25, 50:5
COMMITTEE [1] - 52:1
committee [29] - 1:11,
3:7, 3:10, 4:11, 4:19,
10:1, 12:1, 16:5,
23:15, 26:3, 26:13,
29:19, 33:5, 40:8,
41:1, 43:11, 43:12,
44:2, 44:7, 44:14,
44:20, 45:20, 46:11,
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
46:19, 46:24, 48:7,
48:23, 49:20
committee's [2] 43:14, 44:8
commotion [1] - 31:19
compared [1] - 34:21
competence [1] 44:23
competing [1] - 27:17
competition [1] 27:24
completed [1] - 36:20
concept [4] - 24:5,
30:11, 30:19, 46:6
conceptionally [1] 12:9
concern [4] - 14:6,
16:8, 17:1, 42:12
concerned [1] - 15:20
concerning [1] - 29:1
conduct [2] - 13:20,
29:2
conduit [1] - 15:14
Conference [7] - 3:22,
4:10, 13:3, 44:22,
46:19, 47:14, 47:17
confidence [2] - 3:18,
5:19
confine [1] - 20:2
confining [1] - 19:16
Congress [2] - 17:2,
25:23
congressional [1] 29:6
consequence [1] 39:10
consider [4] - 7:5,
7:13, 21:18, 44:12
considerable [1] 9:17
consideration [6] 12:5, 24:16, 26:20,
35:7, 50:1, 50:6
considerations [1] 18:23
considered [1] - 19:5
consistent [1] - 46:5
Constitution [12] 4:14, 8:19, 8:24, 9:1,
9:17, 10:10, 31:8,
31:18, 31:23, 38:10,
39:2, 45:22
Constitution's [1] 22:21
constitutional [5] 9:8, 24:9, 34:8,
35:12, 35:19
constitutionality [1] 11:8
constitutionally [3] -
10:3, 22:14, 34:13
context [2] - 2:24,
17:11
Convention [1] 52:11
CONVENTION [1] 52:24
conveyed [1] - 29:7
conviction [1] - 47:5
convoluted [1] - 41:20
correct [1] - 45:14
corrupt [1] - 30:24
corruption [2] - 13:17,
33:4
counted [2] - 22:5,
37:1
counting [1] - 41:19
country [4] - 3:4, 4:14,
21:11, 49:13
couple [1] - 19:14
course [3] - 18:13,
22:21, 27:10
Court [3] - 9:23,
25:23, 38:3
court [2] - 10:21,
25:18
cover [1] - 21:19
created [1] - 30:2
creating [1] - 37:8
criteria [1] - 18:22
crux [1] - 13:21
D
Dakota [5] - 1:25, 8:4,
8:7, 45:11
DANIEL [2] - 24:20,
48:12
date [4] - 16:6, 16:15,
22:15
DAVID [2] - 31:4, 34:6
DAVIES [3] - 1:22,
32:2, 44:19
Davies [6] - 1:23, 4:6,
32:1, 37:18, 44:18,
46:14
DAYKIN [1] - 34:18
dead [1] - 19:9
deal [20] - 3:11, 3:16,
4:4, 4:11, 4:15, 5:24,
13:1, 19:7, 19:21,
24:8, 24:9, 24:22,
25:4, 31:22, 32:15,
32:18, 33:25, 38:24,
44:21
dealing [7] - 14:6,
14:22, 19:15, 21:4,
21:8, 21:11, 42:18
deals [2] - 43:1, 48:16
dealt [7] - 9:1, 9:12,
(417) 742-3817
3
14:16, 15:8, 29:5,
38:25, 42:6
dean [1] - 3:2
death [12] - 13:1, 13:8,
13:17, 16:23, 17:10,
20:9, 24:8, 25:11,
27:15, 33:4, 47:4,
48:4
debate [2] - 34:21,
49:18
DEBORAH [1] - 26:2
decide [6] - 7:11,
25:13, 33:11, 33:21,
43:6, 44:9
decided [6] - 9:23,
12:25, 14:1, 26:18,
34:1, 38:3
decision [8] - 6:9,
25:18, 25:22, 43:22,
44:1, 44:15, 45:17
decisions [4] - 5:22,
6:1, 6:4, 7:1
declare [1] - 6:15
deem [1] - 15:3
deemed [2] - 37:7,
49:6
deep [1] - 27:16
defeat [1] - 46:2
defensible [2] - 10:3,
42:17
defer [1] - 14:1
deference [1] - 49:13
define [2] - 8:17, 9:6
defined [1] - 37:20
defining [1] - 8:20
definitely [2] - 12:4,
40:18
definition [1] - 11:20
delegate [1] - 32:25
delegation [1] - 7:6
deliberations [1] 39:4
deliver [1] - 6:5
democracy [7] - 4:2,
5:19, 30:16, 39:17,
49:1, 49:9, 49:10
democratic [1] - 24:2
Democrats [1] - 37:23
describe [1] - 39:18
described [1] - 8:25
designate [1] - 36:17
designated [1] - 36:12
detailed [1] - 29:1
determination [1] 46:4
determine [2] - 3:25,
5:14
determining [1] 43:12
develop [3] - 4:5,
4:21, 13:5
developed [1] - 4:15
developing [1] - 5:18
died [1] - 18:21
dies [1] - 12:14
difference [2] - 39:16,
39:17
different [9] - 3:14,
5:23, 7:4, 14:16,
19:25, 30:2, 33:19,
34:2, 48:5
differing [1] - 27:22
difficult [3] - 19:22,
23:1, 48:24
difficulties [2] - 15:5,
29:10
difficulty [1] - 28:21
direct [3] - 11:7,
30:16, 43:13
directing [1] - 40:22
direction [1] - 47:17
directly [1] - 40:22
disability [3] - 24:9,
27:16, 47:4
disagreement [1] 49:11
disclosures [1] 15:17
discomfort [1] - 8:16
discovered [5] 13:13, 16:5, 16:11,
16:20, 16:25
discrete [1] - 47:25
discretion [18] - 8:20,
8:23, 9:15, 14:7,
14:12, 15:21, 24:2,
38:9, 43:25, 44:5,
45:3, 45:7, 46:4,
46:9, 47:24, 47:25,
48:2, 48:6
discretionary [1] 39:24
discuss [6] - 16:4,
17:10, 17:13, 17:14,
