Arche- UoMLELResearchSeminar
10March2017
Perfective butincomplete
accomplishments
Dr María J.Arche
UniversityofGreenwich
LELResearchSeminar
UniversityofManchester, 28th February2017
Workinprogress
Captatio benevolentiae
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Arche- UoMLELResearchSeminar
10March2017
Workabout
• Theeventtypeknownasaccomplishments,
• Which,however,areunderstoodas
incomplete
• Evenwhentheyappearintheperfective
viewpoint.
• Thatis,itisaworkabouttheintertwineof
Eventtypeswithviewpointaspect.
Whyisthisanissue?
• Well,
• Accomplishments aresupposedtoentailan
endpoint,culmination–thatistheclassical
differentiationfromactivities:
(1)Ellaranforthreehours.
(2)Ellarantwomilesinthreehours.
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Arche- UoMLELResearchSeminar
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Lexical orSituation Aspect
• Taxonomy of States
predicates,
eventtypes.
• Aristotle.
Activities
• Ryle1949,
Vendler 1957,
Kenny1963,
Dowty 1979,
Accomplishments
Smith1991
Achievements
Non-actions;
express the
existence of
the thing
Be green, love,
hate
Actions with Wander, swim,
duration & no push
inherent
*in an hour
endpoint
Actions with Build a house
duration & an in an hour
inherent
endpoint
Actions with
endpoint but
no duration
Arrive, die,
awaken
Whyisthisanissue?
• Especiallywhentheyappearinthe
viewpointformcalledperfective.
• Why?Becausetheperfectiveisthe
viewpointthatbringstheinterpretation
accordingtowhichthesituationisfinished.
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Viewpoint aspect
• Asemanticcategory
• Informationabouttheunfoldingofthesituation;
• Abouttostart:prospectiveaspect
(1)Iamgoingtoreadthenewspaper.
• On-going:progressiveaspect
(2)Iamreadingthenewspaper.
• Finished:perfectiveaspect
(3)Ireadthenewspaper.
Thesemanticsoftheperfective
Perfectiveform:
• situationfinished;
• bounded;
• closed
Finishedwhat?
Formalanalysisbasedontheorderingonintervals:
Klein1994
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Theperfective
Klein(1994),Demirdache &Uribe-Etxebarria (2000,
2004,2007).
Viewpointasarelationbetween
• aTopic/Assertion Time
(theintervaltheutteranceisabout)
• anEventTime
(theintervalthesituationitselfmayextendover).
The perfective:
AspP
AstT
Asp’
Asp
overlap
EvtT
EvtT
a.------------------------|xxxxxxxxxxxx|----------------b.TopicTimetotaloverlapwithEventTime
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10March2017
ThePerfective
• Perfectiveviewpoint:theAstT andtheEvent
Time(EvT)overlapcompletely.
• Theconsequenceofthisorderingistheensue
oftheinterpretationof‘finished’,‘culminated’
eventuality’inthecaseofaccomplishments
• Thatis,culminationisaconsequenceofan
intervalorderingoperation.
Theperfective
(2) a.Juanestuvo
enfermo.
Juanbeestar-perfve.3ps
b.Juanpaseó
State
ill
por laplaya.
Activity
Juanwalk-perfve.3ps bythebeach
c.Juanpintó
lavalla.
Juanpaint-perfve.3ps
d.Juanencontró
Accomplishment
thefence
laaguja.
Achievement
Juanfind-pfve.3pstheneedle
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• Inallofthesentencesinthepreviousslideitis
understoodthattheperiodoftimeduring
whichtheeventtookplaceisover.
• Withtelicpredicates,itisalsotypically
understoodthattherelevantpointneededfor
thesituationtobesubstantiatedhasbeen
reached.
• Thatistosay,perfectiveaccomplishments
typicallyyieldtheinterpretationof
‘culminated’.
However
• Factssuchasthefollowingonesare
attested:
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Accomplishmentsintheperfective
Hindi (Arunachalam &Kothari2010)
(3) maayaa-nebiskuT-ko khaa-yaa
Maya-ERG cookie-ACCeat-PFV
paruse
puuraa nahiin khaa-yaa
butit-ACC finishnoteat-PFV
‘Mayaatethecookie,butdidnotfinishit’.
