What Can Near Synonyms Tell Us?

&RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV DQG &KLQHVH /DQJXDJH 3URFHVVLQJ
9RO 1R )HEUXDU\ SS  &RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV 6RFLHW\ RI 52&
:KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
Lian-Cheng Chief*, Chu-Ren Huang*, Keh-Jiann Chen*,
Mei-Chih Tsai+, Li-li Chang*
-897,.9
7KLV VWXG\ H[DPLQHV D QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL WR EH FRQYHQLHQW
DQG H[WUDFWV WKH FRQWUDVWV WKDW GLFWDWH WKHLU VHPDQWLF DQG DVVRFLDWHG V\QWDFWLF EHKDY
LRUV &RUSXV GDWD UHYHDO LPSRUWDQW EXW RSDTXH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKHVH
V\QRQ\PV WKDW DUH QRW UHDGLO\ DSSDUHQW EDVHG RQ QDWLYH VSHDNHU LQWXLWLRQ ,Q SDUWLFXODU
ZH DUJXH WKDW WKLV V\QRQ\P SDLU FDQ EH DFFRXQWHG IRU ZLWK D OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH
7KLV VWXG\ GHPRQVWUDWHV KRZ FRUSXV GDWD FDQ VHUYH DV D XVHIXO WRRO IRU SURELQJ WKH
LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ V\QWD[ DQG VHPDQWLFV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KH DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR ILQG WKH VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV WKDW GHWHUPLQH WKH UHOHYDQW V\QWDFWLF
EHKDYLRUV RI WKH QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL 7VDL HW DO > @ LQ
WKHLU UHFHQW FRPSDUDWLYH VWXGLHV RI QHDU V\QRQ\PRXV &KLQHVH YHUEV FODLP WKDW EDVLF
VHPDQWLF FRPSRQHQWV RU IHDWXUHV FDQ SUHGLFW WKH GLIIHUHQW V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV RI QHDU
V\QRQ\PV 2QH H[DPSOH LV WKHLU FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU JDR[LQJ DQG
NXDLOH KDSS\ YV JODG
7VDL HW DO >@ SURSRVHG WZR IHDWXUHV >HIIHFW@ DQG >FRQWURO@
WR DFFRXQW IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV RI WKHVH V\QRQ\PV ,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH XVH
WKH VDPH PHWKRGRORJ\ WR ILQG RWKHU VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV WKDW FDQ SUHGLFW V\QWDFWLF SDWWHUQV
7KH V\QWDFWLF SDWWHUQV RI WKH QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL ZKLFK PHDQ WR EH
FRQYHQLHQW
DUH H[DPLQHG WR H[WUDFW UHOHYDQW VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV :H GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW WKH
OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH LV RQH VHPDQWLF IHDWXUH WKDW GHWHUPLQHV WKH UHOHYDQW V\QWDFWLF
EHKDYLRU RI WKH QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU ,W LV KRSHG WKDW HDFK SURSRVHG VHPDQWLF IHDWXUH ZLOO
FRQWULEXWH WR RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ V\QWD[ DQG VHPDQWLFV 7KLV
SDSHU LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV )LUVW ZH LQWURGXFH RXU PHWKRGRORJ LQ VHFWLRQ $FDGHPLD 6LQLFD
1DWLRQDO 6XQ <DW 6HQ 8QLYHUVLW\
$Q HDUOLHU YHUVLRQ RI WKLV SDSHU DSSHDUHG LQ WKH HOHFWURQLFDOO\ SXEOLVKHG 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH /)* &RQ
IHUHQFH 0LULDP %XWW DQG 7UDF\ +ROORZD\ .LQJ (GV KWWSZZZFVOLVWDQGIRUGHGX/)*OIJKWPO
:H ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN .DWKOHHQ $KUHQV IRU KHU GHWDLOHG FRPPHQWV RQ VHYHUDO YHUVLRQV RI WKLV SDSHU :H
DUH DOVR JUDWHIXO WR SDUWLFLSDQWV RI WKH FRQIHUHQFH DV ZHOO DV FROOHDJXHV DW &.,3 $FDGHPLD 6LQLFD IRU WKHLU
KHOSIXO FRPPHQWV
/ & &KLHI HW DO
7KHQ ZH GLVFXVV WKH V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV RI DQG WKH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ
WKHVH V\QRQ\PV LQ VHFWLRQ 7KH ILQDO VHFWLRQ VXPPDUL]HV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW QHDU
V\QRQ\PV FDQ JLYH XV
0HWKRGRORJ\
2XU DSSURDFK LV FRUSXVDLGHG
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH V\QWDFWLF YDULDWLRQV WKDW FDQ EH HDVLO\
UHFRJQL]HG E\ PHDQV RI RXU LQWXLWLRQ LPSOLFLW RU RSDTXH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ
WHUPV RI V\QWDFWLF IXQFWLRQV WKDW FDQQRW EH GLVFHUQHG VLPSO\ E\ PHDQV RI LQWXLWLRQ ZHUH
H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH 6LQLFD &RUSXV 6SHFLILFDOO\ ZH EHOLHYH WKDW LQWURVSHFWLRQ LV LQFRP
SOHWH DQG WKDW GLVWULEXWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LV LPSRUWDQW LQ FRQWUDVWLYH VWXGLHV RQ QHDU
V\QRQ\PV 2XU DLP LV WR WU\ WR GHWHUPLQH WKH V\QWDFWLF DQG VHPDQWLF GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ
PHPEHUV RI QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLUV :H IROORZ WKH DSSURDFK DGRSWHG E\ 7VDL HW DO >@
7KH ILUVW VWHS LV WR GHWHUPLQH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ V\QWDFWLF SDWWHUQV 7KH VHFRQG
VWHS LV WR GHGXFH WKH VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV IURP WKH V\QWDFWLF SKHQRPHQD )LQDOO\ ZH WHVW WKH
VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV LQ QHZ V\QWDFWLF IUDPHV
7KURXJK WKLV DSSURDFK VHYHUDO VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV KDYH EHHQ GLVFRYHUHG
)RU
H[DPSOH >HIIHFW@ FDQ DFFRXQW IRU WKH GLVWLQFWLRQV EHWZHHQ OHL DQG SLMXDQ WLUHG
DQG
JDR[LQJ DQG NXDLOH KDSS\ RU JODG
,Q WKH FDVH RI OHL DQG SLMXDQ >HIIHFW@ DFFRXQWV IRU
ZK\ OHL FDQ EH D UHVXOWDWLYH FRPSOHPHQW ZKLOH SLMXDQ FDQQRW ,Q WKH FDVH RI JDR[LQJ DQG
NXDLOH >HIIHFW@ H[SODLQV ZK\ JDR[LQJ FDQ EH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH VHQWHQWLDOILQDO SDUWLFOH
OH ZKHUHDV NXDLOH FDQQRW 7KLV LV EHFDXVH JDR[LQJ ZLWK WKH IHDWXUH >HIIHFW@ UHSUHVHQWV
D FKDQJH RI VWDWH WULJJHUHG E\ VRPH FDXVH ,Q DGGLWLRQ >WHOLF@ LV XVHG WR H[SODLQ WKH
GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ TXDQ DQG VKXLIX SHUVXDGH
>FRQWURO@ GLVWLQJXLVKHV EHWZHHQ
JDR[LQJ DQG NXDLOH /LX >@ DOVR HPSOR\V WKH VDPH PHWKRGRORJ\ WR DFFRXQW IRU WKH
GLVWLQFWLRQV DPRQJ WKUHH 0DQGDULQ YHUEV RI EXLOG
MLDQ ]DR DQG JDL 7KHVH SUHYLRXV
VWXGLHV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW VHPDQWLF FRPSRQHQWV DFFRXQW IRU WKH V\QWDFWLF GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ WKH PHPEHUV RI QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLUV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKHVH VWXGLHV RIIHU HYLGHQFH
WKDW V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV FDQ EH SUHGLFWHG EDVHG RQ OH[LFDO VHPDQWLFV 7KLV LV DOVR WKH
SRLQW WKDW WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ DLPV WR VXSSRUW
7KH 'DWD
7KH GDWD XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ ZHUH WDNHQ IURP WKH 6LQLFD &RUSXV YHUVLRQ ZKLFK
FRQWDLQV PLOOLRQ WDJJHG &KLQHVH ZRUGV ,Q WKLV FRUSXV ZH IRXQG HQWULHV RI
)RU GHWDLOV SOHDVH UHIHU WR 7VDL HW DO >@
6LQLFD &RUSXV ZKLFK FRQWDLQV PLOOLRQ ZRUGV ZDV UHOHDVHG LQ -XQH RI ,W FDQ EH IRXQG DW
KWWSZZZVLQLFDHGXWZIWPVELQNLZLVK
:KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
IDQJELDQ DQG HQWULHV RI ELDQOL :H ZLOO ILUVW SUHVHQW WKHLU V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV LQ
VHFWLRQ DQG WKHQ WKHLU GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ VHFWLRQ 7KH 1HDU 6\QRQ\P 3DLU )DQJELDQ DQG %LDQOL
7KH PHPEHUV RI WKH QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL DUH XVHG WR GHILQH HDFK RWKHU
LQ PDQ\ GLFWLRQDULHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKHLU VLPLODULW\ LQ PHDQLQJ WKHVH WZR YHUEV VHHP WR
EH SDUDOOHO V\QWDFWLFDOO\ )RU LQVWDQFH ERWK RI WKHP KDYH WUDQVLWLYH DQG LQWUDQVLWLYH
XVDJHV FDQ VHUYH DV QRPLQDO PRGLILHUV DQG XQGHUJR QRPLQDOL]DWLRQ ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH
ZLOO LQWURGXFH WKHLU V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV
7KH 7UDQVLWLYH,QWUDQVLWLYH $OWHUQDWLRQ
DQG ELDQOL ERWK KDYH WUDQVLWLYH DQG LQWUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV 6HQWHQFHV DQG VKRZ WKH LQWUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV RI WKHVH WZR YHUEV
)DQJELDQ
±Q
Öë
IDQJELDQ
WLQJFKH
SDUNLQJ
FRQYHQLHQW
3DUNLQJ KHUH LV FRQYHQLHQW
L Q
MLDRWRQJ
ELDQOL
WUDIILF
FRQYHQLHQW
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ LV FRQYHQLHQW
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKHLU LQWUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV WKH\ DOVR KDYH WUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV DV VKRZQ LQ
VHQWHQFH DQG {œ ,` ±Q
'
à
`
VKH]KL
PLQ]KRQJ
FKXJXR
JXDQJXDQJ
JRDEURDG
YLVLW
EDQVKLFKX
HVWDEOLVK RIILFH
IDQJELDQ
FRQYHQLHQW SHRSOH
(VWDEOLVKLQJ DQ RIILFH PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU SHRSOH WR WUDYHO DEURDG
 z u Q
^'
[LXJDL
VKDQPLQ
VKXGXR IDJXL
PRGLI\ PDQ\
UXOH
ELDQOL
FRQYHQLHQW
|l
NHQ]KL
PRXQWDLQSHRSOH FXOWLYDWH
0RGLI\LQJ PDQ\ UXOHV PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU WKH DERULJLQHV WR FXOWLYDWH >ODQG@