26:18, 49:22
discussed [5] - 12:24,
21:5, 21:10, 26:14,
40:5
discussing [1] - 20:15
discussion [5] - 11:7,
13:7, 24:23, 26:4,
35:3
dishonest [1] - 15:4
dishonesty [4] 13:13, 14:19, 16:5
disparaging [1] 29:22
dissent [1] - 49:11
distinction [1] - 41:18
distribute [1] - 37:10
divided [1] - 40:13
done [6] - 10:11,
27:23, 32:24, 47:1,
48:23, 48:25
doubt [1] - 15:5
down [4] - 16:18,
35:22, 38:10, 47:12
draft [5] - 10:8, 26:19,
35:8, 44:2, 47:13
drafted [2] - 8:24,
45:11
drafting [4] - 12:5,
12:25, 22:24, 45:4
draw [1] - 41:18
during [2] - 12:11,
21:18
duty [2] - 13:14, 13:18
dwell [1] - 35:17
E
early [1] - 11:2
earthquake [1] - 26:12
easiest [1] - 22:20
easily [1] - 5:9
easy [1] - 26:10
effect [2] - 42:16, 47:2
effective [4] - 22:2,
22:4, 22:10, 22:15
effectively [1] - 20:19
effort [2] - 19:16,
39:12
efforts [1] - 29:23
either [5] - 13:16,
19:1, 20:25, 42:15,
42:17
elect [3] - 9:16, 13:18,
38:14
Elect [3] - 17:11,
18:10, 18:13
elected [12] - 12:12,
13:15, 19:11, 25:21,
30:15, 30:19, 33:2,
33:13, 33:19, 33:20,
39:8, 43:5
election [14] - 3:15,
3:25, 4:16, 5:11,
5:14, 16:6, 16:15,
18:12, 18:25, 25:12,
31:19, 32:9, 34:22,
46:8
Election [1] - 12:11
elections [3] - 6:14,
27:11, 38:2
ELECTOR [1] - 36:12
elector [41] - 3:12,
3:24, 5:4, 5:13, 5:17,
5:25, 6:10, 6:16,
8:17, 8:23, 9:7, 9:15,
13:14, 14:12, 15:13,
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
15:18, 19:8, 20:3,
24:12, 24:22, 30:23,
32:9, 32:19, 33:18,
34:10, 36:13, 36:15,
36:16, 36:19, 37:1,
37:5, 37:8, 37:14,
37:19, 42:3, 42:5,
42:14, 43:5, 43:18,
44:21
Elector [1] - 7:7
elector's [5] - 36:18,
36:19, 36:24, 37:4,
41:7
electoral [23] - 3:4,
3:9, 3:19, 4:17, 7:21,
10:11, 10:20, 15:20,
16:7, 16:13, 16:15,
16:19, 18:16, 21:24,
22:3, 29:2, 29:4,
29:8, 29:21, 30:12,
39:18, 45:23, 46:17
electors [46] - 4:22,
6:12, 7:24, 8:21,
9:19, 12:17, 13:5,
14:8, 14:10, 14:11,
14:20, 14:21, 15:1,
16:10, 19:17, 24:3,
25:3, 25:16, 25:20,
26:6, 28:12, 28:20,
31:8, 32:21, 33:1,
33:14, 33:20, 33:23,
34:12, 37:11, 39:13,
39:15, 39:22, 43:2,
43:13, 43:15, 43:25,
44:11, 45:3, 45:5,
45:6, 46:5, 46:9,
47:5, 48:6
ELECTORS [3] - 1:2,
51:2, 52:4
Electors [5] - 1:7, 8:8,
28:13, 50:2, 50:7
electronic [2] - 26:5,
26:14
electronically [1] 28:22
elements [1] - 34:21
eligibility [1] - 24:10
emerges [1] - 14:19
employed [1] - 18:22
empower [1] - 16:9
enactability [1] 21:16
enactment [3] - 20:1,
28:18, 29:6
encourage [1] - 49:20
end [4] - 16:13, 23:10,
31:7
endanger [1] - 23:11
ends [1] - 25:17
enlarge [1] - 21:19
ensure [1] - 47:3
entire [2] - 10:7, 40:8
entirely [2] - 29:19,
42:3
entrusting [1] - 34:22
envy [1] - 47:16
escape [1] - 24:5
essence [2] - 13:21,
22:15
et [1] - 29:15
evenly [1] - 40:13
evidence [1] - 16:11
evolve [1] - 10:12
evolved [1] - 9:16
exact [1] - 47:18
exactly [2] - 10:8, 22:2
examine [1] - 36:21
example [3] - 5:3,
13:4, 15:16
exceed [3] - 43:24,
44:4, 45:5
excellent [1] - 31:6
exceptions [1] - 24:11
excuse [1] - 22:19
Exec [2] - 45:11, 45:16
execute [1] - 6:10
exercise [4] - 43:25,
44:5, 45:3, 45:6
exercises [1] - 49:11
exists [1] - 46:16
expand [1] - 13:12
expeditions [1] 32:25
experience [2] 19:24, 30:8
experts [1] - 3:4
explained [1] - 5:23
explanation [1] - 6:25
explicitly [2] - 16:9,
16:19
express [2] - 14:6,
42:10
extent [1] - 35:23
extracted [1] - 35:14
extremely [3] - 2:25,
5:11, 38:22
eyes [1] - 38:1
F
faced [1] - 43:21
facing [1] - 23:24
fact [9] - 11:25, 16:14,
29:23, 32:6, 32:15,
33:3, 33:6, 33:7,
35:18
fails [1] - 37:2
fairly [1] - 33:8
faith [2] - 30:23, 30:24
faithful [6] - 7:8,
(417) 742-3817
4
10:20, 11:13, 13:22,
41:5, 51:2
FAITHFUL [2] - 1:2,
52:4
Faithful [4] - 1:7, 8:8,
50:1, 50:6
faithfulness [4] - 7:23,
10:17, 13:18, 19:17
faithless [11] - 5:17,
5:24, 20:3, 42:5,
43:15, 43:18, 43:23,
44:4, 44:11, 44:21,
45:5
faithlessly [1] - 42:15
faithlessness [1] - 5:6
familiar [2] - 9:3,
30:17
far [5] - 10:21, 15:19,
36:4, 36:9, 38:10
Farm [1] - 52:24
fascinating [1] - 31:6
fashion [1] - 43:3
favor [2] - 46:4, 46:8
Fe [1] - 52:11
federal [1] - 39:3
feedback [1] - 6:2
feelings [1] - 40:14
