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Animal Reproductive Systems
NOVA Online
Life's Greatest Miracle
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html
1. Passing on Your DNA
5. The Embryo Takes Shape
2. The Egg's Journey
6. Messages in the Genes
3. The Sperm's Journey
7. Feeding the Growing Fetus
4. The First Two Weeks
8. The Third Trimester
Asexual reproduction
= fission
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Fragmentation &
regeneration
eg: planaria
Parthenogenesis:
females producing
daughter/clones
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Biological
definition
Gender
Simultaneous
hermaphrodites
Sequential
hermaphrodites
Internal fertilization
External fertilization
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Protection of embryo
Aquatic
Terrestrial
Amniotic egg
Sex determination
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Human
Male
Human
Male
Human
Male
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Human
female
Human
female
Human
female
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Human
female
breast
Adipose tissue!
Pectoralis!
major muscle!
Lobes of!
glandular tissue!
Alveoli!
Duct!
Nipple!
Areola!
SBM Fig. 48.15!
How we
start out
(internal)
Wk 6
(complete development
requires XX)
How we
start out
(external)
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Human sexual response(s)
orgas
m
plateau
excitement
3 levels of
hormones
hypothalamus
pituitary
gland
gonadotropins
ovary
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
ABP
Male
Pattern
ABP
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Hypothalamus!
GnRH!
?!
Posterior!
pituitary!
Anterior!
pituitary!
FSH!
only!
GnRH!
FSH!
LH! (stimulates follicle!
development)!
Follicle!
Ovary!
Inhibin! Estrogen!
Stimulates endometrial!
growth!
(a) Preovulatory phase!
Fig. 48.17a!
Hypothalamus!
GnRH!
?!
Posterior!
pituitary!
Anterior!
pituitary!
GnRH!
Estrogen!
LH surge!
Ovary!
Oocyte!
(b) Late preovulatory phase!
Fig. 48.17b!
Hypothalamus!
GnRH!
Posterior!
pituitary!
Anterior!
pituitary!
GnRH!
Inhibits!
FSH!
LH!
Corpus!
luteum!
Ovary!
Inhibin!
Estrogen!
Progesterone!
Stimulates growth!
and differentiation!
of the endometrium!
(c) Postovulatory phase!
Fig. 48.17c!
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Early development
embryo
blastocyst
Labor
Contraception
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New methods: all
female hormonebased
patch
emergency
contraception
Nuva ring
Vans deferens!
Testis!
Ovary!
(a)!
Oviduct!
(b)!
Fig. 48.22!
%Chance of becoming Pregnant
Numbers of Users
Method
Method (in 1000s)
No. of
users
% of users
Tubal sterilization
Pill
Male condom
Vasectomy 4,215
Withdrawal
Injectable
Periodic abstinence
Diaphragm720
Other
Implant
IUD
TOTAL
10,727
10,410
7,889
10.9
1,178
1,146
883
1.9
670
515
310
38,663
27.7
26.9
20.4
Perfect Average
use
use
No method
85.0
85.0
Spermicide (alone) 6.0
30.0
Withdrawal
4.0
24.0
Periodic abstinence 9.0
19.0
Cervical cap
9.0; 26.0* 18.0
Diaphragm6.0
18.0
Condom
3.0
16.0
Pill
0.1
6.0
IUD
0.8
4.0
Tubal sterilization
0.5
0.5
Injectable
0.3
0.4
Vasectomy 0.1
0.2
Implant
0.05
0.05
*9% for nulliparous women; 26% for parous
women.
3.0
3.0
2.3
1.8
1.3
0.8
100.0
All of the data are from research conducted by The Alan Guttmacher Institute and the
National Center for Health Statistics and/or were published in Family Planning
Perspectives or Contraceptive Technology. This fact sheet was prepared, in part, with
support from the Office of Population Affairs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services.
© copyright 2000, The Alan Guttmacher Institute.!
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