Fringe Programme Style Guide
We have put together a Style Guide to help participants write their copy, and to answer some frequently asked
questions along with The Fringe Guide to Registering a Show. The Style Guide is here to ensure that we are
consistent in the way we do things across the printed programme and website and to make sure that your listings
are clear, correct and user friendly. The Guide acts as the default for the way we present your listing’s copy but we
also want performers and companies to be able to present their work in the way that they wish. We are therefore
always happy to discuss any specific requests, questions or deviations from the Guide when you are registering
your show. The Fringe Society is the publisher of the listings and holder of the copyright for the content in the
official Fringe Programme and on edfringe.com. As such we reserve the right to edit copy or refuse images in order
to comply with the Style Guide, or if we believe them to be inappropriate in any way. The Edinburgh Festival
Fringe is an open access festival and The Fringe Society neither selects the shows that take part, nor controls the
content of those shows and the associated promotional materials. Under no circumstances will we be liable for
any content, including but not limited, to errors or omissions, or loss or damage (or claim thereof) of any kind as a
result of any content submitted for publication. We endeavor to work with the performer, company or venue
when making changes but please note, as the publisher, the Fringe Society’s decision is final. Please feel free to
contact the programme team if you have any questions. You can reach them on [email protected] or
+44 (0)131 226 0034.
Style Guide – Programme Production 2016
This is the official style manual for use in creating and editing a listing for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe
Programme. It lists topics alphabetically, interspersing broader subjects with clarifications of spelling, punctuation
and formatting in specific cases. Throughout this manual, ‘lc’ stands for lower case and ‘uc’ for upper case. We also
refer to the Oxford Dictionary for spelling and use their online service http://oxforddictionaries.com/. These should
be considered your primary sources for the rules and tools to make listings as clear, correct and user-friendly as
possible.
Accents
TheseshouldbeusedonFrench,German,Spanish,Gaelicwordsetc,butnotanglicisedwordslikecafe(unlessinthe
nameofanestablishmentthatusesanaccent)ornaive,apartfrom:
àlacarte
exposé
résumé
roué
Institutfrançaisd'Écosse
Acronyms, abbreviations, initialisms
Donotusefullstopsinabbreviationsorspacesbetweeninitials.
UK
USA
mph
4am
WHSmith
Op58
Useallcapitalsifanabbreviationispronouncedastheindividualletters.
BBC
VAT
CD
AKA(alsoknownas)
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Commonawards:
BAFTA–BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionAward
Tony–AntoinettePerryAwardforExcellenceinTheatre
Uselowercaseinforawolorpincodeasthesearenowrecognisedwords.
Ages
Ageseightyearsold,butaneight-year-old;the56-year-oldactor;shewasinher20s(buttwentysomething,
thirtysomething,etc).
And/but
Itisacceptabletostartasentencewith‘and’or‘but’,howeverbecareful.
‘n’–acontractionof‘and’thatresultsinoneword
asinrock’n’rollshouldbewrittenasonewordwithapostrophesaroundthe‘n’.
Ampersands
Ampersand(&)useincompanynameswhenthecompanydoes:Marks&Spencer,P&O.Otherwise,‘and’isalways
preferable.
Eg,MarketingandSponsorship
Donottreatthewordafteranampersandasifininitialposition:TomPetty&theHeartbreakers.
Apostrophes
Apostrophesindicateamissingletterorletters(can’t,we’d)orapossessive(David’sbook).Don’tuseanapostrophe
toindicateaplural(pea’s),butbesurenottoomitonewhereit’srequired.
ThepossessiveinwordsandnamesendinginSnormallytakesanapostrophefollowedbyasecondS(eg,Jones’s),
butbeguidedbypronunciationanduseapluralapostrophewhereithelps:Mephistopheles’ratherthan
Mephistopheles’s.
Twoyears’experience(Ihavetwoyearsofexperience)
Pluralnounsthatdonotendin‘s’takeanapostropheand‘s’inthepossessive:children’sgames,oldfolk’shome,
etc.Phrasessuchasbutcher’sknife,goat’scheese,hangman’snoose,etcaretreatedassingular.
