..:;:(€
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-�o••
TH E
THE FRANZ
O HIO
S T A TE
UNIVERSIT Y
THEODORE STONE LABORATORY
No.6
CONTRIBUTION
THE PLANKTON ALGAE OF THE WEST
END. OF LAKE ERIE
By
I
LEWIS
HANFORD TIFFANY
The Ohio State University
Mr.
2600
G. E. Gilbert
lhdlano'la Avenue
Columbus 2, Ohio
I
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS
COLUMBUS
1934
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THE PLANKTON ALGAE OF THE WEST END OF
LAKE ERIE
LEWIS HANFORD TIFFANY
INTRODUCTION
In the west end of Lake Erie are located numerous islands, on
some of which may be found rather extensive ponds, marshes, and
ditches. Along the shore are protected inlets, harbors, and swamps
of varying sizes and depths, with direct connection to the lake. The
mouths of several streams and rivers make other different aquatic
habitats for plant and animal organisms. The open lake, being
comparatively shallow, is subject to sudden and considerable
changes due to strong winds. The piling up of water in one end of
the lake and its subsequent lowering, due to winds, make for
changes in depth often amounting to a foot or more.
Beginning in 1920 and continuing intermittently during subse­
quent summers, the writer has examined collections from many
locations in the open lake, along the shore, and from bodies of water
on the islands themselves. During the summers of 1927-33 while a
member of the staff of The Franz Theodore Stone Biological Lab­
oratory located on Gibraltar Island in Put-in-Bay Harbor, he made
an intensive study of the plankton algae of the islands region of
the west end of the lake (see map, page 4).
For many of the collections the writer is indebted to the Bureau
of Scientific Research of the Division of Conservation of Ohio and
·to the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Further acknowledgment
is made to members of the classes in fresh-water algae at the Stone .
Laboratory for calling the writer's attention to numerous forms of
algae found in an examination of their individual collections as a
part of the classroom procedure. My best thanks are due Mr. Elbert
H. Ahlstrom, who in making a critical survey of some families of
plankton algae, has studied intensively certain areas of the region.
He has aided materially in bringing to light some new and rare
forms and in clearing up some difficult synonymy.
3
.
ALGAL HABITATS OF THE REGION
The area covered especially by the survey is shown on the map
just below. The three Bass Islands-South, Middle, and North­
lie near the Ohio shore some few miles north of a peninsular projec­
tion of the mainland known as Catawba Island. South Bass Island
(sometimes known as Put-in-Bay Island) is the largest of the
three
. , having an area of 1,224 acres, and is the least interesting
l'ELEE
SU(IAR ISLAND
"""v
ISLAND
c::::>
MIDDLE
loflDDL£
BASS
IWl'TLES!iAHE ISLAND
GIBRALTAR ISLAND
"""\.
lSLAND
Q Bt.LLAST
-::::::J lSLAtfD
ISLAND
•
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.
�--�-s·•"t
SOUTH BASS
CI!EEN ISLAND
•
�TAIIV£ lSLm!l
KELLEYS
ISLAND
c:::J MlUSE 15LI<IID
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S�ALE
OF
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: ·:.:.-f-·':1,
.;_;·-.-�/r.�:·
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MAP OF THE ISLANDS REGION OF THE WESTERN END OF LAKE ERIE
(Adapted from PutRinRBay and KeUeils Island Quadrangles of the United States
Geological Survey:)
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algologically, except for its protected inlets. In making a site for
the magnificent Perry Memorial, the only pond on the island was
filled up. Middle Bass Island with an area of 742 acres contains
three rather extensive ponds or pond-like marshes referred to in this
report as Wehrle, Fisher, and Haunck. Near these marshes, particu­
larly during periods of high water, are other much smaller ponds.
North Bass Island (formerly Isle St. George) with an area of '396
acres contains two marshes, Fox and Smith, and a few "high-water"
ponds. The· water of these marshes is generally shallow and i s
regulated by the level of Lake Erie, although there is no direct
connection except b:V seepage and during violent storms.
Kelleys Island lies about 31;4 miles north from the Ohio Shore
at Marblehead and has an area of 2,800 acres. An extensive marsh­
like area (Kelleys Pond) near the docks on the southwest shore of
the island may become very shallow in seasons of low water level.
A similar swamp occurs near the west shore, the pond-like portion
being called Carp Pond. The most interesting algal habitats on
Kelleys Island, however, are the quarry pools. These are usually
very shallow and temporary, but in some cases are as much as
forty feet deep and quite permanent. The pools are located at vari­
ous places in the abandoned limestone quarries, and have. a pH of
about 7.3.
Pelee Island in Canadian water is much the largest of the
· islands in Lake Erie, having an area of some 10,000 acres. On the
southwest shore lies Fox's Marsh. On the west shore are drainage
ditches, and near West Dock is a quarry pool of considerable depth,
usually covered with duckweeds. During early summer, however,
this quarry pool has an interesting plankton flora. An abandoned
canal on the northeast corner of the island is quite productive in
early summer.
Put-in-Bay Harbor is a semicircular inlet on the northerly
shore of South Bass Island with Gibraltar Island in such a position
as to give considerable protection to the harbor from wind and wave
action. In the harbor are located three separate small inlets having
semi-pond characteristics and known as Terwilliger's Pond, Squaw
Harbor, and Hatchery Bay. The water is shallow, is much protected
from winds, and in late summer may become cholmd with such
aquatic flowering plants as Potamogeton americanus, P. pectinatus,
P. compressus, Elodea canadensis, Na1:as ftexilis, Vallisneria 8'}Ji1·­
alis, Ceratophyllum demm·sum, My1·iophyjlum spicatum, Sci1·pus
validus, and Nelumbo lutea. As a matter of fact the ponds of the
islands are losing their pond characteristics due to the encroach­
ment of aquatic macrophytes.
5
East Harbor and West Harbor, large enough to be considered
lakes, are on the mainland peninsula of Catawba Island. West Har­
bor is a narrow extension nearly two miles long connected to the
lake by a narrow channel less than a mile in length. East Harbor
extends along the lake for a distance of about a mile and inland
nearly two miles. It is connected to the lake by a very narrow channel about a hundred yards long and fifty yards wide (Krecker,
1928) . These harbors are fringed with cat-tails, water lilies, bul­
rushes, pondweeds, and other emergent and floating aquatic flower­
ing plants.
THE PLANKTON ALGAE
j•_
The free-floating microscopic plant and animal organisms pres­
ent in bodies of water constitute the so-called plankton. The free­
floating algae in bodies of water are termed the phytoplankton or
JJlanlcton algae. Some forms of algae seem to live exclusively as a
part of the plankton, while others may be accidental constituents
that do not multiply when a part of the planktonic flora ; another
group of algae may grow and multiply apparently equally well under
both benthic and pelagic conditions. Smith ( 1920) has termed the se
algae euplanktonts, tychoplanktonts, and facultative planktonts, in
the order named. The plankton forms of small ponds and pools
have been termed heleo1Jlankton, and those of rivers potamoplank­
ton. In . a body of water as shallow as Lake Erie and subject to
severe wind and wave action, distinctions are difficult to make.
Moreover, the size and current of bodies of water are rather un­
satisfactory criteria upon which to classify the plankton algae.
The term plankton as used in this report includes certain free­
floating pigmented protophyta found in the pools, ponds, bays,
inlets, and open waters of the lake described in the preceding para­
graphs. Due to frequent and violent storms on Lake Erie, as well as
definite seiches and currents, many different kinds of algae are
found floating in the water. This report omits consideration of the
strictly filamentous Chlorophyceae, of the Diatomophyceae, and of
the Desmidiales. No particular study was m�de of either the Eugle­
nophyceae or the Dinophyceae, and only a few forms are recorded
herewith. Particular emphasis is laid in this report upon the
Myxophyceae, the· Chrysophyceae, the Heterophyceae, and the uni­
cellular and colonial Chlorophyceae occurring in the region delim­
ited above. Other groups of algae will be reported upon from time
to time as they are studied more completely.
Many of the species recorded herein have been described and
figured in previous publications, particularly those of G. M. Smith,
Pascher, Tilden, Geitler, and Fritsch (see Bibliography) . These
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have been freely drawn upon for descriptions, although the latter
have been augmented in many instances by the Lake Erie material.
Many of the figures have been redrawn from original sources, and
proper credit is given in each case. The system of classification
used in this report is based to a considerable extent on that of
G. M. Smith (1933) .
The algae were collected by the usual method and i n many
cases examined in the living condition. When it was not possible to
examine the material immediately after collection, the algae were
preserved in Transeau's solution: 6 parts water, 3 parts 95 per cent
alcohol, and 1 part formalin. A discussion of some ecological
factors, methods of collection, periodicity, and other plankton or­
ganisms will appear in a forthcoming Bulletin of the United States
Bureau of Fisheries.
It is felt that a complete taxonomic consideration of the survey
is unnecessary because of the availability of many algological pub­
lications (see Bibliography) . As a consequence this report places
emphasis upon generic and species characteristics. The classes of
fresh-water algae are briefly delimited and keys to all the genera
are presented. Complete descriptions are given for all genera,
species, and varieties discussed. Each species is represented by at
least one figure.
The descriptive keys to the genera are made particularly with
the problems of the student in mind. It should be remembered,
however, that keys are convenient short-cuts to the identification
of unknown organisms and are thus only approximate. All differ�
entiating characters are not (and should not be) given in such keys,
and the latter should be used with constant reference to both de­
scriptions and figures. One should take into consideration the fact
that one specimen of algae may be exceedingly non-typical or only
a juvenile stage or even disintegrated. The student who is at :first
unable to read a key successfully should censure it only secondarily.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ALGAL
FORMS
The following table (Table I) gives in summary detail the
relative abundance of t!w species and varieties of algae in the vari­
ous locations from which collections were made.
This table is indicative rather than truly characteristic of
the phytoplankton richness of the various habitats. Terwilliger's
Pond and Squaw Harbor, for example, are within a few minutes '
row of the Laboratory and so were visited most frequently. Pelee
Island, East Harbor, and West Harbor, on the other hand, are more
distant from Gibraltar Island so that collections were made infre7
TA BLE I
1\'lyxophyceae
Place of Collection
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Te1·williger's Pond ... .....
Squaw Harbor . .... ..... .
Haunck Pond
Wehrle Pond .... .........
Fisher Pond .... .. . .... .
Smith Pond ... .... .... ...
Fox Marsh . . .. ... .... .
Kelleys Island* .. .. .. . . .
Pelee Island* . .. ... . ... ..
West Harbor .. .. .... ....
East Harbor .. ...........
Other Habitats ....... ...
.
. . . ..
.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
•
•
,
Hetero-
Chl"YBOphyceac
4
8
4
0
36
41
18
22
8
15
2
9
8
3
18
14
5
4
6
2
0
3
0
4
4
0
0
1
I
1
II
2
0
2
1
0
2
5
I
I
* Includes all algal habitats on the 1sland.
Chlrn·ophyct'ae
pbyceac
130
111
90
80
30
86
16
26
23
10
34
32
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Eugle naphyceae
7
2
3
1
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
3
quently. In spite of this inconsistency, the relative abundance of
the algal flora in the habitats of the region i s fairly accurately
shown.
The figures in Table II below indicate the distribution by classes
of the various genera, species, and varieties reported for the region
under survey.
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TA BLE II
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Classe s
...
Genera
Myxophyceae .........
Chrysophyceae ..........
Heterophyceae .........
Chlorophyceae ........
:Euglenophyceae . ......
,
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Total.............
Varieties
69
12
15
164
16
9
0
3
4f;
0
276
58
.
101
Most of the algal forms numerically represented in . Table II
are previously unreported for Ohio, and several are new records
for the United States. The new species and varieties (or new
combinations) are: Pandorina protuberans, Carteria dissecta, Holo­
pedium obvolutum, Pediastrum sintplex var. ovatum (Ehr. ) , Stipi­
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25
7
8
57
4
Species
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tococcus vasifor·Jnis, Tet1·aedron smithii, T1·ibonema bombycinum
var. tenue (Hazen ) , Scenedesmus anonwlus ( Smith) Ahlstrom &
Tiffany, and C1·ucigenia apiculata (Lemm.) Schm. var. t1·uncata
(Smith) Ahlstr om & Tiffany. The thirteen described by Tiffany
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and Ahlstrom ( 1931) bring the total of new forms and combina­
tions for the region to twenty-one.
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PREVIOUS REPORTS ON LAKE ERIE
ALGAE
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Lists of algae for the east end of Lake Erie have been made
by Burkholder (1930) and by Vorce (1880-82) . The Sandusky Bay
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region has been reported upon, chiefly for Protozoa, by Landacre
(1908) . Papers dealing directly with the algae of the west end of
the lake are those of Snow (1904) , Pieters (1902) , Riddle (190203) , Tiffany and Ahlstrom (1931) , and Ahlstrom and Tiffany
(1934) . Stehle (1923) discussed the Protozoa of the Put-in-Bay
area. This, then, is the first attempt in thirty years to make a com­
prehensive report on the algae of the region.
Many changes in .taxonomic nomenclature have occurred since
the publication of a list of Lake Erie algae by Snow (1903) , and
the following synonymy will aid in properly placing her plankton
species.
Henfr. .. , .. = Jlllic?·ocysti.g ae?·u.ginosa Kuetz.
. ..... .... . = Ch1·. limneticus Lenun.
CMoococcus purpu?"eus Snow..... .. = Ch1·. limneticus V.JJU?'pm·ells (Snow )
Ahl.& Tiff.
Coelosphae?'i.u?n ?'oseu?n Snow. . .... .. = Gomphosj>hae?"ia 'lacustris Chod.
Me?'is?>WJJedia kuet�ingii Naeg. ...... . = ?
Me?'ismopedia violacea Kuetz. ........ = ?
S?tnura volvox Ehr. . ................ = Synu?·rt uvella Ehr.
Chlamydonwnas contntunis Snow.. . .. = Chlamydomonas snowii Printz
Chlo?·ella infusionum Beyer .... . ... . . = Chlo?·ococcum in.fusionum (Schr ).
Meneg.
Chodatella. cit?· ifo?'?nis Snow . ....... . = Lage?·heintia cit,-ifo?·mis (Snow ) Smith
FuHola vi?·idis Snow... . . . ..· . ... . ... . = Ela.ktoth?-ix vi?'idis (Snow ) Printz
Golenkinia fenestrata Schr. . ... .... . = Jlllic?·actinium 1JUsillu·m Fres.
Goniwn tetnts Wittr.& Nord.... ... . , = Gonimn sociale (Duj.) Warming
Ki?·chnm'iella obesa v. conto?·ta Schm... = K. conto?·ta (Schm.).Bohlin
= P. bo?·yanum Menegh.
Pcdia.st?'U?Jt const?'ictum Hass. .
Pediast?·um elwenbergii A. Br
= P. tet?'as (Ehr.) Ralfs.
Pediast?'U?npertusunt Wolle .......... = P. duplex Meyen
Pedia.st?'um rotula. A.Br. .. ·.· . . . .. . .. = P. bi?·adiatum Meyen
Pediastru?n stu?·mii Reinsch .. . . . . . .. = P.simplex v. ovat?<m (Ehr.) Tiffany
Polyed?·iu??tc?'uentunt Naeg.. .. .... .. = ?
Polyed?·inm enorme Wolle .... ........ = Tet?·a.ed?·on eno?"?ne (Ralfs ) Hansg.
Polyed?·ium gigas Wittr. ..... . ... . ... = Tet?'aed?·on gigas (Wittr.) Hansg.
Polyed?'itt?n lobulatum Naeg. .. . . . ... . = Tet?'aed?·on lobulatum (Naeg.) Hansg.
Polyed?·iu??t ?nini??tU??t A. Br. .... . .... = Tet?·aed?·on ?nini?nU?Jt (A.l3r.) Hansg.
Polyed?·iunt muticU?n A. Br... . .... .. = TetTaed?·on ?mdicum (A.Br.) Hansg.
Polyed?'inm pinacidimn Reinsch .... . . = Tet?·aed?·on
?
Polyed?·ium t1·igonum Naeg. .... . ... . = Tet?·aed,·on t?·igonum {Naeg.) Hansg.
Raphidium biplex Reinsch ..... ... . .. = A nkist?·odesmus biplex (Reinsch )
Brunn.
Raphicliwn b1·aunii Naeg·. . ...; ....... = Ankist?·oclesmus bra1w. ii (Naeg.)
Brunn.
Raphidinm convolntwn Rabenh. . , . .. = Ankist?·odesntus convolutus Corda
Raphidium falcula A. Br. . . .......... = Ankist?·odesmus fa/ca.tus (Corda )
Ralfs.
Rctphidium ?1tinutU?n Naeg. ...... . . . . = Selenast?·um m.inntum (Naeg.) Collins
Rap
. hidiu?n polymorphunt Fres. ..... . = Ankist,•odes?JWS falcat?<S (Cord.)
Ralfs.
Clatlwocystis ae?·uginosa
Ch,·oococcus 11allidus Naeg
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Turner. .
=
=
(Turn.)
Lemm.
Scenedesmus cwntus Meyen ...........
Scenedesmus obliquus (Tui·p.) Kuetz.
Scenedesmus alte·rnans Reinsch ..... ; . = Scenedesmus bijuga v.alte,·nans
(Reinsch ) Borge
Scenedesmus caudatus Corda ......... = Scenedesmus quad?·icauda (Turp.)
Breb.
Raphidinm spimle
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.
. . . . .. .. =
Scenedesmus caudatus v. abundans
Kir. . .. . . . .
.. .
v.setosus ICir..
Scenedesmus. opoliensis v.ca1·i'lwtus
Lemm. ... . ........ . ...
Selenast"'"" g?·acile Reinsch .........,
=
.
Scenedesmus caudatus
.
=
=
.
.
Stau.mgenia apiculcda Lemm. ........ =
(Morren )
Kuetz. ...... ....... . .
Stau?·ogenia ?'ectangula,·is Naeg. .....
Tet,·aspoo·a natans Kuetz...... . .. ..
Staumgenia quad,·ata
.
Ankist,·odesnws spi·ralis
(Kirch ) Chod.
Meyen
Scenedesmus abundans
Scenedcsmus longus
(Lemm.) Chad.
(Reinsch )
Tiffany & Ahlstrom
c,·ucigenia apic1<lctla. (Lemm.) Schm.
Scenedesmus ca.,·inatus
S. bibra.ianmn v. gracile
Morren
(Naeg.) Gay
=
C?·u.cigenia quad?·ctta
=
C?·ucigenia ?'ectangularis
?
=
?
The following plankton forms, reported by Snow (loc. cit),
have not been observed in the Lake Erie region by the writer dur­
ing this survey: Chlamydomonas gracilis, Gonium sociale, Schiz­
ochlamys gelatinosa (found in spring season near Columbus, Ohio) ,
Ankisb·odesmus biplex, A. braunii, Selenast1·um 1n.inutum, Dac­
tylococcus infusionum Naeg., Botrydiopsis eriensis Snow, Gloeo­
capsa fenestralis Kuetz., and G. punctata Naeg.
THE CLASSES OF FRESHWATER ALGAE
A. Cell walls with striated valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diatomophyceae*
A. Cell walls with transve1·se and longitudinal furrows. Dino)Jhyceae,
p. 76
A. Cell walls not as above............................................ B
B. Chloroplasts definitely differentiated; pigments
restricted to plastids; not blue-green............. .... . ... .. C
B. Chloroplasts not differentiated; pigments
diffuse; color commonly blue-green ..... . . 11-Jyxophyceae,
p. 10
C. Chloroplasts grass green in color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
C. Chloroplasts yellow-green in color .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hete,·ophyceae,
p.31
C. Chloroplasts red to blue in color ..
. . . Rhodophyceae*
C. Chloroplasts brown to orange in color.. . . . . . . . . . . . Ch,·ysophyceae, p.28
D. Vegetative cells not motile, or with 2-4 cilia.. Chlo,·ophyceae,
p.36
D. Vegetativeeel1s motile, usually with 1 cilium. Euglenophyceae, p. 73
.
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MYXOPHYCEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA,
1. Cells solitary or colonial, not filamentous.... .. ... .... ... .. . ... . . ... . 2
1. Cells filamentous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. Cells elongate .... .. ... . .... .. .... ... . .. .. . .. . . ..... . . .. . .....
*Not treated in this report.
10
3
2. Cells pyriform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Cells spherical, ovoid, or hemispherical... ..................... .. 9
3. Colonies plate-like ............................. Holopedium,
p. 19
3. Colonies not plate-like .. . .. ... ..· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Single cells or groups of cells inclosed by
sheath .................................: . Gloeothece,
p.18
4. Single cells or groups of cells without sheath .... ........ ........ 5
5. Center of colony with radiating strands........ . .. Gomphosphaeria, p.15
5. Center of colony without radiating strands .. .· . :.... . ... .... ...... . 6
6. Cells cylindrical, with rounded ends.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Cells acicular, with pointed ends .............. Dactylococcopsis, p. 15
7. Cells 0.5-Gp. long .. v .. ... ... ............. .. Aphanothece,
p. 13
7. Cells 6-121' long ................................. Rhabdoderma,
p. 18
8. Smaller ends of cells pointed outward. . ..... .. Marssoniella,
p. 1 G
8. Sma!Ier ends of cells pointed inward...... .... Coelosphaerium, p. 14
9. Cells arranged in a plate-like colony.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Cells arranged in a cubical colony....... ... .. .. .. Eucapsis,
p.19
9. Cells not arranged as above ..... ............... ............. ...... 11
p.16
10. Ce!Is in 1·ectilinear series.................... Merismopedia,
10. Cells not in rectilinear series. .... . ........ ... Holopedium,
p. 19
11. Cells peripherally located within the envelope. ... ............ ... .. .. 12
11. Ce!Is not peripherally located within the envelope...... ..... .. ... .... 13
12. Center of colony with radiating strands. .. .... Gomphosphaeria, p. 15
12. Center of colony without radiating strands.. .. . Coelosphaerium, p. 14
13. Ce!Is usually densely aggregated................. Microcystis,
p.17
p.14
13. Cells usually some distance apart* .. ............ Aphanocapsa,
13. Cells clumped or in few-celled colonies, or solitary . Chroococcus,
p. 12
14. Trichomes without heterocysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5
14. Trichomes with heterocysts .................................... 18
p. 22
15. Cross walls absent, plant unicellular....... ... .. . Spirulina,
15. Cross walls present, plant multicellular............. ......... .. ..... 16
16. Trichomes without sheaths... ............. ... Oscillatoria,
p. 20
16. Trichomes with sheaths .................... .............. .... . 17
p.19
17. Sheath firm, often colored ....................... Lyngbya,
p. 22
17. Sheath thin, hyaline, sometimes confluent .......... Phormidium,
18. Trichomes cylindrical ........................ ................. 19
18. Trichomes attenuate at the apex................................ 25
19. Filaments unbranched ........: ................................... 20
19. Filaments branched
26
20. Trichome within a definite gelatinous envelope. Nostoc,
p. 25
20. Trichomes not in a definite gelatinous envelope... .......... ... ... 21
p.26
21. Cells usually shorter than their diameter ......... Nodularia,
21. Cells usually equal to or longer than their diameter.... ...... ..... . . . 22
22. lieterocysts terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
22. Heterocysts intercalary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2c1
23. Heterocysts at one end only, with contiguous
akinetes . ............................ .. .. Cylindrospermum,p.26
23. Heterocysts at both ends, akinetes intercalaryt.. .. Anabaenopsis,
p.2G
24. Trichomes free or floccose, heterocysts
.
. . .
spherical
. ...... .. . ... Anabaena,
p. 23
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* Some species of Chroococcus may be sought here.
t Species of Cylindrospermurn may rarely have heterocysts at both ends of the trichome.
but never intercalary altinetes.
11
24. Trichomes joined laterally, heterocysts
cylindrical ... .. . .... ..... .. .. . .. ... ...... Aphanizomenon, p.26
25. Akinetes present .... ... .... .. ........ .. ...... .. G!oeotrichia,
p. 27
25. Akinetes unknown .............................. Rivulariati·
26. Filaments with "false" branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
26. Filaments with "true" branching. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
27. Branches usually single . ... .. .... .... .. .. ... ... Tolypothrix,
p. 27
27. Branches usually geminate ...................... ScytonemaH
28. Trichome a single row of cells ................ Hapalosiphon'l'i'
28. Trichome of several rows of cells ............. Stigonema"t'l'
Class MYXOPHYCEAE
Order CHROOCOCCALES
Family CHROOCOCCACEAE
Chroococcus Naegeli 1849
Cells solitary or 2-16 or more, spherical (or hemispherical for
some time after division), free-floating or epiphytic; cell contents
granular or homogeneous, brilliant blue-green, light blue-green,
olive green, brown, gray, violet, or grayish purple ; colonies (some­
times individual cell�:�) inclosed by a hyaline or colored, homogene­
ous or lamellated sheath.
Cell division in three directions.
1. Chroococcus dispeTsus (v. Keissler) Lemmermann (Pl. II,
Fig. 17). Cells 3-41-' in diameter (with sheath 5-6;.t) ; cells or groups
of cells 15-20;.t from each other; cells spherical, 4-16 or more in
spherical, ovoid, or irregular colonies.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, quarry pools ·on Kelleys.
2. Chroococcus giganteus W. West (Pl. II, Fig. 16). Cells 5458;.t in diameter (with sheath 67-70;.t), hemispherical, rarely spheri­
cal or ovoid, solitary or 2-4 in colonies, surrounded by a thick,
hyaline, lamellated sheath; cell contents granulose, bright blue­
green.
Terwilliger's.
3. Chroococcus limneticus Lemmermann* (Pl. I, Figs. 2-10).
Cells 5-12;.t in diameter (with sheath 7-14;.t), spherical or sub­
spherical, 4-32 in spherical to ovoid colonies; cell division often in
one plane, giving the colonies a tabular appearance; cell contents
homogeneous, light blue-green, pale blue-green, olive green, gray,
grayish purple, brown.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Smith.
·
tt Not treated in this report.
*See Tiffany & Ahlstrom, Ohio Jour. of Science, 92: 455, 1982, for a discussion of varia­
tions in this species and its two varieties.
