Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1994, 13 (3), 927-933
Characteristics of acupuncture meridians
and acupoints in animals
C. YU, K. ZHANG, G. LU, J. XU, H. XIE, Z. LUI, Y. WANG and J. ZHU *
Summary: In recent years, an increasing number of studies has been conducted
on the biophysical
characteristics
of the meridians and acupoints in humans
and animals. The authors aim to further illustrate the objective existence and
superficial locations of the meridians in various species of animals.
Twelve sheep, ten goats, thirteen pigs, eleven cats, eight rabbits and seven
donkeys were used to measure low impedance lines (LILs) and high
percussion
sound lines (HPSLs)
on the skin surface of the animals, along the vertical
planes of the dorsal line, using electrical impulses and high percussion
sound.
The results of these studies are given.
K E Y W O R D S : A c u p u n c t u r e - Biophysics - M e r i d i a n - Traditional medicine.
INTRODUCTION
T h e m e r i d i a n t h e o r y , a p r i n c i p a l e l e m e n t of b o t h h u m a n a n d v e t e r i n a r y t r a d i t i o n a l
C h i n e s e m e d i c i n e , h a s g u i d e d c l i n i c a l w o r k f o r t h o u s a n d s of y e a r s in C h i n a . H u m a n
m e r i d i a n s w e r e first d e s c r i b e d d u r i n g t h e H a n D y n a s t y in t h e b o o k s Zu-bi
Shi-yi-mai
Jiu Jing ( ' C l a s s i c of e l e v e n c h a n n e l s o n f o o t a n d a r m ' ) a n d Huang-di
Nei-jing
('Yellow
E m p e r o r ' s C l a s s i c of i n t e r n a l m e d i c i n e ' ) , b o t h of w h i c h w e r e w r i t t e n in C h i n e s e in t h e
3rd c e n t u r y B C ( 1 , 2 ) . O n l y t h e n a m e s of t w e l v e m a j o r c h a n n e l s in a n i m a l s a n d t w e l v e
a c u p u n c t u r e p o i n t s w e r e l i s t e d i n Si-mu An-ji Ji ( ' C o l l e c t i o n s of e q u i n e c a r e a n d
t r e a t m e n t ' ) , w r i t t e n in C h i n e s e d u r i n g t h e T a n g D y n a s t y . T h e t w e l v e m a j o r c h a n n e l s in
oxen a n d h o r s e s w e r e d e s c r i b e d in Yuan-Heng
Liao-ma Ji ( ' Y u a n H e n g ' s T h e r a p e u t i c
t r e a t i s e o n h o r s e s ' ) w r i t t e n in C h i n e s e d u r i n g t h e M i n g D y n a s t y ( 3 , 4, 6, 10). H o w e v e r ,
these r e c o r d s of a n i m a l m e r i d i a n s a r e i n c o m p l e t e a n d a m b i g u o u s .
T h e e x i s t e n c e of m e r i d i a n s is s u p p o r t e d b y v a r i o u s s t u d i e s of t h e i r b i o p h y s i c a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . L o w e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e of t h e s k i n w a s r e p o r t e d a l o n g t h e p a t h of
m e r i d i a n s ( 7 , 8, 11) a n d , m o r e r e c e n t l y , i n v e s t i g a t o r s w e r e a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e
m e r i d i a n s u s i n g a v a r i e t y of b i o p h y s i c a l m e t h o d s , i n c l u d i n g a c o u s t i c s , electricity, light,
h e a t , m a g n e t i s m a n d r a d i o a c t i v e i s o t o p e s ( 5 , 9, 1 2 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e s e
s t u d i e s w e r e r e l a t e d t o h u m a n m e r i d i a n s . S t u d i e s o n t h e m e r i d i a n s of d o m e s t i c a t e d
animals h a v e b e e n l i m i t e d .
* College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, 100094 Beijing, People's Republic of
China.
928
MATERIALS AND METHODS
M e a s u r e m e n t o f electricity and s o u n d a l o n g t h e b a c k r e g i o n o f t h e urinary b l a d d e r
meridian
Animals
Twelve s h e e p , t e n goats, t h r e e Beijing swine, t e n m i n i a t u r e swine, eleven cats and
s e v e n d o n k e y s w e r e u s e d in this study. T h e b a c k of e a c h a n i m a l w a s s h a v e d a n d c l e a n e d
p r i o r t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t . S t u d i e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d in a q u i e t e n v i r o n m e n t .