Feinstein [1] - 31:14
Feinstein-Boxer [1] 31:14
Fellows [1] - 47:21
FELLOWS [3] - 12:8,
25:9, 46:23
felony [1] - 47:4
felt [2] - 13:14, 46:13
few [2] - 2:24, 4:10
fewer [1] - 16:16
fiction [2] - 15:15,
23:2
fictions [1] - 22:16
figure [1] - 41:10
filled [4] - 6:17, 6:18,
36:14, 37:8
filling [1] - 6:14
finally [2] - 4:9, 7:2
financing [1] - 27:21
first [5] - 2:25, 13:15,
28:19, 45:15, 46:24
fit [1] - 29:13
five [1] - 7:15
fix [9] - 17:24, 18:5,
20:10, 20:15, 21:1,
21:22, 22:9, 46:18
fixed [1] - 21:25
flexibility [1] - 12:16
flood [1] - 26:12
floor [3] - 21:7, 45:1,
45:17
fly [1] - 26:8
focus [2] - 6:21, 43:18
folks [1] - 26:8
follow [7] - 4:11, 15:2,
15:10, 22:21, 32:19,
32:21, 33:19
followed [1] - 33:14
fool [1] - 22:1
former [1] - 3:2
forming [1] - 3:10
fortunate [1] - 3:1
forward [3] - 39:21,
40:15, 43:21
four [1] - 38:21
FRANK [1] - 34:18
fraud [1] - 42:4
friend [1] - 46:12
fulfill [1] - 18:17
fulfilled [1] - 18:15
full [2] - 37:13, 44:2
fully [3] - 14:14, 38:12,
38:23
function [1] - 39:18
functions [1] - 7:22
fundamental [6] 10:25, 39:13, 43:22,
44:15, 44:25, 47:9
fundamentally [1] 37:25
future [1] - 30:10
G
GARVIN [1] - 42:2
Garvin [1] - 42:20
gavel [1] - 22:5
GENE [3] - 1:24, 8:6,
45:10
Gene [1] - 8:3
General [1] - 12:11
general [2] - 8:13,
9:10
generalized [2] 48:14, 48:21
generally [2] - 35:16,
41:11
generates [1] - 14:23
given [3] - 38:7, 38:15,
46:13
goal [2] - 3:17, 42:15
government [1] 30:11
governor [1] - 15:16
great [3] - 27:24, 43:8,
49:13
greater [1] - 16:17
greatest [2] - 49:1,
49:10
Greenfield [1] - 4:18
guard [1] - 32:10
guess [2] - 14:5, 22:19
guidance [1] - 39:1
guys [1] - 47:13
H
HALE [1] - 2:5
hale [1] - 2:6
hand [3] - 1:13, 34:10,
34:13
hands [2] - 22:7, 44:8
harder [1] - 42:14
harm [1] - 4:2
Hawaii [1] - 7:6
hear [1] - 21:3
hearing [2] - 23:18,
31:24
heart [1] - 10:7
help [3] - 11:7, 41:6,
41:13
hero [2] - 37:25, 39:6
hesitate [1] - 42:18
highest [1] - 47:7
highlights [1] - 4:20
Hillary [1] - 33:12
historical [2] - 31:1,
32:24
history [2] - 6:24,
30:17
hold [1] - 25:5
honor [1] - 6:16
honored [1] - 3:19
honoring [1] - 4:22
hope [1] - 5:15
hopefully [1] - 40:13
hour [1] - 5:21
hunting [1] - 32:25
Hurricane [1] - 26:12
I
idea [4] - 4:8, 8:16,
24:12, 39:14
ideas [3] - 7:4, 29:11,
49:22
identified [1] - 47:25
Illinois [5] - 2:8, 2:14,
15:17, 32:14
imagine [1] - 41:13
immediate [1] - 19:19
immediately [2] 14:10, 14:11
impeachment [1] 17:4
implied [2] - 8:23,
29:22
important [9] - 2:22,
21:7, 21:8, 21:9,
23:8, 23:9, 23:25,
28:5, 28:16
impossibility [1] -
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
24:5
impression [1] - 30:3
IN [1] - 52:1
inauguration [3] 17:2, 22:12, 29:5
incapacitation [1] 13:1
incapacity [2] - 13:17,
16:23
incidentally [1] 28:11
includes [1] - 8:23
incredible [1] - 27:9
indeed [1] - 31:18
Independent [1] 37:22
Indiana [6] - 2:3, 2:4,
15:23, 17:25, 26:25,
28:15
indicated [1] - 6:20
indication [1] - 44:21
indulge [2] - 22:16,
23:3
indulging [1] - 23:1
inevitably [1] - 24:12
influence [1] - 16:17
information [3] 16:21, 17:1, 17:3
informative [1] - 6:22
inhabitants [1] - 31:9
initial [1] - 1:8
initiative [2] - 7:17,
29:25
input [1] - 13:3
inquire [1] - 20:17
instance [2] - 18:24,
29:3
instant [1] - 42:9
instead [1] - 33:12
instruction [1] - 46:1
instructions [1] 46:20
intense [1] - 16:14
intent [1] - 42:16
interest [4] - 23:17,
26:7, 27:10, 32:4
interested [2] - 9:9,
31:23
interesting [1] - 32:24
introduce [2] - 1:11,
1:13
introduced [1] - 19:20
invalidate [1] - 49:10
invalidated [1] - 49:2
invite [2] - 1:10, 36:4
involved [1] - 5:8
involving [1] - 9:24
issue [12] - 13:20,
16:5, 16:23, 16:25,
18:13, 23:13, 23:24,
23:25, 32:16, 32:19,
47:18, 48:3
issues [6] - 19:4, 33:4,
40:4, 40:5, 48:24,
49:18
itself [2] - 9:1, 9:8
IVEY [2] - 24:20, 48:12
IVEY-SOTO [2] 24:20, 48:12
J
JACK [3] - 1:22, 32:2,
44:19
Jack [2] - 4:6, 46:14
jail [1] - 5:3
JAMES [8] - 1:18, 2:3,
15:23, 17:25, 19:13,
26:25, 28:15, 45:19
January [1] - 26:9
Jeff [1] - 4:18
Jeffers [2] - 37:21,
39:6
JESS [1] - 2:5
Jim [2] - 1:19, 37:21
job [3] - 10:12, 13:19,
