1 Introduction. - Philsci

 ! ! Æ " Æ #
$%&' (( ) " ) *
! ( *
*
Æ + ( *
, - * .
/
) 0 * 1 2 3 !
) - Æ *
%
(
4 0 " 1 2 ! /
) * 5) /*) $6' /
) " ) ! 4 ! ### $#%' 7 ! / ) / ( ) 8 / 3
9
) $#%' 7 ! " ! !
.
/
) #: $#;' ! < 0
$#=' 3 3( !""#!"$ %&'( ) * * * *
+ ) ,
!&- .
, %/!'( 0 1 1 ,
# .
, ) .
&
*
$#:' 4
$%' ! 7 ( . . -
5 ( 5
Æ 0 "
! / ) 1" 2 ) " 4 ) 2 $3#$& %$' %/4'
, !5$#!6! %/'
2 7 8 6
! ! ! ! " ! ! > 0! )
" ) ) ( > ?
/) (( =
0 9 ! " ( < 7 ( 4 ! 7 1 2 ! 8 " ! ( :
" " ?
0 Æ @- - 0!
, 0! 0
0!
" 3 )
Æ 1 2 !
( ! !
A
½
½
Æ 1 2 B # 1 2Æ 1 2 B 1C2
½
½
Æ 1 2 .
1 2 B 1 2 1C2 B 1C2
" 1 2Æ 1 2 B 1 2Æ 1 2 ½
½
1 2Æ 1 2 B
1 2Æ 1 2 ½
½
0 1C2 1C2 1C2 B 1C2
@ + !
7 + * 9 # * D
½
½
:; .
( * - ! " > ! - ) (
* # < < =
Æ : ;
½ £
Æ :
½
: ; *
;Æ : ; =
½ £
Æ :
½
;Æ : ; = ½
½
Æ : ; = + + %!5' E
( #;6= $%#' ! .
@) $:' ! #;&C @ @) #= A
Æ 1 2 Æ1 2
19 2
! " @ ) .
@ .
( - @ () #;6= 9 0
:D @ >) #;:C $E' A
" > 3/3#3/& ?
,
%/3'
@ @ 0 Æ, :%!5' 3/; + ;
5
9
4) 5 F E 4 A
¼
¼¼
#
" ! $
%
Æ 1 2 !
4
4) 0 4)
-
?
0
#;6= " #;6= - (
* ) (
1 > 2 " #C
" (
. 1
2 3 ! 1
2 B
Ä 12
12 / ) " - 12 ! 1 9 2
! > 1 + G-) $##' 2 ! >
Æ ! 4
1 9 2 ! ! 7 " + %5' ) Æ 6 A %!4'
##
5
! " " #;6= H " " #;6= 3
) Æ ! 1
2 .
12
0 ! /
) 1
2 B
1
2 1
2 I
" I
Æ " 12
" - J #;6= > &/ . %$'
#%
! " / ) 0 " 0
0 #;6= " ) < " 0 ) "
- ! ( ( %/"' + #
B C
, %/-' ,
2 ,
* + #
) 9 # D 2 %!&' 1 #&
* ! "
0 Æ
3 " .
0
! " >
" Æ 5
0
! "
%CC
* ! ! %CC > /
) %CC ? / ) ! %CC + #6
" 5
.
0
! ! ?
> 0
- ) - "
4 / ) (( 4 >
$%: %D'
0 - 7 ! 0! 0 3 ! 2 Æ *
7 #=
?
Æ ! Æ 0
0
" Æ Æ
K
Æ "
! Æ Æ Æ Æ E %!6 !-' * Æ Æ 7 >, #:
H * Æ Æ )
0 Æ > Æ *
Æ " > 0 " Æ ) " Æ * .
Æ Æ " 0 #D
3 ( " 5
( 7 "
" ! " ! Æ "
0 !
Æ Æ
7
2 8 8 #E
&
" 0 0
0! 0
J 0 0
0
0!
0!
0!
L .
0
- - + 0!
' 0 ! 0 0! Æ 0 ! 0 " 3 0 #;
0 0 !
! *
! 0
" 0
' " ! 0
( " ! - "
$#6' M 7 M ! M) "
1
2
%C
"
H " " L
! Æ " 4 0 4 ! " *
'
?
> " 0!
" 0 0! 0 %#
0 " 0! 0! 0 - !
) " 0! " Æ 0 0 " ! .
8 3 # > !
* " - ! 1 (
2 0
" 9 7 8 ) %%
%!!' %3'
" 4 4 0
" " , " 1 2 1 /
) 2 ! " .
" %&
$#' 4 N @
A " 4 L
J 5
%CC#
$%' 7
4 L
H %%= %&D "
*
4
L +
7 3
" * $&' 7
L 7
#;;C, %# % %E# 66
$6' 5 L " 3
>
J 5
#;:D
$=' 5
L 7 * . 5
> .
G
4 #;:C, &; #%: #6C
$:' @ " N 4 J #;=E
$D' @ " * "
J #;DD
$E' @ L > G N 4 *
> 5
#;:C
$;' . L 7 * N 4 4+ 7
#;:=
$#C' . L " . 3 *
> 3
#;E=
$##' + G G- * N 4 * .
F
F #;E#
$#%' 7 5 * ! 9
9 " . #;:=
$#&' G 4 " 5
@
N 4 4+ 7
5
#;::
$#6' M 4 L
>
H ?
#= 6 #;E# 6:; 6;&
%6
$#=' 3 3 3( 9 J #;&E
$#:' * 4 L
/"
4A "
5 4 "
) * G- . N * 4 #;;6, &C #DE %CD
$#D' 4 @ ?
5
L H #;;=, :% 6E; =#C
$#E' ?
G * ?
+
"
$#;' M " 3
! @
L
#;;%
$%C' L L G 4
N . "
5 J
#;ED
$%#' ( 3 +(
.
* )J +
%# =D D6 #;6=
$%%' G ! L
7
#;;E, #; 6 6%; 66=
$%&' 4 4 L
4 @ 12 M
4 L
#;;%
$%6' 4 " *
4 ? G
#;E;, E: 66; 6EC
$%=' ? G 4 .
N 4 J
#;;:
$%:' >
4 4 4 9 +
( 7 12
" +
4 M
#6& #=%
$%D' >
4 " J
J
4 ?
" 4
E& % %;: &#6
%=