Table of Contents
Preface of the Editors Introduction XIII
XIV
Part I: Literary Studies 1
3
Introducing Literary Studies 2
British Literary History 2.1
The Middle Ages 2.1.1Terminology 2.1.2 Anglo-Saxon Literature 2.1.3 Middle English Court Cultures 2.1.4 Romances and Malory 2.1.5 Late Medieval Religious Literature 2.1.6 Oppositions and Subversions 2.2
The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century 2.2.1Overview 2.2.2 Transformations of Antiquity 2.2.3 New Science and New Philosophy 2.2.4 Religious Literature: A Long Reformation 2.2.5 The Literary Culture of the Court and Popular Literature 2.2.6 European Englishness? Cultural Exchange versus Nation-Building 2.3
The Eighteenth Century 2.3.1 Terminology and Overview 2.3.2 The Enlightenment and the Public Sphere 2.3.3 Pope and Neoclassicism 2.3.4 The Public Sphere, Private Lives: The Novel 1719–1742 2.3.5 Scepticism, Sentimentalism, Sociability: The Novel After 1748 2.3.6 Literature of the Sublime: The Cult of Medievalism, Solitude and Excess 2.4Romanticism 2.4.1 Romanticism as a Cultural Idiom 2.4.2 Theorising Romanticism 2.4.3 Modes of Romantic Poetry 2.4.4 Other Genres 2.4.5 Historicising Romanticism 2.5
The Victorian Age 2.5.1Overview 2.5.2 The Spirit of the Age: Doubts, Unresolved Tensions, and the Triumph of Time 2.5.3 The Novel 2.5.4Poetry 2.5.5Drama 2.6Modernism 2.6.1Terminology 2.6.2 Scope and Periodization 2.6.3 Modernist Aesthetics 2.6.4 Central Concerns of Modernist Literature 2.7Postmodernism 2.7.1Terminology 2.7.2 Period, Genre, or Mode? 1
5
7
7
10
11
13
14
15
18
18
19
24
26
30
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2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
2.7.6
Conceptual Focus: Representation and Reality Genre and Postmodern Literary History Postmodern Developments in Britain and Ireland After Postmodernism? 3
American Literarary History 3.1
Early American Literature 3.1.1Overview 3.1.2 Labor and Faith: English Writing, English Settlement (1584–1730) 3.1.3 A Revolutionary Literature (1730–1830) 3.1.4 Fictional Writing in the Early Republic 3.1.5 Voices From the Margins 3.2
American Renaissance 3.2.1Terminology 3.2.2 Wider Historical Context 3.2.3 The Formation of an American Cultural Identity 3.2.4 Literary Marketplace 3.2.5 The Role of Women Writers 3.2.6 Industrialization, Technology, Science 3.2.7 Materialism vs. Idealism 3.2.8 Art and Society 3.3
Realism and Naturalism 3.3.1Terminology 3.3.2 The Poetics of American Realism 3.3.3 William Dean Howells and the Historical Context of the Gilded Age 3.3.4 American Naturalism 3.4Modernism 3.4.1Terminology 3.4.2 The Two Discourses of Modernism 3.4.3 Early Modernism: Stein, Pound, Eliot 3.4.4 Home-Made Modernism 3.4.5 African American Modernism 3.4.6 Modernism and the Urban Sphere 3.4.7 Modernist Fiction 3.4.8 Late Modernism 3.5
Postmodern and Contemporary Literature 3.5.1Overview 3.5.2 American Drama From Modernism to the Present 3.5.3 Transitions to Postmodernism in Poetry and Prose 3.5.4 American Poetry in the Later Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries 3.5.5 Postmodern and Contemporary Fiction 101
101
102
105
108
109
111
111
112
113
114
115
117
119
120
124
124
125
127
129
132
132
132
133
135
136
138
140
143
146
146
146
151
153
154
4
163
The New Literatures in English 4.1
The History of the New Literatures in English 4.2
Global Englishes: Colonial Legacies, Multiculturalism, and New Diversity 4.3
The Concept of Diaspora 4.4Globalization 4.5
Anglophone Literatures 4.5.1Trinidad/Tobago 4.5.2India 4.5.3Canada 4.5.4Nigeria 4.6Conclusion VI
90
92
92
96
99
163
165
166
167
168
168
170
172
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Part II: Literary and Cultural Theory 1
Formalism and Structuralism 181
2
Hermeneutics and Critical Theory 186
3
Reception Theory 191
1.1Origins 1.2
Russian Formalism 1.3
New Criticism 1.4
French Structuralism 2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
The Philosophy of Universal Interpretation: Hermeneutics The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory Postmodern Marxism Reader-Response Criticism in the United States The Constance School Applying Reception Theory 179
181
181
182
183
186
187
189
191
193
195
4Poststructuralism/Deconstruction 4.1
4.2
4.3
Derrida: Deconstruction Foucault: Discourse, Knowledge, Power Other Poststructuralist Thinkers 197
5
New Historicism and Discourse Analysis 204
6
Gender Studies, Transgender Studies, Queer Studies 209
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.1
6.2
6.3