Becarefulasnotallpluralsrequireapossessive.Sometimestherelationshipisadjectival,notpossessive:
eg,FringeSchoolsPosterCompetition,BoysSchool,sportscar
Sometimesthere'snothingtopossessorbepossessed(possessivephrasesneedtwonouns),ie:
Twentyweekspregnant
Awards and acknowledgments
Awards,prizes,medalsgenerallyuc,eg,FringeFirstAwards(exception:if.comedyAwards)
Award-winning,Prize-winninghyphenated,unlikeawardwinner,prizewinner.Alsoapplieswithreferencetospecificawards,
eg,FringeFirst-winning.
BestNewcomernomineeInitialcapsonBestandNewcomer,lcfornominee
Critic’sChoiceuppercasewhenreferringtoanacknowledgedfeatureinapublication,notablytheTimeOutLondonCritics’
Choice(notethepluralpossessive);lcwhenimplyingthatacritichaschosentofavoursomethingwithagoodreview.
Criticallyacclaimed-twowords,nohyphen
HackneyEmpireatheatreinLondon,buttypicallyshortfortheHackneyEmpireNewActoftheYearawardforstand-up
comedy.
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HeraldAngel-italicisethefirstwordasitisapublication,capupbothwords
if.comedyAwards-initialcaponlyifusedatthestartofasentence.
TimeOutLondonCritics’Choice
Babes in arms
Babesinarms,inrunningtext‘babesinarms’,noinitialcaps,nohyphenation.
BBC
BBCOne,BBCTwo,BBCThree,BBCFour
BBCRadio1,2,3,4,FiveLive,Radio6Music
Numeralsonlyusedforradio
Brackets
Bracketsifthesentenceislogicallyandgrammaticallycompletewithouttheinformationcontainedwithinthe
parentheses(roundbrackets),thenpunctuationstaysoutsidebrackets.(Acompletesentencethatstandsalonein
parenthesesstartswithacapitalletterandendswithastop.)
Squarebrackets[s]*[/s]areusedtotagstarratingsinprintedprogrammecopy.Donotusesquarebracketsforany
otherpurposes.
Star[s]*[/s]tagsarenotrequiredforwebcopy.
Brand names
Ifyouarewritingto,orfor,abrand,thenspellthebrandnameastheydo.
Afewcommonlyusedbrandnameswestyleastheydo:
EventScotland
PortaKabin
SoundCloud
VisitScotland
However,ifyouarewritingaboutabrand,thenuseaninitialcapbutotherwisestyletheword(s)normally.
British/American English
PleaseuseBritishspellings.RetainNorthAmericanandAustralianspelling(ie,theater)forcompaniesthatelectto
applyit.
Caps versus lower caps
Capitalisationshouldbereservedforpropergrammaticalusageandforcertainabbreviations(seeAbbreviationsand
Acronyms).Nothingelseshouldbewritteninall-caps.
IntheFringeProgramme,titlecaseisused.Showtitlesandgroupnamestakeinitialcapitalsexceptfora,an,and,at,
for,from,in,of,the,to(apartfrominitialposition,afteracolonordash).AnexceptiontonormalcapitalisationisSt
Mark’sartSpace.
Cathedralscapup,eg,CanterburyCathedral
inassociationwith–alllowercase.
Collective nouns
Collectivenounssuchascompany,duo,teamandtroupetakeasingularverborpronounwhenthoughtofasa
singleunit,but(morecommonly)apluralverborpronounwhenthoughtofasacollectionofindividuals:
‘Thecompanyiswell-knownforitshit-and-missupdatesofAristophanes’;
‘ThecompanyarebackinEdinburghaftertheirtriumphanttouroftheUS’.
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‘TheFringeSocietystaffarehappytohelp.’
‘TheBoardaremeetinglaterthismonth.’
Ifyouareunsure,pleaseatleastbeconsistent.
Thisalsoapplieswithreferencetopropernouns:
‘RogueShakespearearebackinEdinburghaftertheirtriumphanttour’.
Colons and semi-colons
Colonusebetweentwosentences,orpartsofsentences,wherethefirstintroducesapropositionthatisresolvedby
thesecond,eg,Fowlerputitlikethis:todeliverthegoodsinvoicedintheprecedingwords.Acolonshouldalsobe
used(ratherthanacomma)tointroduceaquotation:‘Hewasanexpertonpunctuation’,ortoprecedealist–‘He
wasanexpertonthefollowing:thecolon,thecommaandthefullstop.’