Accomplishmentsintheperfective
Lilooet Salish (St’át’imcets)(Bar-eletal2005)
(4) máys-en-lhkan ti
q’láxan-a, t’u7 cw7ay
fix-TR-1SG.SU DET fence-DET but NEG
t’u7kw-s
tsúkw-s-an
justDET-NOM finish-CAU-1SG.ERG
‘Ifixedafence,butIdidn’tfinish.’
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Accomplishmentsintheperfective
Thai(Koening &Muansuwan 2001)
--Semiperfectives;khurn pfve marker.
(6)Surii tεεŋ
klɔɔn khurn tεε jarj maj sed
Surii composepoemascendbutstillnotfinish
'Surii composeda/thepoem,buthasnotfinishedityet.'
Accomplishmentsintheperfective
Balkar (Tatevosov 2008)
(7)Kerim esik-ni
ac-xan-di,alaj bosa-ma-van-di
Kerim door-ACCopen-PFT.3psbutfinish-neg-PFT.3ps
‘Kerim openedthedoor,but(he)didnotfinish’
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Accomplishmentsintheperfective
Spanish (Arche 2014a,c)
(7)Pedropintó
lavalla,pero noterminó.
Pedropaint-pfve.3psthefencebutnotfinished
‘Pedropaintedthefencebuthedidnotfinish’
(8)Juanvació
lapiscina,pero no terminó.
Juanempty-pfve.3psthepool,butnotfinished.
‘Juanemptiedthepool,buthedidnotfinish
Accomplishmentsintheperfective
Spanish (Arche 2014a,c)
(7’)Pedropintó
lavalla,pero nodeltodo.
Pedropaint-pfve.3psthefencebutnotcompletely
‘Pedropaintedthefencebutnotcompletely’
(8’)Juanvació
lapiscina,pero nodeltodo.
Juanempty-pfve.3psthepool,butnotcompletely
‘Juanemptiedthepool,butnotcompletely
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Basedontraditional tenets
• Thisshouldnothappen!
Theresearchtask
• Identifythesourceofthephenomenon.
• Authors thatputtheweightonthestem.
• Thisproposal: exploretheweightandroleof
viewpointsemantics.
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Theresearchtask
• Identifythegrammarlimitsofitexamining
• Variation inthegrammar ofviewpointaspect
• Variation inthestems allowedin
nonculmination phenomena
Theroleofviewpoint aspect
• Interpretationtofocusonnow:
Partialsuccess
• BUTtheyarenotIMPERFECTIVE cases.
• Inlanguageswhereinflectiondistinguishes
betweenImperfectiveandPerfective(e.g.,
Spanish)wecanseethedifference.
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Theroleofviewpoint aspect
(9)Pedropintaba
lavalla.
Pedropaint-IMPF.3psthefence
‘Pedrowas.impf paintingthefence’
à noculminationreading.
(10)Pedropintó
lavalla.
Pedropaint-PFve.3psthefence
‘Pedropaintedthefence’
à culminationreading
Somesayitisinthestem
• Becauseitispartialsuccesswithout(classical)
imperfectivity involved,authorsconcludethatthe
sourceofthereadingisinthecomputationofthe
eventualitytype(Bar-eletal2005;Tatevosov 2008).
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Somesayitisinthestem
• Tatevosov (2008)alsoarguesthatthefact
thatnonculmination isfoundinotherforms,
suchasthefuture,arguesagainstany
possibleroleplayedbytheviewpointaspect
semantics.Hisexamplesare:
Somesayitisinthestem
Balkar
(11)Kerim eki sabat esik-ni
ac-ar-di.
Kerim twohourdoor-ACCopen-FUT.3ps
‘Kerim willopenthedoorfortwohours’
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10March2017
Mytake
• Truethatclassical imperfectivity isnotatstake,
aswehaveundisputable perfectives
• Admit thatfutureexamples fallwithinthesame
phenomenon.
BUT
• Thisdoesnotmean thatviewpointsemantics
doesnotplayarole.
Mytake
• Viewpointformsarenotmonolithicandcanbe
morecomplex(havemorecomponents) than
previouslythought.
• Actually,weknowthatthesemanticsandthe
correspondencesbetweenformandmeaningwith
otherviewpointsisnotthatsimple.
