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Abstract: Trac congestion has been a problem on our highways for many years. However, a solution to this
problem may not be far o. In the past few decades a new type of mass transportation has become increasingly
popular. This transportation is known as Maglev, or magnetic levitation. The Maglev system is made possible by
the use of electromagnets and magnetic fields. The basic principle behind Maglev is that magnets on the train ar
either attracted or repeed by the train’s track, caed a guideway, causing the train to levitate. Maglev also uses
magnetic propulsion to accelerate and decelerate the train. The Maglev train is able to reach speeds of up to 300
mph, which is half the speed of a commercial airliner [1]. Magnetic Levitation is broken into two main types of
suspension, Electromagnetic Suspension and Electrodynamic Suspension [2]. A third type of levitation, know
an Inductrack, is also being developed in the United States. In this paper we wi go into detail on how Maglev
orks and show how magnetism and magnetic fields can make a vehicle float on air. Sustainability is an important part of any engineering project and especiay with the Maglev system. In the later part of this paper w
i discuss the importance of sustainability and the role it plays with Maglev.
Index Terms9!'-%2)#%4)2!2).-+%#20.$7-!,)#31/%-1).-+%#20.,!'-%2)#31/%-1).-
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Introduction
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Marie
Balestreire, University of Pittsburgh, 3990 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 [email protected]
2John
Hollenberger, University of Pittsburgh, 216 Clairmont Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15229 [email protected]
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Figure 1 — Photograph of the Japan Maglev (EDS) [15]
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What is the Magnetic Levitation System?
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Figure 2 — Photograph of a Maglev Train (EMS) [14]
Electromagnetic Propulsion
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Figure 5 — Photograph of the Guiderail [20]
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Figure 6 — The Electrodynamic Suspension System
!(.-," .",-%"$-!.,!"(',.,-()+/'- .--+%%,"'(0%"' ('%1'-+"'
!,& '-",-1'--($)-!-+"''-+.'%"$1(.+-+"-"('%(0%"' %%1-!-+"'
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*.%& '-"(+,+(&!,"-!-+"'",).,!$"'-(-!'-+(-! ."01'
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,6$08&+025(67$%/(6863(16,216<67(06(&21'5($621:+<7+(/(&752'<1$0,&863(1
6,216<67(0,6025(67$%/(,67+$7,7,6$%/(72&$55<$08&++($9,(5:(,*+7/2$':,7+287+$9,1*,76
/(9,7$7,21*5($7/<$B(&7('67+(*$3%(7:((17+(75$,1$1'9(+,&/('(&5($6(6)25&(6%(7:((17+(
6/2&$7('217+(75$,1$1'7+(0$*1(76217+(75$&.5(3(/($&+27+(5$1',1&5($6($67+(75$,1
*(76+($9,(5"#25(;$03/(,):(,*+7,6$''('727+(75$,1,7,6*2,1*72:$1772*(7&/26(5727+(
75$&.+2:(9(5,7&$1127'262%(&$86(5(38/6,21)25&(6*52:67521*(5$67+(32/(6217+(75$,16,1.