,Q WKHLU LQWUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV ERWK IDQJELDQ
DQG
ELDQOL
WDNH D SURSRVLWLRQ DV D VXEMHFW ,Q
WKHLU WUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV WKH\ WDNH D SURSRVLWLRQDO REMHFW 8VXDOO\ WKH SURSRVLWLRQDO VXE
MHFW RU SURSRVLWLRQDO REMHFW LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ D FODXVH D YHUE SKUDVH RU D FRPSOH[
QRPLQDO HOHPHQW 7KH SURSRVLWLRQ GHVFULEHV ZKDW LV FRQYHQLHQW +RZHYHU WKH SURSR
/ & &KLHI HW DO
VLWLRQDO REMHFW RI IDQJELDQ FDQ XQGHUJR LQYHUVLRQ DV LQ D DQG E ZKLOH ELDQOL GRHV QRW
DOORZ VXFK DOWHUQDWLRQ
D
ûã ñV D < Vš^ ±Q 1< öã
OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL
OLQMLQ
LGHDO
QHDU
'( SODFH
EH
JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ
ZRUN
SODFH
IDQJELDQ \XDQJRQJ FDQMLD
FRQYHQLHQW ZRUNHU
MRLQ
$Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUN SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ
WKH PHHWLQJ E
öã ±Q
ûã 1 ñV h ` Vš^1`
OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL
OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ \XDQJRQJ FDQMLD
IDQJELDQ
LGHDO
QHDU
FRQYHQLHQW
'(
SODFH
EH
ZRUN
SODFH
ZRUNHUV
MRLQ
$Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUN SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ
WKH PHHWLQJ D
¶ z
´^ 
ã,C
/\
\RX JH]KRQJ
FKDQJSLQ
ELDQOL
[LDRIHL]KH
[XDQJRX
KDYH YDULRXV
SURGXFW
FRQYHQLHQW
FRQVXPHU
FKRRVHEX\
7KH YDULHW\ RI SURGXFWV PDNHV VHOHFWLRQ FRQYHQLHQW IRU FRQVXPHUV E ¶ z
´^
ã,C
/\

\RX
JH]KRQJ
FKDQJSLQ
[LDRIHL]KH
[XDQJRX
ELDQOL
KDYH
YDULRXV
SURGXFW
FRQYHQLHQW
FRQVXPHU
FKRRVHEX\
:H ZLOO DFFRXQW IRU WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ LQ VHFWLRQ 2WKHU 6\QWDFWLF )XQFWLRQV RI IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR YHUEDO SUHGLFDWHV WKHVH WZR QHDU V\QRQ\PV FDQ DOVR DSSHDU DV QRPLQDO
PRGLILHUV DQG XQGHUJR QRPLQDOL]DWLRQ
ELDQOL DV QRPLQDO PRGLILHUV
DQG LOOXVWUDWH WKH XVH RI IDQJELDQ DQG
±Q
÷›
IDQJELDQ
GH
]L[XQ
FRQYHQLHQW
GH
LQIRUPDWLRQ
HDVLO\DFFHVVLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ
+RZHYHU ZH RQO\ IRXQG H[DPSOHV RI ELDQOL EXW QRW IDQJELDQ XVHG LQ QRPLQDO FRPSRXQGV LQ WKH 6LQLFD
&RUSXV DV VKRZQ EHORZ :H GR QRW DFFRXQW IRU WKLV GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKLV SDSHU
Q
ELDQOL
ø‹
VKDQJGLDQ
FRQYHQLHQW VWRUH
FRQYHQLHQFH VWRUH
:KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
Q
±¤
ELDQOL
GH
IDQJVKL
FRQYHQLHQW
GH
ZD\
FRQYHQLHQW ZD\
([DPSOHV DQG VKRZ WKDW WKLV SDLU RI QHDU V\QRQ\PV FDQ IXQFWLRQ DV QRPLQDO
KHDGV
P
B ±Q
OLDQ[L
VKDQJ GH
FRPPXQLFDWH LQ
GH
IDQJELDQ
FRQYHQLHQFH
FRQYHQLHQFH LQ FRPPXQLFDWLQJ
!4
Q
VKHQJKXR
GH
ELDQOL
OLYLQJ
GH
FRQYHQLHQFH
FRQYHQLHQFH LQ OLYLQJ
$V VKRZQ DERYH LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ LW DSSHDUV WKDW IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL FDQ EH XVHG LQWHU
FKDQJHDEO\
+RZHYHU WKH VWDWLVWLFV REWDLQHG IURP WKH FRUSXV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW WKHVH
V\QWDFWLF SDWWHUQV KDYH GLIIHUHQW VWDWLVWLFDO GLVWULEXWLRQV
'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFHV
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO H[DPLQH WKH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV EDVHG RQ DOO WKH H[DPSOHV
H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH 6LQLFD &RUSXV $IWHU VHDUFKLQJ IRU DOO WKH LQVWDQFHV RI IDQJELDQ DQG
ELDQOL LQ WKH FRUSXV ZH ILUVW FODVVLILHG HDFK RFFXUUHQFH DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV V\QWDFWLF
IXQFWLRQ VXFK DV QRPLQDO YHUEDO SUHGLFDWH QRPLQDO PRGLILHU DQG YHUEDO PRGLILHU
6HFRQG ZH FDOFXODWHG WKH QXPEHU RI RFFXUUHQFHV RI WUDQVLWLYH DQG LQWUDQVLWLYH
DOWHUQDWLRQV RI WKHVH V\QRQ\PV DV YHUEDO SUHGLFDWHV 7KLUG ZH FODVVLILHG WKHP LQ WHUPV
RI WKH REMHFW W\SHV WKH\ WDNH 7KH UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWH FOHDU GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV
'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ 7HUPV RI 6\QWDFWLF )XQFWLRQV
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO SUHVHQW WKH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI V\QWDFWLF
IXQFWLRQV 7KH UDQJH RI V\QWDFWLF IXQFWLRQV RI WKLV QHDU V\QRQ\P SDLU FDQ EH LOOXVWUDWHG
E\ WKH SUHYLRXVO\ JLYHQ H[DPSOHV DV ZHOO DV EHORZ
"+ ñÐ ] ±Q
<û ?