12
- ·
--- --- - �----- ------ --� ------- -----
-
----- - - --
a. Var. pu?·puTeus (Snow) Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. I,
Figs. 11-15). Cells 13-261-', usually 16-191-' (with sheath 15301-'); individual sheaths of cells conspicuous or not; cell con­
tents homogeneous; cells blue-green to grayish purple, or even
brown (grayish purple the usual color); colonies circular to
semicircular in front view, somewhat flattened in side view,
cells inclosed by a spherical or oval, hyaline, homogeneous
envelope.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, East Harbor.
b. Var. subsalsus Lemmermann (Pl. I, Fig. 1). Cells 3.54.51-' in diameter '(with sheath 4-61-').
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
4. CMoococcus minutus (Kuetzing) Naegeli (Pl. II, Fig. 19).
Cells 5-81-' in diameter (with sheath 6-121-'), spherical (often hemi­
spherical), solitary or 2-4 in a spherical, homogeneous sheath; cell
contents pale blue-green to gray, homogeneous or granulose.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith, West Harbor.
5. CMoococcus tuTgidus (Kuetzing) Naegeli (Pl. II, Fig. 18).
Cells 8-321-' in diameter (with sheath 13-401-'), hemispherical, spheri­
cal or ovoid (often somewhat flattened), solitary or 2-8 inclosed by
a hyaline, lamellate sheath; cell contents homogeneous or finely
granulose, pale to bright blue-green to brownish.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, East Harbor, Kelleys (quarry
pools).
Aphanothece Naegeli 1849
·
Cells oblong to cylindrical, distributed within a thick colonial
envelope; colonies free-floating, sessile, or endophytic, irregular and
composed of many cells; cell contents homogeneous or finely granu­
lose, without pseudovacuoles.
Cell division at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the cell.
L Aphanothece clathmta W. & G. S. West (Pl. III, Fig. 47).
Cells 0.6-1.0 x 3.5-4.51-', rod-shaped, straight, or curved; cell contents
homogeneous, gray to light blue-green; colonies microscopic, free­
floating, elongate and irregular, and usually perforate; colonial
envelope hyaline and homogeneous.
Terwilliger:s, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck.
2. Aphanothece nidulans P. Richter (Pl. III, Fig. 48). Cells
LO-L5x2.0-3.5f-t, broadly cylindrical, straight, or curved; cell con­
tents homogeneous, gray to light blue-green; colonies spherical or
ovoid, surrounded by a homogeneous, hyaline envelope.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, quarry pools on Kelleys.
3. Aphanothece pmsina A. Braun (Pl. III, Fig. 49). Cells
5-6.5 x 8-llf-t, broadly cylindrical, evenly distributed throughout
13
the colony; cell contents homogeneous, bright blue-green; colonies
spherical to cylindrical, up to 4cm. in diameter.
Smith, Terwilliger's.
Aphanocapsa Naegeli 1849
.
' ..
:'
...
;·.· -�- {·
..·
'.·;··;·
• •-'
--.
. ·:·-·.
Cells spherical, generally solitary, equally distributed, at some
distance from one another; cell contents homogeneous, usually
bright to pale blue-green or gray; colonies spherical, ovoid, or ir­
regular, microscopic or macroscopic, hyaline, yellow, brown, or
blue-green; cell sheaths confluent with those of the colony.
Cell division in three directions.
1. Aphanocapsa deUcatissima W. & G. S. West (Pl. II, Fig. 26).
Cells 0.5-0.75/L in diameter, spherical; cell contents homogeneous,
gray to pale blue-green; colonies 15-30x15-50fL, spherical, ovoid or
irregular, free-floating; colonial envelope homogeneous, hyaline
or yellow.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
2. Aphanocapsa elachista W. & G. S. West var. confm·ta W. &
G. S. West (Pl. II, Fig. 27). Cells 1.5-2.0p. in diameter, spherical;
cell contents homogeneous, gray to pale blue-green; colonies up to
75 x lOOp., spherical, ovoid or irregular; colonial envelope homo­
geneous, hyaline or yellow.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
3. Aphanocapsa grevillei (Hassall) Rabenhorst (Pl. II, Fig.
29). Cells 3.5-6p. in diameter; spherical, solitary or in pairs, often
·close together; cell contents homogeneous or finely granulose, bright
blue-green, colonies free-floating (sometimes sessile), spherical or
ellipsoid, olive green.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
4. Aphanocapsa pulchra (Kuetzing) Rabenhorst (Pl. II, Fig.
28). Cells 3.5-4.5p. in diameter, spherical or ovoid; cell contents
homogeneous, gray to pale blue-green; colonies small or large,
free-floating (sometimes sessile), spherical to ovoid; colonial en­
velope firm, hyaline, homogeneous.
Squaw, Quarry Pond (Pelee).
·
Coelosphaerium Naegeli 1849
Cells globose, ellipsoid, obovoid, rather closely grouped together
in a single layer just within the periphery of the gelatinous co­
lonial envelope; cell contents homogeneous or granular, often in­
cluding pseudovacuoles; colonies, hollow, globular, ellipsoid, reni­
form or irregular; colonial envelope hyaline, homogeneous (or
sometimes radially striated).
Cell division in three directions.
14
'
•>;';
'
'
. - - __:_
I
'
.
1. CoelosphaeThim dubium Grunow (Pl. ii, Fig. 21) . Cells
5-71-' in diameter, spherical; cell contents blue-green, homogeneous
or with pseudovacuoles; colonies up to 1501-' (compound aggre­
gates of small colonies often much larger), spherical to irregular;.
colonial envelope firm, hyaline, homogeneous.
Squaw.
2. Coelos1JhaeTiu1n kuetzingianu1n Naegeli (Pl. II, Fig. 22) .
Cells 2-4p. in diameter, spherical (or nearly so);. cell contents homo­
geneous, without pseudo vacuoles, gray or pale to bright blue-green;
colonies 20-901-' in diameter, spherical or subspherical; colonial en­
velope hyaline, homogeneous.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, East Harbor.
3. CoelospltaeTium naegelianum Unger (Pl. II, Fig. 20) . Cells
2-5x3.5-7J-t, ovoid to ellipsoid, radially arranged some distance be­
neath the colonial periphery; cell contents usually with numerous
pseudovacuoles, sometimes homogeneous; colonies spherical, ovoid,
rei1iform or irregular; colonial envelope wide, hyaline, sometimes
radially striated.
Catawba.
Dactylococcopsis Hansgirg 1888
Cells elongate, acicular or sigmoidal, with pointed ends, some­
times mutually spirally twisted; cell contents usually homogeneous,
gray to light blue-green, the pigmented zone often localized; colon­
ies microscopic, free-floating or associated with other algae; co­
lonial envelope copious, hyaline, homogeneous, acicular to fusiform.
Cell division transverse, rarely somewhat oblique.
1. Dactylococcopsis smithii R.. & F. Chodat (Pl. III, Fig. 45) .
Cells 1-3x 5-25p., fusiform, straight or sigmoid, frequently in pairs;
cell contents homogeneous, pale blue-green; colonies with 2-8-16
cells; colonial envelope copious, hyaline, homogeneous.
Fox (Pelee).
Gomphosphaeria Kuetzing 1836
Cells pyriform, obovoid, ellipsoid or sometimes heart-shaped,
solitary or in pairs or fours, peripherally placed in a single row in
the colony; cells situated on the ends of short, dichotomous, muci­
lage stalks radiating from the center of the colonial envelope; colon­
ies microscopic, spherical to ellipsoid, embedded within a copious,
hyaline, solid· gelatinous envelope.
Cell division longitudinal.
1. Gontphospha.e?·ia aponina Kuetzing (Pl. II, Fig. 24) . Cells
3-5x8-15J-t, pyriform to cuneate (heart-shaped just before division),
without pseudovacuoles; cell contents bright blue-green; colonies
15
�
'
60-801-' in diameter, spherical or subspherical, with a thick hyaline
envelope.
East Harbor, quarry pools on Kelleys.
a. Var. cordiformis Wolle (Pl. II, Fig. 23). Cells 6-13 x
9-201-', typically heart-shaped, not pyriform.
Catawba, quarry pools on Kelleys.
2. Gon�phosphaeria lacustris Chodat (Pl. II, Fig. 25) . Cells
1.5-3 x 2-41-', spherical to broadly ellipsoid, usually pale blue-green,
often rose to brown; colonies 25-761-' in diameter, spherical or sub­
spherical, rarely reniform, with hyaline envelope.
Gibraltar, Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Smith, Fisher, East
Harbor, quarry pools on Kelleys.
Marssoniella Lemmermann 1900
Cells pear-shaped, radially arranged about a common center,
with smaller ends pointed outward, with 2-4 axes of radiation; cell
contents homogeneous, pale to bright blue-green; colonies single or
compound, ovoid to elongate ana irregular, with 4-100 cells, in­
closed in an extremely delicate, hyaline, gelatinous envelope, or
without envelope.
Cell division longitudinal.
1. Marssoniella elegans Lemmermann (Pl. III, Fig. 44). Cells
1-3x5-6"', with characteristics of the genus.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, quarry pools on Kelleys, Smith.
The genus Marssoniella is near Coelosphaerium and Gompho­
sphaeria but has the following differentiating characteristics: (1)
distinct axes of radiation of cells within the colony, (2) the position
of cells with smaller ends pointed outward and with blunt ends al­
most in contact with each other, and (3) the scarcely distinguish­
able, often absent, colonial envelope. It is felt that Lemmermann's
few-celled colony, Smith's few-celled Coelosphae?"ht.m radiatum, *
and the Lake Erie form* constitute a very valid species in the
genus. Previously recorded in U. S. from New York.
Merismopedia Meyen �839
Cells spherical, ellipsoid or oblong, hemispherical for some
time after divisio:n; cell contents homogeneous; colonies flat, curvl'ld ,
rolled or twisted pl�tes, composed of 4-4000 cells in rectilinear
series and usually in groups of 4; colonial envelope hyaline, homo­
geneous.
Cell division in two directions.
1. Merismopedia ·convoluta Brebisson (Pl. III, Figs. 35-36).
Cells 3.5x4.51-', broadly ellipsoid or ovoid; cell contents homogene*
Smith, 1924, p. 136 ; Tiffany & Ahlstrom, 1981, p. 458.
16
�- ------...---------
---------- - ·-· ·-
ous, pale blue-green; colonies usually with large numbers of cells
(64-1000), flat or rolled.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle.
a. Var. minor (Wille) Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. III, Fig.
37). Cells 2.75x3.5,.; smaller than the species and usually with
a larger number of cells in a colony.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
2. Me1·ismopedia elegans A. Bram1 (Pl. III, Fig. 39). Cells
5-7x 5-9,., spherical to broadly ovoid, with homogeneous, bright
blue-green contents; colonies composed of 16-4000 cells.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Smith, East Harbor.
3. Mm·isnwpedia major (G. M. Smith) Geitler (Pl. III, Fig.
34). Cells 10-17x12-20,., spherical to broadly ovoid, with homo­
geneous, bright blue•green contents.
Terwilliger's.
4. Me1·ismopedia gla?lCa (Ehrenberg) Naegeli (Pl. III, Fig.
41). Cells 3-5,. in diameter, spherical or very broadly ellipsoid; cell
contents homogeneous, pale bluecgreen; . colonies compact and
regular.
Gibraltar, Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Smith, East Harbor.
5. Merismopedia punctata Meyen (Pl. III, Fig. 38). Cells 2.53.5,. in diameter, spherical to broadly ovoid, or hemispherical; cell
contents homogeneous, gray to pale blue-green; colonies small with
cells some distance from one another.
Terwilliger's, Smith, East Harbor, Catawba.
6. Me1·ismopedia tenuissinw Lemmermann (Pl. III, Fig. 40).
Cells 1.5-2. 0,. in diameter, spherical to ovoid, with individual
sheaths sometimes distinct; cell contents homogeneous, gray to
pale blue-green; colonies with 16-100 cells, rectangular except in
larger aggregates of cells.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Smith, East Harbor.
Microcystis Kuetzing 1833
Cells small, mostly globose, densely aggregated in a solid mass
throughout the colony; cell contents with or without pseudovacuoles,
light to dark blue-green, olive green or rose purple� colonies spheri­
cal, ellipsoid, oblong, elongate, clathrate or irregular; some species
occurring in enormous quantities and forming the so-called "water
blooms."
Cell division in three directions.
1. Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetzing (Pl. II, Fig. 30). Cells
3-4,. in diameter, spherical to subspherical; cell contents usually
with pseudovacuoles and reddish, occasionally homogeneous and
17
'
gray to pale or bright blue-green; colonies at first spherical, later
becoming saccate, reticulate and clathrate; often present in such
numbers as to color the water.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, East Harbor, drainage ditch
(Pelee).
a. Var. rnajo7· (Wittrock) G. M. Smith (Pl. II, Fig. 31).
Cells 5.5-6.5,. in diameter; colonial envelope very firm; other­
wise like the type.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
2. ]J1ic7·ocystis fiosaquae (Wittrock) Kirchner (Pl. II, Fig. 33).
Cells 3.5-6.5,. in aiameter, spherical; cell contents usually reddish
with pseudovacuoles, rarely homogeneous and gray to pale blue­
green; colonies spherical to ovoid, rarely elongate, not perfo1•ate;
margin of colony not sharply defined; plant mass rusty green to
yellow.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Smith.
3. Microcystis pulve1·ea (Wood) Migula (Pl. XV, Fig. 372).
Cells 2-3,. in diameter, spherical, closely crowded; cell contents
homogeneous, without pseudovacuoles, variously colored; colonies
spherical or elongate.
Haunck, Smith.
a. Var. incerta (Lemmermann) Crow (Pl. II, Fig. 32).
Cells 1-2,. in diameter; otherwise like the type.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith.
Rhabdoderma Schmidle & Lauterborn 1900
Cells cylindrical, straight or arcuate, with rounded ends, the
long axes of the cells more or less parallel; cell contents homogene­
ous, gray to bright blue-green; colonies small, of few cells; colonial
envelope hyaline, homogeneous.
Cell division transverse.
1. Rhabdoderrna lineare Schmidle & Lauterborn (Pl. III, Fig.
46). Cells 2-3 x 6-12,.; characteristics of the genus.
Terwilliger's.
Glooothece Naegeli 1849
Cells elongate to broadly cylindrical, with rounded ends, ir­
regularly distributed or somewhaf parallel to each other in a free­
floating or sessile, hyaline or colored, homogeneous gelatinous
envelope; single cells or groups of cells (2-8) Inclosed in homogene­
ous or somewhat lamellated sheaths; cell contents homogeneous or
finely granulose, pale to bright blue-green or variously colored.
Cell division transverse.
18
:er
ch
)
0
l·-
:1
1. Gloeothece 1·upest1·is (Lyngbye) Bornet (Pl. III, Fig. 43).
Cells 4.5-5 x 6-15p., cylindrical to nearly ellipsoid, blue-green, in
colorless or yellowish brown sheaths.
Quarry pools on Kelleys, Wehrle, pool on Middle Island.
Holopedium Lagerheim 1883
Cells cylindrical, broadly ellipsoid, or subspherical; colonies
flat, curved and folded, composed of cells with long axes parallel
and irregular in arrangement.
Cell division longitudinal.
1. Holopedium obvolutum nov. sp. (Pl. XV, Fig. 373). Cells
3-5x 6-7,., cylindric to broadly ellipsoid with rounded ends, often
·polygonal in end view, colonies irregular, flat, folded, usually con­
tailling 200-400 cells, blue-green.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Hatchery.
The genus Holopedium has previously been reported from this
country only from North Dakota.
Eucapsis Clements & Shantz 1909
Cells spherical to ellipsoid or mutually compressed, forming a
cubical colony of 8-512 (usually 32-128) cells; cell contents finely
granular, blue-green; colonial envelope homogeneous, colorless.
Cell division in three planes.
1. Eucapsis alpina Clements & Shantz (Pl. III, Fig. 42). Cell:;;
6-7,.,. in diameter; colonies 30-80p. on a side; characters of the genus.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
This is the first record of E. alpina in the United States since
its discovery in 1909.
Order HORMOGONALES
Suborder Homocystineae
Family OSCILLATORIACEAE
Lyngbya C. Agardh 1824
Filaments unbranched, cylindrical, straight, curved or twisted,
solitary or densely intertwined into floccose masses; sheaths firm,
generally hyaline, sometimes lamellose, usually extending beyond
the trichomes; trichomes obtuse or somewhat apically attenuate,
sometimes constricted at the cross walls; cell contents homogeneous,
granulose, or with pseudovacuoles, variously colored.
Fragmentation by the formation of hormogones.
1. Lyngbya aestua1'ii (Mertens) Leibmann (Pl. IV, Fig. 65).
Cells 8-24 x 2.7-5.61�, finely granular, blue-green or olive green; tri19
chomes not constricted at the cross walls, apex slightly tapering and
capitate, truncate or conically acute; sheath at first thin and color­
less, later irregular, lamellose, colored; plant mass 'floccose, dull
blue-green, o�· filaments solitary .
Wehrle.
2. Lyngbya birgei G. M. Smith (Pl. IV, Fig. 66) . Cells 18-23x
2-5.51-', usually with pseudovacuoles, sometimes homogeneous and
gray to olive green; trichomes without constrictions at the cross
walls and not apically attenuate, terminal cell rounded; sheath .5-41-'
thick, hyaline, homogeneous, or rarely lamellate; filaments free­
floating, solitary, straight, or somewhat curved.
Squaw, Wehrle, East Harbor.
3. Lyngbya conto1·ta Lemmermann (Pl. IV, Fig. 67) . Cells
1.5-2x 3-6f-', homogeneous, gray to pale blue-green; trichomes with­
out constrictions at cross walls; apical cell rounded; sheaths firm
and thin; filaments free-floating, solitary, usually twisted into reg­
ular loose or compact spirals, the latter 15-201-' broad and 6-141,
between turns.
Gibraltar, drainage ditch (Pelee) .
4. Lyngbya majoT Meneghini (Pl. IV, Fig. 68) . Cells ll-16x
2-4,u, gran).l!ose at the cross walls, dark blue-green; trichomes not
constricted at the cross walls, apex slightly tapering and somewhat
capitate; sheaths colorless, thick, lamellate; filaments cespitose or
solitary, straight.
Haunck, Catawba.
5. Lyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn) Harvey (Pl. IV, Fig. 64) .
Cells 16-60x 2-4f-', finely granulose, variously colored; trichomes not
constricted at the cross walls, not tapering, apical cell round; sheath
up to 111-' thick, colorless and roughened with age; filaments long,'
curled, rolled or occasionally straight, solitary or more often in
dark blue-green to blue expanded masses.
Manila Bay (North Bass shore) ..
The recognition of Porphyrosiphon as distinct from Lyngbya,
based chiefly on color difference in the sheaths, is perhaps. not
.
sound.
Oscillatoria Vaucher 1803
Trichomes unbranched, cylindrical, without sheath, free-float·
ing, solitary or in floccose masses; ends of trichomes slightly nar­
rowed, terminal cell rounded or calyptrate; cell contents homogene­
ous or granular, rarely with pseudovacuoles, color variable; plants
exhibiting oscillating or gliding movement.
Fragmentation by the formation of hormogones.
20
nd
X
d
s
'"
1. Oscillaton�a a,qardhii Gomont (Pl. IV, Fig. 52). Cells 4-6x
2.5-41,, coarsely granular, pale blue-green, with granules along cross
walls; trichomes straight, not constricted at cross walls, slightly
tapering toward apex, calyptrate or cylindrical; apical cell rounded,
truncate or capitate; trichomes free-floating, solitary or forming
expanded blue-green masses.
Wehrle.
2. OscillatoTia chalybea Mertens (Pl. IV, Fig. 50), Cells 8-13 x
3.5-Sp., finely granular, dark blue-green, granules at cross walls
present or absent; trichomes straight or sometimes twisted, slightly
constricted at cross walls, gradually tapering toward a hooked or
curved a,pex; apical cell obtuse, not capitate; usually in masses,
rarely solitary.
Terwilliger's, Catawba.
3. OsciUato1·ia limosa Kuetzing (Pl. IV, Fig. 54). Cells ll-20 x
2-5fL, dark blue-green, brown, or olive green, with granules fre­
quently at cross walls; .trichomes straight, neither tapering nor
capitate, not constricted at cross walls; apical cell convex, outer
wall often thick.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Hatchery, Fisher, Wehrle, Haunck, Ca­
tawba.
4. OsciUatoTia ]JTinceps Vaucher (Pl. IV, Fig. 55). Cells 1660x3.5-7fL, finely granular (with occasional coarse granules) ; tri­
chome straight, not constricted at cross walls, apically sometimes
curved, truncate or capitate; apical cell convex on outer side; in
dark green to black masses or occasionally solitary.
Haunck, Fisher, East Harbor, West Harbor, drainage ditch
(Pelee).
5. Oscillatoria prolifica (Greville) Gomont (Pl. IV, Fig. 57).
Cells 2.2- 5x4-6fL with numerous reddish pseudovacuoles and some­
times with rows of granules at the cross walls; trichomes straight,
not constricted at cross walls, slightly tapering toward apex, when
mature with obtuse-capitate terminal cells; usually forming blood
red to dirty purple, irregularly matted, free-floating, floccose
masses, rarely solitary.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Hatchery, East Harbor.
6. Oscillatoria splendida Greville (Pl. IV, Fig. 58). Cells 2-3x
3-9fL, homogeneous, blue-green, with granules at the cross walls;
trichomes straight or twisted, not constricted at cross walls, grad­
ually tapering toward the apex, capitate; forming a thin mass,
scattered, or solitary.
East Harbor.
21
'
t
7. Oscillatoria tenuis C. A. Agardh (Pl. IV, Fig. 51). Cells
4-10x2.6-5,u, homogeneous, with a row of granules at the cross
walls; trichomes straight, slightly constricted at cross walls, cylin­
drical, straight or curved; apical cell rounded, not capitate; plants
solitary or in pale blue-green floccose masses.
All stations.
8. Oscillatoria lacustris (Klebahn) Geitler (Pl. IV, Fig. 53).
Cells 5-7x 5-7,u, sometimes homogeneous and pale to bright blue­
green, generally with pseudovacuoles; apical cell rounded; tri­
chomes cylindrical, straight or twisted, with delicate sheaths, joined
laterally into spindle-shaped or plate-like, free-floating aggregates
or rarely solitary.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Fisher.
Sometimes known as Trichodesmium lacustre Klebahn, bui
there seems little warrant for a separate genus on the basis of the
laterally joined trichomes, especially when this association is not a
constant feature.
Phormidium Kuetzing 1843
Filaments unbranched, densely interwoven, aggregated into
layers or rarely floating and solitary; sheaths thin, transparent,
agglutinated, partly or entirely diffluent; trichomes cylindrical, con­
sil·icted at cross walls or not; apex often tapering, straight or
curved, capitate or not; apical cell often calyptrate.
Fragmentation by the formation of hormogones.
1. Phormidium retzii (Agardh) Gomont (Pl. IV, Fig. 59).
Cells 4-12x4-9f.t, granular, blue-green; trichomes constricted at
cross walls or not, apex straight and not capitate; apical cell slightly
tapering, truncate; sheaths thin, fragile, becoming diffluent; fila­
ments entangled into blue-green tufts, often becoming separated
and floating.
Squaw.
2. P h ormidium subfuscun� Kuetzing (Pl. IV, Fig. 60). Cells
5.5-11 x 2-41-', densely granular with two rows of granules at cross
walls, dull blue-gree11; trichomes not constricted at cross walls, apex
straight, capitate, and calyptrate; filaments straight, short, sub­
parallel, agglutinated, rarely floating; sheaths diffluent into a lamel­
late mucus.
Wehrle.
Spirulina Turpin 1827
Trichome a single, much elongate, narrow, cylindrical cell with
rounded ends, without sheath, twisted into a loose or compact
22
lis
ss
11-
ts
,_
i
regular spiral ; cell contents homogeneous or granulose, light to dark
blue-green.
Cell division transverse.
1. Spirulina laxissi?na G. S. West (Pl. IV, Fig. 62) . Cells 0.70.81-' in diameter, bright blue-green; spirals loose, regular, 4.5-5.5,u.
broad and 17-221-' between turns.
Hatchery Bay.
2. Spi1·ulina 1najor Kuetzing (Pl. IV, Fig. 6 1 ) . Cells 1.2-1.7,u.
in diameter, bright blue-green, spirals more or less loose, straight
OJ;' bent, 2.5-4,u. broad and 2.7-5,u. bet-ween spirals.
Gibraltar, Catawb a, pond on Middle Island.
3. Spi1·ulina prin ceps (W. & G. S. West) G. S. West (Pl. IV,
Fig 63). Cells 3-5,u. in diameter, bright blue-green, homogeneous or
sparingly granulate; spirals l oose, straight or curved, 8-16,u. broad
and 9-12,u. between turns.
Squaw, Haunck, East Harbor.
Suborder Heterocystineae
Family N OSTOCACEAE
Anabaena Bory 1822
Trichomes free-floating, solitary or aggregated into a thin
mucous layer ; trichomes cylindrical or slightly attenuated at apices,
straight, circinate, spiral or irregularly twisted, often destitute of
a sheath ; vegetative cells spherical to barrel-shaped, homogeneous
or granulose, sometimes with pseudovacuoles, variously colored;
heterocysts spherical, interc::tlary ; akinetes variously shaped, soli­
tary or in sel'ies, adjacent to heterocyst or not.
Multiplication by hormogones and by akinetes.
1. Anabaena a/finis Lemmermann (Pl. V, Fig. 7 1 ) . Vegetative
cells 5-6,u. in diameter, usually spherical, with pseudovacuoles or
rarely homogeneous ; heterocysts 7.5-10p. in diameter, spherical ;
aldnetes 9.5-12xl7-26f', more or less spherical, generally not adja­
cent to heterocysts ; trichomes solitary, free"floating, straight or
slightly curved, with a faint gelatinous envelope.
Haunck.