General Aspects Emergence and Characteristics Critical Practice and Key Concepts New Historicism and Contemporary Criticism Changing Concepts of Gender Transgender Studies and Queer Theory Gender and Sexuality in English and American Studies 197
200
202
204
204
205
207
209
210
211
7Psychoanalysis 7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Freud’s Psychoanalysis The Model of the Dream Poststructuralist Psychoanalysis Poststructuralist Psychoanalytic Literary Theory Psychoanalysis and Gender Studies Critical Race Studies, Postcolonial Studies 214
8
Pragmatism and Semiotics 220
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
Classical Pragmatism The Pragmatic Maxim A Key Tenet of Pragmatist Thinking: Anti-Cartesianism Reality—A Somewhat Precarious Affair A Very Brief History of Semiotics The Linguistic Turn 9Narratology 9.1Definition 214
214
215
217
217
218
220
221
221
221
222
223
225
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9.2Narrativity 9.3
Major Categories of Narratology 226
227
10
231
10.1
10.2
10.3
Systems Theory Consciousness and Communication Medium vs. Form Systems Theory and Reading/Analysing Texts 11
Cultural Memory 11.1Definition 11.2 The Representation of Memory in Literature and Film: ‘Traumatic Pasts’ 11.3 The ‘Afterlife’ of Literature 11.4 Transnational and Transcultural Memory 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
Literary Ethics Early Conceptualizations of the Connection Between Literature and Ethics Twentieth-Century Literary Ethics Before 1970 Hard Times for Literary Ethics The Ethical Turn of the 1990s and After 13
238
238
239
240
241
243
243
244
244
245
Cognitive Poetics 13.1Definition 13.2Beginnings 13.3 Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Blending Theory 13.4 Cognitive Poetics and Jazz Literature 13.5 Other Approaches 13.6 The Impact of Cognitive Poetics 248
14
253
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
Ecocriticism and Cultural Ecology Emergence and Definitions of Ecocriticism Directions of Ecocriticism Critical Theory and Ecocriticism From Natural Ecology to Cultural Ecology Literature as Cultural Ecology 248
248
249
249
251
251
253
254
254
255
256
Part III: Cultural Studies 1
Transnational Approaches to the Study of Culture 261
2
British Cultural Studies 271
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
VIII
231
232
236
Cultural and National Specificity of Approaches The Study of Culture in an International Context Trans/national Concepts of Culture Cultural Turns in the Humanities Travelling Concepts and Translation From Cultural Studies to the Transnational Study of Culture The Rise and Fall of Cultural Studies A Cultural History of Cultural Studies Cultural Studies in Germany as Discipline and/or as Perspective Cultural Studies, Kulturwissenschaft, and Medienwissenschaft Theory and Methodology of Cultural (Media) Studies Future Cultural (Media) Studies 259
261
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264
265
267
269
271
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3
American Cultural Studies 3.1Beginnings 3.2
Myth and Symbol School 3.3
Popular Culture Studies 3.4
Ideological Criticism, New Historicism, New Americanists 3.5
Race and Gender Studies 3.6
Border Crossings, Multiple Identities, and Transnationalisms 287
4
301
287
288
290
292
294
297
Postcolonial Studies 4.1
Postcolonial Theory: A Contested Field 4.2
Colonial Discourse Analysis 4.3
Cultural Nationalism 4.4
Writing Back 4.5Hybridity 4.6
Future Perspectives: Postcolonial Studies in the United States and Europe 301
301
304
306
308
310
5
314
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Film and Media Studies Introduction: Media Culture in the Electronic Age Media Studies: Medium—Mediality—Materiality Intermediality and Remediation Literature and the (Audio-)Visual Media: Photography—Film—TV Part IV: Analyzing Literary and Cultural Texts 1
Analyzing Poetry 314
315
318
323
333
335
1.1
1.2
William Wordsworth, “Composed upon Westminster Bridge, Sept. 3, 1802” Robert Hayden, “Night, Death, Mississippi” (1966) 335
337
2
Analyzing Prose Fiction 340
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
The Narrator Symbol, Allegory, Image Historical Subtexts Other Approaches 3
340
341
342
343
Analyzing Drama 3.1
Genre and Dramaturgy 3.2
A New Historicist Reading 3.3
A Feminist Reading 3.4
A Psychoanalytical Reading 3.5Metatheatricality 347
348
349
350
351
4
Analyzing Film 353
5
Analyzing Culture 359
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
Film Narratology: Screening Subjectivity The Example of Memento: Screening Memory and Oblivion Filmic Adaptations of Literary Texts Football, Nationality, and Multiculturalism Football, War, and Colonialism Football, Gender, and Sexuality 346