VKL\XQJ]KH NH\L
JHQJ IDQJEDQ
XVHU
PRUH FRQYHQLHQW GH
FDQ
GH
FKXOL
VKLTLQJ
PDQDJH WKLQJ
8VHUV FDQ PDQDJH WKLQJV PRUH FRQYHQLHQWO\
/ & &KLHI HW DO
)RXU GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQV DUH LGHQWLILHG )LUVW YHUEDO SUHGLFDWHV DUH H[HPSOLILHG E\ 6HFRQG QRPLQDO PRGLILHUV DUH JLYHQ LQ DQG 7KLUG DQG DUH LQVWDQFHV RI
GH LV SUHFHGHG
:H FDQQRW ILQG DQ\ H[DPSOH LQ ZKLFK ELDQOL
QRPLQDOL]DWLRQ /DVWO\ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI D YHUEDO PRGLILHU LQ ZKLFK
E\
IDQJELDQ DQG IROORZHG E\ D KHDG YHUE
LV XVHG LQ WKLV ZD\ LQ RXU FRUSXV ZKLFK DOVR FRQILUPV RXU LQWXLWLRQ
7DEOH LOOXVWUDWHV WKHLU GLVWULEXWLRQV LQ WHUPV RI V\QWDFWLF IXQFWLRQV
'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI 6\QWDFWLF )XQFWLRQ
Fangbian 445
Bianli 125
Verbal Predicates
77%
44%
Nominal Modifiers
7%
34%
Verbal Modifiers
5%
0%
Nominalization
10%
22%
IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL FDQ EH IRXQG )LUVW ELDQOL
FDQQRW EH XVHG DV D YHUEDO PRGLILHU ZKHUHDV IDQJELDQ FDQ 6HFRQG ZKHQ XVHG DV D
QRPLQDO PRGLILHU ELDQOL LV SUHIHUUHG PRUH WKDQ IDQJELDQ 7KHVH WZR SLHFHV RI HYLGHQFH
JLYH ULVH WR WZR TXHVWLRQV )LUVW ZK\ FDQ
W ELDQOL EH XVHG DV D YHUEDO PRGLILHU" 6HFRQG
ZK\ LV ELDQOL RIWHQ VHOHFWHG ZKHQ SHRSOH WU\ WR H[SUHVV WKH LGHD WKDW VRPH HYHQW LV FRQ
,Q 7DEOH VRPH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ
YHQLHQW"
'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI WKH 7UDQVLWLYH ,QWUDQVLWLYH
$OWHUQDWLRQ
7KH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQGLFDWHG LQ 7DEOH VKRZ WKDW IDQJELDQ PRUH RIWHQ DSSHDUV
LQ LQWUDQVLWLYH IRUP HJ ZKLOH ELDQOL VKRZV QR VXFK SUHIHUHQFH ,Q DGGLWLRQ ZKHQ
XVHG DV D WUDQVLWLYH YHUE IDQJELDQ XVXDOO\ WDNHV D VHQWHQWLDO REMHFW HJ 'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI WKH 7UDQVLWLYH,QWUDQVLWLYH $OWHUQDWLRQ
Fangbian 342
Bianli 55
Transitive
31%
53%
Intransitive
69%
47%
'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFH LQ WHUPV RI WKH 7\SH RI 2EMHFW
Fangbian 107
Bianli 29
1HJDWLRQ
Sentential or Verbal Object
90%
62%
Complex Nominal Object
10%
37%
)URP WKH FRUSXV ZH DOVR ILQG WKDW ELDQOL FDQQRW EH PRGLILHG E\ WKH QHJDWLYH PDUNHU EX
QRW
DV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH :KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
fangbian
bianli
&RRFFXUUHQFH ZLWK 1HJDWLYH 0DUNHU EX QRW
Negation (preceded by bu ‘not’)
44
0
Total instances
445
125
7KLV DOVR JLYHV ULVH WR WKH VHFRQG TXHVWLRQ DV WR ZK\
V\QWDFWLFDOO\
ELDQOL
FDQQRW EH QHJDWHG
7KH GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH FRUSXV QRW RQO\ JLYH XV D FOHDU SLFWXUH
RI WKHLU GLIIHUHQFHV LQ XVDJH EXW DOVR VKRZ WKH LQDGHTXDF\ RI WKHLU SUHVHQW GHILQLWLRQV LQ
GLFWLRQDULHV 7KRXJK WKH\ DUH XVHG WR GHILQH HDFK RWKHU LQ PDQ\ GLFWLRQDULHV WKHLU
GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI IXQFWLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ DUH QHLWKHU GHVFULEHG QRU H[SODLQHG
7R DFFRXQW IRU WKH REVHUYHG GLIIHUHQFHV LQ V\QWDFWLF GLVWULEXWLRQ ZH SURSRVH WZR
VHPDQWLF IDFWRUV L EHQHILFLDO UROH DQG LL OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV ZH
SURSRVH WKDW WKHUH LV D EHQHILFLDO UROH LQ WKH DUJXPHQW VWUXFWXUH RI ELDQOL )XUWKHU ZH
SRLQW RXW WKDW SURILOLQJ GLIIHUHQW SHUVSHFWLYHV RI DQ HYHQW QLFHO\ FDSWXUHV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ WKH WZR YHUEV ,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH UHIHUV WR WKH PRVW
SURPLQHQW RU VDOLHQW VXESDUW RI WKH ZKROH HYHQW 6SHFLILFDOO\ LQ D JURXS RI YHUEV WKDW DUH
VLPLODU LQ PHDQLQJ WKHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW IRFDO SRLQWV LQ GLIIHUHQW SDUWLFLSDQWV RU GLIIHUHQW
OHYHOV RI YHUE IUDPHV $ VLPLODU EXW QRW LGHQWLFDO LGHD FDQ EH IRXQG LQ *ROGEHUJ >@
DQG &URIW >@ LQ ZKLFK SURILOLQJ LV DOVR XVHG WR GHVFULEH VHPDQWLF GLIIHUHQFHV DPRQJ