Semicolonisusedtojointwocompletesentencesintoasinglesentencewhenthetwosentencesaretooclosely
relatedtobeseparatedbyafullstop,thereisnoconnectingwordwhichwouldrequireacomma,suchasandorbut,
andtheconditionsrequiringacolonareabsent.Thesemicolonmustbebothprecededbyacompletesentenceand
followedbyacompletesentence.Usesparinglyandonlywhenconvincedyouarecorrect.
Commas
Commasshouldbeusedtoseparateclauses,notconnectthem.
CommaSplice
Thisiswhenacommaisusedtoseparatetwoindependentclauses,whenaconjunctionshouldreallybeused.
Pleaseavoid.
Eg,
Ilovetotravel,IgoonholidaywheneverIcan.
Thissentenceshouldread:
IlovetotravelsoIgoonholidaywheneverIcan.
Ilovetotravel–IgoonholidaywheneverIcan.
Oxfordcommashouldonlybeusedifitisessentialtothereader:
‘Idedicatethisbooktomyparents,MartinAmis,andJKRowling’
‘Idedicatethisbooktomyparents,MartinAmisandJKRowling’.
SentencescontainingsimplelistsofnounsdonotgenerallyneedanOxfordcomma:
‘Theflagisyellow,greenandred’.
However,morecomplexlistsmayrequiretheuseofacommaforclarity:
‘Hehadbacon,eggs,toastandmarmalade,andtea’.
Usesparingly.
Compass points
Geographicallydistinctareasarecappedupbutareasdefinedbycompasspointsarelowercase:thenorth,the
south-east,thesouth-west,etc.Equally:easternculture,westernmusic,etc.
eastAsia;eastern,buttheEastEndofLondon
northLondon,northWales,north-westEngland,etc.northern,northerner
southLondon,south-westEngland,thesouth-east,southWales,etc.
HighlandsandIslands
Borders
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CentralBelt
EastAnglia
LakeDistrict
Midlands
WestCountry
Currency
Pricesshouldbewritteninwholepoundsandpenceifrequired.
Theprogrammeregistrationfeeis£295.20.
Lanyardscost£1.
Dashes
Dashesweuseendashestosurroundsubordinateclauseswithonespacebeforeandafter.
Dates and times
Datesparex:05August2016(nocommas).Inthe21stcenturybuta21st-centuryboy;10,000BC;referencesto
decadesusefigures:eg,theswinging60sor1960s.
Centuriesshouldbehyphenatedwhenusedadjectivally:a17th-centuryplaydealingwithlifeinthe10thcentury.
Times1am,6:30pm;halfpasttwo,quartertothree;for24-hourclock,00:47,23:59.
Pleasetrytobeconsistentandpreferablyusethe24-hourclock.
Dictionary
PleaseusetheOxfordEnglishDictionary.
Edinburgh Festival Fringe
EdinburghFestivalFringenotFringeFestival.Notethat,apartfrompropernames,festivaltakeslc.
Also,ashowcanbeattheFringeorontheFringe,butnotintheFringe.
EdinburghFestivalFringeSocietytheorganisationthathelpsorganisetheEdinburghFestivalFringe.
Edinburgh
AuldReekie
Canons’Gait(pub)
Canongate(street/areaname)
CanongateKirk
Holyrood
NewTown
OldTown
George’sSquare(Assembly)
GeorgeStreet(TheAssemblyRooms)
StGiles’Cathedral
Either/or, neither/nor
Doyouhaveeitheranappleorapear?
Ihaveneitheranapplenorapear.
Ellipses
Ifyouarecontinuingasentence,usethreedotsbeforethefirstword,nospace(‘...thecastisperfection’).Ifthe
sentenceismissingitsend,threedotsafterthefinalword,nospace(‘Shedidn’twanttogothere...’).Ifthemissing
bitisinthemiddle,threedotswithaspaceontheend(‘Shedidn’twanttogothere...thecastisperfection’).
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Exclamation marks
Generallyavoid,andifyoumust,onlyuseone.
Explicit words
Pleasebearinmindyouraudiencewhenconsideringtheuseofanyexplicitorpotentiallyoffensivewords.Explicit
wordsmaybeincludedinashow’stitleorcopy.However,f*ckandc*ntwillberepresentedassuchbyreplacingthe
keycharactersofthewordwith*symbols.Thisisreflectiveofthegeneraloffensecausedbythesewords.