354
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361
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Part V: Linguistics 1
367
Introducing Linguistics 371
2
Linguistic Theories, Approaches, and Methods 2.1Introduction 2.2
The Turn Towards Modern Linguistics 2.2.1 The Pre-Structuralist Tradition in the Nineteenth Century 2.2.2 Saussure and His Impact 2.3
American Structuralism 2.3.1 Bloomfield on Phonemes 2.3.2 Fries on Word Classes 2.3.3 Gleason on Immediate Constituents 2.4
Generative Grammar and Case Grammar 2.4.1 Chomsky’s Generative Grammar 2.4.2 Case Grammar: Fillmore’s ‘Semanticization’ of Generative Grammar 2.5
Cognitive Approaches 2.5.1 Prototype Theory 2.5.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 2.5.3 Construction Grammar 2.6
Psycholinguistic Approaches 2.7
Corpus-Based Approaches 2.8
Summary and Outlook 371
372
372
372
377
377
378
378
379
379
382
383
383
385
387
388
390
392
3
395
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5
History and Change Language Change: Forces and Principles From Manuscript to Corpus Studies: Sources and Tools Language History and Linguistic Periodisation Major Changes on Different Linguistic Levels Historical Phonology and Orthography Changes in Grammar: Inflection and Word Order Changes in the Lexicon: Borrowing, Lexical Restructuring and Semantic Change Variation and Standardisation 4
Forms and Structures 4.1
The Sound Pattern of English 4.2
Word Formation 4.3Grammar 4.3.1 Typological Classification of Languages 4.3.2 The Formal Description of English Grammar 4.4
The Lexicon 4.5
Outlook: English among the European Languages 5
Text and Context 5.1Pragmatics 5.1.1 Approaching Pragmatics 5.1.2 Historical Overview 5.1.3 Pragmatics Outside and Within Linguistics 5.1.4Deixis 5.1.5 Language Functions 5.1.6 Speech Acts 5.1.7 Implied and Implicated Meanings X
365
395
398
399
400
400
403
405
408
413
414
420
423
424
425
429
433
435
435
435
435
436
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5.1.8 Common Ground and Context 5.2
Text Analysis 5.2.1 The Origins of Text (and Discourse) Analysis 5.2.2 Giving Structure to Text: Participation Frameworks and Text Organization 5.2.3 Giving Meaning to Text: Cohesion and Coherence 5.3Outlook 445
446
446
447
451
454
6
457
Standard and Varieties 6.1
Introduction: Notions and Ideologies 6.2
Varieties of English: A Survey 6.2.1 Varieties and Variety Types: Some Illustrative Examples 6.2.2 Parameters of Variation 6.2.3 Contact-Derived Variability 6.3
Standards of English 6.3.1 Standard British English and RP 6.3.2 Standard American English 6.3.3 Differences Between National Standard Varieties 6.3.4 The Pluricentricity of English: New Standard Varieties 6.4
Regional Variation and Varieties 6.4.1 Dialect Geography: Approaches and Assessments 6.4.2 Dialectology in Great Britain 6.4.3 Dialectology in North America 6.4.4 British and American Dialects: Regional Divisions 6.5
Social Variation and Varieties 6.6
World Englishes: New Institutionalized Varieties 6.7Outlook 457
458
458
459
460
460
461
461
462
463
463
463
464
464
465
466
467
468
Part VI: Didactics: The Teaching of English 1
The Theory and Politics of English Language Teaching 473
2
Language Learning 480
3
Teaching Literature 488
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
The Politics of Global English The Politics of EFL in Germany Englische Fachdidaktik as a Bridge or Link Discipline The Limits of Institutionalized Language Teaching/Learning Defining and Describing Competences Categorizing Competences Theories and Methods of Language Teaching Good Language Teachers and Good Language Learners Learning in the Classroom and Learning Beyond the Classroom Definition, Field of Tasks and History of the Discipline The Acquisition of Competences Criteria for Text Selection Methods of Teaching Literature 471
473
474
477
480
481
482
483
484
485
488
491
492
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Part VII: Study Aids 1
XII
Methods and Techniques of Research
and Academic Writing 497
499
1.1
Preparing a Term Paper: Topic and Planning 1.2Research 1.3
Writing a Term Paper: Structure and Rhetorical Strategies 1.4
Formatting a Term Paper: Stylistic Guidelines 1.5Conclusion 499
500
502
504
507
2
Study Aids 2.1Literature 2.2Culture 2.3Language 2.4Teaching 508
List of Contributors 516
Index 519
508
510
511
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List of Contributors
List of Contributors
Heinz Antor is Professor of English Literature at
the University of Cologne (chapter II.12 “Literary
Ethics”).
