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Practice LG 4: Finding Cause and Effect and Point of View
Directions: This practice assignment consists of three parts. Please make sure
you complete all of them.
Part 1: Cause and Effect
1) Pick a significant event from your life.
2) Create a multi-flow map explaining the causes and effects of that event.
3) Complete the thinking map in the space below.
Create your map here:
Part 2: Cause and Effect
Directions: Read the article about the Pullman Strike. Then create a Multi-Flow Thinking
Map that shows the causes and effects of the strike.
The Pullman Strike
Pullman workers exit the factory gates after a day's work. Most employees walked
the short distance to their nearby Pullman-owned homes and apartments.
The Pullman Strike was a disturbing event in Illinois history. It occurred because of the way
George Mortimer Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, treated
his workers. Organized in 1867, the company manufactured sleeping cars and operated them
under contract to the railroads.
Pullman created Pullman City to house his employees. It was on a three-thousand-acre tract
located south of Chicago in the area of 114th Street and Cottage Grove. His workers were
required to live in Pullman City. They were also expected to accept cuts in pay and not criticize
workloads. Pullman charged money for use of the library. Clergy had to pay rent to use the
church. "He wasn't a man to let you pray for free," it was claimed in The Call, a socialist
newspaper.
In 1893, because of a depression, factory wages at the company fell about twenty-five percent,
but the rents George Pullman charged did not decrease. If a Pullman worker went into debt, it
was taken from his paycheck.
On May 11, 1894, three thousand Pullman workers went on a "wildcat" strike, that is, without
authorization of their union. Many of the strikers belonged to the American Railroad Union
(ARU) founded by Eugene V. Debs. Debs, who was from Indiana, had moved to Chicago where
he became a railroad fireman. He became aware of the working conditions of his fellow laborers.
He saw men working for low wages, some of whom were injured or killed because of unsafe
equipment. He was determined to make things better.
On June 26, 1894, some ARU members refused to allow any train with a Pullman car to move,
except those with mail cars. Debs did not want federal troops to get involved, and he knew that if
the U.S. mail was tampered with, the troops would be there immediately.
The railroads had formed an organization called the General Managers Association. They
announced that no one could tell them whom to hire, whom to fire, or how they should pay their
workers. The twenty-four railroads that were part of the General Managers Association
immediately tried to end the strike. They announced that any switchman who refused to move
rail cars would be fired.
Debs's union announced that if a switchman was fired because he refused to move Pullman cars
all the union members would walk off the job. By June 29, fifty thousand men had quit their
jobs. Crowds of people who supported the strike began stopping trains. Soon there was no
movement on the rails west of Chicago. In some places, fights broke out.
Create your multi-flow map in the space below.
Part 3: Finding Point of View
South- POV Battle of Gettysburg
Sergeant Valerius C. Giles
4th Texas Infantry, Robertson's Brigade (South)
Giles and his fellow Texans were ordered to att
ack across the slopes of Big Round Top near Devils's Den and drive the Federals from their
positions on the nearby Little Round Top. Failing to capture the Federal position, Giles and
his comrades were forced to take shelter among the boulders on the lower slopes of Big
Round Top.
The side of the mountain was heavily timbered and covered with great boulders that had
tumbles from the cliffs above years before. These afforded great protection to the men. Every
tree, rock and stump that gave any protection from the rain of Minie balls that were poured
down upon us, was soon appropriated. john Griffith and myself pre-empted a moss-covered
old boulder about the size of a 500-pound cotton bale. By this time order and discipline were
gone. Every fellow was his own general. Private soldiers gave commands as loud as the
officers. Nobody paid any attention to either. To add to this confusion, our own artillery on the
hill to the rear was cutting its fuse too short. their shells were bursting behind us, in the
treetops, over our heads, and all around us.
Nothing demoralizes troops quicker than to be fired into by their friends. I saw it occur twice
during the war. The first time we ran, but at Gettysburg we couldn't. This mistake was soon
corrected and shells burst high on the mountain or went over it.
Major Rogers, then in command of the Fifth Texas Regiment, mounted an old log near my
boulder and began a Fourth of July speech. He was a little ahead of time, for that was about
six thirty on the evening of July 2d. Of course nobody was paying any attention to the oration
as he appealed to the men to "stand fast." He and Captain Cousins of the Fourth Alabama were
the only two men I saw standing. The balance of us had settled down behind rocks, logs, and
trees. While the speech was going on, John Haggerty, one of Hood's couriers, then acting for
General Law, dashed up the die of the mountain, and saluted the major and said: "General
Law presents his compliments, and says hold this place at all hazards." The Major checked up,
glared down at Haggerty from his perch, and shouted: "Compliments, hell! Who wants any
compliments in such a place as this? Go back and ask General Law if he wants me to hold the
world in check with the Fifth Texas Regiment? . . ."
From behind my boulder I saw a ragged line of battle strung out along the side of Cemetery
Ridge and in front of Little Round Top. Night began settling around us, but the carnage went
on. there seemed to be a viciousness in the very air we breathed. Things had gone wrong all
the day, and now pandemonium came with the darkness. Alexander Dumas says the devil gets
in a man seven times a day, and if the average is not over seven times, he is almost a saint.
North- POV Battle of Gettysburg
Corporal Henry Meyer
148th Pennsylvania Infantry, Cross' Brigade (North)
Meyer watched the men of Colonel Patrick Kelly's famed Irish Brigade prepare for action
before they moved, along with Meyer and the Pennsylvanians, forward the Wheat Field to
stem the Confederate breakthrough. Corporal Meyer would survive Gettysburg to be
discharged for poor health in 1864.
We had read in the papers of McClellan's soldiers, in the series of battles on the Peninsula, lying down
along side of batteries and going to sleep while the roar of battle went on; this seemed incredible, but
such a possibility was verified that day at Gettysburg. While lying in the hot sun in line of battle, some of
the boys slept, though shells and solid shot came crashing into our midst.
. . . The Irish Brigade, which belonged to the Division, was first assembled in solid mass and their
Chaplain, or priest, performed some religious ceremony of a few minutes duration, while the men stood,
undisturbed by bursting hells, with bowed heads in reverent silence. then the whole Division was
marched off at a "double quick" across fields and through patches of woods in the direction of the
conflict. . . .
We were the first troops to cross the field, and yellow grain was still standing. I noticed how ears of
wheat flew in the air all over the fields as they were cut off by the enemy's bullets. . . . Men in battle will
act very differently; some become greatly excited, others remain perfectly cool. One of the boys in my
rear was sitting flat on the ground and discharged his piece in the air at an angle of fort-five degrees, as
fast as he could load. "Why do you shoot in the air?" I asked him. "To scare 'em," he replied.
He was a pious young man, and the true reason why he did not shoot at the enemy direct, was because
of his conscientious scruples on the subject. What struck me as being peculiar was that some of the boys
swore energetically, who never before were heard to utter an oath.
POV- Battle of Gettysburg
After you have read the first-hand accounts about the Battle of Gettysburg, answer the following
questions.
1. How are the Southern and Northern soldier’s accounts of the Battle of Gettysburg similar and
different?
2. Did you think either account was more credible than the other? Explain your answer.