48:23
Joe [3] - 33:12, 33:15
JOHN [3] - 12:8, 25:9,
46:23
JR [6] - 2:3, 2:5,
15:23, 17:25, 26:25,
28:15
judgment [1] - 15:2
JULY [1] - 1:3
July [3] - 51:3, 52:10
Juneau [2] - 26:9,
26:11
justify [1] - 17:4
K
Kansas [1] - 8:12
Katrina [1] - 26:12
keep [4] - 15:20,
27:12, 28:5, 38:13
KELLY [10] - 2:15,
9:11, 12:21, 17:18,
20:22, 23:14, 26:17,
29:17, 43:16, 49:16
kind [3] - 5:17, 9:10,
10:14
kinds [2] - 6:3, 7:12
KING [2] - 17:8, 20:6
KINZER [2] - 8:12,
11:3
knowledge [3] - 3:5,
3:6, 11:16
knowledgeable [1] -
(417) 742-3817
5
23:5
known [1] - 4:6
knows [1] - 31:14
L
laid [1] - 10:14
LANCE [1] - 8:12
LANE [4] - 2:9, 11:6,
16:2, 36:11
Langrock [10] - 11:11,
13:10, 15:12, 30:5,
32:3, 36:2, 36:7,
37:16, 38:20, 40:4
LANGROCK [8] 11:12, 11:18, 13:11,
15:9, 15:13, 30:6,
37:17, 39:20
large [1] - 48:5
LARRY [4] - 26:23,
35:1, 40:21, 42:2
last [3] - 4:10, 7:14,
18:25
Laughter [1] - 7:10
LAW [1] - 52:6
law [11] - 4:23, 9:2,
9:22, 10:22, 22:17,
32:5, 39:3, 43:1,
43:3, 43:5, 43:12
Law [1] - 3:3
laws [2] - 28:17, 35:6
lawyers [1] - 28:9
leading [1] - 3:3
leads [1] - 48:20
leanings [1] - 40:14
learn [1] - 4:14
least [4] - 8:22, 25:10,
30:20, 38:11
leave [3] - 17:2, 50:2,
50:8
LEBRUN [3] - 1:24,
8:6, 45:10
Lebrun [4] - 1:25, 8:3,
8:5, 45:9
left [1] - 46:12
legibly [2] - 26:7,
36:19
legislation [1] - 30:13
legislative [1] - 38:13
legislature [1] - 46:2
legislatures [3] - 7:16,
14:14, 19:18
legitimate [1] - 27:21
length [1] - 9:12
lengthy [1] - 7:18
less [1] - 5:21
lesson [3] - 6:24,
48:25, 49:7
letter [1] - 45:21
level [1] - 8:15
Levi [2] - 1:4, 1:6
life [1] - 4:20
light [3] - 17:4, 36:3,
36:8
limitations [1] - 34:8
limited [3] - 17:9,
20:18, 43:14
limiting [1] - 12:15
Line [6] - 26:6, 41:2,
41:3, 41:5, 41:6,
41:21
line [2] - 37:22, 38:11
Lines [1] - 48:16
list [2] - 6:12, 34:13
listen [1] - 12:4
lists [2] - 34:11, 35:17
live [1] - 39:7
lobbyists [1] - 49:21
local [1] - 28:4
look [8] - 22:1, 24:4,
26:5, 27:24, 29:25,
41:2, 41:17, 47:3
looked [3] - 5:25,
11:18, 16:24
looking [7] - 10:9,
28:4, 35:11, 35:21,
39:21, 40:23, 46:6
loosen [1] - 13:4
love [1] - 21:2
loyal [1] - 9:24
lunacy [1] - 49:12
M
madam [1] - 50:4
major [4] - 6:2, 6:4,
39:16, 46:6
majority [3] - 39:14,
42:8, 42:11
man [1] - 34:23
manner [2] - 8:20, 9:6
marking [1] - 41:19
Maryland [3] - 17:7,
17:8, 20:6
matter [5] - 8:25, 23:1,
36:3, 47:4, 47:5
matters [2] - 39:24,
49:2
mean [2] - 30:9, 44:10
meaning [1] - 13:21
meaningless [1] 15:22
meanings [1] - 11:23
meant [1] - 12:23
meet [3] - 21:25,
28:23, 46:2
meeting [6] - 4:16,
18:15, 21:2, 26:5,
28:20, 29:8
meets [2] - 3:20, 16:13
member [1] - 45:20
member's [1] - 16:19
members [4] - 1:11,
4:19, 34:19, 49:20
memo [5] - 6:22, 9:13,
10:12, 31:5, 35:2
memorandum [2] 11:9, 35:13
memorandums [1] 40:9
mention [1] - 12:23
mentioned [1] - 21:20
mere [1] - 19:19
met [2] - 14:20, 46:24
Mexico [3] - 24:21,
48:13, 52:11
MICHAEL [2] - 1:20,
38:19
might [8] - 7:8, 15:8,
16:14, 17:4, 24:8,
24:9, 35:19
mind [4] - 17:11, 22:9,
24:11, 38:14
minds [1] - 27:14
mine [1] - 39:7
ministerial [1] - 48:19
Minnesota [4] - 1:22,
1:23, 32:2, 44:19
minor [1] - 6:3
minute [1] - 17:14
minutes [1] - 20:25
mission [2] - 3:9, 7:8
Mississippi [2] - 2:2
Missouri [1] - 52:25
mistaken [2] - 12:1,
30:10
MORNING [1] - 1:3
morning [3] - 1:5,
2:20, 5:20
most [3] - 10:3, 27:7,
27:24
motivation [1] - 39:11
move [1] - 17:21
moved [1] - 37:21
movement [1] - 46:7
moving [1] - 26:4
MR [6] - 2:13, 13:23,
31:17, 41:15, 42:25,
47:23
Murphy's [1] - 32:5
must [2] - 15:21,
29:12
N
name [3] - 7:4, 26:7,
36:19
named [1] - 12:1
narrow [9] - 3:8, 3:11,
13:2, 27:13, 33:25,
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
38:22, 40:11, 43:14,
46:13
narrowly [2] - 5:16,
46:18
National [2] - 7:17,
29:24
national [4] - 27:25,
28:2, 28:8, 35:6
naturalized [1] - 19:2
Nebraska [3] - 26:23,
35:1, 40:21
necessarily [3] - 5:5,
35:11, 39:25
necessary [1] - 3:22
need [9] - 3:23, 5:13,
6:1, 7:19, 12:9,
17:20, 29:11, 34:14,
44:13
needed [2] - 4:23,
46:14
needs [1] - 31:12
neutral [3] - 7:20,
29:20, 30:1
Nevada [1] - 34:18