YHUEV
)URP WKH HYLGHQFH SUHVHQWHG LQ VHFWLRQ WKHUH DUH DW OHDVW IRXU PDMRU GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL )LUVW ELDQOL QHYHU DSSHDUV DV D YHUEDO PRGLILHU 6HFRQG
ELDQOL RFFXUV DV D WUDQVLWLYH YHUE LQ PRVW FDVHV 7KLUG LQ RI WKH LQVWDQFHV LQ ZKLFK
IDQJELDQ LV XVHG DV D WUDQVLWLYH YHUE LW WDNHV HLWKHU D VHQWHQWLDO RU D YHUEDO REMHFW )RXUWK
ELDQOL FDQQRW EH QHJDWHG 7R DFFRXQW IRU WKHVH YDULDWLRQV ZH SURSRVH WKDW IDQJELDQ
SURILOHV WKH ZKROH HYHQW ZKHUHDV ELDQOL SURILOHV WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH RI WKH HYHQW 7KH
IROORZLQJ SDLU RI VHQWHQFHV D DQG E UHSHDWHG IURP DQG LOOXVWUDWHV WKLV
/ & &KLHI HW DO
D
{œ
,<
VKH]KL
EDQVKLFKX
HVWDEOLVK
RIILFH
±Q
'
à
`
IDQJELDQ
PLQ]KRQJ FKXJXR
FRQYHQLHQW
SHRSOH
JXDQJXDQJ
JRDEURDG YLVLW
(VWDEOLVKLQJ DQ RIILFH PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU SHRSOH WR WUDYHO DEURDG
E

u Q
z
^'
|l
VKDQPLQ
NHQ]KL
[LXJDL
VKXGXR
IDJXL
ELDQOL
PRGLI\
PDQ\
UXOH
FRQYHQLHQW PRXQWDLQSHRSOH FXOWLYDWH
0RGLI\LQJ PDQ\ UXOHV PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU WKH DERULJLQHV WR FXOWLYDWH >ODQG@
,Q VHQWHQFH D WKH PDLQ YHUE LV
IDQJELDQ
DQG WKH YHUEDO PHDQLQJ SURILOHV WKH ZKROH
HPEHGGHG HYHQW SHRSOH JR DEURDG DQG YLVLW 7KH V\QWDFWLF HYLGHQFH DV VKRZQ E\ WKH
FRQVWUXFWHG VHQWHQFHV D DQG E VXSSRUW WKLV DUJXPHQW EHFDXVH LQ D WKH
SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQW WKH SURSRVLWLRQDO HYHQW FDQ EH LQYHUWHG WR WKH SUHYHUEDO SRVLWLRQ
ZKHUHDV LQ VHQWHQFH E VXFK DQ LQYHUVLRQ LV QRW DOORZHG
D
{œ ,< '
VKH]KL
EDQVKLFKX PLQ]KRQJ
HVWDEOLVK RIILFH
SHRSOH
à
`
FKXJXR
JXDQJXDQJ
JRDEURDG
YLVLW
±Q
IDQJELDQ
FRQYHQLHQW
(VWDEOLVKLQJ DQ RIILFH PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU SHRSOH WR WUDYHO DEURDG
E
 z u ^'
|l
[LXJDL
VKXGXR
IDJXL VKDQPLQ
NHQ]KL
PRGLI\
PDQ\
UXOH
FXOWLYDWH
PRXQWDLQSHRSOH
)XUWKHUPRUH LQ FRQWUDVW WR D LQ E WKH PDLQ YHUE LV
Q
ELDQOL
FRQYHQLHQW
ELDQOL
DQG WKH YHUEDO
PHDQLQJ SURILOHV WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH WKH DERULJLQHV RI WKH HPEHGGHG HYHQW WR FXOWLYDWH
ZKR FXOWLYDWH UDWKHU WKDQ
WKH HYHQW WR FXOWLYDWH LWVHOI 7KHUHIRUH ZH SURSRVH D VHPDQWLF IHDWXUH ZKLFK VKRZV WKH
GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKHVH QHDU V\QRQ\PV WR EH >EHQHILFLDO UROH@ 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH
EHQHILFLDO UROH LQ WKH HYHQW VWUXFWXUH RI
LV SURPLQHQW ,Q FRQWUDVW WKHUH LV QR
EHQHILFLDO UROH LQ WKH HYHQW VWUXFWXUH RI
RU LWV VWDWXV LV WULYLDO ,Q VKRUW WKH
PHDQLQJ RI WKLV SDLU RI QHDU V\QRQ\PV LV WR EH FRQYHQLHQW
EXW WKH FRQFHSW RI FRQYH
QLHQFH LV RQ GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV )RU
LW PHDQV WKDW WKH ZD\ WR SHUIRUP WKH DFWLRQ LV
FRQYHQLHQW ZKHUHDV IRU
LW PHDQV WKDW IRU WKH SURILOHG HQWLW\ WKH DFWLRQ LV FRQ
YHQLHQW RU EHQHILFLDO WR SHUIRUP
,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH IRFXV RI VHQWHQFH E LV RQ WKH
DERULJLQHV
ELDQOL
IDQJELDQ
IDQJELDQ
ELDQOL
3URILOH RQ (YHQW YV 3URILOH RQ %HQHILFLDO 5ROH
7KH QRWLRQ WKDW WKH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH IRFXVHV RQ GLIIHUHQW VXESDUWV RI DQ HYHQW
DOVR DFFRXQWV IRU WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ
DQG
)LUVW ZH KDYH REVHUYHG
IDQJELDQ
ELDQOL
:KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
WKDW
FDQQRW IXQFWLRQ DV D YHUEDO PRGLILHU ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV ZKHQ SHRSOH ZDQW WR
GHVFULEH WKDW D FHUWDLQ HYHQW LV HDVLO\ FRQGXFWHG WKH\ ZLOO FKRRVH
WR H[SUHVV WKLV
FRQFHSW :K\ LV WKLV VR" 6LQFH WKH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH RI
IRFXVHV RQ WKH
SURSRVLWLRQDO HYHQW ZKHQ
PRGLILHV D YHUE WKH HYHQWLYH SURILOH LV SURMHFWHG WR
WKH VHQWHQWLDO OHYHO DQG VHPDQWLF FRPSRVLWLRQ LV SUHVHUYHG ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV D SURILOH RI
WKH ZKROH SURSRVLWLRQDO HYHQW LV WKH LQKHUHQW PHDQLQJ RI
