International Law Studies - Volume 72
The Law of Military Operations : Liber Amicorum Professor Jack Grunawalt
Michael N. Schmitt (Editor)
Index
A
AGGRESSION, see WAR. CRIMES, Crimes Against Peace
AIRCRAFT SABOTAGE ACT OF 1984 (U.S.), 81
AN2lJS,389
.
ARAB LEAGUE, 388, 390
ARAB LEAGUE JOINT DEFENCE TREATY (1950),392
ARCHIPELAGIC SEA.LANES PASSAGE, see LAw OF THE SEA, Navigation and Overflight
Rights and Freedoms
ARMED CONFLICT
See also BELLIGERENCY; CIvIL WAR.; COVERT ACTION; MILITAR.Y OPERATIONS; NUCLEAR.
CONFLICf
IntemationallNon.Intemational,249
ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT
Europe, 303
Haiti, 232-33
Iraq, 243
Nuclear Weapons, 130,303,310,322-24,346-48
Russian Federation, 130
ASPIN, LES, 118
AUSTRALIAN OPERATIONS LAW MANUAL, 205
AVIATION
See also CHICAGO CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CML AVIATION; INTERNATIONAL
CML AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)
Communications, 87
Cuba, 88
No· Fly Zone, see NO·FLY ZONE
Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft, 81-91, 215, 247-48, 267-69
B
BARBIE, KLAUS, 101-02
BELLIGERENCY, 272
BffiLE, 40, 95
BLOCKADE, 18, 29
BLUE BOOK, 18, 29,32
BOER WAR (1899-1902), 97
BOLAND AMENDMENT, 6
BOLIVIA, Counterdrug Operations, 80
BOSNIA, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF PERSONS FOR SERIOUS
VIOLATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw COMMITTED IN THE
TERRITORY OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA SINCE 1991; MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER
THAN WAR.; NORTH ATI.ANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION; PEACEKEEPING; RULES OF
ENGAGEMENT; WAR. CRIMES
BOWMAN, M.E., Author of the Chapter on Covert Action in the United States, 1-16
The opinions shared in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions
of the U.S. Naval War College, the Dept. of the Navy, or Dept. of Defense.
Index
BULGARIA, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft, 84
BUSH, GEORGE, 167
C
CAMPAIGN FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, 310
CANADIAN DRAFT MANUAL, 205
CANON LAW, 198
CARIDBEAN
See also CUBA; DOMINICAN REpUBLIC; HAITI
Counterdrug Operations, 80
CENTRAL AMERICA, Counterdrug Operations, 80
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Authotity,5
Covert Action, 2, 3, 5
Director of Central Intelligence, 2
Directorate for Plans (DDP), 5
CHEMICAL WEAPONS, see under WEAPONS
CHICAGO CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION, 85-86, 267
CHINA
Migrant Interdiction Operations, 171-73
Tianarunen Square, 302
War Crimes, 99
CHRISTOPHER, WARREN, 145
CHURCH, FRANK, 4
CHURCHILL, WINSTON, 428
CHURKIN, VITALY, 148
CIVIL WAR, THE (United States), 52, 369
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT, see AVIATION, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft
CLARK, CLIFFORD, 6
CLINTON, WILLIAM, 130, 134, 160, 169, 173
COALITION FORCES, Persian Gulf War, 28
COASTGUARD
See also CHINA; CUBA; HAITI; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER
THAN WAR
Migrant Interdiction Operations, 157-75
COLD WAR, 3, 4, 12, 19-29, 130, 135, 152, 390
COLOMBIA, Counterdrug Operations, 80, 83
COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, THE, 21,
33,120-21,203,206-16,436
COMMERCE AND TRADE
Freedom of Navigation, 117
Japan-U.S., 18
Naval Operations, 30
COMMUNICATIONS, 30, 31
Aviation, 87
Counterdrug Operations, 80
Maritime Interception Operations (MIO), 28