Measurement
of the low impedance
line
M e a s u r e m e n t s a l o n g t h e b a c k of t h e a n i m a l w e r e c o n d u c t e d u s i n g a T y p e 5 7 6 - F 3 0
m e r i d i a n f i n d e r . A r e f e r e n c e e l e c t r o d e w a s p l a c e d o n t h e s c a p h a of t h e left e a r . T h e
p r o b i n g e l e c t r o d e w a s p l a c e d o n t h e skin at t h e m i d - s a g i t t a l p l a n e of t h e b a c k a n d was
slid l a t e r a l l y a l o n g t h e skin for a d i s t a n c e of 7 c m . M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n r a n d o m l y
f r o m t h e a r e a of t h e c r a n i a l s c a p u l a t o a p o i n t 3 c m c a u d a l t o t h e a c u p u n c t u r e p o i n t
Bai-hui (in t h e d e p r e s s i o n b e t w e e n t h e s p i n o u s p r o c e s s e s L 6 a n d S 1 ) . A d e c r e a s e of
m o r e t h a n 4 u A in t h e r e a d i n g w a s r e c o r d e d as s i g n a l l i n g a l o w i m p e d a n c e s i t e ( L I S ) .
A l l L I S s w e r e m a r k e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d as f o r m i n g a l o w i m p e d a n c e line ( L I L ) .
Measurement
of the high percussion
sound
line
T h i s m e a s u r e m e n t w a s p e r f o r m e d in t h e s a m e a r e a a n d in t h e s a m e m a n n e r as t h e
L I L experiment, except that the probing electrode was replaced by a tapping h a m m e r
designed by the authors. T h e acoustic emission generated by the h a m m e r was detected
b y a u s c u l a t i o n o r b y a f o u r - c h a n n e l c a r d i a c m o n i t o r ( T y p e B Y S - 1 4 A ) . P o s i t i v e sites
w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y l i s t e n i n g (by s k i l l e d r e s e a r c h e r ) , t h e n m a r k e d a n d m e a s u r e d , a n d
c o n s i d e r e d as f o r m i n g a high p e r c u s s i o n s o u n d line ( H P S L ) .
M e a s u r e m e n t of LILs o n t h e b o d y surface along t w e l v e major meridians
T h r e e d o n k e y s w e r e u s e d in t h i s study. T h e b o d y s u r f a c e o n o n e s i d e of t h e t r u n k ,
a n d o n t h e m e d i a l a n d l a t e r a l sides of all four l i m b s w a s s h a v e d a n d c l e a n e d p r i o r t o t h e
e x p e r i m e n t . W h e n t h e b o d y s u r f a c e w a s t h o r o u g h l y dry, m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e L I L s was
p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a T y p e 5 7 6 - F 3 0 m e r i d i a n f i n d e r w i t h a f r e q u e n c y of 6 5 + 5 H z . A
r e f e r e n c e e l e c t r o d e w a s c o a t e d with 0 . 9 % N a C l s o l u t i o n a n d fixed o n t h e s c a p h a of t h e
left ear. T h e p r o b i n g e l e c t r o d e w a s p l a c e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y o n t h e skin a n d slid f r o m o n e
s i d e t o o t h e r . A d r o p in r e a d i n g of m o r e t h a n 4 µA w a s t a k e n as s i g n a l l i n g a n L I S . All
LISs were m a r k e d and m e a s u r e d . O n e d o n k e y was m e a s u r e d repeatedly four times.
Scanning diagram of electrical signal and percussion s o u n d
F i v e m i n i a t u r e s w i n e a n d five cats w e r e u s e d in this study. M e a s u r e m e n t of t h e L I L
was conducted using b o t h the Type M A - 1 0 0 2 A G R S B R I D G E a n d 576-F30 meridian
f i n d e r s . T h e p r o b i n g e l e c t r o d e w a s p l a c e d o n t h e s k i n s u r f a c e at t h e m i d - l i n e of t h e b a c k
a n d w a s slid b i l a t e r a l l y . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e H P S L w a s p e r f o r m e d f o l l o w i n g t h e
m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . T h e electrical signal a n d a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n w e r e d e t e c t e d and
r e c o r d e d b y a f o u r - c h a n n e l physiological r e c o r d e r ( T y p e B Y S - 1 4 A ) .
