Transnationalism and
Globalism
What is the difference between and
globalism and transnationalism?
► Globalism:
the removal of barriers to free
trade and closer integration of national
economies (Stiglitz)
► Transnationalism: human activities and
social institutions that extend across
national boundaries (Østergaard-Nielsen)
► These terms are closely related. Mutually
influencing. Often used interchangeably.
Recent Stages of Economic Globalization
► Export
of raw materials and slaves to
developed nations
► Transnational corporations establishing
manufacturing facilities in developing
nations, particularly in central and Latin
America and Asia. Outsourcing labor.
► Importing labor such as domestic help,
seasonal workers, sex workers, etc…
Transnational Entities
► Transnational
Corporations (Cowie):
bananas to cars
► Transnational Advocacy Networks (Keck and
Sikkick)
► Diasporic Communities: assimilation,
integration, remittances, identity
► Media and Technology: Fox Network, CNN;
Internet (digital divide); transportation
Supranational Organizations
► World
Bank (rebuilding Europe after WWII),
IMF (After depression, monitor economic
stability of nations), WTO (Enforce
agreements like NAFTA, GATT)
► European Union
► United Nations, NATO, League of Arab
Nations, Asian Development, African
National Congress, etc…
Globalization Theories
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World Systems Theory (Wallerstein 1974) Core-Periphery
Critique of World Systems-gives no agency to peripheral
nations and homogenizes both core and periphery nations,
glosses the complexity of relationships between nations
(Wolf 1982)
1990s scholars argued the decline of the nation state due
increasing transnational and supranational organizations
based in global cities (Sassen), expansion of media and
migration (Appadurai), renders invisible emerging forms of
membership and relationships to nation states (Soysal
1994)
Keohane and Nye (2000), Harvey and others argue that
the nation-state is not obsolete. However there are more
players to consider such as NGOs, private sector actors
and supranational organizations. Transparency and
accountability emphasized.
Sovereignty, Nationalism and Citizenship
► To
what extent do countries have sovereignty?
What impinges on a nation’s sovereignty?
(Krasner)
► Nationalism: Imagined Communities (Anderson),
Who’s Imagined Community? (Chatterjee),
Nationalisms (Hutchinson, Calhoun)
► Citizenship: substantive verses formal citizenship;
Flexible Citizenship (Ong), Limits of Citizenship
(Soysal), Citizenship and Nationshood in France
and Germany (Brubaker)
Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization
► Positive:
Reduced cost of transportation and
communication; increased flow of information,
people, goods, services, and capital; Transnational
Organizations: Human rights (Amnesty), health
improvement (WHO, Red Cross), debt reduction
programs (Jubilee), working conditions (ILO)
► Negative: Increasing economic inequality both
within and between countries; Structural
Adjustment Programs, sanctions go in one
direction making it difficult to impose on 1st world
nations.
Additional Areas of Globalization to Consider
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Migration: patterns, reasons, barriers, work, residency,
citizenship, family
Labor: outsourcing, labor importation; Capital Moves
(Cowie); Servants of Globalization (Parrenas); Threads
(Collins); Doing the Dirty Work (Anderson)
Gender Issues: human rights, gender mainstreaming
Medical Issues: drug patents, trafficking in organs
Ethnicity and Race: religion, discrimination
Culture, Art: McDonaldization of…, Starbucks, Target’s
international campaign, Pier One, etc…
Regulations: chemicals, illegal substances, GMO,
environment
How do transnationalism and
globalism affect TVE?
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Cultural issues such as religion, polygamy in France or
ethnicity in Germany
Changing immigration policies within the EU and EU
expansion
Schengen agreements allowing free movement between
EU states
Citizenship
Labor migration and remittances
Gender relationships
Reunification
Identity
And many more….