2/10/2016
The Gilded Age
At the same time,
the nation
experienced
corruption in
business and
government, and
workers, farmers,
immigrants,
AfricanAfrican-Americans,
women, and
children struggled
to get by.
The Rise of Big Business
How did the forces of expansion and reform
impact South Carolina at the turn of the century?
CHAPTER 7
Expansion and Reform
The railroads help expand
other industries and
fueled industrial growth.
Effects included:
Entrepreneurs
Inventions and innovations
A large pool of labor
The Rise of Big Business
How did the Second Industrial
Revolution affect South
Carolina?
The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age:
A time period from
the late 1860s to
the early 1900s
characterized by
tremendous
industrial growth
and increasing
wealth as well as
explosive population
growth.
Entrepreneurs (businessmen willing to take risks
by investing in and managing new businesses)
helped fuel industrial growth.
John D. Rockefeller
Wealthy industrialists like
Andrew Carnegie and John
D. Rockefeller were entrepreneurs
in their industries.
Both men created
monopolies in
their industries.
Andrew Carnegie
1
2/10/2016
A Large Pool of Labor
For industry to grow, many
workers were needed.
Immigrants from other
nations helped fill the
need.
Between 1800 and 1860, six
million immigrants came to
America.
25 million more immigrated
to the US between 1865
and 1915.
Working Conditions
New machines allowed
unskilled labor to make
products in large
quantities.
Immigrants, blacks, and poor
whites usually made up
the unskilled labor in
factories.
Working conditions were
dangerous.
Oftentimes, young
children and women
worked in factories too.
Labor Unions
A labor union is an
organized group of
workers who negotiate
with employers for
better wages, work
hours, job benefits, and
safety.
Many unions would lead
workers on a strike,
where they refused to
work until the company
met their demands.
Growth of Labor Unions
Labor unions
represented specific
trades such as
bricklayers,
typesetters, and
shoemakers.
The National Labor
Union and the Knights
of Labor were two
of the first.
Samuel Gompers and the AFL
The American Federation of
Labor sought better
wages, hours, and working
conditions.
Samuel Gompers, its leader,
wanted a workplace where
all workers belonged to
the union.
Strikes and boycotts became
the AFL’s chief weapons.
The New South
Southern states began to
diversify (to make or
offer a greater variety)
their economies.
Entrepreneurs helped
diversify the southern
economy
Railroads played a role in
creating a “New South”
The textile industry saw
significant growth in the
South
2
2/10/2016
The Textile Boom in South Carolina
New Industries in the South
Cottonseed oil became an
important ingredient in
margarine, salad oil, and
shortening.
Disenfranchising African Americans
Bourbon Democrats passed
new laws to prevent blacks
from voting.
One law redrew the
boundaries of voting
districts and decreased the
number of polling places,
especially in counties with a
black majority.
Then, the legislature passed
the Eight Box Law.
Law.
Bourbons took other actions
to disenfranchise black
voters.
The textile industry
became the symbol
of the New South
by the early 1900s.
The textile industry
had a huge effect
on South Carolina.
Southern mills were
different from
those in the North.
Phosphate deposits
discovered in the lowcountry
along major rivers led to
South Carolina becoming the
leading producer of the
mineral.
The state’s numerous
trees encouraged growth
of the lumber, paper, and
turpentine industries.
The National Political Stage
While Democrats ruled in
South Carolina and most
other Southern states,
Republicans ruled the
White House and
Congress.
Government on all levels
was marred by
corruption, much of which
would be addressed by a
reform movement in the
early 1900s.
Politics in the Gilded Age
Gov. Wade Hampton III and
his followers called
themselves Bourbons,
Bourbons, a
name inspired by the
French Royal family that
had regained power
following the French
Revolution.
The Bourbons were
conservative Democrats
who wanted to restore
South Carolina to its old
glory.
Gov. Hampton upset some of
his closest allies.
How was South Carolina affected by
the rise of the Populist Party?
The Tillman Era
3
2/10/2016
Unhappy Farmers
Although technology and
new machinery had
improved farming and
made farms more
productive, farmers
struggled in the late
1800s.
