20.09.2012, Nordic Algae Workshop,
Grenaa, Denmark
Macroalgae activities in Norway
Jorunn Skjermo, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Technology for a better society
1
Macroalgae industry in Norway
Species
Harvesting
Region
Usage
Company
Rogaland –
Sør Trøndelag
Alginate
(7000 tons)
FMC Biopolymer
Midt-Norge Troms
Seaweed
meal, extracts
(7000 tons)
Algea
(tons wet weight per
year)
"Stortare"
Laminaria hyperborea
130 000 – 180 000
"Grisetang"
Ascophyllum nodosum
10 000 – 20 000
Economic value: 1,2 billion NOK (0,16 billion €)
Foto: Mentz Indergaard
Technology for a better society
2
Why should Norway cultivate seaweeds?
• A biomass with great potentials
–
–
–
–
SINTEF
3.generations bioenergy
Food
Feed
Bioactive compounds, high-value
chemicals
– Chemical building blocks
– Fertilizers
• Further, sustainable increase in
use requires cultivated
biomass, especially when large
volumes are required (e.g.
biofuels and feed)
Seaweed Energy Solutions
Technology for a better society
3
Seaweed biomass as 3rd generations biofuels
• Chemical composition suitable for conversion into biofuels (ethanol, buhtanol)
and biogas (methane): 60% carbohydrates (of dry weight)
• High biomass productivity (ca 2 kg C m-2 year-1)(Lüning 1990).
• CO2-consumption: 8-10 tons per ha per year
– (comparable to temperate woodlands (Chung et al. 2010)
• No use of valuable human food crops
• No use of productive land area
• No need for irrigation, pesticides or artificial fertilizers (NB! No phosphate)
Technology for a better society
4
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL in SEAWEEDS
Biomass outcome
•
•
100 tons biomass (wet weight) per ha per year (SINTEF)
20 tons dry weight per ha per year
Ethanol outcome (theoretical)
•
•
80% conversion: 0.281 L ethanol per kg seaweed (dry weight)(Wargacki et al., 2012)
5,620 L ethanol per ha per year
Potentials for increase:
•
Higher biomass production (150-200 tons per ha)
- Breeding and species selection
- Improved cultivation technology and strategies
•
90% conversion: 2,500km2 gives 2 billion L (Kraan, 2010)
Technology for a better society
5
Norwegian advantages for macroalgae cultivation (i)
• Geography
– Long coastline
– Large economic zone: 90.000 km2
• 480 macroalgae species
• 205 red
• 175 brown
• 100 green
Technology for a better society
6
Norwegian advantages for macroalgae cultivation (ii)
• Knowledge and competence
– Aquaculture (fish, mussels)
– Off-shore industry (fish, oil/gas)
– Biotechnology (phycocolloids)
• IMTA with salmon industry
Design: Mats Heide, SINTEF
Technology for a better society
7
Nutrient mass-balance budget for Norwegian salmon aquaculture
Feed
(100% N)
(100% P)
1-5%
Particulate
nutrients
(15% N)
(44% P)
Dissolved nutrients
(45% N)
(21% P)
Fish
(N40%)
(P35%)
Wang et al., 2012. Aquaculture and Environment Interactions, accepted for publication
Technology for a better society
8
Seaweed cultivation in IMTA - potentials in Norway
Degree of
exploitation
Biomass outcome
Seaweed biomass : salmon biomass
10% of released N
1:1
20% of released N
2:1
Wang et al., 2012. Aquaculture and Environment Interactions, accepted for publication
Photo: Mentz Indergård
Technology for a better society
Distribution of dissolved
N from a fish farm
•
•
Color scale: The probability for ammonium
concentrations > 0.5 mmol m-3
Simulation based on real feed consumtion
in september 2010.
Surface
22 m depth
MacroBiomass, Broch et al, subm.
Technology for a better society
10
S
40
*
20
*
*
Growth
(length) of S. latissima in IMTA with Salmo salar
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Reference
B
160
Sporophyte length (cm)
140
120
100
Aug-5 m
Salmon farm
*
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
*
R2=0.98
*
80
*
60
40
20
*
*
*
*
*
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
C
160
MacroBiomass,Aug-8
Handåmet al, subm.
(cm)
140
120
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.97
Handå et al. submitted
Technology for a better society
Sporophyte l
80
*
60
Length of S. latissima in IMTA with Salmo salar
40
*
*
20
*
*
*
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
2 m depth
160
Sporophyte length (cm)
140
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
120
100
60
*
*
*
*
120
100
Aug-8 m
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.97
R2=0.94
80
60
40
20
0
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
160
140
rophyte length (cm)
140
80
40
160
*
R2=0.99
20
B
C
Aug-2 m
Sporophyte length (cm)
A
8 m depth
120
100
Aug-5 m
*
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
*
R2=0.98
*
Handå et al. submitted
80
60
*
Technology for a better society
Seaweed species in Norway of special interest for industrial scale
farming – the large brown kelps.
Alaria esculenta
Biofuels
Feed
Food
Saccharina latissima
Biofuels
Food
Technology for a better society
13
Production of seedlings - upscaling
Spores or gametophytes are sprayed on thin ropes and incubated in 200 L's cylinders
(720 m pr cylinder).
MacroBiomass
Technology for a better society
14
Cultivation in sea farms
10 kg m-1 rope after 4,5 months
Technology for a better society
15
Norwegian markets for cultivated macroalgae biomass
Product(-s)
Company
Cultivation technology
Seaweed Energy Solutions
Equipment
Seaweed Energy Solutions, Aqualine
Biomass
Seaweed Energy Solutions
Food
Restaurants, Stokkøya Sjøsenter
Biofuels (liquid)
Statoil
Biofuels (gas)
Biokraft AS
Fish feed, animal feed
Ewos, Skretting, Biomar, Felleskjøpet
Alginate
FMC Biopolymer*
Food supplement
Algea*
Extracts, high value products
Algea*
Fertilizers
Yara, Algea*
*in business, harvested biomass
Technology for a better society
16
Summary
•
Only harvested biomass used
industrially
•
R&D-activities on
–
–
–
–
•
Cultivation technology (large scale)
Processing (biofuels)
Bioprospecting
IMTA
Seaweed Energy Solutions and Statoil
main drivers (biofuels)
Technology for a better society
17
Thank you!
Aknowledgements: Aleksander Handå, Silje Forbord, Ole Jacob Broch, Karl
Tangen, Kristine B. Steinhovden, Rasmus Bjerregaard, Klaus Lüning (The
MacroBiomass project)
Technology for a better society
18