2. Anabaena catenula (Kuetzing) Bornet & Flahault (Pl. V,
Fig. 73 ) . Vegetative cells 5-8,u. broad, barrel-shaped, homogeneous
or granulose, without pseudovacuoles ; heterocysts 6-9 x9-13,u.,
spherical to ellipsoid ; akinetes 7-10x 16-30,u., cylindrical, adjacent
to heterocysts on·emote, in series; trichomes blue-green, bent, with
faint gelatinous envelopes.
East Harbor.
23
3. Anabaena ci1·cinalis (Kuetzing) Rabenhorst ( Pl. V, Fig.
72). Vegetative cells 8- 14f' in diameter, spherical or oblate, usually
with pseudovacuoles; heterocysts 8-lOf' in diameter, spherical or
nearly so; akinetes 16-18 x 26-30f', cylindrical or sometimes curved,
usually remote from heterocysts; trichomes free-floating, rarely
solitary (curved or sigmoid), generally twisted into floccose ag­
gregates.
Squaw, Smith.
4. Anab aena fiosaquae (Lyngbye) Brebisson ( Pl. V, Fig. 74).
Vegetative cells 4-Sf' in diameter, spherical or nearly so, generally
with pseudovacuoles; heterocysts 6-9f' in diameter, spherical ; akin­
etes 7-13x 20-50f', cylindrical, often curved, solitary or in series,
usually adjacent to heterocysts; trichomes free-floating, densely
coiled or irregularly twisted into floccose aggregates.
Squaw.
5. Anabaena lemmermanni P. Richter ( Pl. V, Fig. 75). Vege­
tative cells 5.5-7x 5-8f', spherical or slightly elongate, usually with
pseudovacuoles; heterocysts 6-7.5f' in diameter, spherical; akinetes
8-11 x 19-33f', cylindrical with one side convex, the other straight;
usually in series on both sides of the heterocyst and lying in a .dense
mass at the center of the colony; trichomes free-floating, irregularly
twisted into masses of varying shapes.
Frequently present in prodigious quantities for one to three
days at a time, especially after a prolonged "blow," during late
June and July.
Gibraltar, Squaw, Terwilliger's.
6. Anabaena planctonica Brunnthaler ( Pl. V. Fig. 70). Vege­
tative cells 9-15f' in diameter, spherical, hemispherical or b1·oadly
ellipsoid, usually with pseudovacuoles; heterocysts 12-14f' in diam­
eter, spherical; akinetes 12-20x l2-30f', spherical or somewhat
elongate, solitary, adjacent to heterocysts or remote; trichomes
free-floating, solitary, usually straight.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Catawba, drainage ditch ( Pelee).
7. Anabaena macrospora Klebahn var. 1·obusta, Lemmermann
(Pl. XV, Fig. 374). Vegetative cells 12.::1 6x 9-12f', spherical or sub­
spherical with flattened ends, with numerous pseudovacuoles;
heterocysts 10-16f' in diameter, spherical; akinetes 17-20x30-34f',
cylindrical with conic apices and thick walls, solitary or in pairs;
trichomes solitary, free-floating, straight or somewhat bent.
Haunck.
8. Anabaena S1Jiroides Klebalm var. cmssa Lemmermann ( Pl.
V, Figs. 76-77). Vegetative cells 11-15f' in diameter, spherical or
oblate, usually with pseudovacuoles; heterocysts 1 0-17f' in diameter,
24
�-'
spherical, hyaline or pale yellow ; akinetes 20-2 5 x27-42'" broadly
'
o\·oid, solitary, remote frDm heterocysts ; trichomes free-floating,
solitary, forming rather regular spirals 50-60,u broad and 45-55,u
between turns.
Squaw, Smith.
Nostoc Vaucher 1803
Trichomes contorted, in a more or less firm gelatinous envelope,
terrestrial or aquatic ; colonial envelope free-floating or attached,
globular to ovoid or frequently breaking open with age; othewise
similar to Anabaena. .
Multiplication by l{ormogones and by akinetes.
1. Nostoc coe1·ule1t1n Lyngbye (Pl. V, Fig. £9). Vegetative
cells 5-7,u in diameter, barrel-shaped; colonies 5-6 millimeters in
diameter, spherical, solid; heterocysts 8- 10,u in diameter, spherical
or nearly so; trichomes densely interwoven and much contorted.
Squaw.
2. Nostoc prunif onne (Linnaeus) Agardh. Vegetative cells
4-61" in diameter, compressed-spherical or slightly elongate; colonies
up to an inch in diameter, spherical, with tough outer and soft
inner layers ; heterocysts 6-7,u in diameter, nearly spherical; tri­
chomes loosely entangled.
Squaw, Fisher.
Nostoc is quite similar to Anabaena, but can be distinguished
by the tougher and more definitely shaped colonial envelope, and by
the normally large number of akinetes in a single mature colony.
Anabaenopsis Woloszynska 1912 ; emend. Miller 1923
Identical with Anabaena except for the usual presence of
terminal heterocysts only, one at each end of the trichome. Hetero­
cysts when not mature may be apparently paired in the middle of
the trichome.
1. Anabae?W1JSis arnoldii Aptekarj (Pl. XV, Fig. 371). Cells
6-8.5 x 5-S,u, compressed-spherical to short barrel-shaped; trichomes
short, making an almost complete circle or spiral ; heterocysts 6.5-10
x8:5-10.5,u ; akinetes 10. 5 x 12,u surrounded by a gelatinoits sheath
· 21" thick.
Wehrle. Previously unreported for the United States.
2. Anabaeno1Jsis circula1·is (W. & G. S. West) V. Miller (Pl.
XV, Fig. 370). Cells 5-8x7-10.5,u, cylindrical or slightly barrel­
shaped ; trichomes short and making an almost complete circle, or
spiral and making 1 112 to 5 turns; heterocysts nearly spherical,
25
6-9x 6-10fL; akinetes nearly spherical to broadly ellipsoid, 10-12
x12-15fL.
Wehrle. Previously unreported for the United States.
sc
er
Aphanizomenon Morren 1838
v
h
Trichomes straight or somewhat curved, agglutinated laterally
into free-floating, spindle-shaped bundles or small plates, usually
without sheaths, sometimes constricted at the cross walls and
slightly attenuate ; cells cylindicral ; heterocysts cylindrical, inter­
calary ; akinetes elongate, cylindrical, solitary, remote from hetero­
cysts or not.
Multiplication by formation of hormogones and akinetes.
1. Aphanizomenon fiosaquae (L) Ralfs (Pl. V, Fig. 81). Vege­
tative cells 4-6 x 5-15"'; heterocysts 5-7 x 7-20"'; akinetes 6-8 x 3580"'; characters as in the genus.
Gibraltar, Squaw, Terwilliger's, Hatchery, East Harbor.
Cylindrospermum Kuetzing 1843
Trichomes straight and usually short, sometimes with Oscil­
latoria-like movement, usually aggregated into an indefinite mucous
mass on soil, or free-floating ; vegetative cells cylindrical ; hetero­
cysts cylindrical (or elongate) and terminal ; akinetes contiguous
to heterocyst, usually solitary and sometimes papillate.
Multiplication by formation of hormogones and akinetes.
1. CylindrospennU1n stagnale (Kuetzing) Barnet & Flahault
(Pl. V, Fig. 82). Vegetative cells 3.8-4.5"' in diameter, quadrate to
cylindrical, constricted at cross walls ; heterocysts, 6-7 x 7-16fL,
spherical or elongate, terminal ; akinetes single (very rarely in
twos), 10-16 x 32-40fL, broadly cylindrical and contiguous to hetero­
cysts.
Wehrle, Fisher.
Nodularia Mertens 1822
Filaments free-floating or forming .a loose layer ; trichomes
more or less straight with short, depressed cells ; sheaths hyaline,
closely enveloping the trichome, sometimes becoming diffluent;
heterocysts depressed ; akinetes spherical or depressed, in series
between heterocysts.
Multiplication by formation of hormogones and by akinetes.
1. Nodularia harveyana (Thwaites) Thuret (Pl. V, Fig. 80).
Vegetative cells 4-6 x 4-7fL (much shorter after division) ; hetero­
cysts 5-7 x 4-7"'' spherical or depressed ; akinetes 6-81-' in diameter,
26
s
(
0-12
�lly
tlly
md
er­
l"O-
·e-
5-
somewhat spherical, yellowish brown ; trichomes tapering at the
ends, apical cell obtusely conical ; sheath thin, colorless, distinct.
Haunck.
2. Nodularia sphaerocarpa Barnet & Flahault ( Pl. V, Fig. 78) .
Vegetative cells 6-7 x 4,u, depressed-spherical ; heterocysts scarcely
larger than vegetative cells ; akinetes 7-10,u in diameter, depressed­
spherical, 2-12 in a series, brown ; sheath thin, finally diffluent.
Haunck, East Harbor.
3. Noclularia spumigena Mertens (Pl. V, Fig. 79 ) . Vegetative
cells 8-12 x 3-4,u, disciform ; heterocysts scarcely larger than vegeta­
th·e cells ; akinetes 12-15 x 6-10,u, spherical, solitary, few or many in
series, brown ; filaments 8-18,u in diameter, solitary, free-floating or
mostly in a mucous mass, straight or curled.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Fox, canal on Pelee.
Family
SCYTONEMATACEAE
Tolypothrix Kuetzing 1843
Filaments with false branches, single, usually ansmg in the
immediate vicinity of the heterocysts, forming a floccose, floating
mass or sessile ; heterocysts single or 3-5 seriate ; akinetes spherical,
ovoid or ellipsoid, single or seriate.
.
Multiplication by formation of hormogones and sometimes by
akinetes.
1. TolY1Joth1-ix distorta (Hofman-Bang) Kuetzing ( Pl. V, Fig.
84) . Vegetative cells 9-12,u in diameter, quadrate or shorter than
long, blue-green to brown ; heterocysts 12-14,u in diameter, single or
2-3 seriate, spherical to cylindrical ; trichomes. somewhat constricted
at cross walls ; filaments 10-15,u in diameter, with sheath colorless
at first, later brown.
Haunck.
2. Tolypot lwix t emds Kuetzing (Pl. V, Fig. 83) . Vegetative
cells 5-8.u in diameter, blue-green to olive green ; heterocysts 7-10 x
7-llp., 1 to 5 in a series, often colorless ; filaments 8-lO.u in diameter,
forming a cespitose, floccose layer, sessile or later free-floating ;
sheaths colorless or yellowish.
East Harbor.
This species is scarcely distinguishable from T. lanuta ( Des­
Yaux) Wartmann.
·
Family RIVULARIACEAE
Gloeotrichia J. Agardh 1842
Filaments colonial, free-floating or sessile, · spherical to irreg­
ular (especially when older) , gelatinous to leathery ; trichomes
27
strongly attenuated from base ; sheath evident only near base of
trichome, becoming confluent toward apex ; filaments radiating
from center, falsely branched ; heterocysts spherical to hemispheri­
cal, solitary, at the base of trichomes ; akinetes cylindrical, solitary,
adjacent to heterocysts.
Multiplication by formation of hormogones and akinetes.
1. Gloeot1·ichia echinulata (J. E. Smith) P. Richter ( Pl. V,
;Fig. 8·6 ) . Vegetative cells at base of trichome 8-101, in diameter,
at apex 1-21-' in diameter, homogeneous or more often with pseudo­
vacuoles ; heterocysts 7-101-' in diameter, spherical ; akinetes 8-10 x
40-541-' ; colonies always free-floating, spherical.
Squaw, Fisher.
2. Gloeot1·ichia natans ( Hedwig) Rabenhorst ( Pl. V, Fig. 8 7 ) .
Vegetative cells (at base of trichome) 7-91-' in diameter ; heterocysts
6-121-' in diameter, spherical ; akinetes 10-18 x 40-2501-' ; colonies
hard, at first sessile, later free-floating, spherical or nearly so, hol­
low, composed of loosely associated filaments ; sheaths up to. 401-' in
diameter, often folded and wrinkled, colorless or brown.
Squaw, Fisher.
3 . Gloeotrichia pisum (Agardh) Thuret ( Pl. V, Fig. 85) . Vege­
tative cells (at base of trichomes) 4-71-' in diameter, somewhat
quadrate ; heterocysts 11-151-', spherical ; akinetes 9-15 x 60-4001-',
cylindrical ; colonies hard, spherical, blackish green, free-floating
or sessile.
Haunck.
CHRYSOPHYCEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
p. 30
1. Cells with a campanulate, basally pointed envelope .... .. Dinobryon,
1 . Cells not as above. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2. Cells solitary . . . ........... . . . . . . .. • . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Cells in colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
5
1
3. Cells with spines or setae ... .............: . .. . . . .. . ... . . . ; . . ... . . . .
3. Cells with neither spines nor setae ....... ....... ...... Ochromonas, p.29
.
.
4. Cells irregularly spherical, periplast undifferentiated .. Rhizochrysis, p. 31
4. Cells ovoid to ellipsoid, with silicified scales .. ........ Mallomonas, p. 29
5. Cells always in definite colonies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Cells sometimes in irregular colonies. ..... ............ Rhizochrysis, p. 31
6. Colony flat, discoid ......... . .... ..... ............. Cyclonexis,
p. 31
6. Colony spherical to ovoid to broadly ellipsoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Cells with two flagella of equal length . . .. .. ... ..... , .. Synura,
p. 29
7. Cells with two flagella of unequal length ... ............ Uroglenopsis, p. 30
28
f
r
'
Class CHRYSOPHYCEAE
Order CHRYSOMONAD,ALES
Family MALLOMONADACEAE
Mallomonas Perty 1852
Cells solitary, motile with 1 flagellum, ovoid to ellipsoid or
variously shaped ; periplast with numerous small circular or angular
silicified imbricating scales ; scales regularly or · irregularly ar­
ranged, bearing siliceous spines occasionally toothed ; chromato­
phores golden-brown, 2, Jateral and parietal, with contractile vacu­
oles ; nucleus ellipsoid, often large and distinct.
Longitudinal division of the cells, the amoeboid products giving
rise to palmelloid stages ; cysts.
1. Mallomona.s alpina Pascher & Ruttner (Pl. XIV, Fig. 337) .
Cells 8-12 x 25-450, ellipsoid, with spines confined to the ante­
rior end.
Squaw, Terwilliger's.
2. Mallomonas caudata Iwanoff (Pl. XIV, Fig. 336 ) . Cells 1530 x 50-800, obovoid, entire surface covered with smooth or distally
toothed spines.
Terwilliger's, open lake, Pelee.
Family SYNURACEAE
Synura Ehrenberg 1838
Colonies more or less globose and compact, composed of broadly
pyriform biciliate cells ; periplast with siliceous scales and short
small spines or reticulations ; chromatophores 2, lateral and parietal,
without eyespot.
Longitudinal division of cells and liberation of contents as
amoeboid cells or as zoospores ; cysts.
1. Synura uvella Ehrenberg ( Pl. XIII, Fig. 329 ) . Cells 8-17 x
20-351', with fine spines.
Squaw, Haunc){, Fisher, Smith.
Family
OCHROMONADACEAE
Ochromonas Wyssotzki
Cells solitary, sometimes in temporary colonies, metabolic ;
spherical, ellipsoid, ovoid, or heart-shaped ; free-swimming with 2
flagella of unequal length situated at the anterior end of the cell, or
sessile ; chloroplasts 1-2, golden-yellow to yellow-brown ; contractile
vacuoles 1-2 ; eyespot present or not.
29
--�·�-�-
Longitudinal division (often while moving) , palmella stages,
and cysts.
1. Ochromonas mutabilis Klebs (Pl. XIII, Fig. 323 ) . Cells 8-22
x 15-301', spherical to ellipsoid, strongly metabolic (especially at the
basal end) , with 2 trough-shaped chloroplasts at the sides of the
cell ; 2 contractile vacuoles and a dot-like eyespot.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
Dinobryon Ehrenberg 1835
·1
I
Cells free-floating, sessile or epiphytic, solitary or in colonies,
inclosed in conical, campanulate or cylindrical, smooth or undulate
cellulose receptacles (loricae) with pointed bases and open at the
top ; colonies arbuscular· ; protoplast spindle-shaped, conical or
ovoid, attached to the base or side of the receptacle ; two cilia of
unequal length ; cells with 1-2, elongate, parietal, golden-brown
chromatophores, several contractile vacuoles, and 1 apical eyespot.
Longitudinal division of cell contents, the daughter cells mi­
grating to the mouths of the receptacle or becoming free.
1. Dinob1;yon divergens Imhof (Pl. XIII, Fig. 325 ) . Recep­
tacles 7-8 x 35-501', colonial with divergent branching, with conical
base and slightly flaring mouth, sometimes with undulate sides.
Open lake, Squaw, quarry pools on Kelleys.
2. Dinobryon setularia Ehrenberg (Pl. XIII, Fig. 326) . Re­
ceptacles 10-14 x 30-441', in densely branched colonies, cylindric­
campanulate, with convex bases tapering to sharp points.
Open lake, Squaw, Haunck.
3. Dinob1·yon stipitatum Stein (Pl. XIII, Fig. 324) . Receptacles
6-8 x 56-961', elongate-conical, stipes with nearly parallel sides ; in
narrow, fairly dense, free-floating colonies.
Open lake, Smith.
4. Dinobryon bavaricum Imhof (Pl. XIII, Fig. 331 ) . Recep­
tacles 6.5-8 x 45-1001', elongate-conical, in compact colonies ; base of
receptacle long and with sides almost parallel, remainder of recep­
tacle with undulate sides.
Haunck.
Uroglenopsis Lemmermann 1899
Colonies free-swimming, cells at the periphery of a hyaline,
homogeneous, gelatinous, spherical or ovoid envelope ; cells spheri­
cal to narrowly ellipsoid, with 2 cilia of unequal length, 2 vacuoles,
and usually radially arranged ; chromatophores 1-2, laminate to
disciform, parietal, golden-brown, with or without eyespot.
Vegetative cell division ; ( ?) cysts.
30
1. U1·oglenopsis a1ne1·icana ( Calkins) Lemmermann (Pl. XIII,
Fig. 327 ) . Cells 3-7 x 5-10ft, ellipsoid with one chromatophore and
one eyespot.
Gibraltar, Squaw.
Cyclonexis Stokes 1886
Cells laterally united into flat, discoid colonies with an open
space .at the center ; cells obovoid with broadiy rounded anterior
ends, with two flagella of unequal length ; chromatophores 2, later­
ally placed, with 2 contractile vacuoles ; 10c20 cells in a colony.
Method of reproduction not known.
1. Cyclonexis annula1·is Stokes (Pl. XIII, Fig. 333) . Cells
10-151" long ; colony 25-35p. in diameter.
Hatchery.
This alga is for the first time recorded in this country since
its discovery in 1886 by Stokes. The colonies were quite abundant
on July 1 ( 1933) , but were not seen thereafter. Collected by Clarence E. Taft.
'
'
Order RHIZOCHRYSIDALES
Family RHIZOCHRYSIDACEAE
Rhizochrysis Pascher 1913
Cells free-floating, solitary or in colonies with or without
sheath, with undifferentiated periplast but with delicate pseudo­
podia! processes ; one or two golden-brown chromatophores, and
one to numerous vacuoles or none.
Vegetative cell division in the amoeboid state ; cysts.
1. Rhizochr ysis l imnetica G. M. Smith (Pl. XIII, Fig. 328 ) .
Cells (without processes) 35-45p. in diameter, approximately spheri­
cal, with 1 chromatophore.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck.
2. Rhizochrysis sche1·jfelii P ascher ( Pl. XIII, Fig. 332) . Cells
(without rhizopodia) 10-l5p. in diameter, irregular in shape, soli­
tary or in small colonies, with 1-2 chromatophores.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
HETEROPHYCEAE
KEY
TO
THE GENERA
1. Cells solitary, sometimes gregarious
. , .. .. . 2
1. Cells in colonies
.. . . 8
. . ... . ... . . . .. .. . . Tribonema,
1. Cells in filaments
p. 35
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2. Cells elongate, length several times breadth. ...................... 3
2. Cells cylindric-ellipsoid, spine at each end .... ...... Centritractus, p.35
2. Cells ellipsoid, spherical, ovoid, or pyriform .................... . . . . -1
.
31
3. Cells cylindrical, apices rounded ... ... ... ...... � ...... Ophiocytium, p. 34
3. Cells not cylindrical ............. . ........ .... . . ... Characiopsis, p. 3·1
4. Cells stipitate .... . .. . . . . .................. . . .. . ...... . . .. . ..... 5
4. Cells not stipitate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '7
5. Protoplast surrounded by a campanulate loriea . .. .. . . . Stipitococcus, p.32
5. Protoplast not surrounded by a l01·ica.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Cells with numerous chromatophores when mature . . Characiopsis,
6. Cells usually with 1-2 chromatophores.. ..... .. .. .. Peroniella,
p. 34
p. 34
7. Cell with spine at each extremity. ....... ... .. . . . . .. . Centritractus, p. 35
7. Cell without spines ... .......... . . , .... .... . .. .. . . . Chlorobotrys, p. 33
8. Cells elongate .. . . . . .. ... .. .. . . . . . . ... ... . .. .... . Ophiocytium, p.34
8. Cells spherical .to ovoid. ..... . .. .. ...... ...... ......... . ..... . ..... !l
9. Colonial envelope delicate, not colored... ........ .. . .. Chlorobotrys, p. 33
9. Colonial envelope tough, often colored.. .... .. .... . .. . Botryococcus, p. 33
It is felt that the endings of class names among the algae ,should be coll­
sistent. The name Heteropltyceae is therefore proposed to replace the rather
awkward Hete,·okontae. The latter name was originally applied when this
group was considered a division of the Chlorophyceae, on a par with Isokontae,
Akontae, and Stephanolwntae. Perhaps Xanthophyceae, proposed by Allorge
( Rev. Algol. 5 (2 ) : 230, 1930 ) , is just as desirable, but Hetc,.ophyceae at lea't
preserves a part of the original name.
Class HETEROPHYCEAE
Order RHIZOCHLORIDALES
Family STIPITOCOCCACEAE
Stipitococcus W. & G. S. West 1898
Cells epiphytic, enclosed in an envelope (lorica) basally at­
tached to other algae by an elongate stipe ; l01·ica with a rounded
base and expanded apex ; chloroplast single, parietal, somewhat cup­
shaped to irregular in form.
Formation of uniciliate zoospores.
1. Stipitococcus u1·ceolatus W. & G. S. West ( Pl. XIV, Fig.
354) . Cells 3-4 x 6-111-', with irregularly expanded apex ; epiphytic
on Mougeotia.
Squaw.
2. Stipitococcus vasiformis nov. sp. (Pl. XIV, Fig. 355 ) . Cells
4.5-7 x 8-131-' ; vase-like lorica with regular, flaring mouth ; epiphytic
on Mougeotia.
Old canal, northeast point of Pelee.
The latter species is near S. urceolatus, but differs in its larger
size, its wider stipe, and its regularly flaring mouth.
'
32
Order HETEROCOCCALES
Family BOTRYOCOCCACEAE
Botryococcus Kuetzing 1849
2
1
1
Colonies free-floating, indefinite in shape, with cells closely
a.ppressed and inclosed in a gelatinous or tough membrane ; cells
usually in several aggregates connected by broad or delicate strands
of the colonial membrane ; cells spherical, ovoid or cuneate ; chro­
matophore single, parietal, laminate to disciform; yellowish-green
to nearly green, without pyrenoid.
Vegetative division of the cells ; autospores.
1. Botryoco ccus braunii Kuetzing ( Pl. XIV, Figs. 348-349) .
Cells 3.5-5.5 x 6-lltt, ovoid or ellipsoid, forming a single layer
around a central cavity, held together by an irregular, tough mem­
brane ; sometimes brick red in color, due to a reddish oil.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Kelleys quarry pools, Smith, Haunck.
2. Bo t?'yo co ccus sucleti cus Lemmermann (Pl. XIV, Fig. 350) .
Cells 6-131" in diameter, spherical or subspherical, 16-32 cells (or
more) in a group and arranged around a common center, groups
in hyaline gelatinous envelopes.
Squaw, Hatchery.
B. sudeti c1ts is apparently not a member of the Heterophyceae,
but its proper assignment is at present uncertain.
3. Botryococcus p1·ot1tberans W. & G. S. West var. minoT G. M.
Smith (Pl. XIV, Fig. 351 ) . Cells 5-6.5 x 8-9.5tt, ovoid to cuneate­
ovoid, with bases embedded in a tough gelatinous membrane, ar­
ranged in a single layer around a common center ; colonies of 4-16
cells or more ; chromatophore single, yellowish-green, laminate,
medially located.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
·
Chlorobotrys Bohlin 1901
Cells generally in colonies of 2-16-32 in a copious, homogeneous,
hyaline envelope, or rarely solitary ; cells spherical to broadly ovoid
with a heavy wall sometimes impregnated with silica ; red pigment
spot sometimes evident.
Cell division in three directions ; autospores ; cysts.
1. ChloTobotrys U mneti cus G. M. Smith (Pl. XIV, Fig. 347 ) .
Cells 5-6 x 6-91", ovoid, irregularly distributed in a 4-30 celled col­
ony ; chromatophores 3-4, pale yellowish-green, disciform, parietal,
without pyrenoids.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
Pascher ( 1932) questions the assignment of this species to
Chlorobotrys.
33
Family CHLOROTHECIACEAE
Peroniella Gobi 1887
Cells epiphytic upon other algae, solitary or gregarious, glo­
bular to ovoid (sometimes pyriform when young) , with a delicate
hyaline basal stipe ; chromatophores i-2, pale yellowish-green,
without pyrenoids.
Uniciliate zoospores.
1. Pe1·oniella planctonica G. M. Smith (Pl. XIV, Fig. 356 ) .
Cells ( without stipe) 6-101-' long ; stipe 1.2 x 8-101-' ; on Oedogonium.
Quarry pod! on Kelleys.
Characiopsis Borzi 1895
Cells sessile, solitary or gregarious, variously shaped, with
rounded or pointed apex, with basal stalk discoid in region of at­
tachment ; cell wall of 2 overlapping halves ; chromatophores usually
numerous ; uninucleate when young, multinucleate when mature.