• Seethecaseoftheimperfect,towitthetreacherous
terrain:
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Meanings andforms ofviewpoint aspect
(11)Juancantaba.
Juansing-impfv.3ps
IMPERFECT
• Meanings/readingsinSpanish:
• Habitual
‘Juanusedtosing’
• Progressive ‘Juanwassinging’
• Ability‘Juanknewhowtosing’
• Arche 2006,2014:sharedcore:orderingpredicatemeaning
‘within’plusotherdifferentheadsadding otherinformation.
Cross-linguistic variation
• Comrie 1976;Dahl1985;Bybee etal1994;KoontzGarboden 2003,a.o.
• English:doesnotdistinguishimpfve/pfve
inflectionally;ratheritseemstodistinguish
ongoing/rest.
(12)Iwasreadingthebook
Progressive
(13)Ireadabook.
Perfective
(14)IbikedtoschoolwhenIwasachild.
Habitual
(15)IreadFrencheventhoughIwasnevertaught. Ability
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• Hindi:distinguishimperfective/perfective
dichotomy,buttheImperfectformcannotbe
interpreted asprogressive.
• Georgian hasthehabitualbutnottheprogressive
explicitlymarked.
• Furthermore,differentwaysofmarkingthe
contrasts:inflection(synthetic),auxiliaries–
analytical,tone(Krongo),etc.
Accomplishmentsintheperfective
• Whatiftheperfectiveismorecomplexthan
whatwethought?
• Caninvolveotherelements?–Becomplex.
• Altshuler 2014;Arche 2014.
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Nonculminatingaccomplishments
• Heterogeneousevents
• Borer(2005):haveQuantityprojected
• Thesituationisnotunderstoodasculminated.
• Tackletheheartoftherelationbetween:
• Telicity
• Heterogenousevents
• noteventterminus/completion/telos
• Perfectiveviewpointaspect
• Perfective:intervalbounded
Typical cases
Piñón 2008
1.Defeasiblecausatives(teach;treat)
(16)Leenseñé latín,pero noaprendió nada.
hertaughtLatinbutnotlearntanything
‘Itaught herLatinbutshedidnotlearnanything’
2.Verbsofcreation(build,draw,write,compose)
(17)Pedrocompuso elpoema,pero noterminó.
Pedrocomposedthepoembutnotfinished
‘Pedrocomposedthepoembutdidnotfinish’
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Typical cases
Piñón 2008
3.Verbsofnon-creation(colour,read,fill,empty)
(18)Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo,pero noterminó.
Pedrocoloured.pfve thecastlebutnotfinished
‘Pedrocolouredthecastlebutdidnotfinish’
(19)Pedrovació
lapiscina,pero noterminó.
Pedroemptied.pfve thepoolbutnotfinished
‘Pedroemptiedthepoolbutdidnotfinish’
Typical cases
Piñón 2008
4.Performance-creation(recite,play,sing)
(18)Pedrotocó
lasonata,pero noterminó.
Pedroplayed.pfve thesonatabutnotfinished
‘Pedroplayedthesonatabutdidnotfinish’
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Typical cases
• Differentdegreesofacceptability
• Creation>>performance>>noncreation
--+++
+++
• Ongoingstudyofacceptabilityfromnative
speakersofSpanishandFrench(Arche&Martin,
inpreparation).
• Firstphase:reactiontimestudywithadults;
nativeuniversityundergraduates.
• Differentverbs;with/withouttheadverbial;
perfective/perfectiveprogressive.
Leading case
• Forthesakeofthediscussion,Iwillfocusoncases
suchas(19):
(19)Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo,pero noterminó.
Pedrocolour-pfve.3psthecastle,butnotfinished
‘Pedrocolouredthecastlebuthedidnotfinishto’
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10March2017
Pointsforexploration
1. Qualityoftheeventuality:trueaccomplishments?
2.Semanticsoftheperfective
3. Syntax-semanticsofthetemporalmodifiersthat seem
tofosternonculmination inthesecases
“Forxtime”
4. Thecompatibilityoftheovertclausedeclaringthe
lackofculminationexplicitly“notfinishto”(vs.not
completely).
Iwillexplore
• Asortofcorrelationamongtheseelements
• Whichmaypointtotheavailabilityof
PARTITIVEsemanticsintheperfective in
Spanish.