446
Index
Naval Operations, 18
COMMUNISM, 4, 5
CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815),366
CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, Naval Operations, 17
CONTINENTAL SHELF, see under LAw OF THE SEA
CONVENTION OF SCHONBRUNN (1873),369
CONVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS (1958), 159
CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION
AND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND
THEm DESTRUCTION (1972), 64
CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION ON THE USE OF
CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE
EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR HAVE INDISCRlMINATORY EFFECTS (1990),
68-69,393
1993 Amendment, 71
Protocol I regarding Fragments Not Detectable by X-Rays, 68
Protocol II regarding Land Mines and Booby Traps, 68, 71
Protocol III regarding Incendiary Weapons, 68
Protocol IV regarding Blinding Laser Weapons, 69
CONVENTION ON THE STATUS OF REFUGEES (1950), 162
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967), 162
CONVENTIONAL ARMED FORCES IN EUROPE TREATY (CFE) (1990), 151,303
COUNTERDRUG OPERATIONS, see under MILITARY OPERATIONS
COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE, 373-75, 394
COVERT ACTION,
See also CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY; INTELLIGENCE
Definition, 8-9
Honduras, 6
Iran-Contra Affair, 7
Korea, 5
Nicaragua, 6
Peru, 6
Sovereignty, 3, 11
Third World, 5
United States, 1-12
World War II, 2,3,4
CRIMEAN WAR, 53, 367-68, 394
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, see under WAR CRIMES
CRIMES AGAINST PEACE, see under WAR CRIMES
CUBA
Migrant Interdiction Operations (Operation Able Vigil), 168-70
Use of Force against CivUian Aircraft, 88
D
DAYTON PEACE AGREEMENT, 244,305
DECLARATION OF LONDON (1909),57
DECLARATION OF ST. PETERSBURG (1868),54, 198
447
Index
DEEP SEABED, see under LAW OF THE SEA
DEFENSE AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS, see ANws; ARAB LEAGUE; NORTH
ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION; SOUTHEAST AsIA TREATY ORGANIZATION;
MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATIES; SELF DEFENSE, Collective; WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION
DELIMITATION, see LAW OF THE SEA, Baselines
DESERT SHIELDJDESERT STORM, see PERSIAN GULF WAR
DETENTE, 19-29
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, Migrant Interdiction Operations (Operation Frontier Shield), 170-71
DOYLE, JAMES H, Jr., Author of the Chapter on International Law and Naval Operations, 17-38
DRUG TRAFFICKING, see MILITARY OPERATIONS, Counterdrug Operations
DUVALlER, JEAN CLAUDE, 162
E
EMBARGO, Iraq, 240
ENVIRONMENT
Armed Conflict, 32
Marine, 30
Navigation and Overflight Rights and Freedoms, 30,117,119
EQUALITY OF STATES, 312
EUROPE, see also BOSNIA; NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
Arms Control and Disarmament, 303
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
See also under LAW OF THE SEA
Naval Operations, 20
EXECUTIVE ACTION, 1-12
F
FALKLANDS/MALVINAS WAR, 208
FINAL PROTOCOL OF THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE (1874), 198
FORCE MAJEURE, Sovereignty, 273
FOUNDING ACT ON MUTUAL RELATIONS, COOPERATION AND SECURITY
BETWEEN NATO AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (1997), 129, 139-53
NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council, 145-49
FRANCO-AUSTRIAN WAR (1858-59), 368