Formation of 8-16 (more rarely 32-64) zoospores ; aplano­
spores ; ( ?) gametes.
1. ChaTaciopsis cylindT ica (Lambert) Lemmermann (Pl. XIV,
Fig. 353) . Cells 8-20 x 20-4301-', cylindrical with rounded apex,
slightly tapering base, and no basal disc ; chloroplasts 1-16, without
pyrenoids.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Hatchery, Haunck, .Wehrle, Smith. On
Polya1 ·th1·a tTigla Ehrenberg.
Family
OPHIOCYTIACEAE
Ophiocytium Naegeli 1849
Cells epiphytic or free-floating, solitary or colonial, straight,
curved or spiral cylinders with round or capitate extremities that
may or may not be apiculate or attenuate ; chromatophores pale
yellowish-green, H-shaped in optical cross section, without pyre­
noids ; coenocytic cells with a homogeneous cap at one end and with
the remainder of the wall laminate.
Formation of aplanospores and zoospores with 2 cilia of un­
equal length.
1. Ophiocytium aTbusculum (A. Braun) Rabenhorst (Pl. XIV,
Fig. 346 ) . Cells 3-7f' in diameter, straight or curved, forming um­
bellate colonies ; lowest cell (without stipe) up to 150ft long ; on
filamentous algae.
Haunck.
34
"
[o­
:te
)
0
r:t.
2. Ophiocytium ca1Jitatum Wolle (Pl. XIV, Fig. 342) . Cells
5-10 x (up to) 85,a, solitary, with polar spines 5-7,a long.
Smith.
a . Var. longispinum (Moebius) Lemmermann (Pl. XIV,
Fig. 343) . Cells 4.5-6,a bl·oad, with polar spines 16-50,a long.
Smith.
3. Ophiocytium cochlea1·e (Eichwald) A. Braun (Pl. XIV, Fig.
345) . Cells 5-S,a broad, with spine at one end only._
Smith.
4. Ophiocytiun� parvulum (Perty) A. Braun (PL XIV, Fig.
3H) . Cells 3-91• broad, without polar spines.
Open lake.
Centritractus Lemmermann 1900
-
.
Cells solitary, cylindric-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, with each conical
extremity prolonged into a pointed spine ; cell wall thick, composed
of two overlapping pieces ; chloroplasts 2 or more, parietal.
Multiplication by transverse division.
1. Centritmctus belanophorus Lemmermann ( Pl. XIV, Fig.
352) . Cells 5-9 x Sc16,a, spines 20-50,a long ; wall of cell of two nearly
equal pieces when mature.
Smith.
This alga is very evidently close to Ophiocytium.
Order HETEROTRICHALES
Family TRIBONEMACEAE
Tribonema Derbes and Solier 1,856
Unbranched filaments composed of cylindrical to barrel-shaped
cells ; cell wall frequently laminate and breaking into H-pieces upon
fragmentation of the filament ; chromatophores 2 to several, yellow­
ish-green, disciform, parietal.
Formation of aplanospores and of zoospores and isogamous
gametes with cilia of unequal length ; akinetes.
1. Tr ibonema bombycinun� (Agardh) Derbes & Solier (Pl.
XIV, Fig. 341) . Cells cylindrical or somewhat inflated, 6-ll,a in
diameter, with numerous chloroplasts.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith, drainage ditch on Pelee.
a. Var. tenue ( Hazen) nov. comb. (Pl. XIV, Fig. 340) .
Cells 3-6,a in diameter ; otherwise as in the type.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith.
Although this variety is almost always associated with the
type, it is rather �·are that the two merge sufficiently in char-
-- ---- ----
35
-
-- - - - -
- - ·
- --
--
- - ---- ---------- - -------�
.-
.
,,
acter to be indistinguishable. It is, therefore, felt that it should
have varietal rank.
2. Tribon e1na minus (Wille) Hazen (Pl. XIV, Fig. 339) . Cells
cylindrical or slightly inflated, 5-6,u in diameter, · with 2-4 chloro­
plasts.
Terwilliger's.
3. T1·ibonema utriculosum (Kuetzing) Hazen ( Pl. XIV, Fig.
338) . Cells usually barrel-shaped, sometimes cylindrical, 1 1-17 ,u in
diameter, chloroplasts large and numerous.
Haunck, Wehrle, drainage ditch on Pelee.
CHLOROPHYCEAE
KEY TO THE GENERA
Cells solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Cells in colonies or aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Cells with flagella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Cells without flagella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
3. Cells compressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Cells not compressed .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
1.
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5.
5.
7.
7.
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2
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•
•
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•
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* See also · the genus Stylosphaeridium. p. 46.
����
5
4. Envelope rough, with halves distinct .......... Phacotus,
p.40
4. Envelope smooth, with halves not distinct ..... Pteromonas,
p. 40
Cells with two flagella
; .
6
Cells with four flagella .......................... Carteria,
p. 39
6. Cell wall thick, traversed by protoplasmic
strands .................................. Sphaerella,
p. 44
6. Cell wall thin, not traversed by protoplasmic.
strands .................................. Chlamydomonas, p. 39
Cells epiphytic* or epizootic ..................... Characium,
p.48
Cells free-floating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
8. Cells spherical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .
9
8. Cells ovoid, ellipsoid, or citriform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Cells reniform
.. .
.
N ephrocytium,
p. 58
8. Cells angular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Cells fusiform to acicular, or setiferous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cell wall with 3-8 spines or appendages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Cell wall with many spines or setae .
.
11
Cell wall with warts, ridges, or reticul,ations ...... Trochiscia,
p. 54
Cell wall smooth
. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JA
10. Spines tapering to a fine point ............... Treubaria,
p. 65
10. Spines with blunt, sometimes bifurcate apices .. Pachycladon,
p. 6 1
Spines short, not over 7p. long ................... Trochiscia,
p. 54
.
Spines or setae longer than 7 p..
12
12. Spines coarse, 2-3p. thick at base .............. Echinosphaerella, p. 55
. . . . . . . . 13
12. Spines or setae delicate, not 1p. thick at base.
. .
Setae or spines gradually attenuate ............... Golenkinia,
p. 4 7
Setae or spines basally thickened ................. Acanthosphaera, p. 47
.
9.
9.
9.
7
4
•
.
•
•
.
ld
14. Chloroplast single, cup-shaped, sometimes diffuse
14. Chloroplasts several, polygonal and flattened . . . Planktosphaeria,
14. Chloroplasts numerous, bluntly pointed . . . . . . . . Eremosphaera,
.
Is
)-
15. Cells with gelatinous sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 o. Cells without gelatinous sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 .. Cells with spines or setae
. 16. Cells with neither spines nor setae . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Setae tapering, largely polar and equatorial . . . . . .
1 7. Setae not tapering, covering entire wall . . . . . . . . . . .
.
•
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1
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p. 55
p. 4 4
Gloeocystis,
p. 53
Chiarella,
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15
p. 61
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17
Oocystis,
p . 59
Lagerheimia,
p. 57
Franceia,
p. 55
p. 62
1 8. Angles of cells with shoi·t spines or setae . . . . . . Tetraedron,
18. Angles of cells with long spines or setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
p. 62
18. Angles of cells without spines or setae . . . . . . . . Tettaedron,
1 9. Spines at angles .of cells stout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treubaria,
19. Spines or setae at angles of cells delicate . . . . . . . . . Polyedriopsis,
p. 65
p. 62
p. 61
20. Ends of cells produced into setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schroederia,
20. Ends of cells gradually tapering to a point.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Desmatractum,
p. 4 8
2 1 . Cells longitudinally striated when mature . . . . . . . . .
2 1 . Cells not longitudinally striated when mature . . . . .
22. Cells with one or no pyrenoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. Cells with a row of pyrenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. Cells with flagella or pseudo cilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n. Cells with neither flagella nor pseudocilia . . . . . . . .
24. Cells grouped in twos or fours within an
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
p. 53
Ankistrodesmus,
p. 53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Closteriopsis,
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 32
p. 45
envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetraspora,
24. Cells uniformly distributed within an envelope . .
.
25
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
25. Colony symmetric in shape .
25. Colony asymmetric in shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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26. Cells mutually compressed or close together . . . . Pandorina,
p. 4 1
2 6 . Cells not mutually compressed, remote from each other . . . . . . . . . . 27
.
27. Cells in a fiat, plate-like colony . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. Cells in a spherical or ovoid colony . . . . . . . . .
28. Colony many celled (200-2000)
, . . . . .
28. Colony fewer celled ( 16-256)
29. Vegetative cells of same size in the colony .
.
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p. 40
. . . . . . . Gonium,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
·
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p. 43
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29
p. 41
. . . . . . . Eudorina,
p. 42
29. Vegetative cells of two different sizes in colony . . . . Pleodorina,
30. Colony pear shaped, attached to filamentous
p. 45
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apiocystis,
30. Colony with posterior projections .
.
31. Colony fiat, sometimes twisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:! I . Colony spherical to subspherical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. Cells with spines or setae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. Cells with neither spines nor setae .
3:!. Cells pyramidately arranged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
p. 41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3·1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
.
.
33. Cells not pyramidately arranged
.
·p. 43
. . Platydorina,
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34. Cell never with more than one spine . . . . . . . . . . Erre1·ella,
34. Cells usually with more than one spine . . . . . . . . Micractinium,
35 . Cells spherical or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. Cells ovoid, reniform, elongate, or angular . . . . . . .
36. Cells in a curved or fiat plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36. Cells in a globose colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37. Cells quadrately arranged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:li. Cells not quadrately ar.ranged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
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.
p. 72
p. 72
Micractinium,
p. 72
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sorastrum
p. 5 1
Tetrastrum,
p. 71
......... .........
38
37
----·· · · · ·�--
38. Cells in concentric rings :forming round or oval
discs .
.
.
.
.
. Pediastrum,
p. 49
. .
.. ...
.
.
. , . . . . 39
38. Cells not in concentric rings . . .
p. 55
Entire wall covered with delicate setae ........... Franceia,
Entire wall covered with minute spines. .. . .. . . . .. Scenedesmus,
p. 66
p. 66
Only ends and margins o:f cells with spines . .. . .. . . Scenedesmus,
40. Cells 1 to 3 times as long as broad .
.
·.u
40. Cells 4 to 50 times as long as broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Cells acicular or fusiform
.
.
. . . . 42
Cells not acicular or :fusiform .
. . . . . .. . . . . . 45
42. Cells inclosed in a gelatinous envelope
· . . . . . ' . . . . ·13
42. Cells not inclosed in a gelatinous envelope ..... Scenedesmus,
p. 66
Cells radiating toward outside of colony ........... Gloeoactinium,
p.61
Cells not radiating toward outside of colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
44. Cells straight, usually in groups of two ........ Elaktothrix,
p. 46
44. Cells curved, irregularly distributed ........... Kirchneriel!a,
p. 56
dells :forming a flat colony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
. .
Cells not forming a flat colony ..
. . . 47
46. Cells quadrately arranged* ..., ............. . Crucigenia,
p. 69
46. Cells not quadrately arranged ................ Pediastrum,
p.49
Cells :forming a hollow sphere ................... Coelastrum,.
p. 52
Cells not forming a hollow sphere
48
48. Cells curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -19
. .
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
48. Cells not curved
Cells connected by remains of old mother cell wall
..
50
Cells not so connected ........................... Nephrocytium;
p. 58
50. Cells of a colony all alike in shape ............ Dictyosphaerium, p. 54
50. Cells of a colony of two different shapes ....... Dimorphococcus, p. 55
Cells inclosed by a colonial envelope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Cells inclosed by old mother cell wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Cells not so enclosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 G
52. Cells connected by remains of old mother cell
Dictyosphaerium, p. 54
wall
52. Cells not so connected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chloroplast star-shaped ......................... Asterococcus,
p.44
Chloroplast polygonal .......................... Planktosphaeria, p. 61
.
.. .
.
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chloroplast cup-shaped
54, Colonial envelope lamellated ................. Gloeocystis,
p.44
54. Colonial envelope homogeneous .............. Sphaerocystis,
p. 45
Cells separated by dark-colored masses ............ Gloeotaenium,
p. 58
Cells not so separated ........................... Oocystis,
p. 59
56. Cells usually in fours, in one plane ........... We stella,
p. 65
56. Cells indefinitely disposed, not in one plane .... Dictyosphaerium, p.54
Colonial envelope present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Colonial envelope absent
.
.
58. Cells curved .... .. .. . . .. .... ..... .... .. .... Kirchneriel!a,
p. 56
58. Cells not curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Cell with one end rounded, the other acute a:fter
division . ..... .. .. . . .. ... ... .. .. .. . .. .... . Elaktothrix,
p. 46
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45.
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59.
*
Four-celled colonies of
Tetrastrum gZabrum.
Pediastrum tetras
and P.
38
sinL7Jlem
may be sought here, as- well
as
W. Cell not with one end rounded after division . . . . . . . Quadrigula,
60. Cells radiating from a common center . . . . . . . . .
GO. Cells not radiating from a common center . . . . .
Gl. Colony a flat or curved plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gl. Colony a definite, closed net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gl. Colony neither plate-like nor net-like . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62: Cells fusiform and acicular (l·arely lunate) . . . .
62. Cells relatively broader (markedly lunate) . . . .
Actinastrum,
................
Scenedesmus,
Hydrodictyon,
................
Ankistrodesmus,
Selenastrum,
p. GO
p. 7 1
. . 61
p. G6
p. 51
. . 62
p . 53
p . GO
Class CHLOROPHYCEAE
Order VOLVOCALES
Family CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE
Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg 1833
Vegetative cells unicellular, actively motile, ovoid, spherical,
fusiform oi· ellipsoid, anterior end sometimes beaked between the 2
cqual-lengthed cilia ; uninucleate, with contractile vacuoles, with or
without eyespot and pyrenoid, with cup-shaped chloroplast.
Longitudinal cell division ; zoospores, ap!anospores, akinetes ;
isogametes, s:rhooth- or rough-walled zygotes.
1. Chlamydomonas globosa Snow (Pl. VI, Fig. 96) . Cells 5-101-'
in diameter, spherical or sube!lipsoid, without anterior beak ; chloro­
plast cup-shaped, with 1 pyrenoid and eyespot ; 1 contractile vacuole
at the base of the cilia ; palmella stages frequent and usually with
4-8 cells.
Starve Island pools.
2. Chlamydomonas snowii Printz (Pl. VI, Fig. 97) . Cell 6.5-8
x 10-15v, ovoid to ellipsoid, with inconspicuous anterior beak ; chlo­
roplast cup-shaped with 1 pyrenoid ; eyespot difficultly visible.
Terwilliger's.
Carteria Diesing 1866
Vegetative cells unicellular, actively motile by 4 cilia at the
anterior end, spherical, ellipsoid or cordiform ; zoospores and ga- .
metes with 4 cilia ; otherwise as in Chlamydomonas.
1. CaTteTia klebsii (Dangeard) Dill (Pl. VI, Fig. 99) . Cells
5-10 x 8-16v, ellipsoid to nearly cylindrical, with fairly prominent
beak ; chloroplast cup-shaped, with 1 large pyrenoid, with 2 con­
tractile vacuoles, and without eyespot.
Smith.
2. Carteria dissecta nov. sp. (Pl. XV, Fig. 361) . Cells 13-201-' in
diameter and 12-14v thick, comp�·essed-globose, with apical depres­
sion ; chloroplast anteriorly dissected into numerous parallel, elon­
gate lobes (or rarely massive and.occupying nearly the whole cell) ,
39
'
:l
.,•
with a single large pyrenoid centrally to posteriorly located ; cells
with 2 contractile vacuoles and without eyespot.
Forming a distinct "wave" in Terwilliger's Pond July 4-7, 1933.
This species differs from C. cordijor1nis ( Carter) Dill in its
dissected chloroplasts ; from C. palli da Korschikoff in cell shape ;
and from C. viridest1·iata Pascher in the absence of anterior pa­
pillae.
'
I
l
I
!
i
Family
PHACOTACEAE
Pteromonas Seligo 1887
Cells unicellular, variously shaped, biciliate, flattened, broadly
· winged in vertical view, roughly circular or ovoid or rectangular in
front view ; envelope smooth, composed of 2, halves with thickened
rims ; protoplast pyriform with 2 contractile vacuoles, chloroplast
cup-shaped, with 1-6 pyrenoids.
Longitudinal division into 2-4 daughter cells ; biciliate gainetes ;
smooth-walled zygospores.
1. P teromonas angulosa (Carter) Lemmermann ( Pl. XV, Fig.
360) . Cells 9-20 x 13-17,u, protoplast with 1 large pyrenoid ; enve­
lope subcircular in front view.
East Harbor.
Phacotus Perty 1852
Cells unicellular, biciliate, flattened, round or oval in front view
and biconvex in edge view ; envelope thick, calcified, rough, com­
posed of 2 valves with thickened rims ; protoplast ovoid.
Multiplication by longitudinal division of protoplast into 2-8
zoospores.
1. P hacotus lenticularis (Ehrenberg) Stein (PI. VI, Fig. 98) .
Cells 13-20 x 13-20,u, lenticular.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Smith, East Harbor.
Family VOLVOCAOEAE
Gonium Mueller 1773
Colonies flat, quadra.ngular, motile with 4-16 cells in a common
gelatinous matrix or connected by gelatinous strands ; cells ovoid
to pear-shaped, with two cilia of equal length, with contractile
vacuoles and eyespot ; chloroplast single, cup-shaped, with 1 py­
renoid.
Formation of autocolonies, akinetes, zoospores, and isogamous
gametes .
40
-----
-
-
·--·-··- ------
'
1. Gonium for rnosum Pascher (Pl. VI, Fig. 89) . Cells 7-11 x
10-251,, pyriform ; colonies of 4-8-16 (usually 16) cells.
Gibraltar, Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Fisher, Pelee quarry
pool.
2. Gonium pectoml e Mueller (Pl. XV, Fig. 357) . Cells 5-14 x
5-161,, ovoid; colonies 16-celled (sometimes 4- or 8-celled) , 70-1000
in diameter..
Terwilliger's ; rock pool on Chick Island.
For a number of years all 16-celled specimens of Gonium have
been referred to G. p ectoral e. Pascher ( 1927) and later Smith
( 1930) have shown that G. p ectorale has typically ovoid cells and
that the colonies with pear-shaped cells belong to G. [o1·mosum. The
two forms are quite distinct, but have not been observed growing
together in this region.
Pandorina Bory 1824
Colonies spherical, subspherical or nearly oblong, motile, with
4-8-16-32 cells mutually compressed in the periphery of colony, in­
. closed by a rather copious, hyaline envelope ; envelope with or with­
out protuberance ; cells pyriform to angular, biciliate ; chloroplast
single, cup-shaped, with 1 pyrenoid, 1 eyespot, and 2 contractile
vacuoles.
Formation of autocolonies, zoospores, gametes, and smooth­
walled zygospores.
1. Pando1·ina 11W?'U?n Bory (Pl. VI, Figs. 93-94) . Cells 8-16,_..
in diameter ; colonies 20-45 x 20-500, usually with 1 6 cells.
Generally distributed.
2. Pandorina protuberans nov. sp. (Pl. XV, Fig. 358) . Cells
10-16,_.. in diameter ; colonies 30-50 x 30-55p., with regular, mound­
like protuberances over the surface.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Smith.
It may be that the latter species is but a variation of P . monmL.
The fact that the two were found growing together and clearly
distinct one from the other, however, seems to warrant a new spe­
cies. It has been difficult for algologists to explain the peculiar
posterior elongations in Platydorina caudata. The presence of mam­
milate projections, however, in the posterior pole of species of
Eudorina like E. un icocca, and now the mound-like protuberances
of Pandorina protub erans would seem to indicate that this tendency
is not confined to Platydorina.
Eudorina Ehrenberg 1832
Colonies spherical, obovoid or ellipsoid, motile, with 16-32-64
cells at some distance from each other and near the periphery of
41
.
--------
-------
I
J1
I
t;
·
<'
I
the hyaline, gelatinous envelope ; envelope symmetric or with posterior proj ections ; cells spherical, with 1-2 anterior contractile vacuoles, with 1 eyespot ; chloroplast single, cup-shaped, one to several
pyrenoids.
Formation of autocolonies, zoosJ?ores, gametes, and smooth­
walled zygotes.
1. Eudo1·ina e legans Ehrenberg (Pl. VI, Fig. 88 ) . Cells 12-24ft
in diameter ; colonies 50-200ft in diameter, usually 32-celled.
Generally distrib)lted.
2. EudoTina unicocca G. M. Smith (Pl. XV, Fig. 359 ) . Cells
6-18ft in diameter ; colonies 50-100 x 60-100ft, ellipsoid or ovoid­
ellipsoid, mammilate at the posterior pole ; cell with 1 pyrenoid.
Terwilliger's. Previous record for the United States is Cali­
fornia.
Pleodorina Shaw 1894
Colonies spherical to subspherical, motile, with 32-128 cells at
some distance from one another near the periphery of a hyaline,
gelatinous envelope ; cells spherical to ovoid, differentiated into
purely vegetative and those capable of reproduction, biciliate, with
cup-shaped chloroplast, 1 pyrenoid (more in reproductive cells) ,
1 large anterior eyespot, 2 contractile vacuoles.
Formation of autocolonies, gametes, and zygotes.
1. P leodoTina califomica Shaw (Pl. VI, Fig. 91 ; Pl. XV, Fig.
362) . Vegetative cells 6-14ft, reproductive cells 6-34ft, in diameter ;
colonies 40-400ft in diameter, composed of 32-128 cells, about half
vegetative and half reproductive ; zygotes spherical, 22-33ft in diam­
eter, reddish-brown, wall smooth, finely granulate or sometimes ir­
regularly thickened.
Fisher, Wehrle.
2. Pleodm·ina illinoisensis Kofoid (Pl. VI, Fig. 90) . Vegetative
cells 9-16ft, reproductive cells 16-25ft, in diameter ; colonies 130-175
x 150-200ft, with 16-32 cells, usually 4 cells vegetative and the re­
mainder reproductive.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith.
A collection of P. ca lifornica from Fishe1•'s pond on July 11,
1933, contained fruiting material in abundance. Most colonies ap­
pear to be heterothallic, but numerous ones were noted to be defin­
itely homothallic. Some colonies, predominantly female, had one,
two, or three, sperm-producing cells ; others largely male had one
or two egg-producing cells ; other colonies with mature zygotes were
still producing both eggs and sperms (Pl. XV, Fig. 362) . The
zygotes previously reported for this species have been supposed to
be smooth-walled. For the most part this is true, but zygotes may
42
.
!
be either finely granulate or irregularly thickened. It is of further
interest to note that some colonies have only 32 cells, about evenly
divided in number between vegetative and reproductive cells.
Platydorina Kofoid 1899
Colonies flat, twisted, motile, with 16-32 cells (rarely less) in
one layer but alternately pointing in opposite directions, inclosed
in a horseshoe-shaped sheath with 3-5 posterior prolongations ; cells
oblately spheroid or angularly compressed, biciliate, with eyespot
and pyrenoid ; parietal· chloroplast with 2 contractile vacuoles.
Formation of autocolonies.
1. P laty do1·iM cau data Kofoid (Pl. VI, Fig. 92) . Cells 10-20 x
10-20,. ; 16-celled colonies 43 x 70 and 16,. thick ; 32-celled colonies
145 x 165 and 25,. thick ; characters as in the genus.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
Volvox Linnaeus " 1758
Colonies spherical to ovoid, motile, with a large number ( 20020,000) of cells peripherally arranged in a hyaline, colonial en­
velope ; cells biciliate, spheroid, ovoid or disciform, differentiated
into those potentially vegetative, asexuai or sexual ; a cup-shaped
to disc-shaped chloroplast, 1 pyrenoid, 1 eyespot, and 2-6 contractile
vacuoles ; vegetative cells with or without cytoplasmic connections.
Formatfon of autocolonies, eggs and sperms, and zygotes.
1. Volvox auTeus Ehrenberg (Pl. VI, Fig. 101) . Cells 4-9,. i n
diameter, with a spherical chloroplast, and connected by fine proto­
plasmic strands ; colonies 200-700,. in diameter, composed of 2004000 cells ; zygote 48-75,. in diameter, smooth walled.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Hatchery, Haunck, Wehrle.
2. Volvox globato1· Linnaeus (Pl. VI, Figs. 102-103 ) . Cells
2-7,. in diameter, with a single flattened chloroplast, connected by
stout protoplasmic strands, with well-defined, angular cell sheaths ;
colonies 400-800,. in diameter, composed of 1,000-20,000 cells ;
zygote 44-56,. in diameter, with verrucose wall.
Gibraltar, Squaw, Terwilliger's, Hatchery, Smith, Catawba.
3. Volvox mononae G. M. Smith (Pl. VI, Fig. 100) . Cells 5-8,.
in diameter; not connected by protoplasmic strands ; colonies 50350t" in diameter, composed of 400-2500 cells ; zygote with smooth
wall.
Haunck, Fisher.
43
, ,
Family
SPHAERELLACEAE
Sphaerella Sommerfeldt 1824
Cells solitary, ovoid, sometimes beaked between the two cilia ;
cell wall peripherally firm and internally often wide and gelatinous,
transversed by strands from the protoplast ; chloroplast more or less
reticulate, with 1 eyespot, 2-8 pyrenoids ; bright red hematochrorne
often abundant.
Vegetative division, akinetes, isogamous gametes.
1. Sphae1·el la lacustris (Girod) Wittrock (Pl. VI, Fig. 95) .
Cells 8-30/!in diameter, often brick-red in color.
Rock pools on South Bass shore ; not found in plankton proper.
Order TETRASPORALES
Family PALMELLACEAE
Asterococcus Scherffel 1908
Cells spheroid or nearly so, solitary or in colonies with a homo­
geneous or lamellated envelope ; chloroplast single, central, star­
shaped with the radiations ending in discs at the cell wall, 1
pyrenoid, contractile vacuoles, sometimes an eyespot.
Vegetative cell division and formation of zoospores.