&/26(5727+(6,0,/$532/(6217+(*8,'(:$<+(5(38/6,9()25&(6%(7:((17+(0$*1(76$1'&2,/6/,)7
7+(75$,121$9(5$*($%28772,1&+(6$%29(7+(75$&.:+,&+9,578$//<(/,0,1$7(6$1<6$)(7<,6
68(65(*$5',1*7+(75$,1/26,1*/(9,7$7,21$1'+,77,1*,76*8,'(:$<"#+,6%5,1*686727+(1(;7
7+,1*:((1&2817(5$6:(029(287)5207+(&(17(52)7+(*8,'(:$<(9,7$7,21&2,/65(3(/7+(
681'(51($7+7+(75$,13529,',1*7+(5(6725,1*)25&(672.((37+(75$,1$/,*1('
5238/6,21&2,/6$5(/2&$7('1(;7+(35238/6,216<67(02)7+(/(&752'<1$0,&863(16,216<67(0
,648,7(6,0,/$572/(&7520$*1(7,&35238/6,21%87'2(69$5<6/,*+7/<23523(/7+(75$,17+(
*8,'(:$<+$6&2,/65811,1*$/21*7+(723$1'%277202)7+(61'8&('&855(17:,7+,17+(6(
&2,/6&5($7(6$/7(51$7,1*0$*1(7,&@(/'67+$7$775$&7255(3(/7+(66(1',1*7+(75$,1,17+(
)25:$5'255(9(56(',5(&7,21"#(&$86(7+(75$,16$5(029,1*%<0$*1(7,&:$9(67+$7386+$1'
38//,7)25:$5',7?69,578$//<,03266,%/()2575$,1672&2//,'(6,1&(7+(<$5(,1(66(1&(=5,',1*7+(
6$0(0$*1(7,&:$9(6>"#
2(1*,1(2527+(532:(56285&(,65(48,5('72.((37+(75$,1029,1*(;&(377+(,1,7,$/63(('7+$7
,65(48,5('72%(*,1/(9,7$7,21"#+(5()25(:+((/6$5(5(48,5('72.((37+(75$,1029,1*817,/
$%287.0+503+:+(5(,7&$17+(1%(*,172/(9,7$7("#
,1$//<7+(*8,'(:$<+$65$,/67+$7(1&203$667+(2876,'(2)7+(75$,1!,7+,17+(6(5$,/6$5(7+(
35238/6,21&2,/6$1'/(9,7$7,21&2,/61(('('72.((37+(75$,1029,1*$1'/(9,7$7,1*$%29(7+(%27
7202)7+(75$&.(&$86(7+(75$,1+$6,762:16$)(7<1(72)0$*1(7,&)25&(72.((3,7&(17(5('7+(
5$,/66,03/<3529,'($3/$&()2527+(5&2,/672%(/2&$7('$1'86('+,65$,/:$<3529,'(61227+(5
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6863(16,21+$66(9(5$/326,7,9($1'1(*$7,9($63(&7672,72%(*,1,1,7,$/&2676$5(+,*+$1'
0267&28175,(6'2127+$9(7+(021(<25)((/7+(1(('7263(1',7217+,6.,1'2)75$163257$7,21
1&(83$1'5811,1*+2:(9(5$1$*/(9581621/<21(/(&75,&,7<627+(5(,6121((')2527+(5
)8(/6+,65('8&7,21,1)8(/:,//3529(72%(9(5<,03257$17727+(6867$,1$%,/,7<2)$*/(91(
+8*(',6$'9$17$*(2)7+(6<67(0,67+(*5($7&267$1',1&219(1,(1&(2)+$9,1*72.((37+(68
3(5&22/('683(5&21'8&7,9(0$*1(76$7"#127+(5'5$:%$&.,67+$7,17+((9(172)$32:(5
)$,/85($$*/(975$,186,1*:28/'6/$021727+(75$&.$7*5($763(('6+,6,6$6(&21'5($621
)257+(:+((/67+$7$5(35,0$5,/<86('72*(77+(75$,1029,1*48,&./<(128*+)25/(9,7$7,21+(
:+((/6:28/'1(('72+$9($6+2&.6<67(0'(6,*1('72&203(16$7()257+(:(,*+72)7+(&$5$1',76
3$66(1*(56$67+(75$,1)$//6727+(75$&.1$3$1:+(5($*/(9,6,1,767(67,1*67$*(75$,16
$9(5$*($%287.0+5$1'+$9(%((1&/2&.('$7
.0+5:+,&+,6$:25/'5(&25')255$,/63(('
"
#203$5('72075$.75$,16,17+( 1,7('7$7(6:+,&+75$9(/$7$1$9(5$*(2).0+5$
*/(9&$1*(73(23/(:+(5(7+(<1((',1$%287+$/)2)7+(7,0("#+($1'6863(16,21
6<67(06$5(7+(7:20$,16<67(06,186(%877+(5(,6$3266,%,/,7<)25$7+,5'726221-2,17+(3$&.