,Q FRQWUDVW WKH OH[LFDO
FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH RI
IRFXVHV RQ WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH RI WKH SURSRVLWLRQDO HYHQW
WKHUHIRUH VHPDQWLF FRPSRVLWLRQDOLW\ FDQQRW EH PDLQWDLQHG LI
LV XVHG WR PRGLI\ D
YHUE
6HFRQG WKH GDWD IURP WKH FRUSXV VKRZ WKDW
FDQQRW EH QHJDWHG ZKHUHDV
FDQ EH QHJDWHG E\ WKH QHJDWLYH PDUNHU QRW
2XU SURSRVHG VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV
DOVR SURSHUO\ H[SODLQ WKLV )LUVW VLQFH WKH SURILOH RI
IRFXVHV RQ WKH ZKROH
SRVLWLRQDO HYHQW LW FDQ EH QHJDWHG OLNH DQ\ SURSRVLWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH
FDQ FRRFFXU
ZLWK ,Q FRQWUDVW WKH SURILOH RI
IRFXVHV RQ WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH UDWKHU WKDQ WKH
ZKROH VXEHYHQW ,Q RUGHU IRU WKH SURILOH WR IRFXV RQ WKH EHQHILFLDOFDXVHH UROH WKH ZKROH
SURSRVLWLRQ PXVW EH SUHVXSSRVHG $OVR LW LV ZHOONQRZQ WKDW D SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ FDQQRW EH
QHJDWHGFDQFHOOHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH VHPDQWLFV RI WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH DOVR H[FOXGH QHJDWLRQ
VLQFH WKH VHPDQWLFV RI
GHQRWH D SRVLWLYH PHDQLQJ ,W ZRXOG EH VHPDQWLFDOO\
DQRPDORXV LI WKH SUHGLFDWH ZHUH QHJDWHG
ELDQOL
IDQJELDQ
IDQJELDQ
IDQJELDQ
IDQJELDQ
ELDQOL
ELDQOL
ELDQOL
IDQJELDQ
EX
IDQJELDQ
IDQJELDQ
EX
ELDQOL
ELDQOL
6\QWDFWLF 3DWWHUQV
%DVHG RQ WKH WZR VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH DQG WKH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH
ZH SURSRVH WKDW
DQG
KDYH GLIIHUHQW HYHQW VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUJXPHQW
VWUXFWXUH IUDPHV
>$*(17 *2$/ 3URSRVLWLRQ@
IDQJELDQ
ELDQOL
IDQJELDQ
68%-
ELDQOL
;&203!
>$*(17 %(1
*2$/ 3URSRVLWLRQ @
68%- 2%- ;&203!
DQG VKRZ WKDW IDQJELDQ KDV WZR UROHV $*(17 DQG *2$/ ZKHUHDV
ELDQOL KDV
WKUHH UROHV $*(17 %(1 DQG *2$/ 7KH VKDGRZHG EROG WH[W LQGLFDWHV WKH VFRSH RI
WKH SURILOH 7KDW LV WKH SURILOH RI WKH HYHQW RI
IDQJELDQ IRFXVHV RQ WKH ZKROH HPEHGGHG
/ & &KLHI HW DO
HYHQW ZKHUHDV WKDW RI
ELDQOL IRFXVHV
RQ WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH
$V PHQWLRQHG SUHYLRXVO\
ELDQOL FDQQRW EH DQ DGMXQFW RI D YHUE EHFDXVH LW
GRHV QRW SURILOH DQ HYHQW
2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ IDQJELDQ FDQ PRGLI\ D YHUEDO SUHGLFDWH
EHFDXVH LWV VHPDQWLFV LQKHUHQWO\ SURILOH DQ HYHQW 6HFRQG IDQJELDQ UDWKHU WKDQ ELDQOL FDQ
WKLV DFFRXQW KDV WZR DGYDQWDJHV
)LUVW
EH QHJDWHG EHFDXVH WKH VFRSH RI WKH QHJDWLRQ FDQ FRYHU WKH ZKROH VXEFDWHJRUL]HG
;&203 RI
IDQJELDQ EXW FDQQRW FRYHU WKH ;&203 RI ELDQOL
)LQDOO\ WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH DOVR DFFRXQWV IRU WKH V\QWDFWLF
DOWHUQDWLRQ RI
IDQJELDQ DQG WKH ODFN RI VXFK DOWHUQDWLRQ RI ELDQOL DV VKRZQ LQ DQG DQG UHSHDWHG KHUH IRU FRQYHQLHQW UHIHUHQFH
D
ûã ñV D < Vš^ ±Q 1<
OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL
LGHDO
'( SODFH
IDQJELDQ \XDQJRQJ FDQMLD
OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ
EH
QHDU
ZRUN
öã
SODFH
FRQYHQLHQW ZRUNHU
MRLQ
$Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUNLQJ SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ
WKH PHHWLQJ
E
ûã 1 ñV h ` Vš^ 1` öã ±Q
OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL
LGHDO
'(
SODFH
OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ \XDQJRQJ FDQMLD
EH
QHDU
ZRUN
SODFH
ZRUNHUV
MRLQ
IDQJELDQ
FRQYHQLHQW
$Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUNLQJ SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ
WKH PHHWLQJ
D
¶ z
\RX
´^ 
ã,C
JH]KRQJ FKDQJSLQ ELDQOL
KDYH YDULRXV
SURGXFW
FRQYHQLHQW
/\
[LDRIHL]KH
[XDQJRX
FRQVXPHU
FKRRVHEX\
7KH YDULHW\ RI SURGXFWV PDNHV VHOHFWLRQ FRQYHQLHQW IRU FRQVXPHUV
E ¶ z ´^ ã,C
/\

\RX JH]KRQJ FKDQJSLQ
[LDRIHL]KH
[XDQJRX
ELDQOL
KDYH YDULRXV SURGXFW
FRQYHQLHQW
FRQVXPHU
FKRRVHEX\