Half
Halfnohyphenwhenusedadverbially:histrouserswereathalfmast;thescoreswerelevelathalftime.Hyphen
whenusedadjectivally:ahalf-priceticket;ahalf-eatensandwich.Theboyissixandahalf;asixandahalf-year-old
boy.
Halfhourbutahalf-hourperformance.
Headings
For show titles in the Fringe Programme, title case should be used. Also use for titles of other plays, novels, poems
etc used in show copy.
Capitalise the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading:
The Fringe Guide to Registering Your Show
Use lowercase only for conjunctions (words like and, or, nor, and but), articles (the words a, an, and the), and
prepositions (words like as, at, by, for, in, of, on, per, and to), as long as they aren’t the first word in a title or
subtitle.
Hyphenation
Hyphenthereisnoneedtousehyphenswithmostcompoundadjectiveswherethemeaningisclearand
unambiguouswithout(eg,civilrightsmovement,financialservicessector,etc).Hyphensshouldbeusedtoform
shortcompoundadjectives(eg,stand-upcomedian,19th-centuryartist,etc).Alsousehyphenswherenotusingone
wouldbeambiguous(eg,todistinguish‘black-cabdriverscomeunderattack’from‘blackcab-driverscomeunder
attack’).Donotusehyphensafteradverbsendingin–ly(eg,internationallyacclaimed),butwhenanadverbisalso
anadjective(eg,hard),thehyphenisrequiredtoavoidambiguity(it’snotahard,pressedperson,butahard-pressed
one;anill-preparedreport,ratherthananill,preparedone).Usehyphenswithshortandcommonadverbs:wellestablishedprincipleofstyle(notethoughthatintheconstruction‘theprincipleofstyleiswellestablished’thereis
noneedtohyphenate).
Wordsdefinitelynothyphenated:
Cooperate
Coordinate
Email
Website
Online
Rewrite
subtotal
MC, Emcee
BothacceptedasalternativeforMasterofCeremonies.Emceeisthederivativenowcommonlyusedtodescribea
vocalistperformingtoabeatinhiphopmusic.
Measurements
Pleaseusemetricwheneverpossible.
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cm-centimetre
kph–kilometresperhour
kg–kilos
km-kilometre
mm-millimetre
mph–milesperhour
m–metre
mile
M–million
K–thousand
Miss, Mr, Mrs, Ms
AlphabetiseasMiss,Mister,MrsandMsrespectively.Donotuseafullstop.
Multicultural, multimedia, multimillion but multi-ethnic, multi-talented
Music
Acappellashouldbelowercase‘acappella’inrunningtext.AlphabetiseunderA.
BandnamesCheckonlineforreference-Editors,notTheEditors.TheBeatles,notBeatles.TheRollingStones,not
RollingStonesetc.Bandstakeapluralverb(Editorsareoverrated,IronButterflyweretheloudestbandofthe60s,
etc).
ClassicalmusicMozart’s41stSymphony(orSymphonyNo41)inC,K551;Rachmaninov’sPianoConcertoNo2;
Schubert’sSonatainAminorforPiano,D845;Op58,No2.Noquotationmarksrequired.
GenresAllmusicgenresaregenerallylowercase,unlessbeingusedinatitle.
Hiphop-twowords
Honky-tonkisonewordwithahyphen
Rockstar-twowordswhenreferringtoanindividualperformerwhohashighprofilestandingwithintherockgenre.
Singer/songwriter-oneword
Newspapers and magazines
Presssourcespublishedpresssourcestakeinitialcaps,areitalicisedandomittheprefatory‘the’whencitedin
brackets.So:(EdinburghEveningNews),(List),(Scotsman),(ThreeWeeks),(Times).Presssourcesotherwiseretain
their‘the’,lcandwithoutemphasis,inrunningtext:theGuardian,theNewYorkTimes,etc.Whenreferringtothe
citywhereapresssourceispublished(whenthisisnotpartofthetitle),placeitafterthepublicationandacomma,
eg,(Advertiser,Adelaide).Citingtelevisionorradiopresssources,stationsrequirenoemphasis.Websites,when
usedascitedsources,shouldlisttheregistereddomainnameofthesitehomepage(nohttp://orwww.)without
emphasis,usinginitialcapsonthename(nospaces)butnotsuffixstring.So:Guardian.co.uk,Scotsman.com,
TimeOut.com.