A New Track in the Running
1*,1((56$5(&2167$17/<75<,1*72,03529(2135(9,2867(&+12/2*<+,66(&7,21,//8675$7(6+2:(1
*,1((56$5(&217,18$//<:25.,1*720$.($&+($3(5$1'025((C&,(17$*/(96<67(0:,7+7+(5(
6285&(67+(<+$9(!,7+,17+(3$67)(:<($567+( 1,7('7$7(6+$6%((1'(9(/23,1*$1(:(567</(2)
$*/(9&$//('7+(1'8&75$&.:+,&+,66,0,/$5727+(6<67(0+,66<67(0,6%(,1*'(9(/23('
/)! )'*+++ .)&!-)%')+!'&$')+')/ %"')!5)&+.&
+ &,+)#&+ $+)'/%&!/*+%!*+ ,*'()%&&+%&+*)+ )+ &*,()
'&,+!&%&+*
!**/*+%,**&1))&%&+'('.),$()%&&+%&+*#&'.&*$ ))/+'
)++ $-!++!&')2 $ ))/,** ! 4$$$'/%&+!)* *)*
)))&*'+ %&+!4$*'+ )*)+0&$*+'+ )*'&!+ )*!. ! ,** ! ('.)%&+!4$$'.+ ))/
&,+)#!**!%!$)+'+ +'+ */*+%!&+ +!+,**)(,$*!-')* %&+!
4$'+ $ ))/'&+ +)!&)($*+ %&+!4$'+ %'-!&$ ))/!&+ ,!./ )!$*!&+ */*+%)*$! +$/!5)&+ ,!./!*%)'%1+.')'.*'
+! +$/(#$-!++!'&'!$*2 +)!&!+*$ *+.'$ ))/*'&'-+ '!$*')
$-!++!'&&+ '+ )'),!&
*.!+ + &*/*+%+ &,+)#,**
$!&)*/& )'&',*%'+')$'.!*(!+,)'+ $ ))/&%'$'+ &,
+)#*/*+%
Figure 7 — Model of the Inductrack [17]
%"')&4+'+ !*+)#!*+ +-&!('.)!$,)',)*+ +)!&&'&+!&,+'$-!++
,*'+ ,*'()%&&+%&+*
*)*,$++ +)!&!*$+'*$'.+'*+'(,)!&!&
*+&*'('.)!$,)&!+!'&+ +)!&!*$+'$-!++.!+ ',+&/('.)*',)!&-'$-
'&$/('.)&')+ !**/*+%!*')+ $!&)*/& )'&',*%'+')&1+ '&$/('.)
$'**+ +',)*!&+ !**/*+%!*)'%)'/&%!)&$+)!$)*!*+&!&+ $-!++!'&
!),!+*2
$+ ', + !*+/('+)#!*$''#!&+',*!+ *'&$/&+*+'&'&%+)+)#
!*.')#!&+'+ ).!+ + &,+)#+%+',!$$))+*+%'$'%+)*!&
$&+ !*+*+!&',$-&+,$$/$+'1.')#$$-*/*+%')+ ,+,)2
&,+)#*/*+%',$$*',*')+ $,& !&'
3**(* ,++$* '$
$'.!&(!+,)!*($/**!/*!$$+ )+/(*'$-!++!'&*/*+%*
Figure 8 — Image of the Three Types of Levitation Techniques [18]
Sustainability
!##,"!""
%!#% #"$"##("
*"#"(#"# !"#!#&#$# !"##($#$!!
#"###!&"+""-&&("#)#!&%
#$!#&!
