FRUIT AND
PLANTATION
CROP PRODUCTION
IN THE PHILIPPINES
LEON O. NAMUCO
CALIXTO M. PROTACIO
B 375941
t:
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS
DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
xi
CHAPTER 1
THE IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT AND PLANTATION CROPS
1
Cropping Area, Production, and Value
Regional Production of Crops
Nutritional Content
Other Uses
1
2
3
4
CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUIT AND PLANTATION CROPS
6
Botanical Classification
Horticultural Classification
Fruit Crops
Plantation Crops
6
7
8
8
CHAPTER 3
REVIEW OF MORPHOLOGY AND CROP GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
Roots
Stem
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Seeds
Growth and Development Patterns of Fruit
and Plantation Crops
Single-stemmed Species
Branched Species
12
12
15
15
16
16
18
19
19
20
Fruit and Plantation Crop Production in the Philippines
CHAPTER 4
THE ENVIRONMENT FOR FRUIT AND PLANTATION CROPS
Location
Site
The Soil
The Climate
22
22
22
23
24
Soil and Climatic Adaptations
Special Socioeconomic Considerations in Establishing
an Orchard or Plantation
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CAM.)
Schemes for Incorporating the Provisions of CARL
in Plantation Establishment
29
29
29
30
CHAPTER 5
SITE DEVELOPMENT AND LAND PREPARATION
32
Site Development
Establishment ofWindbreak
Establishment ofa Nursery
32
32
35
Land Preparation
Land Clearing
Distance ofPlanting
Planting Pattern
Population Density
Digging ofHoles
Liming and Basal Application ofFertilizer
35
35
36
38
39
40
41
Planting and Replanting
42
CHAPTER 6
PREPARATION OF PLANTING MATERIALS
44
Choice of Variety or Cultivar
Varieties of Fruit Crops and Their Descriptions
Abiu
Atis
'
Avocado
BitungollSerali
Caimito
Banana
Cashew
Chico
Calamansi
Durian
Guayabano
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
47
48
49
50
50
53
vi
Table of Contents
Jackfruit
Mandarin
Mango
Mangosteen
Marang
Orange
Papaya
Pili
Pineapple
Pummelo
Rambutan
Santol
Varieties of Plantation Crops and Their Descriptions
Coconut
Cacao
Coffee
Abaca
Rubber
53
53
54
57
57
58
58
59
60
61
62
64
64
64
66
67
69
70
Propagating Materials
70
Selection of Shoot for Scion and Cuttings
72
73
Anomictic Svecies
CHAPTER 7
CROPPING SYSTEMS AND AGROFORESTRY
76
Systems of Culture for Fruit and Plantation Crops
76
76
78
78
79
Sod System
Mulch System
Clean Culture
(^overcropping
Coconut-based Multiple Cropping System
Agroforestry
Role ofPerennial Crops
Crops and Cropping Patterns in Agroforestry
Soil and Water Conservation Technologies
80
82
83
84
86
CHAPTER 8
PLANT AND SOIL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
89
Managing the Nutritional Requirements of Perennial Crops
Determining Soil Fertility Status and Plant Needs
89
90
SoilAnalysis
Plant Tissue Analysis
91
94
Fruit and Plantation Crop Production in the Philippines
Crop Nutrient Removal
Application of Fertilizer
Methods ofApplying Fertilizer
97
98
99
Some Common Visual Deficiency Symptoms
Socioeconomic Considerations in Fertilizer Application
100
103
CHAPTER 9
WATER MANAGEMENT
Determining the Irrigation Requirement
Sample Computations
105
'"
Methods of Irrigation
106
107
108
CHAPTER 10
REGULATION OF FLOWERING AND FRUITING
110
Juvenility
Flowering
Flower Induction
Chemical Methods ofFlower Induction
110
111
111
112
Pollination
Fruit Set and Retention
114
116
Approaches to Increasing Fruit Set
117
CHAPTER 11
APPLICATION OF CROP PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
121
Crop Protection Principles As Applied in Fruit
and Plantation Crop Production
121
Exclusion
Protection
127
128
Resistance
Eradication
Therapy
130
130
132
Market Concerns Regarding the Use of Chemical Pesticides
132
CHAPTER 12
PRUNING IN FRUIT AND PLANTATION CROPS
135
Methods and Objectives of Pruning
Other Forms of Pruning
135
139
Desuckering
139
LeafPruning
140
Guidelines on Proper Pruning
viii
141
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 13
HARVESTING AND HANDLING OF FRUITS
142
Harvesting
Maturity Indices
Time of Harvesting
Harvesting Methods
Harvesting Gadgets
Proper Handling of Harvested Fruits
142
142
143
143
144
144
144
144
145
145
Sorting and Grading
Packing or Packaging
Storage
Refrigeration and Modified/Controlled Atmosphere Storage
CHAPTER 14
PRIMARY PROCESSING OF PLANTATION CROPS
147
Primary Processing and Its Importance
Harvesting Indices
Harvesting Cycle
Harvesting Time
Harvesting Method
Extraction of the Primary Economic Product
Direct Drying without Extraction
Further Processing Steps Specific to the Crop
148
149
150
151
151
152
153
154
154
Fermentation in Cacao
Drying
154
APPENDIX TABLE 1
Soil and Climatic Adaptations ofVarious Fruit
and Plantation Crops
157
APPENDIX TABLE 2
Nutrient Recommendation for Various Fruit and
Plantation Crops Based on Soil Test
160
INDEX
169
THE AUTHORS
185
ix