ThreeWeeksisoneword,the‘T’and‘W’bothtakefullcaps.Itisaprintedpublication.
No one
Notno-one
Numbers
Spelloutfromzerotonine.
Numeralsfrom10to999,999.
Thereafterusemorbnforsums,quantitiesorinanimateobjectsincopy,eg,£10m,5bntonnesofcoal;butmillion
orbillionforpeopleoranimals,eg,1millionpeople,3billionrabbits,etc.Also:1,000(nospaces),not1000.
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Adjectivesofsequencefollowthesamerules:
spelloutfirsttoninth,then10th-21st,millionth.
Inshowtitlesandgroupnames,numbersshouldbealphabetised,exceptwhenputtingaseriesoflistingsina
numericsequence.However,nosentenceshouldstartwithanumeral.(Eg,‘Seventypeopleappliedforyourjob.’)
Ageseightyearsold,butaneight-year-old;the56-year-oldactor;shewasinher20s;twentysomething,
thirtysomething;underfives,under18s.
Centuriesshouldbehyphenatedwhenusedadjectivally:a17th-centuryplaydealingwithlifeinthe10thcentury.
Datesparex:03August2008(nocommas).
Inthe21stcenturybuta21st-centuryboy;10,000BC;
Referencestodecadesusefigures:eg,theswinging60sor1960s.
60s,70s,80s–nopossessiveapostrophe.
First,second,thirdratherthanfirstly,secondly,thirdly,etc;spelloutuptoninth,then10th,21st,millionth.
Halfnohyphenwhenusedadverbially:histrouserswereathalfmast;thescoreswerelevelathalftime.Hyphen
whenusedadjectivally:ahalf-priceticket;ahalf-eatensandwich.Theboyissixandahalf;asixandahalf-year-old
boy.
Halfanhourbutahalf-hourperformanceor30minuteshow.
Heights6’7”withaspacebetween6and7isacceptable,otherwisesixfeet,seveninches.
Times1am,6:30pm;halfpasttwo,quartertothree;for24-hourclock,00:47,23:59.
Phonenumbers
Telephonenumbersareunhyphenated.Checkifathree-,four-,orfive-digitareacodeapplies,thenformat
respectively:01234567890,01234567890,01234567890.
Ifplacedafterthelastsentenceinthecopy,theyrequirenofullpoint,unlesstheyarepartofasentence:eg,for
bookingdetails,call01234567890.
Possessive apostrophe
See Apostrophes
Quotations
Quotationmarksusesinglequotes(‘’)atthestartandendofaquotedsection,withdoublequotes(“”)forquoted
wordswithinthatsection.Placefullpointsandcommasinsidequotesforacompletequotedsentence,otherwise
thepointcomesoutside.Annasaid:‘Yourstyleguideneedsupdating,’andIsaid:‘Iagree.’But:Annasaidupdating
theguidewas‘adifficultandtime-consumingtask’.
[ForShowRegistrationteamonly-Quotationmarksforemphasis
Quotationmarksaroundaparticularwordorphrasemaybepermittedinordertoconveyironyordeliberately
undermine-foreffect-theliteralmeaningofthatwordorphrase,inasituationwherebynootherphrasingor
formattingcanadequatelyconveythis.
Forexample,‘UncleJohnlovedaglassof“gingerbeer”everyevening.’Or,‘We’llrevealthe“truths”behindthis
contentiouscampaign’]
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(Sic)
Ifthereisanerror/unusualspelling,archaisms,grammar,punctuationintheoriginaltext,youcanindicatethisusing
(sic)nexttotheword.Thistellsyourreaderthatthis‘error’isdeliberateandpartoftheoriginalquotedtext,rather
thanatypo.
Star ratings
Starratingsshouldnotbeenclosedinquotationmarkswhenlistedontheirown.Alwayscitethesourceofthe
rating.Separateanextendedseriesofstarratingsfromvarioussourceswithsemicolons.Astarshouldberendered
inedfringewareas[s]*[/s]forProgrammecopy.Usejust*forwebcopy,notagsarerequired.