never [2] - 24:24,
46:15
new [4] - 22:11, 25:13,
25:22, 46:20
New [3] - 24:20, 48:12,
52:11
next [7] - 6:6, 20:24,
21:18, 29:12, 33:22,
40:7, 40:19
Nichols [11] - 1:9,
2:16, 2:18, 12:20,
13:25, 17:16, 18:6,
26:16, 29:16, 47:22,
49:15
NICHOLS [13] - 2:15,
2:20, 7:11, 9:11,
12:21, 17:18, 18:7,
20:22, 23:14, 26:17,
29:17, 43:16, 49:16
nobody [2] - 32:16,
32:17
nominee [1] - 9:25
nonetheless [1] - 48:3
normally [2] - 22:16,
23:3
North [11] - 2:15, 2:16,
9:11, 12:21, 17:18,
20:22, 23:14, 26:17,
29:17, 43:16, 49:16
Northwestern [1] - 3:3
note [1] - 28:6
notebooks [1] - 6:23
nothing [2] - 15:14,
30:20
notice [1] - 35:2
noticed [1] - 11:19
novel [1] - 4:18
number [2] - 19:7,
27:17
O
Obama's [1] - 33:9
obligated [2] - 18:17,
47:6
obligations [1] - 46:25
obvious [1] - 40:12
obviously [4] - 3:17,
23:25, 34:8, 49:17
occur [1] - 14:9
odds [1] - 21:13
OF [1] - 52:1
office [1] - 37:7
offices [1] - 36:17
official [1] - 30:20
Ohio [1] - 42:2
old [1] - 35:22
one [37] - 2:22, 3:3,
4:5, 10:1, 10:3, 11:1,
12:24, 12:25, 14:9,
18:20, 19:7, 19:24,
19:25, 20:8, 22:17,
25:15, 27:2, 27:7,
27:8, 28:21, 29:10,
30:14, 33:13, 34:19,
34:20, 38:14, 38:22,
39:23, 41:16, 42:10,
42:17, 43:2, 43:6,
46:13, 47:12, 48:4,
48:15
opening [3] - 1:10,
2:18, 12:23
opportunity [3] - 8:14,
12:17, 16:17
opposed [1] - 28:2
order [1] - 41:4
Oregon [5] - 2:9, 2:10,
11:6, 16:2, 36:11
organization [2] 7:18, 45:21
originally [3] - 11:25,
12:2, 33:20
otherwise [3] - 16:22,
30:23, 30:24
ought [7] - 19:4,
19:11, 20:2, 44:12,
44:16, 46:17, 46:19
outcome [3] - 3:25,
5:14, 24:13
outfits [2] - 27:19,
27:21
outlined [1] - 10:10
outset [1] - 9:9
outstanding [1] 48:23
overarching [1] -
(417) 742-3817
6
14:23
overview [1] - 6:8
owe [2] - 4:6, 21:17
own [1] - 31:10
P
package [1] - 23:11
Page [3] - 11:9, 26:6,
31:7
paragraph [1] - 31:7
particular [2] - 11:8,
20:9
particularly [3] - 21:3,
21:23, 35:10
parties [4] - 5:12,
33:11, 35:16, 35:18
partisan [2] - 19:18,
19:25
Party [1] - 37:22
party [5] - 9:24, 25:21,
35:5, 35:6, 35:24
party's [4] - 9:25,
12:12, 35:9, 35:11
past [1] - 33:3
patience [1] - 48:11
peel [1] - 5:12
Pennsylvania [2] 43:8, 43:10
people [8] - 10:15,
22:7, 32:20, 33:1,
37:24, 38:8, 46:7
Pepe [3] - 43:7, 47:8,
47:18
PEPE [3] - 43:9,
43:19, 44:24
perception [1] - 9:18
perfectly [1] - 42:17
perhaps [4] - 12:14,
13:6, 43:25, 44:11
period [1] - 13:2
persistence [1] - 4:7
person [7] - 13:15,
13:16, 13:19, 18:16,
18:21, 18:23, 24:22
personally [3] - 16:3,
16:8, 16:18
Peter [2] - 19:3, 32:3
PETER [4] - 11:12,
13:11, 30:6, 37:17
picked [1] - 29:18
place [1] - 44:15
plan [1] - 29:25
play [1] - 16:16
pledge [19] - 6:10,
6:17, 9:24, 10:2,
18:14, 18:17, 19:9,
25:4, 25:6, 25:16,
28:1, 32:19, 32:22,
33:15, 35:14, 35:15,
37:4, 37:6, 41:23
pledged [3] - 10:18,
10:19, 43:2
pledges [1] - 10:20
pledgor [1] - 27:14
plurality [1] - 42:8
point [14] - 11:25,
12:3, 12:23, 13:24,
14:5, 17:10, 18:15,
21:20, 22:13, 23:19,
30:18, 30:21, 38:12,
45:3
pointed [1] - 35:4
points [3] - 2:24,
19:16, 40:17
policy [10] - 5:22, 6:2,
6:4, 6:9, 6:21, 13:6,
25:14, 25:19, 43:22
political [4] - 5:9,
35:16, 38:15, 40:14
polls [2] - 9:18, 14:25
Popular [2] - 7:17,
29:24
popular [10] - 9:18,
24:13, 27:25, 28:2,
34:21, 45:22, 46:6,
46:8, 46:10, 47:7
posed [1] - 36:9
poses [1] - 44:24
position [2] - 6:15,
7:20
possibility [2] - 20:9,
46:14
possible [4] - 18:22,
27:13, 29:9, 34:8
postpone [1] - 22:15
potential [5] - 6:10,
17:24, 18:5, 24:11,
34:11
potentially [2] - 12:15,
21:9
power [2] - 16:10,
37:23
powers [2] - 30:22,
30:25
practical [1] - 24:2
practically [1] - 12:10
prefatory [1] - 28:6
preferences [1] 42:10
premature [1] - 34:9
present [4] - 14:24,
36:20, 41:22, 49:4
presents [1] - 37:5
preserve [1] - 7:23
preserving [2] - 35:9,
35:10
presidency [1] - 21:12
president [1] - 29:7
PRESIDENT [1] - 52:4
President [21] - 9:16,
9:21, 15:3, 15:19,
17:11, 18:10, 18:13,
18:24, 19:11, 22:22,
22:23, 25:11, 25:12,
25:13, 25:22, 33:13,
33:16, 33:22, 34:22,
38:14, 50:4
presidential [20] 3:25, 5:14, 6:11,
12:13, 12:16, 14:20,
19:17, 25:20, 27:10,
36:15, 36:16, 36:23,