• Whichincludesanadditionalsyntactichead,
whichispartitive,progressive.
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Leading case
(19)Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo, pero noterminó.
Pedrocolour-pfve.3psthecastle, butnotfinished
‘Pedrocolouredthecastlebuthedidnotfinishto’
OKformanyspeakersbut
• somewanttoadd“forxtimemodifier”
• Stillanaccomplishment?
•
(20)Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo durante unrato,
Pedrocolour-pfve.3psthecastleforawhile,
pero noterminó.
butnotfinished
1.Qualityoftheeventuality
Trueaccomplishment?
yes
1.1.Culmination ispossible
(21)Pedrocoloreó elcastillo durante unrato yloterminó.
P.coloured.pfve thecastle forawhileanditfinished
‘Pedrocolouredthecastleforawhileandhefinishedit’
(22)Pedronadó
durante unrato (#yterminó).
Pedroswim-pfve.3psforawhileandfinished.
‘Pedroswanforawhileandfinished’
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• The sentence
Pedrocoloreó elcastillo durante unrato.
Pedrocolored.pfve thecastleforawhile.
is vague withrespecttoculmination.Itiscompatiblewithboth
scenarios: onewhere there isnoculminationandanother one
where there is(Arche 2014a).
• inasimilarwayinwhichwespeakaboutvaguenessintemporal
orderingintheso-calledIndependenttemporalconstrual
observedinrelativeclauses(Stowell 1993;seeArche2001for
Spanish).
Quality oftheeventuality
1.2.Okafterfinish
(23)√Pedronoterminó decolorear elcastillo.
Pedrodidnotfinishcolouringthecastle
(24)*Pedronoterminó depasear.
*ACTIVITIES
Pedrodidnotfinishstrolling
• (not)finish+accomplishments:okonly
(Pustejovsky 1988)
• ElidedVPmustbeanaccomplishment, justastheone
itisacopyof,ergo,stillanaccomplishmentdespitethe
forxtime.
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2.Themeaningoftheperfective
• Inallthesecases, theperfectivecanbeparaphrasedwith
whatcanbecalled“perfectiveprogressive”:
(25)Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo,pero noterminó.
Pedrocolour-pfve.3psthecastle, butnotfinished
‘Pedrocolouredthecastlebuthedidnotfinishto’
(26)Pedroestuvo coloreando elcastillo, pero noterminó.
Pedrowas.pfve coloring thecastle, butnotfinished.
N.B.Notethat thisformISNOT equivalentinanysensetoanimperfective
progressive(thetypicalformknownasprogressiveinshort).
3.Thesemanticsofthetemporal
modifier
(27)Pedrocoloreóelcastillo,pero noterminó.
Pedrocolouredthecastle,butnotfinished (to)
• OKforsomespeakers,butmanyreactbyaddinga“for-time”
modifier.
(28)Pedrocoloreó elcastillo durante unrato,pero noterminó.
P.coloured.pfve thecastle forawhile,butnotfinished
‘Pedrocolouredthecastleforawhilebutdidnotfinish’
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Arche- UoMLELResearchSeminar
10March2017
Themeaning ofthetemporal modifier
•
•
•
•
Q:Whydoesthisadverbialmakethesentencebetter?
Q:Whatdoesitmean?
Ans:Forawhile givesusthesizeofaninterval
Ans:Whichinterval?TheTTorAssertion Time(Klein
1994)
(29)Pedrocoloreó elcastillo durante tres horas…
Pedrocoloured.pfve thecastlefor
threehours…
(29)istrueevenifPedrocolouredthecastleforfivehours.
(Arche2014)
Themeaning ofthetemporal modifier
• TheAssertionTimeà Theintervalwewantto
assert(theTT,AstT),ratherthantheintervalofthe
wholeeventperse.
• Forthreehours,forawhilegiveusonlypart ofthe
intervaltheeventmayextendover.
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Themeaning ofthetemporal modifier
• For-timeadverbialssharplycontrastwithin-time adverbials:
(30)Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo en tres horas.
Pedrocoloured.pfve thecastleinthreehours
• cannotbe trueif ittook Pedrofivehourstocolour thecastle.