M e a s u r e m e n t of LISs at the Qiang-feng
acupoint and four adjacent sites
E i g h t r a b b i t s w e r e u s e d in t h i s s t u d y . T h e a n i m a l s w e r e k e p t in a r o o m a t a
t e m p e r a t u r e of 22-28°C a n d 8 0 - 8 4 % h u m i d i t y . L I S m e a s u r e m e n t w a s c o n d u c t e d using a
T y p e M A - 1 0 0 2 A G S R B R I D G E m e r i d i a n finder. A r e f e r e n c e e l e c t r o d e w a s p l a c e d on
929
t h e s c a p h a of t h e r i g h t ear. T h e p r o b i n g e l e c t r o d e w a s slid p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y o n t h e s k i n at
t h e Qiang-feng
a c u p o i n t a n d f o u r a d j a c e n t sites. T h e s e sites a r e s i t u a t e d as follows:
-
Qiang-feng: in t h e l a r g e d e p r e s s i o n c a u d a l t o t h e s h o u l d e r j o i n t
U p p e r site: 1 c m d o r s a l t o
Qiang-feng
L o w e r site: 1 c m v e n t r a l t o
Qiang-feng
C r a n i a l site: 1 c m c r a n i a l t o
Qiang-feng
C a u d a l site: 1 c m c a u d a l t o
Qiang-feng.
T h e m e a s u r e m e n t of L I S s w a s p e r f o r m e d continuously 32 t i m e s o n e a c h a n i m a l from 8 h
prior t o a n a e s t h e s i a t o 8 h following a n a e s t h e s i a , w i t h o n e m e a s u r e m e n t e v e r y half h o u r .
E a c h r a b b i t c o u l d b e m e a s u r e d r e p e a t e d l y after a n i n t e r v a l of s e v e r a l d a y s . A t o t a l of
684 m e a s u r e m e n t s w a s m a d e at Qiang-feng
a n d 2,592 m e a s u r e m e n t s at o t h e r sites.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
M e a s u r e m e n t o f electricity a n d s o u n d a l o n g t h e b a c k r e g i o n o f t h e urinary b l a d d e r
meridian in various species of animal
In all a n i m a l s t e s t e d , t w o L I L s a n d t w o H P S L s w e r e f o u n d o n e a c h side. T h e r a t e of
LILs identified p e r r a n d o m m e a s u r e m e n t r a n g e d from 97.84% to 99.58%, a n d the rate
of H P S L s r a n g e d f r o m 9 6 . 9 6 % t o 9 9 . 4 8 % ( T a b l e I ) . T h e l o c a t i o n of L I L s w a s f o u n d t o
be l a r g e l y c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e H P S L s ( 9 8 . 0 0 - 9 9 . 4 9 % c o i n c i d e n c e r a t e ) . M o r e o v e r , t h e
l o c a t i o n of b o t h L I L s a n d H P S L s is s i m i l a r t o t h e p a t h of t h e b a c k r e g i o n s i n t h e
t r a d i t i o n a l u r i n a r y b l a d d e r m e r i d i a n . T h e s e r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e e x i s t e n c e of
m e r i d i a n s in different s p e c i e s of a n i m a l s .
M e a s u r e m e n t of LILs along t w e l v e m a j o r meridians
T w e l v e L I L s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d o n t h e b o d y s u r f a c e of t h e t r u n k in all t h r e e d o n k e y s .
T h e l o c a t i o n of t h e t w e l v e L I L s w a s r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e a n d w a s largely c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e
p a t h of t h e m e r i d i a n s d e s c r i b e d for h o r s e s (4).
TABLE I
Measurement
and coincidence
of low impedance
lines (LILs) and high
sound lines (HPSLs) in various species of
animals
Species
No. of
animals
Measurement of LILs
No. of lines
measured *
Sheep
12
520
Goats
10
Beijing swine
3
10
240
374
510
11
7
544
953
Miniature swine
Cats
Donkeys
* lines were measured randomly
Measurement of HPSLs
No. of lines
Positive sites measured * Positive sites
No.