FRANCO,PRUSSIAN WAR (1870-71),368,394
FREEDOMS OF NAVIGATION AND OVERFLIGHT, see LAW OF THE SEA, Navigation
and Overflight Rights and Freedoms
G
GENEVA CONVENTION (1864),53
GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1929 RELATING TO PRISONERS OF WAR, 59
GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 1949, 18,53, 61-62, 105-06,393
Protocols Additional, 20, 53, 56-57, 58, 64-65, 68, 70, 105-06, 197,201-16,393,1977
GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 1958, 19
448
Index
GENEVA PROTOCOL FOR THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE IN WAR OF
ASPHYXIATING, POISONOUS OR OTHER GASES, AND BACTERIOWGICAL
METHODS OF WARFARE (1925),58
GENEVA PROTOCOL'OF 1925, 18
GENOCIDE, see under WAR CRIMES
GERMANY, see NAZISM; NUREMBERG INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL; WORLD WAR I;
WORLD WAR II
GREEN, LESLIE C., Author of the Chapter on Law of War in Historical Perspective, 39-94
GREENPEACE,31O
GROTIUS,50
GRUNAWALT, RICHARD J. Oack), 21, 24, 26, 34, 39-40, 181-82, 190, 226, 234
H
HAGUE CONVENTION OF 1899,55
HAGUE CONVENTIONS OF 1907, 18,55-56, 198,216,369
HAGUE RULES OF AIR WARFARE (1923), 199, 201-16
HAITI
Migrant Interdiction Operations (Operation Able Manner), 162-68
Rules of Engagement, 225-34
HAlU>ER, CONRAD, 340
HIGH SEAS
See also LAw OF THE SEA
Counterdrug Operations, 80
Naval Operations, 20
HONDURAS, Covert Action, 6
HOSTILE ACTS OR INTENTIONS, see RULES OF ENGAGEMENT, Self Defense
HOT PURSUIT, 272
HUGHES.RYAN AMENDMENT, 6
HUMAN RIGHTS, 26
See also WAR CRIMES
Minorities, 304
Non.refoulement, 166
Refugees, 162, 166-67, 173-75
HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, 71, 241, 430, 433, 436
HUNDRED YEARS WAR, 52
I
IMMIGRATION, see MIUTARY OPERATIONS, Migrant Interdiction Operations
INNOCENT PASSAGE, Right of, see LAW OF THE SEA, Navigation and Overflight Rights and
Freedoms
INTELLIGENCE
See also COVERT AcnON
Haiti,227
Rules of Engagement, 264, 268, 274-75
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LAWYERS AGAINST NUCLEAR ARMS, 310
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO), 85, 91, 267-69
449
Index
INTERNATIONAL COMMIITEE OF TIlE RED CROSS, 62, 64, 72-73, 199
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons, 65-67,
72,309-52
INTERNATIONAL LAW
See also LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT; LAW OF THE SEA; MARITIME LAW; NAVAL WAR
COLLEGE; TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, LAw OF; VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAw
OF THE SEA
Customary International Law, 248
Education, 21,25,226
Judge Advocate General's Corps, 19,33,225-26
Naval Operations, 17-34
Operational Law, 25,33-34,225-27,436
Sources, 40-41, 314
INTERNATIONAL LAW STUDIES, see BLUE BOOK
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO)
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL FOR TIlE FAR EAST, 102
INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR TIlE PROSECUTION OF PERSONS FOR
SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF TIlE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
COMMIITED IN TIlE TERRITORY OF TIlE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA SINCE
1991, 103, 105--06
IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR, 7
IRAN-IRAQ WAR, 31
IRAQ, No-Fly Zone, 29
J
JOHNSON, LYNDON B., 168
JOHNSON, PHILLIP A., Author of the Chapter on Shooting Down Drug Traffickers, 79-94
JOINT LAW OF WAR MANUAL, 23-24
JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S CORPS, see under INTERNATIONAL LAW
JURISDICTION, Exclusive Flag State Jurisdiction, 159
JUS COGENS, 249,395
K
KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT (1928), 59, 98,372,375-79,386,394
KISSINGER, HENRY, 4
KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF, see NORTH KOREA
L
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Drug Trafficking, see MILITARY OPERATIONS, Counterdrug Operations
Haiti, 233-34
Hot Pursuit, 272
Immigration, see MILITARY OPERATIONS, Migrant Interdiction Operations
LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
See also AVIATION, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft
Chemical Weapons, 58
450
Index
Civilians, 61-63, 200-04, 211
Conventional\'Veapons, 68-69
li~tory, 18,40-73,95-99, 198-203,366-93
Military Necessity, 247-49, 253, 259-60
Military Objectives, 63, 197-216
Nuclear Weapons, 58,65-67,309-52
Pruoners of War, 59-68
Proportionality, 41, 211, 247-49, 253, 259-60
Protected Persons and Places, 98, 215
Self Defense, see RULES OF ENGAGEMENT, Self Defense
War Crimes, see WAR CRIMES
Weapons in General, 41
LAW OF NAVAL WARFARE, THE (1955),19
LAW OF TIIE SEA
See also ExCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE; MARITIME CLAIMS REFERENCE MANUAL;
MARITIME INTERCEPTION OPERATIONS; MILITARY OPERATIONS, NO-FLY ZONE;
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LAw OF TIlE SEA; UNITED NATIONS LAw OF
TIlE SEA CONVENTION
Archipelagic States, 114
Baselines, 114, 181-90
Contiguous Zone, 114
Continental Shelf, 114-15, 117
Deep Seabed, 20, 118
Excessive Claims, 115, 119-23
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 114-15, 117, 119-20, 124, 183
liigh Seas, 114, 117, 159
Islands, 189
Navigation and Overflight Rights and Freedoms, 20, 29,30, 113-25
Territorial Sea, 114
LAW OF WAR, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT
LAWYERS, see INTERNATIONAL LAW, Judge Advocate General's Corps
LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 312, 326,394
See also COVENANT OF TIlE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE
LEVIE, HOWARD S., Author of the Chapter on War Crimes, 95-112
LIBYA,116
LIEBER CODE (U.S. 1863),52-53,96, 198
LOCARNO TREATIES, 375-81, 386
LONDON PROTOCOL OF 1936, 18, 213
LONG, BOB, 181
M
McCURRY, :MIKE, 130
McFARLANE, BUD, 7
MANDSAGER, DENNIS, Author of the Chapter on the U.S. Freedom of Navigation
Program, 113-27
MANUAL OF THE LAWS OF WAR ON LAND, 54
MARITIME CLAIMS REFERENCE MANUAL, 181-90
451
Index
MARITIME INTERCEPTION OPERATIONS (MIO), 29, 31
See also LAw OF THE SEA
Bosnia, 28
MARITIME LAW, 159
MARTENS CLAUSE, 55-56
MEXICO, Counterdrug Operations, 83-84
MIGRANT INTERDICTION OPERATIONS, see under CHINA; COAST GUARD; CUBA;
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; HAITI; MILITARY OPERATIONS
MILITARY OBJECTIVES, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf
MILITARY OPERATIONS
See also BELLIGERENCY; BLOCKADE; CML WAR; COVERT ACTION; MILITARY
OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR; NO-FLY ZONE; PEACE ENFORCEMENT;
PEACEKEEPING; QUARANTINE
Air Operations, 57, 261-62
Counterdrug Operations, 79-92
Land Operations, 261-62
Migrant Interdiction Operations, 157-75
Naval (Seaborne or Maritime) Operations, 17-34, 212-15, 261-62
MILITARY OPERATIONS OTIIER mAN WAR
Able Manner, 162-68
Able Vigil, 168-70
Deliberate Force, 27,31
Deny Flight, 27, 31, 244-45
Earnest Will, 31
Frontier Shield, 170-71
Joint Endeavor, 244