• cannot becontinuedby“notfinishto”
(31)*Pedrocoloreó
elcastillo en tres horas,
Pedrocoloured.pfve thecastle inthreehours,
pero noterminó
butnotfinished
Themeaningofthetemporal
modifier
Entres horas
inthree hours à intervalofthewholeactualevent
Durante tres horas
for threehours à intervaloftheassertion
• Demirdache &Uribe-Etxebarria 2004:temporal
adverbialsaremodifiersoftheAssertionTimeorthe
EventTime.
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Thesyntaxofintervalsizemodifiers
en-time in-time
AspP
durante-time
for-time
AspP
AstT
AstT
Asp’
Asp’
AspºEvtT
AstT for-PPAspºEvtT
EvtT
in-PP
Semanticsofintervalsizemodifiers
• Bothfor-time&in-time givethesizeofaninterval
• Hencebotharecompatibleonlywithperfective
(inSpanish)
v For-time:measurestheAssertion Time,hencethe
intervalcangiveusonlyPART oftheEventTime.
v In-time:measurestheEventTime(à boundsthe
wholeevent– andthatiswhyitisnotokaywith
activities orstates.)
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4)Compatibility with “notfinish to”vs.“not completely”
• Bothusedintheliteratureasexpressionsmarking
incompatibilitywithculmination
• However,asnoticedbyDemirdache &Martin
2015,itisnotthecasethatbothareequally
compatiblewithanycaseofnonculmination.
• ThisseemstobethecaseintheSpanishcases
contemplatedhere:
(32) Pedro coloreó
el castillo durante tres horaspero no
Pedrocoloured.pfve the castle forthree hours
terminó.
butnot
finished
‘Pedro coloured the castleforthree hoursbutdid notfinish’
(33) *Pedro coloreó
elcastillo durante tres horaspero no
Pedro coloured.pfve the castle forthreehours butnot
del todo.
completely
‘Pedro coloured the castleforthree hoursbutnotcompletely’
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“not finish to”vs.“not completely” &pfve progr
(34)Pedroestuvo coloreando elcastillo durante tres
Pedrowas.pfve colouring thecastle forthree
horas,pero noterminó.
hoursbut notfinished
‘Pedrowascolouringthecastleforthreehoursbutdidnotfinish’
(35)*Pedroestuvo coloreando elcastillo durante tres horas,
Pedrowas.pfve colouring thecastlefor
threehours
pero nodeltodo
butnotcompletely
‘Pedrowascolouringthecastleforthreehours,butnot
completely’
Thecorrelationsnotedhere
u
√Pfve progressive
u
*Pfve progressive
*For-time
u
√For-time
u
*Notcompletely
u
√notfinished to
u
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Correlations
1.For-time:partitive
2.Perfectiveisprogressive:partitive
3.“Notfinishedto”:compatiblewiththose
casesthatallowforperfectiveprogressiveand
for-timeadverbials
Someworkingideatoaddtothe
puzzle
• Spanishperfectivecanbeapartitive perfective
• Viewpointaspectpropertiesareresponsiblefor
makingthepartialcompletionavailable(Arche
2014a;Demirdache &Martin2015)
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Arche- UoMLELResearchSeminar
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• Thecaseswheretheabove-mentioned
correlationsholdarearguedtobeaccounted
forbythepropertiesofthesyntax-semantics
ofviewpointaspect,thatis:
• wheretheperfectivecanbeparaphrased bya
perfectiveprogressive.
• Inthesecases, theperfectiveishomophonous
withthenon-progressiveonebutithasdifferent
syntax-semantics,asinArche2014a(nextslide)
SyntaxoftheSpanishperfective
(36)Pfve Progressive(analytical&synthetic)
Estuvo coloreando/coloreó
was.pfve coloring/coloured
TP
T AspP 1
[past]
AstT AspP2
Asp AspP2
(overlap)
Interval’ Asp
Asp EvtTP
(within)
(-ing)/∅ EvT [colourthe castle]
(37)Non-progressive
TP
Taux[past] AspP
AstT
AspP
AspEvtT
(overlap)
EvtT
VP
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Summary &Conclusions
• Ihavemadeaproposalwherebynonculmination isdueto
thepropertiesoffunctionalmaterial.