1. Asteroc occus limneticus G. M. Smith -(Pl. VII, Figs. 1051 06 ) . Cells 7.5-351! in diameter, chloroplast with 4-1·6 radiations ;
colonies spherical to ovoid, up to 1251! in diameter, composed of 4-16
cells widely separated in a hyaline, homogeneous envelope.
Terwilliger's, Haunck.
Gloeocystis Naegeli 1849
Cells globose or ellipsoid, solitary or embedded in large or small
numbers in a 1amellated, gelatinous sheath formed from the mem­
branes of successive mother cells ; chloroplast parietal, bell-shaped,
with 1 pyrenoid.
Fragmentation of the colony and formation of zoospores and
akinetes.
1. Gloe ocystis gigas (Kuetzing) Lagerheim (Pl. VII, Fig. 110) .
Cells 9-17,.. in diameter, spherical or very broadly ellipsoid, solitary
or in families of 2-8, inclosed by distinctly lamellated sheaths ;
colonies 45-100,.. (or more) in diameter.
Squaw, Starve, drainage ditch on Pelee.
2. Gloeocystis p lanct onica (W. & G. S. West) Lemmermann
( Pl. VII, Fig. 109) . Cells 7.5-121! in diameter, spherical, embedded
44
i
r
,,
in angular, free-floating, lamellated envelopes ; colonies 120-1351), in
diameter.
Ponds on Pelee.
Sphaerocystis Chodat 1897
Colonies spherical with groups of 4-32 cells arranged toward
the periphery of a hyaline, homogeneous envelope ; cells spherical,
sometimes with individual sheaths, chloroplasts . cup-shaped 01;· en­
tirely filling the cell, with 1 pyrenoid.
Fragmentation of the colony and formation of zoospores.
1. Sphaerocyst is scMoete1·i Chodat (Pl. VII, Fig. 108) . Cells
6-221" in diameter ; colonies 50-5001" in diameter ; characters of the
genus.
All stations.
Family
TETRASPORACEAE
Tetraspora Link 1809
Colonies macroscopic or microscopic, attached or free-floating,
spherical, elongate, or variously shaped, with copious, homogeneous
envelope ; cells spherical, with 2-4 pseudocilia, grouped in fours or
rarely irregular ; chloroplast cup-shaped, parietal, rarely diffuse,
usually with 1 pyrenoid.
Zoospores, isogamous gametes, aplanospores, and akinetes.
1. Tetras1Jora lacust r is Lemmermann (Pl. VII, Fig. 104) . Cells
7-101, in diameter, with pseudocilia 45-751-' long ; colonies up to 300"',
free-floating, spherical, elongate or irregular.
Squaw, Haunck.
2. Tetmspora lubrica (Roth) Agardh. Cells 7-111-' in diameter,
in long (1-12 inches in running water) tubular envelope, usually
attached to aquatic macrophytes.
Pelee.
3. Tetraspora gelatinosa (Vaucher) Desvaux. Cells varying
in size in same colony, 3-131-' in diameter, in irregularly inflated
masses.
Squaw.
The last two species are not ordinarily found in the plankton.
Apiocystis Naegeli 1849
Colonies microscopic, commonly pear-shaped and epiphytic on
other algae, the envelope usually with a well-defined peripheral
zorie ; cells spherical, with two pseudocilia ; chloroplast parietal with
pyrenoid.
Zoospores, isogamous gametes.
45
I
r
1. Apiocystis brauniana Naegeli (Pl. VII, Figs. 107 and 107A) .
Cells 6-8"' in diameter ; colonies 12-1000"' (or more) in diameter.
East Harbor.
Not a typical plankton form.
Family
CHLORANGIACEAE
Stylosphaeridium Geitler & Gimesi 1925
Cells solitary or gregarious, epiphytic, stipitate, spherical to
pyriform ; chloroplast posteriorly placed, massive, With 1 pyrenoi d ;
nucleus 1 , anteriorly placed ; 2 contractile vacuoles ; vegetative cells
without eyespot.
Formation of 2-4-8 ellipsoid biciliate zoospores ; 1 6 biciliate
gametes ; zygote with thin wall.
1. Stylosphaeridium stipitatum (Bachman) Geitler & Gimesi
(Pl. VII, Fig. 118) . Cells 5-81-' broad, spherical to pyriform, with
delicate stipe 10-16"' long. Epiphytic on cells w ithin gelatinous
envelope of Coelosphaerium.
Squaw.
Referred by some authors to the genus Characium as C. stipi­
tatum (Bachman) Wille.
Family
COCCOMYXACEAE
Elaktothrix Wille 1898
Colonies fusiform, free-floating or epiphytic when young ; cells
fusiform, longitudinally arranged in rows within a homogeneous
envelope ; chloroplast single, parietal, occupying most of the cell,
with pyrenoids.
Transverse cell division and the formation of akinetes.
1. Elakt othrix viridis (Snow) Printz (Pl. VII, Fig. l26 ) . Cells
6"20 X 12-351-'.
Fox (Pelee) .
Order
Family
CHLOROCOCCALES
CHLOROCOCCACEAE
Chlorococcum Fries 1820
Cells spherical, or angular in masses, terrestrial or aquatic ;
chloroplast parietal, bell-shaped or spherical, with. 1 pyrenoid when
young, diffuse with several pyrenoids when older ; cells uninucleate,
later multinucleate.
Zoospores, aplanospores, isogamous gametes, Palrnella stages.
46
---
·
·- · · ·
.
1. Chlo1·oco ccum. infusionum ( Schrank) Meneghini (Pl. VII,
Fig. 125) . Cells 10-20t-t in diameter.
Gibraltar, Haunck.
In a small depression in a rock on Middle Sister Island C.
h wn icola (Naegeli) Rabenhorst was found producing zoospores in
such abundance as to color the inch or two of water green. This
subaerial alga ( G. M. Smith, 1933, p. 468, Fig. 311) was apparently
growing on the surface of the wet rock and the filling up of the
_
\
depression by recent rains initiated zoospore production. Collected
by Professor C. H. Kennedy on August 14, 1933.
Golenldnia Chodat 1894
Cells spherical, solitary or rarely in temporary colonies, with
hyaline, slightly tapering setae ; chloroplast single, parietal and cup­
shaped or entirely filling cell, with 1 pyrenoid.
Zoospores, autospores.
1. Golenlcinia, ?Mxima, Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. VII, Fig. 1 12) .
Cells ( 13-) 17-22t-t in diameter, with delicate, tapering setae, often
bent ; chloroplast apparently filling the cell, 1 large pyrenoid ; setae
35-451, long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Smith.
2. Golenlcinia, pa,u cispin a, G. S. West (Pl. VII, Fig. 111 ) . Cells
15-181, in diameter ; chloroplast single, completely filling cell, 1
pyrenoid ; setae 12-18t-t long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
3. Golenlcinia m dia,ta, Chodat (Pl. VII, Fig. 113) . Cells 7-15t-t
in diameter, chloroplast single, cup-shaped, parietal, 1 pyrenoid ;
setae 25-451, long.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
a. Var. b1·evispina, Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. VII, Fig. 114) .
Cells 8-19t-t in diameter ; setae 8-15t-t long, otherwise like the
type.
Haunck.
Acanthosphaera Lemmermann 1899
Cells solitary, spherical, with 1 cup-shaped chloroplast contain­
ing 1 pyrenoid, without gelatinous sheath, covered with many long
hyaline setae (usually 24) , thicker toward the base and abruptly
becoming finely hair-like.
Formation of zoospores.
1. Acanthospha,em za,clw1·ia,si Lemmermann (Pl. VII, Fig.
1 15) . Cells. 9-15t-t in diameter ; setae 30-35t-t long.
Terwilliger's.
47
.
·· ------··
------
-�···-
I
>t
J
I
I
I
'
, I
' '
Desmatractum W. & G. S. West 1902 ; emend. Pascher 1930
Cells solitary, free-floating, spherical to broadly ellipsoid, and
surrounded by a spindle-shaped envelope ; chloroplast single, cup­
shaped, with 1-2 pyrenoids ; envelope of two halves united at the
equator, delicately gelatinous, with longitudinal lines when mature.
Formation of 2-4 biciliate zoospores.
1. Desrnatractum induturn (Geitler) Pascher ( Pl. VII, Fig.
127) . Cells 3-5 x 5-10,u ; length of envelope 36-45,u ; envelope with
8-18 longitudinal lines. Originally described as Calyptobactron
induturn.
Haunck. Previously reported from Austria.
Family
CHARACIACEAE
Characium A. Braun 1849
Cells solitary or aggregated, epiphytic or epizootic, generally
stipitate or sometimes nearly sessile, pyriform, ovoid, subspherical,
cylindrical or fusiform ; chloroplast one or several, parietal �nd
laminate to cup-shaped, with 1 or more pyrenoids ; uninucleate or
multinucleate.
Formation of zoospores and gametes.
1. Characiurn arnbiguurn Hermann tPl. VII, Fig. 1 16 ) . Cells
4-8 x 24-32,u, straight, asymmetric, oblique or somewhat lanceolate,
with pointed somewhat bent apex ; stipe short, without basal thick­
ening ; epiphytic on other algae.
,
Haunck.
2. Characiurn curvaturn G. M. Smith ( Pl. VII, Fig. 117) . Cells
3-6 x 8-18,u (with stipe 13-22,u long) ; lunate or recurved, with acute
apex ; stipe hyaline, thick, tubular or conical ; epiphytic on various
algae, including Microcystis aeruginosa, Botryococcus braunii, and
Dictyosphaeriurn pulchellum.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
3. Characiurn falcatum Schroeder (Pl. VII, Fig. 124 ) . Cells
23-24 x 90-115,u, lanceolate, curved, With acute apex ; stipe with
broad base and thick walls ; epiphytic on conjugating Spirogyra.
Squaw.'
4. Characiurn gracilipes Lambert (Pl. VII, Figs. 119-120 ) .
Cells 5-14 x 70-480,u, straight or curved, fusiform, with attenuated
apex and filiform stipe ; on Branchipus. ·
Squaw.
5. Characium naegelii A. Braun (Pl. VII, Fig. 121) . Cells 7-18
x 20-42,u, ellipsoid, lanceolate, pyriform or ovoid, with rounded apex
48
,.
-- --·-- · - - - - -
------
r
I
'�
I
and short stipe, without basal thickening. (Placed by some al­
gologists in the genus Characiopsis.)
Haunck.
6. Characium ornithocephalum A. Braun ( Pl. VII, Fig. 123) .
Cells 12-16 x 25-33,., curved, hemispherical in central portion, asym­
metric with inner side nearly straight or convex:, terminating ab­
ruptly into a sharp apex ; stipe thin, 10-15,. long, with slight basal
thickening.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
7. Characittm sieboldii A. Braun (Pl. VII, Fig. 122) . Cells
20-33 X: 40c7o,., straight, usually pear-shaped to obovoid, with blunt
apex and thick short stipe ; on algae and various other aquatic
plants.
East Harbor.
Family
HYDRODICTYACEAE
Pediastrum Meyen 1829
Coenobia free-floating, flat, composed of a single layer of cells
( 4-8-16-32-64-128-256) , compact or perforate ; cells coenocytic, with
Rmooth or rough walls, marginal cells usually differently shaped
than those of the interior, . with processes ; chloroplasts parietal
'
discs, later filling entire cell, 1-4 pyrenoids.
Zoospores, escaping in a gelatinous envelope, isogametes, and
zygotes.
1. Pediastrum bimcliatum Meyen (Pl. VIII, Fig. 134) . Cells
10-22 x 15-30,., smooth walled, with 2 long processes, apically in­
cised, from marginal cells ; coenobia 4-64 celled, perforate, 80-150,.
long (in 32-celled colony) .
Terwilliger's, East Harbor.
2. Pediastrum bo1·yanum ( Turpin) Meneghini (Pl. VIII, Figs.
146-147) . Cells 7-30it in diameter, with smooth or granulate walls,
outer half of marginal cells with 2 short processes ending in short
spines ; coenobia 4-256 celled, usually compact.
All stations.
a. Var. longicome Raciborsld. (Pl. VIII, Fig. 148) . Cells
up to 40,. in diameter, with horns at end of processes 12-30,.
long; otherwise like the type.
Terwilliger's, East Harbor.
3. Pediast1·um integrum Naegeli (Pl. VIII, Fig. 145) . Cells
15-30"' in diameter, marginal cells sometimes with 2 scarcely notice­
able processes, but generally entire, wall smooth or punctate ;
coenobia 8-64 celled, nearly circular, without perforations.
Quarry pools (Kelleys) .
49
·---------------
---·
---
-------
" ' - -- � - ----- -----
,,
4. Pediastrum kawraiskyi Schmidle (Pl. VIII, Fig. 131) . Cells
9-221-' in diameter, with smooth walls, processes of marginal cells
short and one lying above the other ; coenobia of 16-64 cells, com­
pact.
Quarry pools (Kelleys) , Squaw.
5. Pediastrum duplex Meyen (Pl. VIII, Fig. 140) . Cells 11211-' in diameter, with smooth walls, outer half of marginal cells with
2 short processes ; coenobia 8-128 celled, with lens-shaped perfora­
tions among cells.
All stations.
a. Var. rotundatum Lucks (Pl. VIII, Fig, 143) . Processes
of marginal cells convex and capitate.
Squaw.
b. Var. gracillimum W. & G. S. West (Pl. VIII, Fig. 144) .
Cells 10-22 x 12-321-', narrow, marginal cells with 2 long, slight­
ly converging processes ; coenobia with large perforations.
Terwilliger's, Smith.
c. Var. cohaerens Bohlin (Pl. VIII, Fig. 142 ) . Cells 12-22
x 13-241-', wall covered with short, linear, concentrically ar­
ranged granules.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
d. Var. reticulatum Lagerheim (Pl. VIII, Fig. 141) . Cells
10-20 x 15-401-', processes of marginal cells generally terminat­
ing in tufts of fine hairs, interior cells markedly H-shaped.
Squaw.
6. Pediastrum simplex Meyen ( Pl. VIII, Figs. 135-136 ) . Cells
7-20 x 15-301-', walls smooth or punctate, processes of marginal cells
single ; coenobia 8-64 celled, compact or perforate.
Terwilliger's, East Harbor, Cedar Point.
P. sturmii
a. Var. ovatum (Ehrenberg) nov. comb. [
Reinsch, P. schroeteri Leminermann, and P. ovatum (Ehren­
berg) A. Braun] (Pl. VIII; Figs. 137-138) . Cells 8-19 x 25-371-' ;
marginal cells usually outwardly.convex, cells more plump than
the type, with walls smooth or punctate.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle.
b, Var. duodenarium (Bailey) Rabenhorst (Pl. VIII, Fig.
139) . Cells 10-24 x 20.:451-', with smooth or finely punctate
walls ; perforations of coenobia large.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck. .
7. Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs ( Pl. VIII, Fig. 132) .
Cells 8-151-' in diameter, with smooth walls, marginal cells with 4
=
50
processes and a deep linear incision ; coenobia rectangular, oval or
circular, 4-32 celled, without perforations.
All stations.
a. Var. tetmodon (Corda) Hansgirg (Pl. VIII, Fig. 1 33 ) .
Cells 8-15 x 12-18p., with deep incisions and pronounced proc­
esses.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith, East Harbor.
The genus Pediastrum is readily recognized, but there exists
much variation and intergrading among the species and varieties
making up the genus. Our Lake Erie material shows too many in­
tergradations between p: sim1J�ex and P. ovatum, for example, to
do more than recognize the latter as a variety of the former. The
Yarieties of P. duJJlex described above represent merely some of the
more prominent variations in the species. Even such apparently
distinct species as P. integrum, P. kawraiskyi, and P. boryanurn are
closely related.
Sorastrum Kuetzing 1845
Coenobia more or less globose, made up of 8-1 6-32-64-128 cells ;
cells broadly sublunate, reniform, pyriform or subtriangular, with
1-4 spines on the distal ends, multinucleate when mature ; chloro­
plast parietal or diffuse, 1 pyrenoid.
Formation of zoospores, which are liberated in a vesicle, as in
Pediastrum.
1 . Sorasi:l-um spinu�osurn Naegeli (Pl. VII, Fig. 129) . Cells
8-20 x 6-181-' and 5-81-' thick, broadly reniform to cuneate, with 4
horns ( 4-81-' long on mature cells) at corners ; stipe short.
Generally distributed.
2. Sorastrurn arnericanun� (Bohlin) Schmidle (Pl. XV, Fig.
363) . Cells 7-20 x 5-201-' (without stalk) , 4-81-' thick, cardiate to
pyramidate, somewhat flattened, with apex towards center of coe­
nobe and ending in a gelatinous stalk (up to 201-' long) ; stalk cyl­
indrical, 5-6 faceted at base, facets in contact forming a hollow
10phere ; cells with 1 spine (1 0-151-' long) at each of the four corners ;
coenobes of 16-128 cells.
East Harbor.
a. Var. undulatu?n G. M. Smith (Pl. VII, Fig. 128) . Sides
of facets at base of stipe undulate ; otherwise like the type.
Wehrle.
Hydrodictyon Roth 1800
Cells macroscopic, usually elongate-cylindrical, united into a
i
free-floating, saccate, reticulate coenobium ; cells coenocytic wth
51
i
parietal chloroplasts, reticulate at first and later diffuse, with
pyrenoids ; mesh of nets 3-12 (generally 4-6) sided.
Formation of zoospores within old coenobial wall and liberation
of young coenobia ; isogametes, zygotes, free-swimming zoospores,
polyhedral aplanospores.
1. Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Linnaeus) Lagerheim ( Pl. VIII,
Fig. 130) , Cells 5-250tt in diameter and up to 1.5 cm. long.
Wehrle, Haunck, Fisher.
Family COELASTRACEAE
Coelastrum Naegeli 1849
Coenobium a hollow sphere of 2-4-8-16-32-64-128 cells, daugh­
ter coenobia often i·emaining joined into a multiple colony ; cells
spherical, ovoid or pyramidal, compact or much perforate, united
by short or long processes ; sheath very delicate.
Formation of autocolonies and aplanospores.
1. Coelastrum camb1"icum Archer (PI. VIII, Fig. 159) Cells
5-18tt in diameter (or 6·20tt with sheath) , spherical, with 1 truncate
projection on outer face ; coenobia 20-100tt in diameter, spherical,
composed of 8-128 cells joined to one another by short, somewhat
flattened projections.
Kelleys, Haunck.
2. Coelastrum microporum Naegeli (Pl. VIII, Fig. 1£2 ) . Cells
3-20tt in diameter (or 4-23tt with sheath) , spherical or sometimes
ovoid ; coenobia 20-90tt in diameter, spherical to ovoid, of 8-64 cells
joined to one another by short, stout gelatinous processes.
All stations.
3. Coelastrum reticulatum (Dangeard) Senn ( Pl. VIII, Fig.
163) . Cells 6-24tt in diameter, spherical .; coenobia 10-65tt in diam­
eter, spherical or nearly so, of 8-32 cells joined by 6-9 long, slender,
firm, gelatinous processes ; eoenobia generally multiple, rarely
solitary.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith.
4. Coelastrum sphaericum Naegeli ('Pl. VIII, Fig. 160) . Cells
3.5-7.5 (at base) x 6-12tt, ovoid ; coenobia 15-32tt in diameter in
8-celled colonies, composed of 4-16 cells.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Smith, East Harbor.
5. Coelastrum p1·oboscideum Bohlin (Pl. VIII, Fig. 161) . Cells
7-17tt in diameter, truncate cones sometimes with concave sides,
base of cone towards center of coenobe ; large polygonal interstices
between cells ; coenobia pyramidal or cubical or sometimes polygo­
nal ; coenobia usually of 4-8 cells, sometimes up to 32.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
52
-·-------- ·
Dimorphococcus A. Braun 1855
Cells in groups of 4, forming irregular free-floating colonies,
held in position by the branching fragments of the mother cell, 2
cells in each group ellipsoid or oblong and the other 2 cells reniform
to cardioid; chloroplasts parietal, single, with 1 pyrenoid ; envelop­
ing mucus inconspicuous.
Formation of autospores that remain connected to old mother­
cell wall.
1. Dimorphococcus lunatus A. Braun ( Pl. IX, Fig. 166) . Cells
4-15 x 9-25�" ; colonies 50-150/" in diameter.
Squaw, Terwilliger's.
s
1
Echinosphaerella G. M. Smith 1920
Cells solitary, spherical, wall thin, completely covered by heavy,
hyaline, delicately tapering spines ; chloroplast single, parietal, cup- .
shaped, with 1 pyrenoid.
1. Echinosphaerella limnetica G. M. Smith (Pl. IX, Fig. 184) .
Cells (without spines) 9-14/" in diameter ; spines 2.5-3�" at base and
16-251, long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle.
Eremosphaera DeBary 1858
'{
Cells solitary, spherical, with a thin wall ; cl�loroplasts many,
small, usually parietal, with conical projections directed toward
center of cell, with 1-4 pyrenoids.
Formation of 2-4 autospores ; aplanospores.
1. E1·emosjJhaera viridis De Bary (Pl. IX, Fig. 181) . Cells 552001! in diameter.
East Harbor, West Harbor ; not a typical plankton form.
s
'.
Franceia Lemmermann 1898
Cells ovoid to ellipsoid, solitary or in colonies of 2-8, with wall
covered by hyaline, delicately tapering setae ; chloroplasts 2-4, parie­
tal, laminate, with 1 pyrenoid.
Formation of autospores.
1. F1·anceia ovalis (France) Lemmermann (Pl. X, Fig. 220 ) .
Cells (without setae) 7-10 x 13-17�" ; setae 15-23�" long.
Terwilliger's, Smith.
2. Fmnceia tuberculata G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig. 221) . . Cells
(without setae) 5-12 x 8-22�", in groups of 2-8 (usually 4) ; setae
7-321,. long, with tubercles up to 3�" at base on free walls.
Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
s
.t
)T
[,
I­
·
I-
1-
--- - - - -
55
-
-
---�---
------
'
'•
a. Var. irregularis Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. X, Fig. 222 ) .
Half of cells of a colony usually arranged at right angles to
the other cells, not with the long axes parallel, or irregular ;
otherwise as in the type.
Haunck, Smith.
3. Franceia droescheri (Lemmermann) G. M. Smith ( Pl. X,
Fig. 209) . Cell& (without setae) 5-12 x 9-161-', ovoid to ellipsoid,
walls covered with setae ; setae 15-221-' long ; chloroplasts 2-4, each
with a pyrenoid. Originally described as Lagerheimia d·t oescheri
Lemm.
Gibraltar, Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith.
Kirchneriella Schmidle 1893
Cells arcuate or lunate, attenuate or subcylindrical, apices
often nearly touching, loosely arranged in .a wide gelatinous en­
velope ; chloroplast single, parietal on convex side of cell or en­
tirely filling cell, with or without pyrenoid.
Formation of 4-8 autospores.
1. Kirchneriella contorta (Schmidle) Bohlin ( Pl. IX, Fig.
191) . Cells 0.7-2.0 x 8-141-', cylindrical, arcuate or s piral, with acute
or rounded ends ; chloroplast filling entire cell, without pyrenoid ;
colonies up to 6 0,u in diameter, rarely with more than 16 cells.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith, East Harbor.
2. Ki1·chneriella lunaris (Kirchner) Moebius (Pl. IX, Fig.
185) . Cells 3-8 x 6-15,u, crescent-shaped, bluntly pointed, irregularly
in groups of 4-8 ; chloroplast nearly entire, 1 pyrenoid ; colonies up
to 2501-' in diameter.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith, pond on Middle
Island.
a. Var. i1·regula1·is G. M. Smith (Pl. IX, Fig. 187) . Cells
4-6 x 6-131-', with apices of cells twisted.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle.
b. Var. dianae Bohlin ( Pl. IX, Fig. 186) . Cells 3-5 x 10211-', with apices curved, pointed, and almost touching.
Squaw, Haunck.
K.irchnerielta
obesa (W. West) Schmidle (Pl. IX, Fig. 188 ) .
3.
Cells 3-8 x 6-16,u, flattened, with outer side convex and inner sides
parallel, apices rounded.; chloroplast nearly filling cell, with 1
pyrenoid.
Generally distributed..
a. Var. aperta (Teiling) Brunnthaler ( Pl. IX, Fig. 189) .
Cells 6-121-' in diameter, with blunt rounded apices, inner sides
V-shaped.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith.
56
----- -- - --
--
-
b.
Var. nwjor (Bernard) G. M. Smith (Pl. IX, Fig. 190) .
Cells 3-5 x 8-211<, with inner sides curved.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith, pond on Middle Island.
4. Kirchne?'iella· subsolita?"ia G. S. West (Pl. IX, Fig. 192) .
Cells 2.5-3.5 x 5-6.5p., rarely solitary, generally with 2-4 daughter
cells within old mother cell.
Terwilliger's, Haunck.
Lagerheimia Chodat 1895
Cells ovoid, ellipsoid or citriform, solitary, free-floating, with
firm wall bearing long tapering setae (subpolar or equatorial or
both) ; chloroplasts 1-4, parietal, laminate, with or without pyre- .
noids.
Formation of autospores. .
1. Lage1·hein�ia ciliata (Lagerheim) Chodat (Pl. X, Fig. 207) .
Cells (without setae) 6-18 x 10-21p., oblong-ovoid, with 3-8 setae
nt each pole ; 1 pyrenoid.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck.
2. Lagerheimia cit1'i,formis ( Snow) G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig.
202) . Cells (without setae) 8-20 x 13-26p., lemon-shaped, with 4-8
setae at each pole ; setae 25-60p. long ; chloroplast single, 1 pyrenoid.
Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck.
a. Var. paucispina Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. X, Figs. 199201) . Cells (without setae) 8-9 x 10-14p., with 2-4 setae at each
pole ; otherwise as in the type.
Gibraltar, open lake.
3. Lagerheimia genevensis Chodat var. snbglobosa (Lemmer­
mann) Chodat (Pl. X, Fig. 203) . Cells 4-5.5 x 5-9p., broadly ellip­
soid to subglobose ; setae 10-13p. long, one at each "corner." ·
Terwilliger's.