Maintain Democracy, 231
Northern Watch, 242-43, 270
Provide Comfort, 242-43
Provide Promise, 27
Sharp Guard, 27
Southern Watch, 243, 245, 270
Uphold Democracy, 231
MINORITIES, see under HUMAN RIGIITS
MISSION CREEP
Haiti, 230-34
Somalia, 230, 234
MONTREAL CONVENTION, 81
MOROCCO, 116
MOST-FAVORED-NATION STATUS, LOSS OF, as Economic Sanction, 302
MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATIES
See also ANzus; ARAB LEAGUE; NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION; SELF
DEFENSE, Collective; SOUTHEAST AsIA TREATY ORGANIZATION; WESTERN
EUROPEAN UNION
Japan-United States, 391
Philippines-United States, 390-91
Republic of Korea-United States, 391
Rio Treaty (North and South America), 387, 395
452
Index
N
NATIONAL SECURITY, Covert Action, 2, 6
NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947, 2
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL (U.S.), 2, 3
NAVAL OPERATIONS, see under MILITARY OPERATIONS
NAVAL WAR CODE (1900),18
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, 24-26, 32, 39-40, 226, 436
NAVY/MARINE CORPS/COAST GUARD MANUAL, 205"'()6
NAZISM,4
NElJ11RllLITY,18,23,272
NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER, 21-23, 432
NICARAGlJA
Covert Action, 6
NO.FLYZONE
Bosnia.Herzegovina, 27, 244
Iraq, 29, 242-43
Rules of Engagement, 240-75
Self Defense, 241
lJnited Nations Charter, 245
lJse of Force, 240-41
NON. GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs), 30
NON.REFOlJLEMENT, see under HUMAN RIGHTS
NON·INTERVENTION IN DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, see under SOVEREIGNTY
NORDQUIST, MYRON H., Author of the Chapter on NATO·Russia Joint Peacekeeping
Operations, 129-56
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY (1949), 135-39,301,388,395
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
Arms Control and Disarmament, 303
Bosnia, 27,304-05
Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the
Russian Federation (1997), 129, 139-53
Libya, 116
Peacekeeping, see PEACEKEEPING, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Rules of Engagement, 29
NORTH KOREA, Freedom of Navigation, 121
NlJCLEAR CONFLICT, 3
NlJCLEAR NON.PROLIFERATION TREATY, 322-31
NlJCLEAR WEAPONS, see under ARMs CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT; SELF·DEFENSE;
WEAPONS
NlJREMBERG CHARTER, 376, 386
NlJREMBERG INTERNATIONALMILITARYTRIBlJNAL (1945),56,58-59, 100-02,213,256
o
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES (OSs), 4
OPERATIONAL LAW, see under INTERNATIONAL LAW
OPERATIONS, see MILITARY OPERATIONS; MILITARY OPERATIONS OlliER THAN WAR
453
Index
ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE),
140-41,149
OXFORD MANUAL (1880), 198,202
P
PACT OF PARIS (1928), see KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT
PALMER, GARY W., Author of the Article on Alien Migrant Interdiction at Sea, 157-79
PAN AMERICAN UNION, 377
PEACE ENFORCEMENT; see also PEACEKEEPING
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 297-306
United Nations, 297-306
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648), 11,366
PEACEKEEPING
See also PEACE ENFORCEMENT
Bosnia, 27, 138-39, 144, 148, 153,302
Cease-Fire, 298, 300
Haiti,168
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 27, 129-53
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 140-41
Rules of Engagement, see RULES OF ENGAGEMENT, Peacekeeping Operations
Russian Federation, 129-53
Somalia, 299,302