36:25, 37:2, 37:3,
37:12, 37:13, 41:9
PRESIDENTIAL [2] 1:2, 51:2
Presidential [5] - 1:7,
7:7, 8:8, 50:1, 50:7
presiding [1] - 1:4
presumably [1] 14:11
pretty [1] - 5:1
prevent [1] - 5:17
preventing [2] - 38:8,
43:15
primacy [1] - 35:6
printed [2] - 26:7,
36:19
privilege [1] - 36:3
problem [24] - 3:12,
3:16, 4:4, 4:9, 4:12,
4:21, 4:24, 5:5, 5:16,
10:4, 12:17, 14:9,
14:23, 21:14, 30:9,
30:10, 32:7, 33:9,
33:25, 34:2, 38:21,
38:25, 41:22
problems [3] - 13:24,
14:7, 14:13
procedurally [1] 44:14
proceed [1] - 8:2
proceeded [1] - 48:7
proceeding [1] - 20:17
PROCEEDINGS [1] 52:1
proceeds [1] - 44:2
process [5] - 5:9,
6:13, 26:4, 26:5,
45:4
Professor [4] - 8:14,
9:13, 10:11, 13:6
professor [2] - 3:2,
6:21
Program [3] - 4:7,
45:13, 45:15
progress [2] - 50:2,
50:7
project [1] - 43:21
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
prompted [1] - 32:4
properly [2] - 18:10,
37:10
proposals [1] - 27:18
protecting [2] - 35:5,
35:18
protection [2] - 35:20,
35:24
proved [1] - 13:16
provide [5] - 3:17,
6:12, 6:13, 21:1,
36:15
provided [2] - 22:14,
37:8
provides [1] - 28:19
provision [1] - 22:22
provisions [3] - 8:17,
9:5, 17:22
public [2] - 5:19, 28:9
purpose [4] - 3:10,
10:8, 11:1, 24:21
pushing [1] - 4:8
put [6] - 2:24, 5:3, 6:5,
25:2, 26:18, 44:1
putting [1] - 47:9
Q
qualified [2] - 18:24,
19:1
qualify [3] - 14:5,
34:14, 42:5
quality [1] - 39:22
questions [12] - 6:2,
8:9, 9:8, 10:24,
13:24, 18:25, 19:15,
19:22, 19:24, 23:4,
40:10, 45:1
quickly [1] - 21:22
quite [1] - 48:4
R
raise [8] - 1:12, 9:7,
9:9, 10:7, 11:24,
12:2, 20:13, 22:7
raised [10] - 17:13,
18:25, 19:3, 19:15,
19:22, 19:24, 40:4,
40:17, 47:19, 49:18
raising [2] - 12:22,
21:7
rather [4] - 4:5, 38:4,
45:16, 45:23
Ray [1] - 35:3
RAYMOND [1] - 43:9
read [14] - 4:19, 6:24,
7:2, 7:25, 8:4, 8:14,
11:21, 17:14, 17:21,
21:23, 22:3, 31:5,
33:8, 36:5
readily [2] - 18:20,
19:7
reading [6] - 1:6, 1:8,
2:23, 8:3, 20:7,
36:10
ready [1] - 30:19
real [7] - 4:12, 13:24,
14:7, 14:13, 14:21,
17:1, 43:4
realization [1] - 38:15
realize [2] - 10:15,
28:7
really [10] - 10:13,
16:12, 21:12, 21:18,
22:25, 25:19, 28:5,
29:12, 40:6, 49:2
reason [4] - 4:23,
32:6, 32:20, 49:24
reasons [2] - 10:1,
30:25
received [6] - 7:17,
14:15, 45:20, 45:24,
45:25, 47:7
recent [2] - 15:16,
33:8
recess [1] - 42:24
recognize [2] - 35:5,
42:22
recognized [1] - 4:24
recognizing [1] - 36:2
recommendation [1] 45:12
record [2] - 36:22,
37:11
recorded [1] - 37:14
reference [1] - 20:9
referring [2] - 22:20,
34:9
reform [1] - 7:21
reforming [1] - 3:8
regard [1] - 10:18
regret [1] - 29:19
regulate [2] - 10:16,
44:10
reinstating [1] - 39:22
relate [1] - 20:11
relates [2] - 20:7,
21:11
relieve [1] - 25:3
relieved [1] - 19:9
relook [1] - 7:19
remain [1] - 9:24
remedies [4] - 4:25,
5:23, 33:6, 33:17
remote [1] - 32:8
renegade [1] - 32:9
Reported [1] - 52:18
reporter [8] - 1:14,
2:14, 3:1, 6:7, 31:16,
(417) 742-3817
7
41:14, 42:21, 42:24
Reporter [8] - 2:13,
13:23, 31:17, 41:15,
42:21, 42:25, 47:22,
47:23
reporter's [1] - 31:5
REPORTING [1] 52:24
reports [2] - 49:25,
50:5
representative [3] 30:11, 30:15
represented [2] 38:12, 39:17
represents [1] - 44:1
Republican [1] - 37:22
require [1] - 6:10
required [3] - 18:14,
37:4, 37:6
requirements [3] 29:1, 29:13, 29:14
requires [2] - 28:23,
29:6
resigned [2] - 37:7,
49:6
resist [1] - 23:16
resolution [1] - 19:10
resolve [2] - 33:10,
47:11
respect [3] - 19:14,
29:20, 34:7
respectively [2] 36:18, 36:24
respond [7] - 16:3,
17:17, 18:1, 23:16,
27:1, 38:20, 39:21
responds [1] - 42:22
response [3] - 32:3,
32:14, 39:5
rest [1] - 49:8
restrictions [1] - 13:4
result [1] - 45:12
review [1] - 27:24
rich [1] - 10:23
RICHARD [3] - 1:15,
23:22, 52:19
rises [2] - 49:25, 50:5
risk [2] - 3:24, 4:1
risks [5] - 43:23,
43:24, 44:3, 44:4,
45:5
road [1] - 16:18
Road [1] - 52:24
ROBERT [6] - 2:13,
13:23, 31:17, 41:15,
42:25, 47:23
robot [1] - 30:20
rogue [10] - 24:22,
25:6, 30:23, 33:1,
33:18, 37:19, 37:24,
38:1
role [6] - 8:17, 8:22,
9:7, 48:19, 48:20
roles [2] - 35:9, 35:11
rose [1] - 20:15
routinize [1] - 39:12
run [1] - 42:9