6HQWHQFHV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQWV RI IDQJELDQ
LQYHUVLRQ ZKHUHDV WKRVH RI ELDQOL FDQQRW 6LQFH
ELDQOL
FDQ XQGHUJR
KDV WZR SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQWV RQH
RI WKH JUDPPDWLFDO IXQFWLRQV FDQQRW EH LQYHUWHG E\ LWVHOI 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ IDQJELDQ KDV
RQO\ RQH SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQW ,Q EULHI WKH V\QWDFWLF SURILOH FDQQRW FRQWUDGLFW WKH OH[LFD
FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH
)RU WKH VFRSH RI WKLV SDSHU ZH GR QRW GLVFXVV ZKLFK SDWWHUQ WUDQVLWLYHLQWUDQVLWLYH RI IDQJELDQ LV WKH
EDVLF SDWWHUQ QRU GR ZH GLVFXVV ZKHWKHU IDQJELDQ KDV WZR OH[LFDO HQWULHV RU RQH OH[LFDO HQWU\
:KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
$Q DGGLWLRQDO SRVVLELOLW\ LV WKDW WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKLV SDLU RI V\QRQ\PV PLJKW KDYH
WR GR ZLWK WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH W\SH DQG WRNHQ RI D FHUWDLQ HYHQW 6LQFH IDQJELDQ
SURILOHV WKH ZKROH SURSRVLWLRQ HYHQW DQG
ELDQOL
SURILOHV WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH RI WKH HYHQW
WHQGV WR EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH D JHQHULF HYHQW ZKLOH
IDQJELDQ
GHVFULEH WKH VSHFLILF HYHQW 7KH SURILOH RI WKH HYHQW RI
ELDQOL
ELDQOL
WHQGV WR EH XVHG WR
IRFXVHV RQ KRZ WKH HYHQW
DIIHFWV WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZKR SHUIRUPV WKH DFWLRQ ,Q WKH HYHQW RI IDQJELDQ WKH VWDWXV RI WKH
LQGLYLGXDO LV WULYLDO ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW WKH PDQQHUZD\ WR SHUIRUP WKH DFWLRQHYHQW LV
FRQYHQLHQW 7KHUHIRUH IDQJELDQ FRPPHQWV RQ WKH JHQHULF HYHQW 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ ELDQOL
IRFXVHV RQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ,W SURILOHV KRZ WKH LQGLYLGXDO SHUIRUPV WKH DFWLRQ LQ HDFK
HYHQW VR ELDQOL WHQGV WR EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH D VSHFLILF HYHQW ,Q FRQFOXVLRQ ZH VXJJHVW
WKDW WKH W\SH DQG WRNHQ DUH DOVR WKH SRWHQWLDO GLVWLQFWLRQV EHWZHHQ
)DQJELDQ
UHIHUV WR D JURXS RI HYHQWV WKDW LV WKH W\SH RI HYHQW
IDQJELDQ
%LDQOL
DQG
ELDQOL
UHIHUV WR D VLQJOH
HYHQW WKDW LV WKH WRNHQ RI WKH HYHQW
)URP GLVWULEXWLRQDO V\QWDFWLF GLIIHUHQFHV ZH KDYH GLVFRYHUHG GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ
IDQJELDQ
DQG ELDQOL WKDW DUH QRW HDVLO\ GHWHUPLQHG VROHO\ E\ PHDQV RI LQWXLWLRQ :H DVVHUW
WKDW WZR VHPDQWLF IDFWRUV GHWHUPLQH WKH UHOHYDQW V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV RI WKHVH QHDU V\Q
RQ\PV 7KH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH DFFRXQWV IRU ZK\
ELDQOL
FDQQRW IXQFWLRQ DV DQ
DGMXQFW RI YHUE DQG ZK\ ELDQOL FDQQRW EH QHJDWHG 7KH DGGLWLRQDO EHQHILFLDO UROH RI ELDQOL
H[SODLQV WKH ODFN RI V\QWDFWLF DOWHUQDWLRQ WKDW
IDQJELDQ
DOORZV )LQDOO\ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ HYHQW W\SH DQG HYHQW WRNHQ DOVR FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH GLVWULEXWLRQV RI WKHVH V\Q
RQ\PV
7KH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW WKH V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV RI YHUEV DUH VHPDQWLFDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG KDV
EHHQ VXSSRUWHG E\ D VHULHV RI VWXGLHV ZKLFK KDYH FRPSDUHG QHDU V\QRQ\PV 7KH SUHVHQW
VWXG\ FDQ EH YLHZHG DV RQH RI WKH EXLOGLQJ EORFNV FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKH VWXG\ RI 0DQGDULQ
&KLQHVH OH[LFDO VHPDQWLFV EDVHG RQ WKH IUDPHZRUN SURSRVHG E\ +XDQJ DQG 7VDL >@
7KH VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV SURSRVHG LQ WKLV SDSHU WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ WKH UHOHYDQW V\QWDFWLF
EHKDYLRUV RI WKH QHDU V\QRQ\PV
ELDQOL
DQG
IDQJELDQ
DUH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH DQG
EHQHILFLDO UROH 7KH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH GHWHUPLQHV ERWK WKH V\QWDFWLF IXQFWLRQ WKDW