• Inparticular,Ihaveproposedthatlackofculminationis
duetoacomplexviewpointhead,consistingofa
perfectiveheadandaprogressiveone.
• Progressiveisnot100%synonymouswithimperfect.
•
perfective
&
progressive
Perfective but/and progressive
perfective
Crosslinguistic
variation
Semantics&
Morphology
of
ViewpointAspect
&
progressive
“Variable
Telicity”
Emptiedthepoolfor/
in3minutes
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Faringwithprevious proposals
Previous proposals
• Koening &Muansuwan 2001:Thai
semiperfectives involveanimperfectiveoperator
inthelexical meaningofaccomplishments.
• “Thaiperfectivesdescribesubpartsof
inherentlyboundedeventualities”(p.2)
• “Thaistemsarefundamentallybiasedtowards
imperfectivity”(p.15)
• “Thaibaresentencesaresimilartosentences
markedwiththeprogressiveinEnglish”
• Completionisjustastrongimplicature.
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Previous proposals
• Tatevosov 2008:“nonculminationmustbe
partofthecomputationoftheeventuality
type,notgrammaticalaspect.”
• Thesamehappensinthefuture.
• Inertiaworldsaspartofthefirstphasesyntax
(Ramchand 2008).
Inertia worldsinvP syntax
(38)
(39)vP
vP
inertia VP V RP
R
V
VP
inertia RP
R
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Advantages andlooseends
• Theproposalpursuedinthistalkdoesnot
needtostipulatetheexistenceofmodal
materialinthelexicalstemsof
accomplishments.
• Theproposalalsoaccountsfortheavailability
ofnon-culminationwithothertense/aspect
formssuchasthefuture:
(40) Pedrocoloreará
elcastillo durante doshoras,
Pedrocolour-fut.3psthecastle fortwo hours
(pero noloterminará).
butnotitfinish-FUT.3ps
‘Pedrowill colourthecastlefortwohoursbutwill
notfinishit’
means…
(41)Pedroestará coloreando elcastillo durante doshoras.
Pedrobe-fut.3pscolouringthecastlefor
twohours
‘Pedrowill becolouringthecastlefortwohours’
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Advantages andlooseends
• Thatis,itisagaintheprogressiveheadthat
canbeblamedfortheinterpretation.
Advantages andloseends
• ThesyntacticdivisionproposedbyTatevosov aimed
ataccountingforthetwotypesofnonculmination
observedintheliterature:partialsuccessandfailed
attempt.
• Itcouldseemthattheinclusionofaprogressive
headcanstraightforwardlyaccountforthepartial
successreading,sinceprogressiveheadsreturn
“parts”.
• However,failedattemptreadingsexist(tosome
extentinSpanish),preciselyonlywiththeexplicit
versionoftheperfectiveprogressive:
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(42)Estuve enhebrando
laaguja durante doshoras.
was.pfve.1psthreading theneedlefortwohours
‘Iwasthreading theneedlefortwohours’
‘Iwastryingtothreadtheneedlefortwohours’
(iterativereadingdiscardedhere; availablewiththe
syntheticperfective)
• Failedattempt readingisunavailablewiththeimpf.:
(43)Estaba
enhebrando laaguja.
was.pfve.1psthreading theneedle
• Conceptualizationoftheeventitself.
• Cf.Iambuilding ahouse – abletoincludethe
preparatorystageofdoingtheblueprints.
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Thankyou!
References
• Altshuler,D.2014.Atypologyofpartitive aspectualoperators.Natural
LanguageandLinguisticTheory32:735-775.
• Arche, M.J.2001.Anoteondistributivity andtheindependenttemporal
construal.WorkingPapersinLinguisticsoftheInstituteOrtegayGasset.
Madrid.
• Arche, M.J.2014a.Theconstructionofviewpointaspect:theimperfective
revisited. NaturalLanguageandLinguisticTheory32:791-831.
• Arche, M.J.2014b.Abouttheprimitivesofaspectacrosslanguages.
NaturalLanguageandLinguisticTheory32:711-733.
• Arche, M.J.2014c.ViewpointaspectandagentcontrolinSpanishnon
culminatingaccomplishments.Talkdelivered at Chronos XI,PisaJune2014.
• Arche, M.J.&F.Martin. Inprep.Viewpointaspectmorphosyntax and
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