United Nations, 27, 30,138-40,168
United States, 298-301
PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, 312, 326
PERRY, JAMES P., Author of the Chapter on the Role of NATO in United Nations Peace
Enforcement Operations, 297-308
PERRY, WILLIAMJ., 118, 145
PERSIAN GULF WAR, 26, 72
See also under ARMED CONFLICT
Operational Law, 34
Right of Innocent Passage, 117
Self Defense, 32
PERU
Counterdrug Operations, 80, 83
Covert Action, 6
PLAUSIBLE DENIABILITY, 3, 9
PRISONERS OF WAR, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT
PRIVACY, Covert Action, 4
R
REAGAN, RONALD, 118, 163
REFUGEES, see under HUMAN RIGI-ITS
RIGHT OF INNOCENT PASSAGE, see LAW OF THE SEA, Navigation and Overflight Rights
and Freedoms
RIO TREATY, THE (1947),387,395
454
Index
ROACH, J. ASHLEY, Author of the Chapter on the Law of Baselines, 181-96
ROBERTSON, HORACE B., Jr., Author of the Chapter on Military Objectives, 197-223
ROSE, STEPHEN, Author of the Chapter on Rules of Engagement for Operations in Haiti, 225-37
RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
Bosnia, 27
Freedom of Navigation, 120
Haiti, 225-34
Intelligence, see INTELLIGENCE, Rules of Engagement
Maritime Interception Operations, 28
Military Operations Other Than War, 31-32
Mission Accomplishment, 250-51, 260-61, 271, 273
No.Fly Zone, see No.FLY ZONE, Rules of Engagement
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 29
Peacekeeping Operations, 301
Peacetime, 21
Self Defense, 22,32,227,229,250-61,273,385
United States System, 261-66
RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Peacekeeping, 129-53
RWANDA, 71, 72, 106
s
SALT I, 20
SALTONSTALL, LEVERETT, 6
SAN REMO MANUAL, 202-16, 393
SANCTIONS
Blockade, see BLOCKADE
China, 302
Economic, see EMBARGO; MOST·FAVORED.NATION SrATIlS, LOSS OF
Embargo, see EMBARGO
Enforcement of Norms, 430
No.Fly Zone, see NO·FLY ZONE
SCHMITT, MICHAELN., Author of Chapter on No.Fly Zone Rules of Engagement, 240-95
SECRECY, see COVERT AcnON
SELF.DEFENSE
See also MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATIES
Anticipatory, 256, 365
Anticipatory Collective, 365-95
Collective, 252, 270,301,315,320-21,365,382
Individual, 252, 315, 321, 383
Maritime Interception Operations (MIO), 29
National, 252
Necessity, 259-60
No·Fly Zone, 241
N uclear Weapons, 313-22
Peacekeeping Operations, 138-39
Persian Gulf War, 32
Proportionality, 259-60
455
Index
Rules of Engagement, see RULES OF ENGAGEMENT, Hostile Acts or Intentions
Unit, 22
Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft, 84, 88-89, 91
SELF.HELP, 272-73
SOLANA, JAVIER, 129, 147
SOMALIA, see under MISSION CREEP; PEACEKEEPING
SOUTH AlviERICA, Counterdrug Operations, 80
SOUTHEAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION (SEATO), 389
SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY, Warships, 30, 125
SOVEREIGNTY
Airspace, see No·FLY ZONE
Counterdrug Operations, 80
Covert Action, 3, 11
Force Majeure, 273
Hot Pursuit, 272
Humanitarian Intervention, see HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
Internal Waters, 114
Limitations, 30
No·Fly Zone, see LAW OF THE SEA, Navigation and Overflight Rights and Freedoms;
No·FLYZONE
Nonintervention in Domestic Affairs, 71, 90
Political Independence, 430, 433
Right of Assistance Entry, 273
Self.Help, 272-73
Territorial Integrity, 430, 433
Territorial Inviolability, 271
Territorial Waters, 114
SOVIET UNION
Covert Action, 5
Detente, 20
Right ofInnocent Passage, 123
Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft, 84-85
War Crimes, 99
SPAIN, 116
SPANISH·AlviERICANWAR (1898),96
STOCKTON, CHARLES H., 18, 21, 24
T
TENNYSON, ALFRED LORD, 437
TERRITORIAL SEA
See also under LAW OF THE SEA
Naval Operations, 20
TERRITORIAL SEA CONVENTION (1958), 188
TERRORISM, 26, 81
1HIRD WORLD, Covert Action, 5
TOUVIER, PAUL, 102
TRANSIT PASSAGE, see LAw OF THE SEA, Navigation and Overflight Rights and Freedoms
456
Index
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, LAW OF
See also VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES
Interpretation, 131-35, 324, 329-30
Pactum de Contrahendo, 327-30
Pactum de Negotiando, 327-30
Primacy over Customary International Law, 248
United Nations Charter, 248
TREATY OF VEREENIGING (1902), 97
TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 97, 375-76, 394
TREATY OF WASHINGTON (1949), see NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (1648), 433
TURNER, ROBERT F., Author of the Chapter on the IC}'s Advisory Opinion on Nuclear
Weapons and Its Effect on U.S. Strategic Doctrine, 309-64
u
UNITED KINGDOM
Persian Gulf War, 28
War Crimes, 100
UNITED NATIONS
Bosnia, 27
Charter, 374, 381
International Criminal Court, 107
Peacekeeping, see PEACEKEEPING, United Nations
Security Council, 28, 72
War Crimes Commission, 99
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TIlE LAW OF TIlE SEA, 1960 Conference, 20
UNITED NATIONS LAW OF TIlE SEA CONVENTION (1982), 22,118-20,159-60,
182-90
UNITED STATES
Covert Action, 1-12
Freedom of Navigation Program, 113-25
USE OF FORCE, see AVIATION, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft; HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION; MIUTARY OPERATIONS; NO-FLY ZONE; PEACEKEEPING; NUCLEAR
CONFLICf; SELF DEFENSE
USS KEARNEY, 379
USS LOCKWOOD, 181
USS NIBLACK, 379
USS REUBEN JAMES, 379
USS SAMUEL B. ROBERTS, 31
USS STARK, 25
USS VINCENNES, 22, 25
V
VIENNA CONVENTION ON TIlE LAW OF TREATIES (1969), 132,324,329,384
See also TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, LAW OF
457
Index
w
WALKER, GEORGE K., Author of the Chapter on Anticipatory Collective Self-Defense,
365-425
WAR, see ARMED CONmCT; BELliGERENCY; CML WARj COVERT ACTIONj MIUTARY
OPERATIONS; MIUTARY OPERATIONS OTIIER THAN WAR
WAR CRIMES
See also INTERNATIONAL MIUTARY TRIBUNALATNUREMBERGj LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf
Bosnia, 103
Crimes Against Humanity, 59-60
Crimes Against Peace, 59, 97-98, 101
Genocide, 60-61,106
Grave Breaches, 106-07
History, 59-73, 95-99
Tribunals, 56, 58-59, 72, 97, 99-107
WAR CRIMES ACT OF 1996 (U.S.), 106
WAR OF 1812, 17
WAR OF TIlE TRIPLE ALLIANCE (1865-70),369
WARSHIPS, see under SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY
WEAPONS
See also ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENTj LAw OF ARMED CONmCT
Biological, 58, 64
Chemical, 58
Conventional, 68-69
Lasers, 69
Mines and Booby Traps, 68, 71
Nuclear, 58, 65-67, 309-52
WEBSTER DANIEL, 256
WEINBERGER DOCTRINE (1984), 299
WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU)
Bosnia, 28
Peacekeeping, 142-43
Self Defense, 387
WOOD, ROBERT S., Author of the Chapter on the Changing International Order, 427-37
WORLD WAR I
Chemical Weapons, 58
Covenant of the League of Nations, The, 373
Naval Operations, 57
Treaty of Versailles, 97
War Crimes, 97
WORLD WAR II
Covert Action, 2, 3, 4
Law of Armed Conflict, 57
Naval Operations, 213
y
YAMASHITA, TOMOYUKI, 104
YELTSIN, BORIS, 130, 302
458