Ruth [3] - 29:18,
34:25, 40:20
RUTH [5] - 26:23,
27:5, 35:1, 40:21,
41:21
S
safely [1] - 24:14
SAMUEL [2] - 2:7,
32:13
Santa [1] - 52:11
scene [1] - 28:9
School [1] - 3:3
Scope [7] - 4:7, 45:13,
45:15, 46:25, 47:11,
47:14
scope [15] - 3:7, 20:8,
20:16, 21:19, 23:24,
27:12, 30:22, 34:1,
40:6, 40:12, 40:18,
43:10, 43:17, 45:11,
45:14
seat [1] - 22:22
seated [1] - 6:6
second [7] - 14:18,
18:2, 18:21, 20:10,
27:2, 31:7, 42:10
secondly [2] - 28:25,
39:2
Secretary [4] - 36:14,
36:21, 37:9, 48:18
section [1] - 20:12
SECTION [2] - 8:7,
36:12
Section [18] - 6:9,
6:15, 6:18, 8:10,
20:24, 22:11, 22:18,
29:15, 34:9, 36:6,
36:10, 36:14, 37:4,
37:6, 37:9, 40:22,
47:2, 48:14
sections [1] - 17:15
Sections [6] - 6:13,
8:4, 17:12, 20:14,
21:23, 28:25
see [6] - 2:22, 5:9,
11:19, 26:11, 31:13,
33:23
seem [3] - 22:25, 25:1,
41:3
selected [3] - 8:21,
25:20, 39:15
selection [2] - 9:6,
43:2
semi [1] - 38:13
Senate [3] - 29:7,
37:21, 39:8
Senator [1] - 39:5
Senators [1] - 30:14
sending [1] - 47:10
sense [1] - 43:5
sensible [1] - 41:16
sentence [2] - 41:7,
48:17
seq [1] - 29:15
serious [3] - 13:24,
33:9, 48:3
seriously [2] - 21:16,
23:13
serve [1] - 18:24
SESSION [1] - 1:1
session [2] - 12:25,
44:13
Session [1] - 51:4
set [1] - 38:10
sets [1] - 28:17
sEVENTH [1] - 1:1
Seventh [1] - 51:4
several [4] - 4:19,
7:15, 28:17, 38:2
shall [7] - 29:2, 36:15,
36:17, 36:20, 36:21,
37:1, 37:9
SHETTERLY [4] - 2:9,
11:6, 16:2, 36:11
Shetterly [4] - 2:10,
16:1, 36:5, 36:10
shocked [1] - 4:13
short [2] - 5:21, 27:8
SHORT [1] - 8:7
shortest [1] - 2:21
side [1] - 38:12
signature [1] - 36:18
significant [2] - 4:21,
17:3
similar [1] - 24:7
simple [1] - 9:3
simply [2] - 24:4,
49:12
sit [2] - 50:3, 50:8
situation [5] - 4:15,
5:18, 25:5, 38:7,
47:3
situations [2] - 24:24,
38:5
six [1] - 7:15
slate [2] - 23:6, 37:13
slightly [1] - 21:19
slip [2] - 27:20, 29:21
small [3] - 4:1, 46:16
so-called [1] - 10:20
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
solution [5] - 4:5,
21:3, 22:21, 22:23,
25:2
solve [2] - 5:5, 12:17
someone [3] - 5:3,
10:18, 49:10
soon [1] - 29:8
sorry [1] - 26:24
sort [5] - 13:17, 14:5,
14:23, 22:9, 24:7
sorts [1] - 11:22
SOTO [2] - 24:20,
48:12
South [5] - 1:24, 1:25,
8:4, 8:6, 45:10
speaking [3] - 16:3,
16:8, 40:7
specific [5] - 3:16,
20:12, 32:18, 48:13,
48:16
specifically [1] - 34:10
spell [1] - 13:7
spelled [1] - 6:18
squarely [1] - 35:22
stab [1] - 9:13
stage [1] - 14:1
stand [1] - 22:7
standing [2] - 23:19,
42:23
standpoint [1] - 35:12
start [1] - 2:23
starting [2] - 1:12,
41:3
state [20] - 3:13, 5:2,
8:16, 9:5, 14:14,
25:3, 27:7, 28:18,
30:12, 31:8, 31:10,
35:14, 42:7, 42:17,
42:25, 43:3, 43:5,
43:8, 47:8
State [3] - 36:14,
36:21, 37:9
State's [1] - 48:19
state's [1] - 28:4
statement [4] - 1:10,
2:19, 12:24, 35:2
States [2] - 38:3, 39:3
states [20] - 3:18,
4:22, 4:24, 5:2, 5:10,
5:23, 5:25, 7:14,
8:19, 10:15, 10:19,
14:25, 16:11, 27:7,
27:18, 27:23, 28:2,
32:15, 32:17, 34:3
statute [1] - 31:22
statutory [2] - 8:16,
39:3
stay [2] - 20:2, 40:13
still [3] - 14:24, 31:11,
31:18
struck [1] - 9:4
Study [1] - 34:19
stupendous [1] - 32:8
subject [6] - 21:8,
21:12, 21:17, 23:9,
28:18
submit [3] - 7:5,
35:17, 49:21
submitted [1] - 7:13
submitting [1] - 29:4
subsection [1] - 22:11
subsequent [1] 48:17
substantive [2] 17:22, 48:20
substituted [1] - 37:11
such-and-such [1] 22:6
suggest [5] - 17:2,
34:20, 40:16, 45:2,
45:13
suggested [1] - 19:6
suggestion [4] 20:11, 23:24, 24:4,
29:3
suggestions [4] 14:3, 15:7, 28:21,
40:9
suggests [1] - 16:12
sunday [1] - 51:3
SUNDAY [1] - 1:3
support [3] - 13:15,
45:25, 46:1
supporting [1] - 35:24
suppose [1] - 27:15
supposed [1] - 5:4
Supreme [3] - 9:23,
25:23, 38:3
surprised [1] - 48:9
survived [1] - 38:4
SUSAN [10] - 2:15,
9:11, 12:21, 17:18,
20:22, 23:14, 26:17,
29:17, 43:16, 49:16
Susan [1] - 2:16
sympathetic [1] 48:21
system [5] - 15:21,
30:7, 32:3, 35:5,
35:16
T
tailored [1] - 3:15
tailors [1] - 5:16
talks [1] - 26:6
task [2] - 43:12, 47:16
technical [1] - 22:24
technically [1] - 22:18
tempted [1] - 5:12
(417) 742-3817
8
tend [1] - 30:21