‘Itwasafive-star,award-winningshow’.
‘TheyreceivedfivestarsfromtheScotsman’.
Programmestyleforquote,starratingandattribution:
‘Amazing’*****(Scotsman).
That or which?
‘that’defines,‘which’givesextrainformation(ofteninaclauseenclosedbycommas):ThisisthehousethatJack
built,butthishouse,whichJohnbuilt,isfallingdown;TheGuardian,whichIreadeveryday,isthepaperthatI
admireaboveallothers.Notethatinsuchexamplesthesentenceremainsgrammaticalwithout‘that’,butnot
without‘which’.
Theatre
RetainNorthAmericanandAustralianspelling(ie,theater)forcompaniesthatelecttoapplyit.
TraverseTheatre
RoyalLyceumTheatre
FestivalTheatre
King’sTheatre
BedlamTheatre
Titles
Booktitles,songtitles,filmsandplaysarenotitalicised.Thenamesofwebsites/webpagesarenotitalicised.
Donotusequotemarks.
Newspapersandmagazinesareitalicised–theScotsman,theTimes,theEconomistetc.
Onlinesourcesdonotuseitalics.
Tricky words
acknowledgementnotacknowledgment.
anymoreisalwaystwowords.
anytimeoranytime?Useitasonewordlikethis:Josaidthemeetingcanbescheduledanytime.Butifyou’reusing
itasanadjectivetomodifyanounitshouldbetwowords:Beewon’thaveanytimeuntilThursday.
dependentordependant?Adependantissomeonewho’sdependentonsomeoneelse.
effectoraffect?Mostofthetimeyouuseaffectasaverbandeffectasanoun:‘Whenyouaffectsomething,you
haveaneffectonit.’
biannualcanmeantwiceayearoronceeverytwoyears.
Biennialmeansonceeverytwoyears.Besttospelloutwhichoneyoumean.
compliment–anexpressionofpraiseoradmiration
complement–athingthatcontributesextrafeaturestosomethingelseinsuchawayastoimproveit
emailisonewordwithnohyphen.
EventBrite
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EventScotland
everydayistwowordsexceptwhenit’sanadjective
Facebook
focusingnotfocussing,focusednotfocussed
internet–noinitialcap
iOS–lowercase‘i’,capsOS
judgementnotjudgment(exceptinlegalterms:ajudgemakesajudgment.Buthecanshowbadjudgementwhen
makingthatjudgment).
learntorlearned?LearntistraditionallyBritishsoifyou’rewritingforanon-UKaudience,you’llbesaferusing
learned.Otherwiseyouraudiencemightthinkyoucan’tspell.
licenceisthenoun
licenseistheverb,EdinburghLicensingBoard,aPremisesLicence,TheatreLicenceetc.
‘Iamgoingtoapplyforalicence’.
Thecouncilwilllicenseyourvenue.
live-stream/live-streamed
live-tweet
online(oneword,nohyphen).
onseason/offseason–asanoun,twowords
optin/optout–asanoun,twowords
pageview–oneword
PowerPoint(oneword,capitalPinthemiddle).
practiceisthenoun
practiseistheverb
principle–afundamentaltruthorproposition‘theguidingprincipleoftheFringeSociety...’
principal–firstinorderofimportance
real-time
SoundCloud
stationarymeansstandingstill.
stationeryispensandpencilsandallthat(‘eforenvelope’isaneasywaytorememberit).
straightawaynotstraightaway.
ThreeWeeks
Tumblr
Twitter
VisitScotland
webpageistwowords
websiteisoneword
wifi–oneword
Wordpress
YouTube
Web and email addresses
Websites:shouldbewritteninlowercasewiththewww/httpsetc,omitted(asappropriate).Ifplacedaloneafter
thelastsentenceinthecopy,theyrequirenofullpoint,unlesstheyarepartofasentence:Ifaweboremailaddress
comesattheendofasentence,itshouldhaveafullstopafterit.Evenifit’sattheendofaparagraph.
Fordetails,visitedfringe.com.
Websitesascitationsincopyshouldtakeinitialcapstomakethemreadable:
BroadwayBaby.com
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One4Review.co.uk
Words definitely not hyphenated...
Cooperate
Coordinate
Email
Website
Online
Rewrite
subtotal
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