!"!$!!#("&("# !%#%!#
$!&!$###$#$!!#" !%"#(
#"&(#(!
% """#"-#($"!(#!$#!#%"$!"!(
"$"#!#( ##!"!$!#!#""$"##!#!$!!#
!(/#%"("#" !$!$(#!(!
!!&"#!$(#"$# ""#
&! "!(/#%#!&-&#$#$!
Figure 9 — Graph of Energy Used by Trasnsportation Systems [19]
%""!#.##$# $#%.##!#!"$"
""! "!$"$#" $##"!%.(&#$!!
"#!($!#" !%"#%(#"( !$#""$#
"#$!!#!$".##$##$"(!' $
#!$!""$"&$!$"!"$#%"("#"
#(&$%#!!$#! $#%!$"""#!/#
&$"!$" $#%#!"#!#$"$"#"
% !#"##&###!"!$"&#(-##"!"(
"#!"02,.-#-0#%%'6--"+!#('+(.'-"-+$,0"(%%(0#,!+)"-"-#%%.,-+-,
-"'(#,&#,,#(',( !%/(&)+-((-"+'(#,&#,,#(',
Figure 10 — Possible Look of the Magport station[24]
,0('-#'.('0#-"-"+(02,2,-&!%/,2,-&0(.%%,("%)0#-"+.#'!('
!,-#('('-"+(02"#,0#%%&$#-,#+ (+-"(,% -('-"+(02,-(-+/%&."
,#+', + +(&(')(#'--(-"'1-%,(-"%2,,,(#-0#-"+#/#'!'(-"+
&',( -+',)(+--#('0(.%.-$2,#!'#6'-&(.'-.,-"!%/-+$#,
/+2+%#%#'-+&,( #'!('-#&' --""'!"#!%/#,('-#&( -"
-#&
'#-#('-((',+/#'!'+!2'.,#'!%-+'-#/ .%,,.,-#'#%#-2&',&#'-#'#'!'
+,%',)')%''#'!-",-02-(+,)--"'-.+%,.++(.'#'!, !%/,2,-&
0+-((',-+.-#'-"#-2( #--,.+!"#-0(.%,#!',(-"-&#'#&%&!
0(.%('-(-"'-.+%%',)'-()(!+)"2( -"+"-+#'(.%%,(('
,-+.-(/-"%'%%(0#'!%''#&%,-(-+/%'-"-"-+$+.#'!+($#%%"
#--,.+!"-&)%',('('.-#'!''/#+('&'-%+/#0 (+'2.#%#'!0(.%-$)%
%#&#'-#'!'2.''"",
"+#,%02,-"%+!+#,,.( &('2'('(&##,,.,,#-#, --"--"!%/,2,
-&#,'(-"),2,-&-(.#%'-"--""'!"#!%/(,-
#%%#('.-#'-"%('!
+.'-"!%/,2,-&(.%/+2'6#%
(+1&)%-"!%/,2,-&(,'(-"/
,&."0+(')+-,'+#%-+#(+-#(',('/'-#('%+#%-+#'-"+ (++.#'!+)#+
(,-,%('!0#-"-"-,+#+,('-#'.%%2.,-"-+#'-"#'(& +(&#-,.,0#%%"%)-(
)2(7-"-+$,.#%#'!(,-,
"!%/-+#'0#%%'6-'2+-"-#-#,).-#'-("!%/,2,-&#'/(%/,%%#,,.,( ,.,-#'#%#-2'#-','-"-#-%,30#-"-"-+(7#,,.,( (,-/+,.,'/#+('&'-
/+,.,*.%#-2( %# 4
Conclusion
'-"'-#('%!(/+'&'--(2-%$,( '0-+',)(+--#(',2,-&,.",!%/",,)+$
-"+'-),,#'!( -"+',)(+--#('*.%#-2-
,--,-"!(/+'&'-5,
/#0,('3#&)+(/#'!, -2)+(--#'!).%#"%-"'-"'/#+('&'-'+-#'!())(+-.'#-2
(+%%&+#',-)+(/#,+(+%/%,( #'/,-&'--(('-#'.+.#%#'!&+#5,"#!"