D ZRUG FDQ KDYH DQG DOVR WKH VFRSH RI QHJDWLRQ LQ HPEHGGHG SUHGLFDWHV 7KH SUHVHQFH RU
DEVHQFH RI D EHQHILFLDO UROH SUHGLFWV WKH UHOHYDQW V\QWDFWLF DOWHUQDWLRQ
6R IDU WKLV VHULHV RI VWXGLHV >7VDL HW
DO
DV ZHOO DV +XDQJ
HW DO
/ & &KLHI HW DO
&KDQJ HW DO @ KDV SURSRVHG VHYHUDO VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV WKDW H[SODLQ V\QWDFWLF GLIIHU
HQFHV DQG SUHGLFW V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV ,I VHPDQWLFV FDQ SURSHUO\ SUHGLFW V\QWDFWLF
EHKDYLRUV WKHQ SDLUV RI ZRUGV WKDW KDYH H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH PHDQLQJ VKRXOG KDYH H[DFWO\
WKH VDPH V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV 7KHUHIRUH WKH V\QWDFWLF GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ QHDU V\Q
RQ\PV LQGLFDWH WKH H[LVWHQFH RI VXEWOH VHPDQWLF GLIIHUHQFHV +RZHYHU WKHVH V\QWDFWLF
GLIIHUHQFHV DUH QRW HDVLO\ GLVFRYHUHG VROHO\ E\ PHDQV RI LQWXLWLRQ ,Q WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\
ZH XVHG FRUSXV GDWD WR ILQG GLIIHUHQFHV DQG ZH WKHQ ORRNHG IRU VHPDQWLF H[SODQDWLRQV IRU
WKH UHOHYDQW V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRUV ,Q FRQFOXVLRQ WKLV DSSURDFK ZKLFK LV EDVHG RQ
FRPSDULQJ V\QRQ\PV DQG LV DLGHG E\ FRUSXV VWXGLHV SURYLGHV D QHZ ZD\ WR XQGHUVWDQG
WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ V\QWD[ DQG VHPDQWLFV LQ 0DQGDULQ &KLQHVH
#010703.08
&KDQJ /LOL .HKMLDQQ &KHQ &KX5HQ +XDQJ $OWHUQDWLRQ $FURVV 6HPDQWLF )LHOGV $
6WXG\ RQ 0DQGDULQ 9HUEV RI (PRWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV
&KLQHVH /DQJXDJH 3URFHVVLQJ
9RO QR SS
&URIW :LOOLDP (YHQW 6WUXFWXUH LQ $UJXPHQW /LQNLQJ ,Q 7KH 3URMHFWLRQ RI $UJXPHQWV
/H[LFDO DQG &RPSRVLWLRQDO )DFWRUV
(G E\ 0LULDP %XWW DQG :LOKHOP *HXGHU SS 6WDQIRUG &6/, 3XEOLFDWLRQV
*ROGEHUJ $GHOH ( 6WUXFWXUH
&RQVWUXFWLRQV $ &RQVWUXFWLRQ *UDPPDU $SSURDFK WR $UJXPHQW
&KLFDJR 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV
+XDQJ &KX5HQ .DWKOHHQ $KUHQV /LOL &KDQJ .HKMLDQQ &KHQ 0HL&KXQ /LX DQG 0HL&KL
7VDL 7KH 0RGXOH$WWULEXWH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI 9HUEDO 6HPDQWLFV )URP 6HPDQWLFV WR
$UJXPHQW 6WUXFWXUH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV &KLQHVH
/DQJXDJH 3URFHVVLQJ
9RO QR SS
+XDQJ &KX5HQ DQG 0HL&KLK 7VDL )URP 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV WR (YHQW 6WUXFWXUH
&RUSXVEDVHG 6WXGLHV RI 0DQGDULQ 9HUEDO 6HPDQWLFV 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW 0LQL&RQIHUHQFH
RQ /H[LFDO 6HPDQWLFV
1DWLRQDO &KXQJ &KHQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ 1RY /LX 0HLFKXQ /H[LFDO 0HDQLQJ DQG 'LVFRXUVH 3DWWHUQLQJ 7KH WKUHH 0DQGDULQ FDVHV RI
EXLOG
3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH
/DQJXDJH
7KLUG &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFHSWXDO 6WUXFWXUH 'LVFRXUVH DQG
%RXOGHU &RORUDGR
/LX 0HLFKXQ &KX5HQ +XDQJ DQG &KLQJ<L /HH :KHQ (QGSRLQW 0HHWV (QGSRLQWV $
&RUSXVEDVHG /H[LFDO 6HPDQWLF 6WXG\ RI 0DQGDULQ 9HUEV RI 7KURZLQJ 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW
WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &KLQHVH /LQJXLVWLFV7KH WK 1RUWK $PHULFDQ &RQ
IHUHQFH RQ &KLQHVH /LQJXLVWLFV 6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ -XQH WKH
:KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV 7HOO 8V"
7VDL 0HL&KLK &KX5HQ +XDQJ DQG .HKMLDQQ &KHQ <RX MLQ\LFL ELDQ\L ELDR]KXQ NDQ
\X\L MXID ]KL KXGRQJ )URP QHDUV\QRQ\PV WR WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ V\QWD[ DQG
VHPDQWLFV &KLQHVH /DQJXDJHV DQG /LQJXLVWLFV 7VDL 0HL&KLK &KX5HQ +XDQJ .HKMLDQQ &KHQ DQG .DWKOHHQ $KUHQV 7RZDUGV D
5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI 9HUEDO 6HPDQWLFV $Q $SSURDFK %DVHG RQ 1HDU 6\QRQ\PV &RPSX
WDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV DQG &KLQHVH /DQJXDJH 3URFHVVLQJ SS / & &KLHI HW DO