4. Lage1·heimia longiseta (Lemmerman) Printz (Pl. X, Fig.
206) . Cells (without setae) 5-8 x 9-13p., ellipsoid, with 4-10 setae
near each pole ; setae 40-55p. long.
Gibraltar, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck.
a. Var. majo1· G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig. 205) . Cells ( with­
out setae) 12-25 x 15-37p. ; setae 40-60p. long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
5. Lagerheimia qna.d1·iseta (Lemmermann) G. M. Smith ( Pl .
X, Fig. 204) . Cells (without setae) 4-6.5 x 7.5-12p. ; setae 17.5-23JL
long, inserted below the poles ; 1 chloroplast with pyrenoid.
Open lake.
6. Lagerheimia sub salsa Lemmermann (Pl. X, Fig. 210) . Cells
57
.
(without setae) 2.5-8 x 5-121', ovoid, with 2-4 setae at each pole ;
setae 7.5-261' long ; 1 chloroplast with pyrenoid.
Squaw, pools on Starve.
7. Lagerheimia wratislawiensis Schroeder ( Pl. X, Fig. 208) .
Cells (without setae) 3-7 x 10-141', ovoid to nearly ellipsoid, with 4
tuberculated setae : 1 at each pole and 2 equatorially placed ; setae
14-261' long ; 1 chloroplast, with or without a pyrenoid.
Haunck, Wehrle.
r
i
r
I
I
Nephrocytium Naegeli 1849
Cells ovoid, reniform, oblong or ellipsoid, usually in colonies of
2-4-8-16 cells, with a usually well-defined colonial envelope ; chloro­
plast at first a curved plate, later diffuse, 1 pyrenoid.
Formation of 2-4-8-16 autospores in each cell.
1. Nephocytium agardhianum Naegeli ( Pl. IX, Fig. 195) . Cells
2-13 x 6-281', reniform or nearly so, with rounded ends.
Terwilliger's, Catawba, quarry pools on Kelleys, Fisher.
2. Neph?-ocytium lunatu1n W. West ( Pl. IX, Fig. 193) . Cells
4-7 x 14-181', crescent-shaped, with pointed ends.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
This species is regarded by some algologists as merely a stage
in N. agardhianum. The latter is common in this region, however,
and the cells' are never pointed, though there is considerable varia­
tion in cell shape. West's designation of the species is, therefore,
retained.
3. Nephrocytium limneticum G. M. Smith (Gloeocystopsis lim­
neticus G. M. Smith) (Pl. IX, F'ig. 194) . Cells 4-6 x 10-151', elan�
gate-cylindrical to nearly reniform.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle.
Gloeotaenium Hansgirg 1890
Cells spherical to ellipsoid or flattened ; solitary or united
within a closely fitting mother-cell wall into colonies of 2-4-8 cell s ;
cells separated and sometimes capped' by dark-colored gelatinous
masses impregnated with calcium carbonate ; cell wall thick, lamel­
. lated ; mother-cell wall frequently folded ; chloroplast filling cell,
with or without pyrenoid.
Formation of 2-4-8 autospores ; akinetes.
1. Gloeotaenium loitlesbergerianum Hansgirg ( Pl. XV, Fig.
366) . Cells 20-301' in diameter ; 2-celled colonies 22-40 x 40-701' and
20-301' thick ; 4-celled colonies 40-70 x 40-801'.
Fox (Pelee) , Haunck, Fisher, East Harbor. Curiously enough,
58
-·
----·--
-----�-·· ·-- -----
I
this alga was not seen until 1933 when it was found in many col­
l�tions.
Oocystis Naegeli 1845
Cells ovoid, ellipsoid or cylindrical, with smooth walls and
�ometimes polar nodules, solitary or in colonies of 2-4-8-16 ( or
more) surrounded by the greatly swollen and partially gelatinized
old mother-cell wall ; chloroplasts 1 to many, parietal, disciform,
�tellate or reticulate ; with or without pyrenoids.
Formation of 2-16 autospores ; polyhedral aplanospores.
1. Oocystis bo1·gei Snow (Pl. X, Fig 216) . Cells 9-13 x 9-171',
usually broadly ellipsoid, without polar nodules, solitary or 2-8
within the old mot11er wall ; chloroplasts 1-4, parietal, laminate,
with 1 pyrenoid.
Generally distributed.
2. Oocystis crassa Wittrock (Pl. X, Fig. 217) . Cells 1 0-20 x
1 4-261,, ovoid, with polar nodules, solitary or 2-8 ; chloroplasts 4-10,
parie�'ll, disciform to angular, usually with pyrenoids.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Smith.
3. Oocystis elliptica W. West (Pl. X, Fig. 218) . Cells 1 1-12.5
x 20-251,, oblong-ellipsoid, without polar nodules, generally in groups
of 4-8, rarely solitary ; chloroplasts 10-20, parietal, disciform.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle.
4. Oocystis eremospha,eria, G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig. 214) . Cells
17-31 x 21-451', ovoid, solitary or 2-4, with conspicuous polar nod­
ules ; chloroplasts 40-60, parietal, lenticular, each with 1 pyrenoid.
Terwilliger's, Squaw.
5. Oocystis lacust1·is Chodat (Pl. X, Fig. 215) . Cells 8-22 x
14-32p., ellipsoid to nearly fusiform, in families of 2-8 or rarely
solitary, with polar nodules ; chloroplasts 1-3, laminate, parietal,
with or without pyrenoids.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith, Fisher.
6. Oocystis parva, W. & G. S. West (Pl. X, Fig. 219) . Cells
4-7 x 6-121,, broadly fusiform to ellipsoid, solitary or 2-8, with
pointed ends but without polar nodules ; chloroplasts 1-3, parietal, ·
laminate to disciform, with or without pyrenoids.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
7. Oocystis pusilla, Hansgirg (Pl. X, Fig. 213) . Cells 4.5-6.5 x
8-12,., cylindrical, without polar nodules, usually solitary or often
2-8 ; chloroplasts 2-3, parietal, laminate, without pyrenoids.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Smith.
8. Oocystis solita1·ia Wittrock (Pl. X, Fig. 212) . Cells 7-10 x
14-35,., ovoid to ellipsoid, solitary or 2-8, with conspicuous polar
·
·
l
59
� ·-
� --
--
--·-
-··-·-- - ----
�
I
I
I
,,
nodules ; chloroplasts usually 12-25, parietal, disciform to polygonal,
with or without pyrenoids.
Gibraltar, Terwilliger's, Squaw.
9. Oocystis submarina Lagerheim (Pl. X, Fig. 2 11 ) . Cells
3-9 x 7-20ft, oblong-cylindrical, solitary or more often 2-16, · with
polar nodules ; chloroplasts 1-2, laminate, parietal, usually with
· pyrenoid.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Hatchery, Gibraltar, open lake.
Quadrigula Printz 1915
·
Cells cylindrical to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, �ith
more or less acute apices, 4-10 times as long as broad, generally in
parallel groups of 2-8 ( -16) in a hyaline, homogeneous, gelatinous
mass ; chloroplast single, filling most of the cell, with or without
pyrenoids.
Formation of 2-8 autospores.
1. Quadrigula chodati (Tanner-Fullman) G. M. Smith (Pl. X,
Fig. 230) . Cells 3.5-7 x 30-801-', linear, acute or lunate, fusiform ;
chloroplast notched in the center, with 2 pyrenoids.
Terwilliger's.
2. Quadrigula closterioides (Bohlin) Printz (Pl. X, Fig. 229 ) .
Cells 3-6 x 22-451-', cylindrical to fusiform, with ends slightly
taper'
ing and rounded.
Squaw, Haunck, Smith.
This species includes Q. pfitzeri ( Schroeder) G. M. Smith.
3. Quadrigula lacust?·is ( Chodat) G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig.
228) . Cells 3-5 x 20-251-', spindle-shaped, straight, rarely solitary or
arranged irregularly within the envelope ; chloroplast 1, with pyre­
noid.
Quarry pool on Kelleys.
Selenastrum Reinsch ;1.867
Cells arcuate to lunate, attenuate, their convex _surfaces ap­
posed into aggregates of 4-8-16 or more cells, without a gelatinous
envelope ; chloroplast single, parietal, with or without pyrenoids.
Formation of autospores.
1. Selenastrum bibraianun� Reinsch (Pl. IX, Fig. 198) . Cells
5-8 X 20-381-', crescent-shaped to Sickle-shaped, in Spherical to ovoid
colonies of 4-16 or more cells ; 5-251-' between apices.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck.
a. Var. gracile (Reinsch) Tiffany & Ahlstrom ( Pl. IX,
Fig. 197) . Cells 3-5 x 15-301-' ; otherwise like the type.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Smith, Wehrle.
60
�-- -·--
-----
�
�
1,
Is
h
h
h
ll
IS
It
r
...,
l '•
I
•
2. Selenas trum westii Fritsch ( Pl. IX, Fig. 196. Cells 1.5-2 .5/"
in diameter, lunate to arcuate, not sickle-shaped, forming colonies
of 2-8 (-16) cells arranged irregularly with their convex sides in
apposition, frequently dissociating.
Terwilliger's, Hatchery, Haunck.
Gloeoactinium G. M. Smith 1926
'!
Cells narrow y' ovate-cuneate, apposed at their bases in radiat­
ing groups· of 2 or 4 ; several such groups peripherally located in a
wide, homogeneous, gelatinous envelope ; cells with long axes radi­
ating from a common center, the narrower and more acute ends
pointed outward ; chlOroplast laminate and parietal or completely
filling the cell, without pyrenoid.
Formation of 2 or 4 autospores, remaining embedded in the
gelatinous envelope.
1. Gloeoactiniwn limne ticum G. M. Smith (Pl. XV, Fig. 3 68) .
Cells 1.5-2.5 x 3.5-7.5ft ; colonies 25-45ft in diameter.
Terwilliger's. Previously reported only from Iowa.
Pachycladon G. M. Smith 1924
Cells solitary, spherical, with a delicate cell wall devoid of a
gelatinous envelope ; cell wall with 4 quadrately or rarely pyrami­
dately arranged spines which are stout, blunt, and often apically
bifurcate ; chloroplast single, cup-shaped, parietal, nearly filling the
cell, 1 pyrenoid.
1. Pachycladon umb1·inus G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig. 223) . Cells
8.5-12.51" in diameter ; spines 2.5-3. 75ft broad at base, 1.2ft broad at
the apex, and 35-50ft long.
Haunck, Smith.
·
Planktosphaeria G. M. Smith 1918
l­
IS
Is
d
.
... ,
Cells spherical, at first solitary but later irregularly distributed
within a copious, homogeneous, hyaline, gelatinous envelope ; ma­
ture cells with several parietal, polygonal, flattened chloroplasts,
each with 1 pyrenoid.
Formation of 4-8-16 autospores.
1. Planlctos1Jhaeria ,qelatinosa G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig. 227) .
Cells 4.5-25ft in diameter ; colonies up to 150ft in diameter ; other
characters ;:;s in the genus.
Terwilliger's.
Schroederia Lemmermann 1899
Cells as in Ankistrodesmus, with one apex produced into a
fine, tapering seta and the other slightly broader, occasionally bifur­
1
cate, and sometimes ending in a disk.
61
�-- � - -
-- ----·----- ----
---
---
· ·-·
-
�- - -----·
--
---
·· -- -�------ -
--�-
- �
-----
---
,,
1. Schroederia setigera ( Schroeder) Lemmermann (Pl. IX,
Fig. 172) . Cells without spines 2.5-10 x 22.5-52.5,u ; spines 13-45,u
long.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Smith.
Polyedriopsis Schmidle 1899
Cells solitary, tetragonal or pyramidate or somewhat cruciate,
with truncate corners having ·3-10 long, hyaline, slightly tapering
setae ; chloroplast parietal or filling the cell, 1 pyrenoid.
Formation of 2-4-8 autospores.
1. Polyedriopsis spinulosa Schmidle (Pl. XI, Figs. 258-259) .
Cells (without spines) 12-25,u in diameter ; spines 17-40,u long.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
a. Var. excavata ( Playfair) G. M. Smith ( Pl. XI, Fig.
260) . Cells (without spines) 15-22"' in diameter ; spines 17-40I'
long.
Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
2. Polyedriopsis quadrispina G. M. Smith ( Pl. XV, Fig. 367) .
Cells (without spines) 5-7.5"' in diameter, (with spines) 32-44"' ;
cells rectangular in front view, compressed, with slightly rounded
corners ; each corner with a single stout spine, 12.5-18.5"' long ;
chloroplast cup-shaped, filling most of the cell, with a single con­
spicuous pyrenoid.
Smith. .
Tetraedron Kuetzing 1845
Cells solitary (or rarely in temporary aggregates when young) ,
:flat and angular (triangular, quadrangular or polygonal) or poly­
hedral, with angles simple or produced into simple or furcate spines ;
wall smooth or not ; chloroplasts 1 to many, parietal or filling the
cell, with or without pyrenoids.
Formation of 4-32 autospores.
1 . Tetraed1·on arthrodesmiforme (W. West) Woloszynska (Pl.
XI, Fig. 248) . Cells (without processes) 16-22,u in diameter, with
2 sides subparallel and the other 2 sides deeply constricted ; total
length with spines up to 56"' long.
Smith.
a. Var. contorta Woloszynska (Pl. XI, Figs. 250-252) .
Cells (with processes) 20-50 x 32-60"' ; the 4 arms variously
twisted ; each spine at base 5-81-'.
Smith.
2. Tetraed1·on caudatum ( Corda) Hansgirg (Pl. XI, Fig. 242) .
62
----- --- -
-- - ----- -----
I,
r
1
l
Cells 6-22p. in diameter, flat, 5-sided ( 4 concave sides and 1 deeply
incised) ; spines 1-3.5p. long, parallel to the flat sides of the cell.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Smith.
a. Var. !ongis1Jinum Lemmermann (Pl. XI, Fig. 243 ) .
Cells (without spines) 8-18p. in diameter ; spines 3-8p. long,
not parallel with the flat side of the cell.
Wehrle, Smith.
3. Tetraed1·on en01·ine (Ralfs) Hansgirg (PL XI, Fig. 247) .
Cells 25-45p. in diameter, irregularly tetrahedric, angles produced
into usually bilobed and short-spined processes.
Tewilliger's, Squaw, Fisher.
4. Tetmeclron gmcite (Reinsch) Hansgirg (Pl. XI, Fig. 244) .
Cells (without processes) 15-30p. in diameter, (with processes)
35-8011, flat, rectangular, with narrow, branched processes at the
angles.
Wehrle, Smith.
5 . Tetraecl1·on hastatwn (Reinsch) Hansgirg (Pl. XI, Fig.
245) . Cells (with processes) 28-36p. in diameter, pyramidate,
angles produced into long, tapering, unbranched, somewhat concave
processes with 2 or 3 short spines at each tip.
Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
a . Var. pa!atinum (Schmidle) Lemmermann (Pl. XI, Fig.
246) . Cells (without processes) 4-14p. in diameter, angles pro­
duced into non-tapering, unbranched processes with 3 short
spines at each apex.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith.
6. Tetraecl1·on !imneticum Borge (Pl. XI, Figs. 25£-257) . Cells
(with processes) 45-85p. in diameter, tetragonal, pyramidal, the
angles dichotomously branched and terminating in 2 or 3 short
spines ; processes 8-121-' in diameter at base.
'Vehrle, Terwilliger's.
7. Tet?·aecl?·on incus (Teiling) G. M. Smith (Pl. XI, Fig. 239 ) .
Cells (without spines) 13-181-' in diameter, tetragonal, flat or py­
ramidate, sides slightly concave ; each angle produced into a short
spine 7-8p. long.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
a. Var. irregula1·e G. M. Smith (Pl. XI, Fig. 240) . Cells
(without spines) 10-17p. in diameter, cruciately twisted, spines
straight to twisted, 10-201-' long.
Squaw, Haunck.
8. Tet1·aed1·on lobu!aturn (Naegeli) Hansgirg (Pl. XI, Fig.
253) . Cells (without processes) 30-40p. in diameter, tet-ragonal, flat
.
e
l.
h
tl
)
.
63
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----� ----
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· --
--
----e--------------------·-- · ----
-- - - - - ---
r
I
r-
or pyramidate, with concave sides, 1-2 short, dichotomous, usual!;�'
spineless processes at the angles.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle.
a. Var. p olyfurcatum G. M. Smith (Pl. XI, Fig. 254) . Cells
(without processes) 15-251-', (with processes) 35-701-', in diam­
eter, with tapering, 3-5 times dichotomously branching, the
extreme tips ending in 2-3 very small spines.
Terwilliger's, Smith.
9. Tetmedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansgirg ( Pl. XI, Fig.
233) . Cells 5-81-' thick and 6-20p. long, flat view square or oblong
with concave sides and slightly rounded corners, side view fusiform­
elliptic, wall smooth or granulate.
General.
10. Tetmedron muticU1n (A. Braun) Hansgirg ( Pl. XI, Fig.
234) . Cells 5-8p. thick and 8.5-15p. long, triangular, with concave
sides, angles truncate and rounded.
Squaw, Wehrle, Smith.
11. Tetraed1·on p entmedricum W. & G. S. West (Pl. XI, Fig.
241) . Cells (without spines) 5.5-14p., (with spines) 9-20p., five­
angled (with 4 corners in one plane) , the angles subacute, each with
a short curved spine.
Squaw.
12. Tetmedron 1·egulan3 Kuetzing (Pl. XI, Fig. 231) . Cells
(with spines) 14-45p. in diameter, tetragonal, pyramidal ; sides con­
vex, straight or concave, each angle with a short, blunt spine.
Terwilliger's, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith, East Harbor.
a. Var. torsum Turner (Pl. XI, Fig. 232 ) . Cells 25-40p. in
diameter, with the two halves cruciately arranged.
Wehrle, Smith.
13. Tetraedron smithii nov. nom. (Pl. XI, Fig. 249) . Cells (with
processes) 20-25p., (without processes) 10-12p., sides convex,
strongly angled, with angles usually in 2 planes of 3 each, with a
stout spine at each extremity.
Wehrle.
Originally described as T. staurast1·oides G. M. Smith (1926,
p. 173, Pl. 7, Figs. 6-7) . This specific name had, however, been
preempted by T. staurastroides (W. West) Wille.
14. Tetmedron trigonum (Naegeli) Hansgirg ( Pl. XI, Fig.
236) . Cells (without spines) 20-30p. in diameter, triangular, flat,
sides concave or rarely straight, angles with a single stout spine
8-10p. long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
64
� � -�-�- - -
�--� -----
, ,
a.
Var. gmcile (Reinsch) D e Toni (Pl. XI, Fig. 238) . Cells
6-101-' thick and 23-501-' broad, triangular, flat, sides very con­
cave.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
b. Var. papilliferum ( Schroeder) Lemmermann (Pl. , XI,
Figs. 237 and 255) . Cells 5-91-' thick and 10-151-' broad, with a
small wart at each corner, wall smooth or granulate.
Squaw.
15. Tetmed1·on tumidulum ( Reinsch) Hansgirg (Pl. XI, Fig.
235) . Cells 20-601-' in diameter, tetragonal, with· concave .sides and
broadly rounded corners.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Haunck, Smith.
Treubaria Bernard 1908
Cells 3-8 angled, pyramidulate to quadrate in shape, sides of
cells concave or straight ; angles broadly rounded, each bearing a
single hyaline spine that gradually tapers or with subparallel sides
but terminating abruptly in a sharp point ; chloroplast 1-4, massive,
completely or nearly filling the cell, with 1-4 pyrenoids.
Formation of 4 autospores, liberated by splitting of the cell
wall in hvo or more pieces.
1. Tret�baria, va,ria, Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. XI, Fig. 261) .
Cells (without spines) 8-191-', (with spines) 48-891-', in diameter ;
!'�pines (20-) 25-381-' long, 3-61-' broad at base.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith.
2. Treuba,ria cra,ssispina G. M. Smith (Pl. XI, Fig. 262) . Cells
(without spines) 12-151-', (with spines) 100-1151-', in diameter ;
spines 45-601-' long, 4-61-' broad at the base.
Terwilliger's.
Westella deWildemann 1897
Cells spherical or nearly so, grouped in fours or eights in
irregular, free-floating colonies, held together by non-gelatinizing
remnants of the old mother cell wall ; chloroplasts cup-shaped and
parietal, or filling the cell, with or without a pyrenoid ; colonies
without gelatinous envelope.
Formation of 4-8 autospores.
1. Westella, botryoides (W. West) de Wildemann (Pl. IX, Fig.
170) . Cells 3-91-' in diameter, spherical, pyramidately or quadrately
grouped, usually in fours.
Generally distributed.
a. Var. ma,jor G. M. Smith. Cells 8-131-' in diameter.
Terwilliger's.
65
--- ·
--·--
-----
I
I
r
r
r
2. Westella linearis G. M. Smith (Pl. IX, Fig. 171 ) . Cells 3-6p.
in diameter, spherical, groups of 4 in a linear series, remnants of
old mother cell walls inconspicuous.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Wehrle, East Harbor, Pelee.
Family
�
I
SCENEDESMACEAE
Scenedesmus Meyen 1829
Coenobia generally flat plates of ellipsoid, oblong, fusiform,
aCicular or ovoid cells in multiples of two ; cells laterally in contact or
rarely connected by short processes, in one or two rows (sometimes
with quadrate arrangement) ; cell wall smooth or variously orna­
mented, with or without terminal or lateral spines or teeth ; chloro­
plast single, parietal, often occupying the whole cell, pyrenoid gen­
erally single.
Formation of 2-32 autospores.
1. Scenedesmus abundans ( Kirchner) Chodat ( Pl. XII, Fig.
271) . Cells 4-.7 x .7-121', ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, with 1-2 spines
at each pole ( sometimes terminal cells only) and additional spines
on outer face of terminal cells.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Catawba, East Harbor.
2. Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat ( Pl. XII,
Fig. 272) . Cells 3-7 x 30-40p., fusiform, arcuate or lunate, with
pointed ends ; cell wall smooth and without spines ; coenobia curved.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith, East Harbor.
3. Scenedesmus acutiformis Schroeder (Pl. XII, Fig. 273) .
Cells 5-8 x 16-22p., fusiform, with acute apices, without spines or
teeth ; terminal cells with 2-4 longitudinal ridges, interior cells with
one longitudinal ridge on each side.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Fisher, Wehrle, Catawba.
4. Scenedesmus a1·cuatus Lemmermann (Pl. XII, Fig., 274) .
Cells 3-9 x 9-l7p., ovoid or angular, in a double row, forming a
curved coenobium with small interstices between cells ; cell wall
smooth, without teeth or spines.
Squaw.
,
a. Var. platydisca G. M. Smith ( Pl. XII, Fig. 275) . Cells
4.5-7.5 x 8-171', oblong-ellipsoid ; coenobium flat.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith, Catawba.
5. Scenedesmus armatus ( Chodat) G. M. Smith (Pl. XII, Fig.
279 ) . Cells 4-7 x 7-16"', ovoid to . oblong-ellipsoid with rounded
'
apices, in a linear or subalternating series ; a longitudinal ridge on
each side of cell (often not prominent in median portion) ; terminal
cells with a spine at each pole.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Smith, Catawba, East Harbor.
·
66
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3
of
�rm,
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tnes
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vith
ved.
73) .
; or
vith
74) .
g a
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:l'ig.
ded
1 on
tnal
r.
6. Scenedesmus b ernardii G. M. Smith (Pl. XII, Fig. 280) .
Cells 3-6 x 8-17,..., fusiform to lunate (interior cells sometimes sig­
moid) with acute ends, alternately arranged in a loosely connected
coenobium ; cell wall smooth, without spines or teeth.
East Harbor, Smith.
7. Scenedesmus bijuga (Turpin) Lagerheim (Pl. XII, Fig.
282) . Cells 4-7 x 7-18p., oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid with broadly
rounded ends, usually in a single series ; cell wall smooth, without
teeth or spines.
Generally distributed.
·
a. Var. alternans (Reinsch) Borge (Pl. XII, Fig. 281) .
Cells 4-8 x 6-15p., alternately arranged.
Squaw, Haunck, Wehrle, Fisher, Pelee, Catawba.
b. Var. fiexuosus (Lemmermann) Collins (Pl. XII, Fig.
283) . Cells 5-8 x 10-20p., up to 32 cells in a single, sometimes
twisted, series.
Squaw, Terwilliger's.
c. Var, major Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. XII, Fig. 299 ) .
Cells 10-13x 15-21p., ovoid, irregularly and alternately arranged
in a single row.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Haunck.
8. Scenedesmus brasiliensis Bohlin (Pl. XII, Fig. 284) . Cells
3-6 x 11-24,..., cylindrical to ovoid-ellipsoid, with a longitudinal ridge
on each side of the cell ; poles with 1-4 teeth.
Squaw, Terwilliger's.
9. Scenedesmus carinatus (Lemmermann) Chodat (Pl. XV,
Fig. 369) . Cells 6-9 x 15-17,..., fusiform, with a longitudinal ridge on
each side of the cell ; each pole with 2-3 teeth.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle.
10. Scenedesmus denticulatus Lagerheim (Pl. XII, Figs. 277,
285) . Cells 5-11 x 7-15p., ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, in a linear or sub­
alternating series, poles with 1-4 short spines.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck, Smith.
11. Scenedesmus dim01·phus (Turpin) Kuetzing (Pl. XII, Fig.
286) . Cells 2-5 x 18-23p., fusiform with delicately pointed apices,
in a linear or alternating series ; inner cells asymmetric, outer cells
lunate or symmetric ; cell wall smooth without teeth or spines.
Generally distributed.
12. Scenedesmus hystrix Lagerheim (Pl. XII, Fig. 294 ) . Cells
3-5 x 8-181,, oblong-cylindrical, with blunt conical apices ; wall cov­
ered with minute spines.
Squaw, Wehrle.
67
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13. Scenedesmus incrassatulus Bohlin var. mononae G. M.
Smith (Pl. XII, Fig. 276) . Cells 3-4.5 x 11-121-'.
Mouth of the Maumee River.
14. Scenedesmus longus Meyen (Pl. XII, Fig. 296 ) . Cells 4-5 x
8-llf', oblong-cylindrical with rounded ends each bearing a single
spine.