02,'-+',#-,2,-&,(#'!,(0#-"#'%'.!-4
"&('2)+(/#2-"#,-
0,.,-(+-!+(.),,.",!%/'!+(.)( +,+"+,''!#'+,-"-#,"/#%2
,182/8(',16+(3/$11,1*2)$3255,%/($*/(85,6(,1,665%74*+,*74(,5$'4$9,1*2)$3255,%/(
$*/(856$6,21/2&$6(',1'2916291,665%74*+
Figure 11 — Possible Look of the Magport station[22]
+((115;/8$1,$42-(&6,5$&744(16,1,6,$6,8(62%4,1*)('(4$/021(;$1'$*/(8626+(,665
%74*+$4($4273557&+$5$*/(81&+(('(4$/$,/42$''0,1,564$6,21(1126$1'6+(
24676+24,6;2)//(*+(1;2716;+$8(&20(62*(6+(4624(5($4&+$1''(5,*1$)($5,%/(9$;62
&211(&6,665%74*+16(41$6,21$/,432469,6+'2916291,665%74*+
+(342325('5;56(0927/'75(
0,/(52)$*/(8*7,'(9$;62&211(&6'2916291,665%74*+62
2142(8,//($1'4((15%74*$1'$/529,6+,665%74*+16(41$6,21$/,43246+(0,176(4,'(%(
69((1'2916291$1'6+($,432469,//%($%/(62+2/'$3342:,0$6(/;3(23/($1'9,//56$469,6+$
324656$6,21$66((//$<$$1'&216,17(62$56$6,21$6(,6+(46+($1'5,'(6(40,1$/246+(
:34(559$;20076(4,6($66+($,43246+(5;56(0&27/'6+(1%((:6(1'('62,1&/7'($44,5
%74*$1'+,/$'(/3+,$626+(($56 +((/,1* (56,4*,1,$$1'/(8(/$1'+,2626+(5276+$1'
9(56$1'4,(7@$/2$1'(9!24.626+(1246++(64,3)420,665%74*+62+,/$'(/3+,$&27/'
326(16,$//;6$.(/(556+$1692+2745"#+(/$1'5&$3(2),665%74*+9,6+,650$1;+,//5$1'4,8(45
$33($4562%($&+$//(1*()24$5;56(057&+$56+,529(8(4$*/(8+$56+($%,/,6;62=&/,0%56((3
*4$'(5$1'23(4$6(21$1(/(8$6('?:('*7,'(9$;"#>,*74(,//7564$6(56+(3255,%/(4276(5)24
6+(1(9$*/8,1 (56(41(115;/8$1,$
Figure 12 — Map of the Possible Route [23]
+(%(1(?65626+(4(*,21$4($/52$8(4;%,*3/759+(1&215,'(4,1*$*/(8$*/(85;56(0927/'
5733/(0(16(:,56,1*64$153246$6,215;56(05%76927/'+$8(/,66/(6212$'',6,21$/(@(&6626+(
$027162)64$A&274+,*+9$;55((;%7,/',1*6+(64$&.+,*+$%28(6+((:,56,1*,1)4$5647&674(,1
6(4)(4(1&(9,6+26+(402'(52)64$153246$6,21,51($4/;,03255,%/($1',6927/'75(=/(55/$1'
<1>91@1>;2@>-B18C41:/;9<->10@;-4534?<110>-58?D?@19*+H@C;A80/>1-@1-//1??@;@41
-5><;>@2;>9-:D<1;<81C4;->1/A>>1:@8DJ:05:35@4->0@;31@@41>10A1@;>1/1:@/[email protected]/7?-:0
@41>5?5:3>-@1?;2<A.85/@>-:?<;>@-@5;:-381BC;A80?@59A8-@11/;:;95/3>;C@42;>@41/5@D5:
@1>9?;2:1C19<8;D91:@;<<;>@A:5@51?-:0@41-@@>-/@5;:;2@;A>5?@?@;@41>135;:
%418135?8-@5;:>1?<;:?5.812;>@41>1?1->/4-:001B18;<91:@;2-381B%
C-?A<2;>>1
:1C-85:8-@1
//;>05:3@;@41#I?<>;<;?10?/410A81G@41J>?@?1391:@2>;9@41"5@@?