(%)
1,028
475
98.85
98.96
739
998
98.80
97.84
1,077
1,898
98.99
99.58
percussion
Coincidence
LIL/HPSL
No.
(%)
No.
520
240
374
1,022
98.27
98.54
1,002
98.00
473
729
97.46
466
727
98.50
99.72
510
989
1,082
1,922
96.96
99.45
984
99.49
544
966
99.48
(%)
930
S c a n n i n g d i a g r a m o f electrical signal for L I L s a n d v o l u m e o f p e r c u s s i o n s o u n d for
HPSLs
U s i n g a T y p e M A - 1 0 0 2 A G R S B R I D G E m e r i d i a n finder, 336 L I S s ( 9 8 . 8 2 % ) w e r e
d e t e c t e d in five m i n i a t u r e s w i n e , a n d 3 0 6 L I S s ( 9 8 . 1 0 % ) w e r e d e t e c t e d in five c a t s .
U s i n g a T y p e 5 7 6 - F 3 0 m e r i d i a n finder, 338 L I S s ( 9 9 . 4 0 % ) w e r e d e t e c t e d in five s w i n e ,
a n d 305 L I S s (97.78%) in five c a t s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e n u m b e r s of L I S s m e a s u r e d by
t h e t w o m e t h o d s w a s n o t significant ( P > 0 . 0 5 ) .
S c a n n i n g d i a g r a m s of t h e e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l for L I L s w e r e r e c o r d e d i n a m i n i a t u r e
s w i n e a n d a c a t ( F i g s 1 a n d 2 ) . S t r o n g a c o u s t i c s i g n a l s o b t a i n e d f r o m H P S L s in a
m i n i a t u r e s w i n e a n d a cat a r e s h o w n in F i g u r e s 3 a n d 4.
FIG.1
Scanning diagram of electrical signal for a l o w i m p e d a n c e line in a miniature swine
T h e electrical signal was r e c o r d e d by a four-channel physiological recorder,
operating at 2.5 mm/s
FIG.
2
Scanning diagram o f electrical signal for a l o w i m p e d a n c e line in a cat
T h e electrical signal was r e c o r d e d by a four-channel physiological recorder,
operating at 2.0 mm/s
M e a s u r e m e n t of LISs at the Qiang-feng
acupoint and four adjacent sites
I n e i g h t r a b b i t s , a t o t a l of 648 a c u p o i n t s a n d 2,592 n o n - a c u p o i n t s w a s t e s t e d . T h e
resistance v a l u e at 2,102 (81.1%) n o n - a c u p o i n t s was g r e a t e r t h a n at a c u p o i n t s , while
r e s i s t a n c e a t 4 9 0 ( 1 8 . 9 % ) sites w a s e q u a l t o o r less t h a n r e s i s t a n c e a t a c u p o i n t s . T h u s ,
a c u p u n c t u r e p o i n t s w e r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y of l o w i m p e d a n c e .
W i t h r e g a r d t o m e a s u r e m e n t s b o t h a t Qiang-feng
a n d at t h e f o u r a d j a c e n t sites
b e f o r e a n a e s t h e s i a , t h e h i g h e s t a n d l o w e s t v a l u e s of electrical c u r r e n t w e r e r e c o r d e d at
5 p m a n d a t 1 a m , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A f t e r a n a e s t h e s i a , t h e v a l u e of e l e c t r i c a l c u r r e n t
decreased consistently over the 8 h period.
931
FIG.
3
Strong acoustic signals o b t a i n e d from a high percussion s o u n d line in a miniature swine
T h e acoustic signal w a s r e c o r d e d by a four-channel physiological recorder,
o p e r a t i n g at 2.5 m m / s
M
FIG.