Terwilliger's.
15. Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kuetzing (Pl. XII, Fig.
278) . Cells 3-9 x 10-211-', fusiform, with acute apices, in a linear
or sub!inear series ; cell sides in contact straight, free sides of
terminal cells various ; cell wall smooth, without teeth or spines.
Generally distributed.
16. Scenedesmus opoliensis P. Richter (Pl. XII, Fig. 287) .
Cells 5-8 x 12-281-', inner cells naviculoid, free faces of outer cells
straight or convex, joined together in median position only ; termi­
nal cells with a long spine at each pol e; inner cells with or without
spines.
Generally distributed.
17. Scenedesmus protuberans Fritsch & Rich ( Pl. XII, Fig.
295) . Cells 6-7 x 25-341-', fusiform, with a longitudinal ridge on
each side of the cell ; spines 25-351-' long ; coenobe of 4, or rarely 8,
cells, external cells with protruded apices.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle.
18. Scenedesmus quadricauda ( Turpin) de Brebisson ( Pl. XII,
Fig. 290) . Cells 3.5-6 x 11-161-', cylindric-ovoid, with rounded ends,
in a linear or subalternating series ; poles of outer cells with spines,
inner cells without spines ; spines 10-121-' long.
Generally distributed.
a. Var. alternans G. M. Smith (Pl. XII, Fig. 291) . Cells
2.5-5 x 5-7.51-', broadly ellipsoid, alternately arranged in a linear
series, spines sometimes lacking on certain cells, spines 4-101-'
long.
Terwilliger's, Wehrle, Smith.
o. Var. longi"Spina ( Chodat) G. M. Smith (Pl. XII, Fig.
292 ) . Cells 3.5-5 x 8-llf', ovoid-cylindrical ; spines 7 .5-101-' long. .
Squaw.
c� Var. maximus W. and G. S. West ( Pl. XII, Fig. 293) .
Cells 9-11.5 x 27-361-' ; spines 20-301-' long.
Squaw, Terwilliger's.
d. Var. quadrispina ( Chodat) G. M. Smith (Pl. XII, Fig.
288) . Cells 3.5-8 x 8.5-151-', broadly ovoid ; spines 2.5-5.51' long.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck.
68
- - -----·-- - - - -
�I
·
M.
e. Var. westii
G. M. Smith (Pl. XII, Fig. 289) . Cells 4.5-8
x 16-221-' ; spines 12-161-' long.
Squaw, Catawba.
19. Scenedesmus wisconsinensis (G. M. Smith) Chodat (Pl.
XII, Fig. 297) . Cells 4-6 x 12-15JL, ellipsoid-fusiform, ran.ged paral­
lel to one another in two planes, often in groups of 4.
Haunck.
20. Scenedesmus anomalus (G. M. Smith) Ahlstrom & Tiffany
noY. comb. ( Tetrastrum anomalum G. M. Smith) (Pl. XII, Fig.
298) . Cells 1-5 x 6.5-15JL, in pairs, cylindrical, arcuate, convex faces
in contact, with polar spines on most or all cells ; chloroplast single,
with 1 pyrenoid.
Terwilliger's.
The general appearance of the last named species above cer­
tainly suggests Scenedesmus, rather than Tetrastrum. The genus
Scenedesmus seems sufficiently variable to include Tetradesmus
11:isconsinensis. In spite of Chodat's exhaustive study of Scenedes­
mus (1926) in pure culture, the treatment of the genus by G. M.
Smith seems more in accord with the algae as they occur in nature.
r
·
l-5 X
ogle
Fig.
lear
l of
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:ells
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on
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ells
ear
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ng.
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'ig.
ng.
Crucigenia Morren 1830
Coenobia of 4 cells or muTtlples of 4 by daughter coenobial ag­
JITegates in a more or less conspicuous gelatinous envelope, forming
a flat or slightly curved plate ; cells flat, appearing ovoid, angular
or semicircular in front view, quadrately arranged with a quadrate
or rhomboidal space in the center ; cell wall smooth ; chloroplasts
1-4, cup-shaped, with or without a pyrenoid.
Formation of 4 autospores ; akinetes.
1. Crucigenia apiculata (Lemmermann) Schmidle (Pl. VIII,
Fig. 151) . Cells 3-7 x 5-10JL, ovoid to triangular, with a short
conical projection at the free apex and sometimes at the side of the
base away from the center of the coenobium ; multiple coenobia
Rometimes irregular ; 1-4 chloroplasts, each with a pyrenoid.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle, Smith.
a. Var. eriensis Tiffany & Ahlstrom ( Pl. VIII, Fig. 152) .
Cells 3-5 x 6-10JL, elongate, somewhat lunate, with free ends
truncate, base and median part of inner sides in contact but
apices free.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Wehrle.
b. Var. truncata (G. M. Smith) Ahlstrom & Tiffany nov.
comb. (Pl. VIII, Fig. 156) . Cells 4-6 x 6-10JL, elongate to ovoid,
with free ends truncate, bases and median parts of cells in
69
-----· -�----
-·--
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I
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I
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'
"
.
mutual contact, but with apices and outer faces free ; chloro­
plasts 1-4, without pyrenoids.
Terwilliger's.
2. Crucigenia fenestrata Schmidle (Pl. VIII, Fig. 157) . Cells
3-5 x 5-121-', trapezoidal, with the longest faces at the outside of the
rectangular coenobium.
Gibraltar.
3. Crucigenia irregularis Wille (Pl. VIII, Fig. 154) . Cells 4-9
x 6-141-', ovoid, with cells in contact at sides and poles or without
definite arrangement ; 1-4 parietal chloroplasts, with or without
pyrenoids.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck.
4. Crucigenia lauterbornei Schmidle (Pl. VIII, Fig. 158 ) . Cells
4.5-9 x 8-151-', flat, subhemispherical in front view, with the fiat side
toward the center of the coenobium, in contact at the apices only ;
chloroplast single, with 1 pyrenoid.
Squaw, Hatchery, Terwilliger's, Smith.
5. Crucigenia quad1·ata Morren (Pl. VIII, Fig. 153). Cells
2.5-6 x 3-7J-', spherical to triangular, in mutual contact at the center
(or with a very small rectangular opening) ; cell wall smooth or
with 1-6 small knob-like projections ; chloroplasts 1-4, with or with­
out pyrenoids ; multiple coenobia common.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Hatchery, open lake, Smith.
6. Crucigenia rectangularis ( Naegeli) Gay (Pl. VIII, Fig.
155) . Cells 4-7 x 5-101-', ovoid to elongate-ovoid, in mutual contact
at the poles and sides with a small rectangular opening at the
center of the coenobium ; chloroplasts 1-4, each with a single pyre­
noid ; multiple coenobia common.
Squaw, Terwilliger's.
7. C1·ucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchner) W. & G. S. West (Pl.
VIII, Figs. 149-150) . Cells 5-101-' in diameter, flat, triangular, with
rounded corners, with a very small rectangular opening at the cen­
ter of the coenobium ; cell contents homogeneous or with 1 chloro­
plast, with or without pyrenoids.
Smith, East Harbor.
8. Crucigenia alternans G. M. Smith (Pl. XV, Fig; 365) . Cells
5-7 x 6.5-11.51-', ovoid with broadly rounded apices, in mutual con­
tact at the center and without a central open space, cells alternately
disposed ; chloroplasts laminate, parietal, longitudinally placed and
adjacent to outer faces of cells, pyrenoid present or not ; colonies
embedded in a gelatinous envelope up to 651-' in diameter.
Terwilliger's, Haunck.
70
-- -- --·----
1
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J.
d
ti
ti
<l j
co
or
di
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:o-
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ig.
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Pl.
ith
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alls
on­
;ely
tnd
ties
Tetras! rum Chodat 1895 ; Ahlstrom & Tiffany 1934
Differs. from
Crucigenia in its marginal spines (rarely absent)
and t he absence of multiple coenobia.
1 . Tl'frastnun staurogeniaefo?·me (Schroeder) Lemmermann
( Pl. XI, Fig. 263 ) . Cells 3-6p. in diameter, angularly rounded or
O\'Oid to broadly triangular, with 1-6 usually delicate setae on the
!� faces ; setae 3-10p. long ; chloroplast single, laminate, parietal,
with or without a pyrenoid ; coenobia (without setae) 7-15p. in diam­
<>ter, usually without a minute open space at the center of the colony,
t!'lls inclosed in a very delicate, gelatinoqs. envelope.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck.
2. Tctrastrwn heteracanthum (Nordstedt) Chodat ( Pl. XI,
Fi��- 266-270) . Cells (without setae) 3-l1.5p. in diameter, broadly
tri angular to angularly rounded, with 1-2 setae (usually 2 ) pro­
truding through the gelatinous envelope ; length of longer spine
�-241.; of shorter spine 1-9p. : when the 2 spines are present, one is
markedly shorter and more delicate than the other ; chloroplast
single. laminate, parietal, with or without pyrenoids ; coenobia
7.2:31• i n diameter; 4-celled, with or without a minute open space at
t h e center of colony.
Haunck, Smith, Squaw.
3. Tetrastrum glabrum (Roll) Ahlstrom & Tiffany (PI. XI,
Figs. 264-265) , Cells 3-7 JL broad, angularly rounded or ovoid to
broadly triangular, without spines ; chloroplast single, laminate,
parietal, with or without pyrenoids ; coenobia 7..:15p. broad, .4-celled,
with or without an open space in the center of the colony, with very
delicate gelatinous envelope.
Haunck, Smith.
The members of the genus Tetrastrum are quite variable, par­
ticularly i n the matter of spines. For an evaluation of these varia­
Hom;, see the monograph of the genus by Ahlstrom and Tiffany (to
appear in Am-e1·ican Journal of Botany in 1934) .
Actinastrum Lagerheim 1882
ovoid, oblong or club-shaped, generally radiating from a
common center in 4-8-16 celled coenobia ; chloroplast parietal, with
or without pyrenoid.
Formation of 4-8-16 autospores by transverse and longitudinal
d ivision of the cell contents, the young colony being freed by a
transYerse rupture of the oJd mother cell wall.
1. Actinastrum graciUimum G. M. Smith (Pl. X, Fig. 224) .
Cells 1.75-3 x 14-21f.', elongate-cylindrical, tapering slightly to a
truncate end, 7-10 times as long as broad.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck.
Cells
71
- �--� ---
-
2. Actinastrum hantzchii Lagerheim (Pl. X, Fig. 226) . Cells
3-6 x 10-261-', ovoid-cylindrical, with truncate ends, 3-6 times as long
as broad ; chloroplast single, with 1 pyrenoid.
Generally distributed.
a. Var. fluviatile Schroeder (Pl. X, Fig. 225) . Cells 1.5-5
x 16-321-', with free ends pointed.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck.
Errerella Conrad 1913
Cells spherical, pyramidately colonial, 4-16-64-256 grouped in
· pyramidal units of 4 cells each, with 1 long spine on each cell (in­
terior cells frequently spineless) ; chloroplast single, cup-shaped,
without pyrenoid.
Formation of 4 autospores.
1 . Errerella bornhemiensis Conrad (Pl. XII, Fig. 300 ) . Cells
3-61-' in diameter ; spines 1.31-' broad at the base and 2271001-' long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, .Smith.
Micractinium Fresenius 1858
Cells spherical to broadly ellipsoid, in colonies of 4-32, quad­
rately arranged or tetrahedrically disposed ; cell wall with. l-7 setae,
not thickened at the base, on the free surface of the cell ; chloroplast
single, parietal, cup-shaped, with 1 pyrenoid.
Formation of autospores, liberated as an autocolony by di­
vision of cell contents and rupture of old mother-cell wall into 4
parts.
1. Micractinium eriense Tiffany & Ahlstrom (Pl. XII, Fig.
305) . Cells 7-101-' in diameter, spherical, with 8-13 setae ; setae 20351-' long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith.
2. Micractiniurn pusillum Fresenius (Pl. XII, Fig. 301 ) . Cells
3-71-' in diameter, spherical, quadrately or pyramidately arranged,
with 1-5 setae ; setae 20-351-' long.
Terwilliger's, Squaw, Haunck, Wehrle, Smith.
a. Var. elegans G. M. Smith ( Pl. XII, Fig. 303) . Cells
with 5-7 setae ; otherwise as in the type.
Found w:ith the type.
b. Var. longisetum Tiffany & Ahlstrom ( Pl. XII, Fig.
304) . Cells 6-81-' in diameter, with 5-8 setae up to 651-' long.
Mouth of the Maumee River.
3. Micractinium quad1·isetum (Lemmermann) G. M. Smith
(PI XII, Fig. 302) . Cells 4-7 x 8-10ft, ovoid, with 1-4 setae 23-401"
long.
Squaw, Terwilliger's, Haunck.
·
72
----- --
·
--
--------
;
EUGLENOPHY C E A E
Is
Lg
1 . Cells with
firm envelope
.
.
KEY T O THE
GENERA
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . .
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Trachelomomas, p. 75
I. Cells without a special envelope, naked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-5
,
2
2. Cells with rigid periplast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
p. 73
2. Cell s with · soft, often metabolic periplast . . . . . . . . . . Euglena,
p. 7 4
:'!. Cells flattened
Phncus,
4
:t. Cdls not flattened . . . ;
·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p. 73
4 Pnramylon grains variously shaped and placed . . . . ;Euglena,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
·
·
.
�
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
I
.
I
•.
in
n­
Jd,
4.
Pnramylon grains usually two and lateral .
.
.
.
.
. • .
.
Lepocinclis,
p. 74
Class EUGLENOPHYCEAE
Order EUGLENALES
Family EUGLENACEAE
Us
Euglena Ehrenberg 1838
tdae,
�st
di­
) 4
'ig.
20-
Cells elongate-lanceolate, spindle-shaped, sometimes attenuate
at the posterior end, solitary, motile with 1 flagellum ; periplast soft
or fai rly rigid, often striated or otherwise marked, commonly meta­
bolic ; chloroplasts green, usually numerous and discoid or various,
u�ually with eye-spot ; pyrenoid-like bodies sometimes present ;
paramylon grains few and ring- or rod-shaped, or many and of
di\·crse forms.
Longitudinal division of the cells ; cysts ; and amoeboid isoga­
mous gametes.
1. Euglena acus Ehrenberg (Pl. XIII, Fig. 311) . Cells 7-12 x
70-200!1, elongate, fusiform with attenuate tip ; periplast slightly
�pi rally striated ; paramylon grains 7-12 in number, rod-like, scat­
tered.
ells
:ed,
ells
<'ig.
Haunck, Smith.
2. Euglena fusca (Klebs) Lemmermann (Pl. XIII, Fig. 308) .
Cells 23-28 x 90-225!1, elongate ; periplast longitudinally punctate ;
paramylon grains 2, large.
Terwilliger's.
3. Euglena oxyuris Schnarda (Pl. XIII, Fig. 307) . Cells 30-45
x 375-490!1, elongate-cylindrical ; periplast markedly spirally striate ;
paramylon grains 2 large annular elpngate rings.
Wehrle
4. Euglena polym01·pha Dangeard (Pl. XIII, Fig. 306) . Cells
2 0 25 x 80-90!1, ovoid to cylindrical ; periplast striated spirally ;
paramylon grains oval, often absent.
Terwilliger's.
5. E1tglena spi1·ogym Ehrenberg (Pl. XIII, Fig. 310) . Cells
.
-
73
. l
I
6-20 x 80-1501", cylindric-elongate, sometimes bent ; periplast with
prominent spiral punctations ; paramylon grains 2.
Open lake, Haunck, Terwilliger's, Smith.
6. Euglena deses Ehrenberg (Pl. XIII, Fig. 309 ) . Cells 17-24
x 70-2001", elongate with short tip, markedly metabolic ; flagellum
short and usually coarse ; paramylon grains ovoid to rod-shaped ;
not free-swimming.
Quarry pools on Kelleys.
7. Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg (Pl. XIII, Fig. 312) . Cells
28-33 x 55-1201", elongate-ovoid, with short tip ; red in color ; para-·
mylon grains round or ovoid.
Smith.
Lepocinclis Perty 1849
Cells ovoid, ellipsoid or lanceolate-ellipsoid, circular in cross
section, solitary, motile with 1 flagellum ; periplast rigid, usually
spirally striated, not metabolic ; chloroplasts numerous, discoid,
parietal, occasionally with 1 eyespot ; paramylon grains usually 2,
ring-shaped, lateral.
Longitudinal division of cells.
1. Lepocinclis ovum (Ehrenberg) Lemmermann (Pl. XIII, Fig.
316) . Cells 15-18 x 30-381", ovoid, with a distinct posterior spine
6-71" long ; periplast decidedly spirally striate.
Terwilliger's.
Phacus Duj ardin 1841
Cells flat (occasionally twisted) , the flat faces oval or elliptic
in outline, with posterior, sometimes curved spine, solitary, motile
with 1 flagellum ; periplast rigid, not metabolic, usually spirally or
longitudinally striated ; chloroplasts numerous, discoid, parietal ;
paramylon grains large or small or none.
Longitudinal division of cells ; cysts.
1. Phacus longicauda (Ehrenberg) Dujardin (Pl. XIII, Fig.
313) . Cells 46-70 x 85-1151", ovoid ,with elongate posterior spine ;
periplast longitudinally striated ; 1 paramylon grain.
Squaw, open lake.
2. Phacus pleu?·onectes (0. F. Mueller) Dujardin (Pl. XIII,
Figs. 314) . Cells 33-35 x 45-491", broadly ovoid with median fold,
slightly twisted, with short uncinate spine ; paramylon grains 1-2.
Terwilliger's.
3. Phacus pyrum Ehrenberg (Pl. XIII, Fig. 315) . Cells 13-15
x 30-551", ovoid, with elongate straight spine ; periplast spirally
striate ; paramylon grains 2 and large, or several, small and discoid.
Terwilliger's.
74
,I
4. Phacus hispidula (Eichw.) Lemmermann (Pl. XIII, Fig.
330) . CeJls 18-33 x 30-551', ovoid with straight posterior spike ;
periplast longitudinally striate, the striae covered with minute
spines ; paramylon grains discoid or rod-like.
Haunck.
Trachelomonas
r
Ehrenberg 1833 ,
Cells solitary, motile, usually with 1 flagellum and a delicate,
highly metabolic periplast ; protoplast loosely encased in a variously
shaped, rigid, smooth, or ornamented envelope (lorica) ; flagellum
emerging through a wide circular aperture ; chloroplast 2 curved
plates or numerous discs ; paramylon grains small, present or ab­
sent ; pyrenoid-like bodies often present ; eyespot frequent.
Longitudinal and transverse division inside the envelope, the
. new cells escaping ; cysts.
.,
1. Trachelomo?Ws hispida (Perty) Stein (Pl. XIII, Fig. 319) .
Cells 15-26 x 20-421', ovoid, thickly covered with short spines.
Open lake.
2. Trachelonwnas piscatoris (Fisher) Stokes ( Pl. XIII, Fig.
318) . Cells 15-25 x 25-40,u, cylindrical, covered with spines.
Squaw, Smith.
3. Trachelomonas horrida Palmer (Pl. XIII, Fig. 335) . Cells
30-36 x 40-45,u, broadly ovoid, covered with abruptly pointed spines
of nearly parallel sides ; wart-like projections among bases of
spines present or not ; mouth wide.
Fisher.
4: Tmchelomonas schauinslandii Lemmermann (Pl. XIII, Fig.
317) . Cells 14 x 27-28,u, ovoid, covered with granulations.
Terwilliger's.
5. T1·achelomonas gibberosa Playfair (Pl. XIII, Fig. 334 ) .
Cells 29-43 x 50-66,u, rhomboidal.
Smith.
Recently Deflandre ( 1930) has separated certain members of
Trachelomonas which have no or very few spines into a separate
genus, Strombomonas. If Deflandre .be followed, the following
nomenclature is applied : S. gibberosa (Playfair) Deflandre and S.
schauinslandii (Lemmermann) Deflandre.
75
-
--�-
--
- -----
;:..
Class DINOPHYCEAE*
Family
PERIDINIACEAE
1. Peridinium quadridens Stein (PI. XIII, Fig. 321) . Cells 2033 X 30-39,u.
Terwilliger's.
2. Ceratium hirundinella (0. F. Mueller) Schrank (Pl. XIII,
Fig. 322 ) . Cells 95-400,u long.
Generally distributed.
Family GYMNODINIACEAE
1. Glenodinium aciculiferum (Lemmermann) Lindemann (Pl.
XIII, Fig. 320) . Cells 29-42 x 35-5l,u.
Open lake.
• For a discussion of this group see Schilling 1913, West and Fritsch 1927, Eddy 1930� G. M.
Smith 1938, No attempt "is made here to treat the class and the above al."e listed simply as a
matter of record and as illustrations of the class Dinophyceae.
LITERATURE CITED*
1. Ahlstrom, E. H. and Tiffany, L. H., 1934. The algal genus Tetrastrum.
Amer. Jour. Bot. (In press) .
2. Burl<ho!der, P. R. 1930. Microplanl<ton studies of Lake Erie. Bull. Buffalo
Soc. Nat. Sciences 14(3) : 73-91.
3. Chodat, R. 1926. Scenedesmus. Revue d'Hydrologie 3 ( � ) : 71-258.
4. Deflandre, G. 1930. Strombomonas, nouveau genre d'Euglenacees. Archiv.
fiir Protistenkunde 69: 551-614.
5. Fritsch, F. E., and Rich, F. 1924.
Contributions to our knowledge of the
freshwater algae of Africa. Trans. Roy. Soc, So. Africa 11 :296-398.
6.
and
7.
and Stephens, E. 1921. Ibid. (1) : 1-72.
.
1930. Ibid. 18 (2) : 1-92.
8. Hodgetts, W. J., 1926. Ibid. 1 3 : 49-103.
9. Kreclrer, F. H. 1928. Periodic oscillations in Lake Erie; Contribution No.
1, Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory, Ohio State Univ. 1-22.
10. Landacre, F. L. 1908. The protozoa of Sandusky Bay and vicinity. Pro­
ceedings Ohio State Acad. Sci. 4 (10) : 421-472.
11. Pascher, A. Die Siisswasserflora Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz.
Vols. 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
12. Pascher, A. 1932. Einige neue o·der kritische Heterokonten. Archiv. f. Pro­
tistenkunde 77(2) : 305-359.
13. Pieters, A. J. 1902. The plants of western Lake Er�e, with observations on
their distribution. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 2 1 : 57-79 (1901).
76
--� - -��
,,,
,,
14. Printz, H. 1927. Chlorophyceae in Engler's Die Natiirlichen Pfianzenfami­
!ien. Vol. 3. 463 pp. 366. figs.
15. Rich, Florence.
1932. Contributions to our knowledge of the freshwater
algae of Afr�ca. Trans. Royal Soc. So. Africa 20 (2) : 149-188.
16. Riddle, Lumina C. 1902-03. Algae from Sandusky Bay. Ohio Nat. 3 :317-
l
I
,,
'
319; Ann. Report Ohio Acad. Science 1902:28.
17. Smith, G. M. 1916. A preliminary list of algae found in Wisconsin Lakes.
Trans. Wise. Acad Science, Arts and Letters 1 8 : 531-565.
1916. A monograph of the algal genus Scenedesmus, based on
18.
pure culture studies. Trans. Wise. Acad. Science, Arts & Letters 1 8 : 422-530.
1920. Phytoplankton of the inland lakes of . Wisconsin.
19.
Wise.
·
Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey. Bull. No. 7, 243 pp. 51 Pl.
20.
1921. The phytoplankton of the Muskoka Region, Ontario, Canada. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters 20: 322-364.
21.
1924. Ecology of the plankton algae .in the Palisades Interstate
Park. Roosevelt Wild Life Bull. 23 ( 4) : 93-195.
22.
1926, The plankton algae of the Okoboji Region. Trans. Amer.
Micros. Soc. 45 ( 3) : 156-233.
1930.
23.
Notes on the Volvocales I-IV.
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
57(6) : 359-370.
1933. Fresh-water algae of the Un.ited States. 716 pp. 449 figs.
24.
McGraw Hill Co.
25. Stehle, Mabel E. 1923. Surface plankton protozoa from Lake Erie in the
Put-in-Bay Region. Ohio Jour. Sci. 23 (1) : 41-54.
26. Taylor, W. R. 1932. Notes on the genus Anabaenopsis. Amer. Jour. Bot.
19 : 454-463.
27. Tiffany, L. H. 1921. Algal food of the young gizzard shad. Ohio Jour. of
Science 21: 113-122.
28.
•
1926. The filamentous algae of northwestern Iowa.
Amer. Micros. Soc. 45 (2) : 69-132.
Trans.
and Ahlstrom, E. H. 1931. New and interesting plankton algae
29.
from Lake Erie. Ohio Jour. of Science 3 1 : 455-467.
30. Tilden, J. 1910. The Myxophyceae of North America. 328 pp. 20 Pl.
31. Vorce, C. M. 1880.' The minute forms of . life in · the waters of the lakes.
Amer. Jour. Microscopy and Popular Science. 5 ( 7) : 263-265. (Further notes
by the same author in Proc. Amer. Micros. Soc. 4 : 50-62.
187-196.
1881-
1882).
32. Ward, H. G., and Whipple, G. C. 1918. Freshwater Biology. John Wiley &
Sons.
33. West, G. S., and Fritsch, F. E. 1927. British Freshwater Algae (revised ed.
by F. E. Fritsch) 534 pp. 207 figs.
•
Citations of some special papers are given in connection with the particular algae concerned.
77
- ----�---
-- ------··
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-
,_.
' ' .�
..
PLATE !
. v,
I
j
'I.)
J
sus
limneticus var. subsal
Fig. 1. Ch?·oo coccus
cus Limneticus
Figs. 2-10. Chroococ
purpu,.eus
cus limneticus var.
Figs. 11-15. Chroococ
n from G. M. Smith)
Snow ; Fig. 14 redraw
(Fig. 11 redrawn from
,.
78
/
--
. --
/.//
I
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t
i
.