TENENBAUM [2] 2:7, 32:13
Tenenbaum [2] - 2:8,
32:12
Tennessee [2] - 2:6
tension [1] - 15:4
TERESA [1] - 2:1
term [5] - 18:10,
27:19, 40:24, 41:12,
41:13
terms [5] - 8:20, 8:24,
43:20, 47:18, 49:9
terrible [1] - 26:10
Texans [1] - 31:20
Texas [2] - 1:4, 1:6
THE [1] - 52:1
themselves [1] - 1:11
thinking [3] - 12:10,
14:25, 24:7
third [1] - 19:3
thirdly [1] - 39:5
thirds [1] - 25:2
thoughts [1] - 26:14
three [4] - 5:13, 18:19,
24:10, 38:21
throughout [1] - 34:3
throw [1] - 23:5
throwing [1] - 3:14
thumbnail [1] - 9:14
ticket [1] - 31:14
tied [1] - 44:8
TILLER [1] - 2:1
Tiller [1] - 2:2
title [5] - 7:2, 10:9,
11:14, 11:21, 19:19
TITLE [1] - 8:7
today [2] - 6:1, 40:10
together [2] - 20:16,
33:21
tongue [2] - 27:20,
29:21
topic [1] - 7:9
traction [1] - 4:9
translates [1] - 43:1
travesty [1] - 15:19
tremendous [1] - 4:3
tried [2] - 5:22, 33:21
trouble [1] - 41:1
troubles [1] - 42:6
troublesome [1] 40:25
true [2] - 21:13, 25:16
truth [1] - 39:13
try [8] - 4:4, 5:12,
23:16, 29:12, 32:25,
35:7, 45:16, 46:17
trying [6] - 2:25, 3:11,
7:21, 7:23, 35:23,
41:18
turned [1] - 32:9
two [7] - 5:13, 14:4,
14:5, 20:7, 25:2,
34:13, 46:6
two-thirds [1] - 25:2
type [1] - 9:5
U
U.S [3] - 9:23, 30:14,
37:21
unanticipatable [1] 24:24
unanticipated [1] 25:5
undefined [1] - 11:22
under [11] - 12:14,
23:17, 26:19, 36:14,
37:4, 37:6, 38:8,
43:5, 49:4, 50:1,
50:6
undermine [1] - 5:18
understandable [1] 27:9
undertake [1] - 19:21
undertaken [1] - 3:22
undo [1] - 48:9
UNIFORM [1] - 52:6
uniform [5] - 3:23,
4:23, 5:7, 5:15, 20:1
uniformity [2] - 5:1,
5:10
United [2] - 38:3, 39:2
unless [3] - 41:8,
41:10, 47:17
unlike [1] - 3:6
unusual [1] - 11:20
unworthy [1] - 13:16
up [9] - 4:11, 15:2,
15:10, 22:7, 23:10,
25:17, 29:18, 31:15,
38:10
upheld [1] - 10:21
urge [4] - 23:16,
27:12, 28:6, 35:7
USC [2] - 28:25, 29:14
uses [1] - 11:21
Utah [6] - 1:20, 1:21,
12:8, 25:9, 38:19,
46:23
V
vacancies [3] - 6:14,
6:18, 36:13
vacancy [1] - 37:8
vacant [1] - 6:16
valid [1] - 40:4
value [2] - 31:1, 49:12
values [1] - 24:2
valve [1] - 24:6
varied [1] - 4:25
vary [1] - 28:18
vast [1] - 39:13
vehicle [1] - 14:22
Vermont [6] - 11:13,
13:12, 23:23, 30:7,
37:18, 39:7
version [1] - 9:14
versus [1] - 35:3
vested [1] - 24:3
vice [6] - 12:13, 36:16,
36:23, 36:25, 37:3,
37:13
Vice [3] - 22:22, 25:12,
33:13
vice-presidential [4] 36:23, 36:25, 37:3,
37:13
view [3] - 4:3, 9:15,
19:25
violation [3] - 37:3,
37:6, 41:23
virtually [1] - 14:25
void [1] - 4:17
Vote [2] - 7:17, 29:24
vote [49] - 3:14, 5:3,
6:11, 8:25, 14:10,
14:11, 15:18, 16:10,
16:16, 18:11, 18:12,
18:17, 19:9, 21:24,
22:2, 22:6, 22:8,
22:10, 22:13, 24:13,
25:3, 25:17, 26:8,
26:11, 27:25, 28:2,
28:4, 28:20, 28:23,
30:16, 32:20, 37:2,
42:9, 42:11, 43:13,
45:22, 46:6, 46:10,
47:6, 47:7, 48:9,
49:1, 49:3, 49:4,
49:5, 49:6
voted [1] - 16:22
voters [8] - 3:13, 3:18,
14:24, 16:21, 25:21,
38:4, 39:14, 42:16
votes [13] - 3:18, 4:22,
16:7, 16:16, 22:4,
29:4, 29:7, 31:9,
36:17, 37:11, 37:14,
42:3, 42:14
voting [9] - 9:19, 15:1,
26:4, 34:10, 36:13,
42:9, 43:15, 43:24,
44:4
VOTING [1] - 36:12
ADAMS CONVENTION REPORTING
W
wants [2] - 43:4, 44:20
WARD [5] - 2:11, 10:6,
11:15, 11:24, 40:2
Ward [5] - 2:11, 6:6,
7:5, 10:5, 40:1
water [1] - 27:16
ways [1] - 10:3
weather [1] - 26:10
weight [1] - 23:11
welcome [3] - 14:2,
15:7, 39:1
West [1] - 52:24
Whole [3] - 36:5,
49:25, 50:5
WHOLE [1] - 52:1
whole [3] - 15:14,
44:11, 45:3
wide [1] - 3:5
WILKINS [2] - 1:20,
38:19
Wilkins [2] - 1:21,
38:18
Willard [1] - 52:25
willing [1] - 33:1
winning [9] - 6:11,
18:18, 36:22, 36:23,
37:2, 37:3, 37:12,
41:9
Wisconsin [2] - 1:16
wishes [1] - 3:13
wishing [1] - 23:19
wonderful [2] - 6:24,
10:12
wondering [2] - 26:3,
26:13
word [4] - 11:13,
11:22, 13:21, 40:25
words [1] - 8:18
works [3] - 24:6,
35:16, 41:7
world [2] - 49:1, 49:9
worried [1] - 32:17
worry [1] - 32:7
worrying [1] - 37:19
worthy [1] - 14:14
wrestling [1] - 48:23
writing [3] - 6:5, 7:13,
21:1
written [1] - 4:18
wrote [1] - 6:22
Y
year [5] - 21:18, 29:12,
40:7, 40:19, 44:8
years [3] - 4:10, 10:19,
30:8
yourself [1] - 1:13
(417) 742-3817