.A>34:@1>:-@5;:-85><;>@@;;C:@;C:"5@@?.A>34/;A80.1;<1>-@5;:-85:
H*+
-381B/;A80.1<-B5:3@41C-D2;>2A@A>1@>-:?<;>@-@5;:-88;B1>@41C;>80-:0B1>D?;;:5:@41
&:5@10$@-@1?-:0;A>;C:/;99A:5@[email protected]:1J@;A>>135;:1/;:;95/-88D-?C188-?.1:1J@5:3
@41-0B-:/191:@5:@>-:?<;>@-@5;:@1/4:;8;3D@C588-8?;418<>10A/1?1B1>-81:B5>;:91:@-8/;:
/1>:?5:/8A05:3<;88A@5;:9-75:3@41?A?@-5:-.585@D;2-381BB1>D59<;>@-:@#1?1->/45:3-:0
01B18;<5:3@4105K1>1:@?A?<1:?5;:??D?@[email protected]@D@;<>;<18@41?1@>-5:?2;>C->0
4-?.>;A34@1:35:11>?@;31@41>2>;905K1>1:@05?/5<85:1?C5@45:1:35:11>5:3-:02>;9->;A:0@41
C;>80@;/;9<81@1;:1/;99;:3;-8;2/>1-@5:3-2-?@1>?-21>C-D@;31@2>;9<;5:@@;<;5:@
Acknowledgment
5>?@;2-88C1C;A808571@;@4-:7-:A0:D-:0-88@41;@41><>;21??;>?2;>35B5:3A?@45?;<<;>
@A:5@D@;-<<[email protected]:81->:5:3-:08;;7-@-:-?<1/@;21:35:11>5:3@4-@C588-K1/@A?5:
@412A@A>18?;C1C;A808571@;@4-:7@41C>5@5:3/1:@1><1;<812;>@415>4;:1?@;<5:5;:?-:0
/;:?@>A/@5B1/>5@5/5?9@4-@418<10A?2;/A?9;>1;:;A>@;<5/-:0C>[email protected]@@1><-<1>005@5;:-88D
C1C;A808571@;@4-:7@4185.>->5-:?2;>@415>/;:?@-:@-B-58-.585@D-:0-0B5/1;:4;C@;>1?1->/4
5:-88DC1C;A808571@;@4-:7;A>/;:21>1:/1?1/@5;:/4-5>#-D'-?7;-:0/;/4-5>-/=A185:1
)-80-:-C4;?1:@A?5:@41>534@05>1/@5;:C41:C1?@->@10C>5@5:3@45?<-<1>
References
:@8-A2(1>:->01-A;-@1?G-?@%>-/7H5B58:35:11>5:3
B;8??A1
<<
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-E1@@11.>A->D
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K1/@5B181/@>;9-3:1@5/$A?<1:?5;:$D?@19H;:21>1:/1;:1/5?5;:-:0;:@>;8;.1
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%'3&6<%+2)7-')9-7%7-32#5%264357%7-32*357,)67)2785;=%59%5("'-)2')!)
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):&35+)7%0<((-2+"867%-2%&-0-7;=$2-9)56-7;3* -776&85+,
Additional Resources
5%*7<%+0)9= ,373+5%4,3852%039)1&)544%'')66)(
%28%5;
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