The Farmers’ Alliance
Overproduction
Increased Debt
& Bankruptcy
Low
Prices
Replaced the Grange
Active in politics
Wanted gov’t to have more
control of railroads
Wanted banks to lower interest
rates
In SC, there were separate
Alliances for black farmers
and white farmers
Crop
Surplus
(too much
supply)
Foreign
competition
Low
Demand
Farmers Organize
A New National Party
This 1904 photo shows one
of the few rice plantations to
survive the hurricanes that
struck the lowcounty in the
late 1800s.
How could the weather
severely impact a farmer or
sharecropper’s livelihood?
The Populist,
Populist, or People’s, Party
wanted:
Government control of the
railroad, telegraph,
telephone, and bank
industries
Increase in the money
supply
Ben Tillman with his pitchfork
An income tax
A reduction in the tariff
Direct election of senators
A subtreasury system
An 8-hour workday for
factory workers
The caption reads: “In battle array,—and there’s
not much doubt about the result.”
Farmers Address Economic Troubles
Farmers Organize
The Grange (Basically a
Farmer’s Union)
Founded in 1867
Major goal: help farmers
improve their lives
Work together to sell crops
& improve agricultural
education
Presidential Elections
Many South Carolina
farmers did not
support the Populists.
The Populist Party faded
after the election of
William McKinley in
1896. Many of their
reforms would be
taken up by a new
movement.
4
2/10/2016
The Rise of “The Pitchfork” Ben Tillman
Tillman’s Accomplishments
Improved education across the state.
Helped establish Clemson Agricultural
& Mechanical College.
Supported creation of the Winthrop
Training School for women. It is
now known as Winthrop College in
Rock Hill.
Supported railroad regulations.
Limited work hours for textile
operatives.
Refinanced the state’s debt.
Cut costs by decreasing state
salaries.
Ben Tillman was a farmer who
wanted South Carolina to
prosper.
He blamed Bourbon Democrats
for many of the state’s
problems, particularly the
problems of farmers.
Tillman and his followers were
Democrats known as “The
Reformers.”
Tillman as Governor
Tillman wanted farmers to
learn more about
agriculture and the
scientific aspects of the
trade.
He thought the only way
to really make a
difference for the
farmers and economy
was to run for
governor.
Tillman Becomes Governor
Tillman had a landslide victory in
the 1890 governor’s race.
Additionally, his supporters,
called “Tillmanites
“Tillmanites,”
Tillmanites,” won
control of the General
Assembly.
Rather than pursue promised
reforms, Tillman and his
followers focused on
punishing their enemies —
Bourbon Democrats and
African Americans.
Americans.
The Dispensary
Governor Tillman created the
Dispensary as a response to
the South Carolina attempting
to ban the sale of liquor
because of the temerance
movement.
The Dispensary enabled the state
to control all of liquor sales and
put saloons and drugstores out
of business.
South Carolinians opposed
prohibition and the corruption
of the Dispensary which
ultimately led to its downfall.
Tillman Becomes a US Senator
After serving two terms, Tillman
turned his attention to the US
Senate.
Using his political connections,
Tillman persuaded the General
Assembly to vote Wade
Hampton out as Senator. Tillman
was nominated and elected
soon after.
After Tillman became a US
Senator, he used his influence
to restore white supremacy in
South Carolina by rewriting the
state constitution.
5
2/10/2016
South Carolina’s
1895 Constitution
Jim Crow laws required
black citizens to ride in
separate railcars, use
separate restrooms,
drink from separate
water fountains, and
more.
Tillman and 160 county
representatives met in
Columbia for a
constitutional convention.
Tillman’s main goal was to
strip African Americans of
any remaining political
power they had gained
during Reconstruction.
Reconstruction
The caption for this 1913 cartoon
reads: “For the Sunny South. An
airship with a ‘Jim Crow’ trailer.”
The 1890s saw
unprecedented violence
against African
Americans, especially
lynching.
The Constitution of 1895
Restoring White Supremacy
Strict voting requirements—
requirements
New residency requirements
Payment of poll taxes six months
prior to an election
Literacy test
Voting rights denied to anyone
found guilty of certain crimes,
excluding murder
Women were allowed to own
property and sign contracts, but
couldn’t vote and were prohibited
from seeking divorce.
The Constitution of 1895
The Rise of Jim Crow
In 1895, the Supreme
Court ruled in Plessy v.
Ferguson that
segregation was okay in
public places as long as
they were “separate
but equal.”
The ruling paved the way
for more segregation
laws, more commonly
called Jim Crow laws,
throughout the South.
6