4
Strong acoustic signals o b t a i n e d from a high percussion s o u n d line in a cat
T h e acoustic signal was r e c o r d e d by a four-channel physiological recorder,
o p e r a t i n g at 2.0 m m / s
CONCLUSION
T w o L I L s a n d t w o H P S L s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d o n e a c h s i d e of t h e b a c k r e g i o n of t h e
u r i n a r y b l a d d e r m e r i d i a n in s h e e p , g o a t s , B e i j i n g s w i n e , m i n i a t u r e s w i n e , c a t s a n d
d o n k e y s . T h e l o c a t i o n of t h e H P S L s w a s basically c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h a t of t h e L I L s . B o t h
L I L s a n d H P S L s w e r e p a r a l l e l a n d s y m m e t r i c a l t o t h e m i d - l i n e of t h e b a c k . T h e l o c a t i o n
of b o t h L I L s a n d H P S L s w a s r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e , a n d w a s similar t o t h e p a t h of t r a d i t i o n a l
932
meridians. These results demonstrate that the meridians
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y of l o w i m p e d a n c e a n d h i g h p e r c u s s i o n s o u n d .
in
animals
are
T w e l v e L I L s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d o n t h e b o d y s u r f a c e i n d o n k e y s . T h e l o c a t i o n of t h e
L I L s w a s r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e a n d l a r g e l y c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e p a t h of t h e u r i n a r y b l a d d e r
m e r i d i a n d e s c r i b e d in h o r s e s .
U n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e at t h e a c u p o i n t Qiang-feng
in r a b b i t s
w a s l o w e r t h a n at n o n - a c u p o i n t s . W h e n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r a b b i t s w e r e a n a e s t h e t i s e d ,
t h e r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e of b o t h a c u p o i n t s a n d n o n - a c u p o i n t s d e c r e a s e d . H o w e v e r , d u r i n g
this p e r i o d , t h e r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e a t a c u p o i n t s r e m a i n e d l o w e r t h a n at n o n - a c u p o i n t s .
*
* *
CARACTÉRISTIQUES DES MÉRIDIENS ET POINTS D ' A C U P U N C T U R E CHEZ
LES A N I M A U X . - C. Yu, K. Zhang, G. Lu, J. Xu, H. Xie, Z. Lui, Y. Wang et J. Zhu.
Résumé : Depuis quelques années, de plus en plus d'études sont consacrées aux
caractéristiques
biophysiques
des méridiens
et points d'acupuncture
chez
l'homme et l'animal. L'objet de cet article est d'apporter une
démonstration
supplémentaire
de l'existence objective et de la topographie superficielle
des
méridiens chez plusieurs espèces animales.
L'expérience,
dont les résultats sont présentés, portait sur douze
moutons,
dix chèvres, treize porcs, onze chats, huit lapins et sept ânes. Elle a consisté à
mesurer les lignes de faible impédance
(LIL ou low i m p e d a n c e lines) et les
lignes à son de percussion élevé (HPSL ou high p e r c u s s i o n s o u n d lines) sur
l'épiderme de ces animaux, le long des plans verticaux de la ligne dorsale, à
l'aide d'impulsions électriques et de sons de percussion
élevés.
M O T S - C L É S : Acupuncture - Biophysique - Médecine traditionnelle Méridiens.
*
* *
C A R A C T E R Í S T I C A S D E LOS M E R I D I A N O S Y P U N T O S D E A C U P U N T U R A E N
LOS A N I M A L E S . - C. Yu, K. Zhang, G. Lu, J. Xu, H. Xie, Z. Lui, Y. Wang y J. Zhu.
Resumen: Desde hace algunos años, se están llevando a cabo, cada vez más,
estudios sobre las características
biofísicas de los meridianos
y puntos
de
acupuntura
tanto en el hombre como en los animales. Los autores
intentan
mostrar en este artículo la existencia objetiva y las localizaciones
superficiales
de éstos en varias especies animales.
Lo que presentan son resultados de una experiencia realizada a partir de
doce ovinos, diez cabras, trece cerdos, once gatos, ocho conejos y seis asnos,
experiencia en la que se trataron de medir las líneas de baja impedancia (LIL o
low i m p e d a n c e lines) y las líneas de sonidos de percusión altos (HPSL o high
percussion s o u n d lines) en la epidermis de los animales. Se trabajó a lo largo de
los planos verticales de la línea dorsal con impulsos eléctricos y con sonidos de
percusión altos.
P A L A B R A S C L A V E : A c u p u n t u r a - Biofísica - M e d i c i n a t r a d i c i o n a l Meridianos.
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