OSR Yield Physiology & Oilseed Yield
Enhancement Network
Sarah Kendall, ADAS
Outline
• Yield Physiology
• Oilseed Yield Enhancement Network
Components of yield
Yield = number of seeds x seed weight
Components of yield
7
3 t/ha
4 t/ha
5 t/ha
existing crops
Seed weight (mg)
6
5
4
3
2
50000
100000
Seeds/m2
150000
Seed number determination
Determined by photosynthesis during a 200-300oCd
period after flowering (2-3 weeks)
Pod & seed numbers
30
Seeds per pod
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5000
10000
pods/m2
15000
Pod & seed numbers
30
100000
80000
20
60000
15
40000
10
20000
5
0
0
5000
10000
pods/m2
0
15000
seeds/m2
Seeds per pod
25
Effects of canopy size on yield
Canopy size (GAI)
Pods/m2
Seeds/pod
Seeds/m2
Thousand seed weight (g)
Seed yield (t/ha)
Final crop weight (t/ha)
Harvest index
Optimum
canopy
3
6800
14
95,200
4.8
4.8
14.5
30
Large
canopy
5
8400
10.8
90,720
4.8
4.4
15.5
26
Determination of seed size
Seed Filling
Seed size
Seed number
14
12
seed
Biomass (t/ha)
pod wall
10
8
stem
mid-flowering
Leaf
6
4
2
0
15-Mar
14-Apr
14-May
13-Jun
13-Jul
Duration of seed filling
70
Days of seed filling
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
15
17
19
21
Mean temperature (oC)
23
25
Duration of seed filling
70
Days of seed filling
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
15
17
19
21
23
o
Mean temperature ( C)
25
Photosynthesis
1
Photosynthetic rate
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Leaf
Pod
Stem
Dense canopies
• Fewer leaves
• Poor light penetration
to leaves & lower pods
• Increased lodging
• Less seed filling
Survey of OSR rooting (RLD)
• 40 crops
• 2004 – 2013
• Av. rooting inadequate
below 40 cm
www.adas.uk
White et al., 2014
Survey of OSR rooting (RLD)
• 40 crops
• 2004 – 2013
• Av. rooting inadequate
below 40 cm
www.adas.uk
White et al., 2014
Oil & protein contents
• Protein formed early
• Oil formed late
• (increases from 15% to 45% during 2nd half of seed filling)
• Oil content reduced by high temperature, disease,
frost
• Oil contains twice as much energy as starch or
protein
Oilseed YEN
Aims:
• To identify arable innovators
and
• Support their innovating
Activities:
2. Competition
3. Analysis
4. Networking
1.
… open, absolute & % of potential yield for field & plot
… understand yield drivers & constraints
… idea sharing, conference
Ultimately …
• Platform for industry-science interaction … & synergies
• Accelerate yield improvement
Bridging the Technology Gap
Bio-physical potential
?
9
OSR
Yields
in UK
tonnes
per
hectare
8
7
6
5
‘Technology Gap’ =
new systems to increase
capture +/or conversion of
‘Technology
Gap’ =
resources
new systems to increase
capture +/or conversion of
resources
?
?
4
3
2
1
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Understand yield formation
Water
Solar Energy
Resources
mm
TJ / ha
Yield =
x Capture
%
%
x Conversion
tonnes / TJ
t/ha/100mm
Understand yield formation
• OSR yield formation is quite well
understood (Berry & Spink, 2006)
• Yield is sink limited
• must maximise number of seeds set
• Optimum canopy size at flowering
• Prolonged canopy survival to increase oil
• Few stem reserves translocated to seed
• Ultimately maximising capture &
conversion of primary resources (light &
water) is critical
• Some phases of growth more important than
others
Estimate Potential Yields
Wheat 2015
• Develop a simple, but plausible, model of yield and
oil content
• Use model to estimate potential yields
• Seed yield, oil content, gross output
• Previous ADAS papers have estimated;
• Potential seed yield with current technology:
6.5 t/ha
• Ultimate yield potential for UK of 9 t/ha
• Current record OSR yield: 6.5 – 7 t/ha
• Quantify how yield potential affected by:
• Location; Season; Soil type
• Improve model as understanding increases
t/ha
Yield Competition
• Quantify maximum yields possible with
current technology
• Break world records!
• Identify what crop traits and husbandry
treatments associated with high yields
• Identify yield limiting factors
• Calculate return on investment of high
yielding crops
• Competitions for;
• Best overall gross output
• Best % of potential gross output
Yield Competition – Information collected
• Soil description
• Weather data (Morecs or local station)
• Photos for plant establishment and early light
capture
• Hopefully also satellite images
• Key developmental dates
• Stem extension, flowering, senescence
• Whole crop sample ~2 weeks pre harvest
• Total biomass, harvest index, nutrient
uptake
• Seed sample off combine
• oil, protein, seed size
• Husbandry details
Yield Competition – Calculations
• Potential yield for entrant’s field
• Description of the entered crop
• Yield components
• Oil/protein
• Total biomass, Harvest index
• Nutrient uptake
• Most likely factors constraining yield
• E.g. light capture or water capture
• Gross margin
• Using standard figures
Yield Competition – Analysis
• The OSR YEN dataset will have great value
• Which will increase each year
• Data base will need careful management
• Identify the most common factors constraining
yields in the UK
• Enabling research to be correctly focussed
• Identify husbandry practices associated with
high yields
• Identify which plant traits must be improved
Summary
• Canopy management important for maximising
yield – optimal pod number and maximum seed
number.
• Oilseed YEN initiated to identify innovators and
increase understanding of yield drivers.
• Estimate potential yields and understand yield
limitations.
Thank you
[email protected]