I
r-
-"
-
'
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\\
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ll
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.--
-
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·
-
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i
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,
o
f
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:
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8
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/"'
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1/J. aY
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....
_
-
.
.
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·•......
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.
!
·- '
.......
�
.
....
� ..
J
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/
..... ..
/
/
-- /'
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4
.. _
..
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./ /
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.
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79
PLATE II
teus
Chroococcus gigan
rsus
Chroococcus dispe
us
gid
tur
s
Chro ococcu
tus
nu
mi
s
Chroococcu
egelianu?n
Coelosphaerium na
biurn
du
u1n
Coelosp haeri
etzingianu?n
ku
tm-ium
Fig. 22. Coelosphc
s
onina var. co1·dijormi
ap
ham·ia
Fig. 23 . Gornphosp
sphaeria aponina
Fig. 24. Gompho
phaeria lacustris
Fig. 25 . Gomphos
psa delicatissima
Fig. 26 . Aphanoca
ferta
psa elachista var. con
Fig. 27. Aphanoca
capsa pulchra
Fig. 28 . Aphano
a grevillei
Fig. 29. Aphanocaps
osa :
aerugin
s
Fig. 3 0. Mwrocysti
smaller scale;
a. entire colony on
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18 .
Fig. 19 .
Fig. 20 ;
Fig. 21 .
b. part of colony.
jor
tis aeruginosa· var. ma
Fig. 31. Microcys
a
e1·t
tis pulverea v. inc
Fig. 3 2. Micro cys
fiosaquae
Fig. 33 . Micro cystis
n from Smith)
(Figs. 19-25, 29 redraw
·
80
------ �- - -
. I
i
,.
I
t·I
I:
i
I
'
.18
16
17
27
29
25
26
28
32
2D aderona
81
r
1
i
'
I
I
r
- "�
'
PLATE III
Fig. 34. Merismop.edia 'major
Figs. 35-36.
;• ,
Merismopedia convoluta
Fig. 37. Me1·ismopedia convoluta var. minor
Fig. 38. Merisrnopedia punctata
Fig. 39. Merismopedia elegans
Fig. 40. Merismopedia tenuissima
Fig. 41. Merismopedia glauca
Fig. 42. Eucapsis alpina (on separate scale)
Fig. 43. Gloeothece rupestris (on separate scale)
Fig. 44. Marssoniella elegans
Fig. 45. Dactylococcopsis smithii
Fig. ,!16. Rhabdoderma linea?'e
Fig. 47. Aphanothece clathrata
Fig. 48,
Fig. 49.
Aphanothece nidulans
Aphanothece prasina
(Figs. 34, 38, 39, 46 redrawn from Smith ; Fig. 42 retlrawn from
Shantz ; Fig. 43 redrawn from Cooke)
I·
8�
"
,,
I'
1r
I�
I
!
I
!I
35
34
40
39
45
50 microns
lil'• 42, 43
43
44
,.
.....
.. .
.
..
.
.
.
. .
.
..
...
\
I
j
46
" 4l'i ..
83
r
PLATE IV
•,
Fig. 50.
Fig. 51.
Fig. 52.
Fig. 53.
Fig. 54.
Fig. 55.
Fig. 56.Fig. 57.
Fig. 58.
Fig. 59.
Fig. 60.
Fig. 61.
Fig. 62.
Fig. 63.
Fig. 64.
Fig. 65.
Fig. 66.
Fig. 67.
Fig. 68.
Oscillatoria chalybea
Oscillatoria tenuis
Oscillatoria agardhii
Oscillatoria lacustris
Oscillatoria li'TJWsa
Oscillatoria princeps
Oscillatoria cortiana
Oscillatoria prolifica
Oscillatoria splendida
fhormidium retzii
Phor1nidium subfuscum
Spirulina major
Spirulina laxissima
Spirulina princeps
Lyngbya majuscula
Lyngbya aestuarii
Lyngbya birgei
Lyngbya contorta
Lynbya 1najor
(Figs. 51, 57, 61, 66 redt:awn from Smith ; Figs. 56 and 59
redrawn from Gamont) .
84
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i
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I
I
r
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I
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I
52
53
!
l
55
54
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i
,.
l
l
l
57
\I
�
58
59
6i
62
i.
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;�::.:J:.::-: � _ ;-..<-�.;·t:­
�
;;f.�:>£.�:;),:'�:��.{'
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;:.-.
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63
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::.\·:.·: ��-:-.�;..
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66
85
67
50 mlaron•
'
i
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i ;
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f
PLATE V
Fig. 69.
Fig. 70.
Fig. 71.
Fig. 72.
Fig. 73.
Fig. 74.
Fig. 75.
Figs. 76"77.
Fig. 78.
Fig. 79.
Fig. 80.
Fig.. 81.
Fig. 82.
Fig. 83.
Fig. 84.
Fig. 85.
Fig. 86.
Fig·: 87.
.
Nostoc coeruleum
Anabaena planctonica
Anabaena ajfinis
Anabaena circinalis
Anabaena catenula
Anabaena fiosaquae
Anabaena lem11te>·manni
Anabaena spiroides var. c>·assa
Nodularia sphaerocarpa ·
Nodularia spumigena
Nodularia harveyana
Aphanizomenon fiosaquae
Cylind>·ospe>·mu11t stagnale
Tolypothrix tenuis
Tolypothrix distorta
Gloeotrichia pisum
Gloeotrichia echinulata (on separate scale)
Gloeot•·ichia natans
redrawn from Smith ; Figs. 74 and 7 8
redrawn from Tilden) .
( Figs. 71, 72, 76, 7 7
86
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.
69
-� :
\:.,
'
79
60
70
f!)
�
71
81
72
'
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73
82
83
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n
H
77
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t, ?.
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85
75
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87
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t '
PLATE VI
Fig. 88.
Fig. 89.
Fig. 90.
Fig. 91.
Fig. 92.
Figs. 93-94.
Fig. 95.
Fig. 96.
Fig. 97.
Fig. 98.
Fig. 99.
Fig. 100.
Fig. 101.
Fig. 102.
Fig. 103.
Eudorina elegans
Goniwm fo1'mosum
Plepdo1·ina illinoisensis
Pleodorina califo1"ltica (see also Fig. 362)
Platydorina caudata
Pandm·ina 1n01'U'Ill·
Sphae1·ella lacustris
Chlamydornonas globosa
Chlamydomonas snowii
Phacotus lenticularis
Carte1·ia klebsii
Vol11oro mononae
VoZ11ox aureus
VoZ11ox globator: colony
VoZ11oro globator : single zygote
(Figs.
'
8 9�91, 94, 102-103 redr�wri from Smith )
88
,{
'
1-
-,,
, 1. ;r
_,
:' �
. ��
96
I'
il
: -- ;�I
,
·f'
�-
,,
-,
96
�
97
103
ZO
Flp e&-.M,
tfl,loo-102
89
•1erons
P1ca,95-t� 99
I
r
PLATE VII
Fig. 104.
Figs. 105-106.
Figs. 107, 107A.
Fig. 108.
Fig. 109.
Fig. 110.
Fig. 111.
Fig. 112.
Fig. 113.
Fig. 114.
Fig. 115 .
Fig. 116.
Fig. 117.
Fig. 118.
Figs. 119-120.
Fig. 121.
Fig. 122.
Fig. 123.
Fig. 124.
Fig. 125.
Fig. 126.
Fig. 127.
Fig. 128.
Fig. 129.
.
Tetraspom lacust1-is
Asterococcus limneticus
Apiocystis brauniana
Sphaerocystis schroete1·i
Gloeocystis planctonica
Gloeocystis gigas
Golenkinia paucispina ( scale X 2 )
Golenkinia maxima
Golenkinia radiata
Golenkinia radiata var. brevispina
Acanthosphaem zacha1·iasi
Cha1·acium ambiguum
Cha1·acium cw·vatum
Stylosphaeridiu1n stipitatum
Chamcium gmcilipes
Cha1·acium naegelii ( scale X 2 )
Chamciu?n sieboldii
Characium ornithocephalum ( scale X 2)
Characium falcatwn ( scale X � )
Chlorococcum infusionum
Elaktothrix viridis
Desmatracturn indutum (scale X 2)
So1·astrurn a11te1·icanunt var. undulatum
Somst?·um spinulosum ( scale X 2)
( Fig. 104�106, 108, 111. 115, 118, 128 redrawn from Smith ; Fig. 110
redrawn from Cienkowsky ; Fig. 107A from Fritsch ; Fig. 109 from
West ; li'ig. 120 from Lambert ; Fig. 123 from A. Braun ; Fig. 127
from Geitler) .
90
109
�
1i6
111
•
(�
1 17
1
118
1 14
121
123
·�
.,
'
a
.
120
119
116
125
124
,_
il
!i
,'
i
.J.
·� /
j
i:2a
91
129
'
·•'
:-;
(\ i)
i
50 miorona
127
I
.
PLATE VIII
Fig. 130.
Fig. 131.
Fig. 132.
Fig. 133.
Fig. 134.
Figs. 135-136.
Figs. 137-138.
Fig. 139.
Fig. 140.
Fig. 141.
Fig. 142.
Fig. 143.
Fig. 144.
Fig. 145.
Figs. 146-147.
Fig. 148.
Figs. 149-150.
Fig. 151.
Fig. 152.
Fig. 153.
Fig. 154.
Fig. 155.
Fig. 156.
Fig. 157.
Fig. 158.
Fig. 159.
Fig. 160.
Fig. 161,'
Fig. 162.
Fig. 163.
Figs. 164-165.
Hyd1·odictyon 1·eticulatu1n
Pediastrum kawraiskyi
Pediastrum tetras
Pediastrum tetras var. tetraodon
Pediastrum biradiatum
Pediastrurn simplex
Pediastrum simplex var. ovatunt
Pediastrum simplex var. duodenar,ium
Pediastrum duplex
Pediastru1n duplex var. reticulatu1n
Pediastru1n duplex var. cohaerens
Pediastrum duplell! var. 1'otundatum
Pediastrunt duplell! var. gracillimum
Pediastrum integrunt
Pediastrum boryanu1n
Pediastrum boryanum var. longicm·ne
C1'Ucigenia tetrapedia
Crucigenia apiculata
Crucigenia apiculata var. e1-iensis
Crucigenia quadrata
Crucigenia irregula1-is
Crucigenia rectangula1·is
Crucigenia apiculata var. truncata
Crucigenia fenestrata
Crucigenia lauterbornei
Coelastrum cambricum
Coelastrurn sphaericum
Coelastrum proboscideum
Coelastrum microporum
Coelastru1n reticulatum
Dictyosphaerium planctonicunt
(Figs. 131�134, 139-144, 146, 148, 151-152, 106-159, 163 redrawn from
Smith ) . (Figs, 131, 148, 161-40 microns scale ; Figs, 149-160, 162165-26 microns scale) .
, 92
tiP
�
133
131
7
� f[J
'" J:!:o
138
VjJJJ
146
134
�
146
•
143
147
N
'
'
'166
40 ·Illcrone
1 60
93
.-- - �-----
jJ
PLATE IX
Fig. 166.
Fig. 167.
Fig. 168.
Fig. 169.
Fig. 170.
Fig. 171.
Fig. 172.
Fig. 173.
Fig. 174.
Fig. 175.
Fig. 176.
Fig. 177.
Fig. 178.
Fig. 179.
Fig. 180.
Fig. 181.
Fig. 182.
Fig. 183.
Fig. 184.
Fig. 185.
Fig. 186.
Fig. 187.
Fig. 188.
Fig. 189.
Fig. 190.
Fig. 191.
Fig. 192.
Fig. 193.
Fig. 194.
Fig. 195.
Fig. 196.
Fig. 197.
Ffg. 198.
.
Dimorphococcus lunatus
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum
Dicytosphaerium ehrenbe1·gianum
Dictyosphaerium planctonicum
W estella botryoides
Westella linearis
Schroederia setigera
ClosteriOjJsis longissima
Closteriopsis longissima var. b"opica
Ankistrodesmus convolutus
Ankist1·odesmus falcatus
Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. spi1·illijo1·mis
(On large scale)
Ankistrodesmus falcatus var; mirabilis
Ankistrodesn�us spiralis
Chlorella vulgaris
Eremosp.haera viridis
T1·ochiscia aspera
Trochiscia reticularis
Echinosphae1·ella limnetica
Kirchneriella lunaris
Kirchneriella lunaris var. dianae
Kirchne1·iella lunaris var. i1·regula1·is
Kirchneriella obesa
Kirchneriella obesa var. aperta
Kirchneriella o besa var. majo1·
Kirchneriella contorta
Ki1·chneriella subsolitaria
Nephrocytium lunatu1n
Nephrocytium limneticum
Nephrocytium agardhianum
Selenast1-um westii
Selenastrum bibraianum var. gmcile
'
Selenastrum bibraianun�
(Figs. 168, 171, 178, 184-190, 194 redrawn from Smith ; Figs. 16G
and 173 redrawn .from West) .
94
'
.I
I
s
176
173
177
174.
180
•
17 9
182
®
183
. ..
. -¥.
·e
\� ......
191
{�
,,. . _ ,,
.......
95
�
�
196
... . . .
...
150 Jniorou
.... .·
-
......
�..
PLATE X
Figs. 199-201.
Fig. 202.
Fig. 203.
Fig. 204.
Fig. 205.
Fig. 206.
Fig. 207.
Fig. 208.
Fig. 209.
Fig. 210.
Fig. 211.
Fig. 212.
Fig. 213.
Fig. 214.
Fig. 215.
Fig. 216.
Fig. 217.
Fig. 218.
Fig. 219.
Fig. 220.
Fig. 221.
Fig. 222.
Fig. 223.
Fig. 224.
Fig. 225.
Fig. 226.
Fig. 227.
Fig. 228.
Fig. 229.
� Fig. 230.
Lagerheimia citriformis var. 1)aucispina
Lagerheimia citriformis
Lagerheimia genevensis var. subglobosa
Lagerheimia quadriseta
Lagerheimia longiseta var. major
Lagerheimia longiseta
Lagerheirnia ciliata
Lagerheirnia w•·atislawiensis
Franceia droescheri
Lagerheimia subsalsa
Oocystis submarina
Oocystic solitaria (slightly larger scale)
Oocystis pusilla
Oocystis eremosphaeria
Oocystis lacustris
Oocystis borgei
Oocystis crassa
Oocystis elliptica
Oocystis parva
Franceia ovalis
Franceia tuberculata
Franceia tuberculata var. ir1·egula1"is
Pachycladon umbrinus (slightly smaller scale)
Actinastrum gracillintum
Actinastrum hantzschii var. fluviatile
Actinastrum hantzschii
Planktosphaeria gelatinosa
Quadrigula lacustris
Quadrigula closterioides
Quadrigula chodati
(Fig. 200 redrawn from Woloezynska ; Figs. 207-213, 216·219,
223-226 redrawn from Smith ) .
96
I
,,
218
21 9
\\
/
!
}
\
'
i
\
I
!·
\
I
j·
\
\
\
'
\
\
\
224
2 26
97
2 27
;
I
" /i
··· 230 /
·� ·····
........
"
PLATE XI
Fig. 231.
Fig. 232.
Fig. 233.
Fig. 234.
Fig. 235.
Fig. 236.
Fig. 237.
Fig. 238.
Fig. 239.
Fig. 240.
Fig. 241.
Fig. 242.
Fig. 243.
Fig. 244.
Fig. 245.
Fig. 246.
Fig. 247.
Fig. 248.
Fig. 249.
Figs. 250-252.
Fig. 253.
Fig. 254.
Fig. 255.
Figs. 256-257.
Figs. 258-259.
Fig. 260.
Fig. 261.
Fig. 262.
Fig. 263.
Figs. 264-265.
Fig. 266.
Figs. 267-270.
Tet1·aed?"On regula1·e
Tetraed1·on 1·egulare var. torsunt
Tet1·aed1·on ntinintunt
Tetraed1·on ntuticum
Tet1·aed1·on tumidulu1n
Tet1·aed1·on trigonum .
Tetraed1·on t1·igonunt var. papillijeru1n
Tetraed1·on trigonum var. gracile
Tet1·aed1·on incus
Tet1·aedron incus var. i1-regula1·e
Tet1·aedron pentraedricum
Tetraedron caudatum
Tetraedro1t caudatum var. longis1>inu1n
Tetraed1·on gracile
Tetraed1·on hastatum
Tetraed1·on hastatunt var. palatinunt
Tet1·aedron en01"11te
Tetraedron artM·odesmijo1me ( scale X 2)
Tetraedron smithii
Tet1·aedron artM·odesmijo1·nte var. cont01•ta
Tetraed1·on lobulatunt
Tet1·aed1·on lobulatum var. polyju1·catunt
Tetraed1·on t1-igonum var. papillije1·um : autospores.
Tet1·aed1·on lintneticum
Polyed1·iopsis spinulosa
Polyed1·iopsis spinulosa var. excavata
Treuba1-ia varia
Treuba1·ia crassispina
Tet1·ast1'U1n stau1·ogeniaejorme
Tetrastrum ·glab1·um
"Elegans" form of Tetrastrum heteracanthum
Tet1·ast1'Unt heteracanthum
(All figures except 255, 261, 264-267, 268-270 r�drawn from Smith ) .
98
,;
I
I
"
.255
;.:.:·r-·­
�;L..�;:.:. ·_:
'
263
40
MICRONS
99
,. ,
).K
...;. .r ·
2 68
.
'
'
'r
PLATE XII
Fig. 271. Scenedesmus abundans
'
Fig. 272. ScenedeS?nus acuminatus
Fig. 273.
Scenedesmus acutijo?·mis
Fig. 27 4.
Scenedesmus a1·cuatus
Fig. 275. Scenedesmus arcuatus var. platydisca
Fig. 276. Scenedesrnus in01·assatulus var. 1nononae
Fig. 277. Scenedes1nus denticulatus
Fig. 278. Scenedesmus obliquus
Fig. 279.
Scenedesmus a1·matus
Fig. 280. Scenedesmus be1·na1·dii
Fig. 281.
Scenedesrnus bijuga var. alternans
Fig. 282.
Scenedesrnus bijuga
Fig. 283. Scenedesmus bijuga var. fiexuosus
Fig. 284.
Scenedesmus brasiliensis
Scenedesmus denticulatus
Fig. 285.
Fig. 286. Scenedesmus di11w1·phus
Fig. 2"87. Scenedes1nus opo liensis
Fig. 288.
Scenedesmus quadricauda var. quad1-ispina
Fig. 289. Scenedesmus quad1-icauda var. westii
Fig. 290. Scenedesmus quadricauda
Fig. 291. Scenedes1nus quadricauda var. alte1·nans
Fig. 292. Scenedesmus quad1-icauda var. longispina
Fig. 293. Scenedesmus quadricauda var. 1naxintus
Fig. 294. Scenedesmus hystrix
Fig. 295. Scenedesmus p1·otuberans
Fig. 296. Scenedes1nus longus
Fig. 297. Scenedesmus wisconsinensis· (slightly larger scale)
Fig. 298. Scenedesrnus anontalus
Fig. 299. Scenedesmu.s bijuga var. 11tajo1·
Fig. 300. Erre1·ella bornhemiensis
Fig. 301. Micractiniu1n p,usillunt
Fig. 302,. ,MicractiniU?n quad1·isetum
Fig. 303. Micractinium pusillu1n var. elegans
·
Fig. 304. Micractiniunt pusiUum var. longiseturn
Fig. 305. Mim·actinium eriense
(AU figures except 295, ·297-299, 303-304 redrawn from Smith ) ,
100
.
rrm
288
._.-. ,
�
296
�
1. . , ,
· '
: � ,.·'
. ... ::
.
<; •
2 99
40
MICRONS
101
�_,. "t . .
� . ·- t . I
:�:1L��·
;
'
PLATE XIII
Fig. 306.
Fig. 307.
Fig. 308.
Fig. 309.
Fig. 310.
Fig. 311.
Fig. 312.
Fig. 313.
Fig. 314.
Fig. 315.
Fig. 316.
Fig. 317.
Fig. 318.
Fig. 319.
Fig. 320.
Fig. 321.
Fig. 322.
Fig. 323.
Fig. 324.
Fig. 325.
Fig. 326.
Fig. 327.
Fig. 328.
Fig. 329.
Fig. 330.
Fig; 331.
Fig. 332,
Fig. 333.
Fig. 334.
Fig, 335.
Euglena polymo1·pha
Euglena oxyuris ( scale X 3 )
Euglena fusca
Euglena deses
Euglena spirogyra
Euglena acus
Euglena sanguinea
Phacus longicauda
Phacus pleu1·onectes ( scale X � )
Phacus pyrum
Lepocinclis ovum
Trachelomonas schauinslandii (scale X
Trachelomonas piscatoris
Trachelomonas hispida
Glenodinium aciculifm·u1n
Pe.1·idinium quadridens
Ceratium hirundinella
Och1·omonas mutabilis
Dina bryan stipitatun1
Dinab1·yan divergens
Dinob1·yan set.ula,·ia :
a. an enlarged view of cyst.
Uroglenopsis aTneriea11a
Rhizachrysis limnetica
Synura uvella (scale X 3 )
Phacus hispidula
Dinobryon bavaricu1n
RhizocMysis scherffelii
Cyclonexis annularis
Trachelomonas gibberosa
Trachelonwnas horrida. ·
1; )
·
'
Figures redrawn : 307, 309, 310, 311 from .Walto n ; SOB from Hueb.:
ner ; 312 from Haase ; 306 from Dangeard ; 316, 817, 818 from
Lemmermann ; 320, 321 from Eddy ; 323 from Pascher.; 324�_828 from
Smith) .
102
" ' '
, :" \ ,
. .,
: :
'
··
.
:-:
·. . ' ....
.
.·
'
. '•
';
··
,. .
, .. · . -
�.
3 06
307
/]\
v
"
;-', :· -�� '
: .
)\nJ�·····
\
.;
331
;, _,_� ' '
;
.·.
·
·.. .. �
. :
. '
' .. . ,,.
.. · . .
f;.... :. '-
30 9
;.,·
3 26
33 2
335
103
PLATE XIV
Fig. 336. Mallomonas caudata
Fig. 337. Mallomonas alpina
Fig. 338.
Tribone?na utriculosu?n
Fig. 339. T?·ibone?na minus
Fig. 340. Tribone?na bo?nbycinu?n var. tenue
Fig. 341.
T?·ibonema bornbycinurn
Fig. 342.
Fig. 343.
Ophiocytiurn capitaturn
Ophiocytium caj>itatu?n var. longispinum
Fig. 344.
Ophiocytiu?n pa?·vulum
Fig. 345.
Ophiocytiurn cochlea?·e
Fig. 34c.
Fig. 347.
Fig. 348.
Ophiocytiunt arbusculurn
Chlo?·o bot?·ys limneticus
Botryococcus b..aunii
Fig. 349.
Bot?·yococcus bntunii, compound colonies
Fig. 350. Bot?·yococcus sudeticus
Fig. 351. Botryococcus p?·oturb e?·ans var. ntinor
Fig. 352. Cent?·it?·actus bela?W1Jho?·us
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
353. Characiopsis cylindrica
354. Stipitococcus urceolatus
355. Stipitococcus vasi/o?·mis
356. Peroniella limnetica
(Figs. 348 and 350 redrawn from Smith ; Fig. 354 redrawn from West) .
,.
104
·
,..
,
...
'
... ··"'
:
337
,�
.
···
.
.
··
··
··
·"
··-
.,
\.
\
339
3'47
r:
338
"
·�
�:
..
..
•
..
..
�4�·
'
'
\'•
.
.
..
.
.
/
)
- .
.
,
_
'
·'
.
•
,.,_ ,,.
�- , ......:
i �..
�
.
345
'r
349
•:
;.._
�i·
.
•
..
..
.
I
"
..
340
352
n
50
341
c
351
,
__.
··
350
344
·'
..
,:
�, -
MICRONS
3153
105
·
.
•' ·
,.
·.
,_
' �-- '
:.
:
.
PLATE XV
Fig. 357.
Gonium pect6rale
Fig. 358. Pando1-ina protuberans
Fig. 359. Eudorina unicocca
Fig. 360. Pteromonas angulosa
l
Fig. 361. Carteria dissecta
Fig. 362. Pleodorina californica,
a heterothal!ic colony with autocolony, packet of
sperms, zygotes, and vegetative cells
Fig. 363. Sorastrum mnericanurn
Fig. 364. Chlorella variegatus
Fig. 365. Crucigenia alternans
Fig. 366. Gloeotaenium loitlesbergerianunt
Fig. 367. Polyedriopsis quadrispina
Fig. 368. Gloeoactinium limneticum
Fig. 369.
Scenedesmus carinatus
Fig. 370. Anabaenopsis circularis
Fig. 371. Anabaenopsis arnoldii
Fig. 372. Microcystis pulverea
Fig. 373.
Holopediu1n obvolutum
Fig. 37 4.
Anabaena macrospora var. 1·obusta
106
�
365
368
372
373
10 7
374
INDEX
Page
AcanthosJ?hS;era
zachartast
o
Actinastium
.
o , , o
o
gracillimum
o
o
t
hantzschii �
v. fiuviati1e
0 0
;- 0
o ,
Anabaena
0
affinis
c�te_nul�
•
ctrctnahs
flosaquae
0
letnmermanni
macrospora v. robusta
planctonica , � . o
o ,
o ,
spiroides v. crassa. , , ,
o
o o o ,
Anabaenopsis
arnoldii
circularis
Ankistrodesmus
convolutus
0
!alcatus
,.•o
o
o ,
v. mirabilis
,
,
, ,
_ ,
.
. v. .spirilliformis
. . .· o
sptrahs
Aphanjzomenon
.
, . . . . o
flosaquae
AtJhanocapsa
0
delicatissima
.
elachista v. conferta
grevillei
0
pulchra
o
,o
Apltanothece
o
o ,
clathrata
nidulans
o
,0 ,
prasina
0
o
Apiocystis . . . . • . . . . . . , . , 0 0
brauniana
o
Asterococcus
.1imneticus
o o
o
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
•
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
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. .
.
•
, •
.
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.
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•
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. ,
•
•
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109
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