Klaus Benesch is Professor of North American
Literary History at Ludwig Maximilians University,
Munich (chapter I.3.2 “American Renaissance”).
Wolfram Bublitz is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Augsburg (chapters V.1
“Introducing Linguistics,” V.5 “Text and Context”).
Astrid Erll is Professor of Anglophone Literatures and Cultures at Goethe University, Frankfurt/
Main (chapter II.11 “Cultural Memory”).
Winfried Fluck is Professor Emeritus of American Studies at the John F. Kennedy Institute for
North American Studies, Free University of Berlin
(chapter III.3 “American Cultural Studies”).
Monika Fludernik is Professor of English Literature at the University of Freiburg (chapter II.9
“Narratology”).
Andrea Gutenberg teaches English Literature
at the University of Cologne (chapter I.2.6 “Modernism”).
Ulla Haselstein is Professor of North American
Literature at the John F. Kennedy Institute for
North American Studies, Free University of Berlin
(chapter II.7 “Psychoanalysis”).
Christoph Henke teaches English Literature at
Augsburg University (chapter VII.1 “Methods and
Techniques of Research and Academic Writing”).
Christian Hoffmann teaches English Linguistics at the University of Augsburg (chapter V.5
“Text and Context”).
Christian Huck is Professor of Cultural Studies
and Media Studies at Christian Albrechts University, Kiel (chapter III.2 “British Cultural Studies”).
Heinz Ickstadt is Professor Emeritus of North
American Literature at the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Free University of
Berlin (chapter I.3.4 “Modernism”).
Frank Kelleter is Professor of American Studies
at Georg August University, Göttingen (chapter
I.3.1 “Early American Literature”).
Annette Kern-Stähler is Professor of Medieval
English Studies at the University of Berne (chapter
I.2.1 “The Middle Ages”).
Eveline Kilian is Professor of English Cultural
Studies and Cultural History at Humboldt University, Berlin (chapter II.6 “Gender Studies, Transgender Studies, Queer Studies”).
516
Stephan Kohl is Professor Emeritus of English
Literature and Culture at Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg (chapter I.2.1 “The Middle
Ages”).
Lucia Kornexl is Professor of English Linguistics at Rostock University (chapter V.3 “History
and Change”).
Christian Mair is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Freiburg (chapter V.4
“Forms and Structures”).
Martin Middeke is Professor of English Literature at the University of Augsburg and Visiting
Professor of English at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa (chapters I.1 “Introducing Literary Studies,” I.2.5 “The Victorian Age,” II.3 “Reception Theory,” II.4 “Poststructuralism/Deconstruction”).
Timo Müller teaches American Studies at the
University of Augsburg (chapters I.1 “Introducing
Literary Studies,” II.4 “Poststructuralism/Deconstruction,” IV.1 “Analyzing Poetry,” IV.2 “Analyzing Prose Fiction”).
Ansgar Nünning is Professor of Englisch and
American Literature and Culture at Justus Liebig
University, Gießen (chapter III.1 “Transnational
Approaches to the Study of Culture”).
Verena Olejniczak Lobsien is Professor of English Literature at Humboldt University, Berlin
(chapter I.2.2 “The Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries”).
Caroline Pirlet is a Doctoral Candidate at the
University of Freiburg (chapter II.9 “Narratology”).
Erik Redling is currently Deputy Professor of
American Studies at the Martin Luther University,
Halle-Wittenberg (chapter II.13 “Cognitive Poetics”).
Christoph Reinfandt is Professor of English Literature at Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen
(chapters I.2.4 “Romanticism,” II.10 “Systems
Theory”).
Gabriele Rippl is Professor of Literatures in English at the University of Berne (chapter III.5 “Film
and Media Studies”).
Susanne Rohr is Professor of North American
Literature and Culture at the University of Hamburg (chapters I.3.3 “Realism and Naturalism,”
II.8 “Pragmatism and Semiotics”).
Katja Sarkowsky is Junior Professor of New
English Literatures and Cultural Studies at the Uni-
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List of Contributors
versity of Augsburg (chapters I.4 “The New Literatures in English,” III.4 “Postcolonial Studies”).
Oliver Scheiding is Professor of American Literature at Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
(chapter II.5 “New Historicism and Discourse
Analysis”).
Hans-Jörg Schmid is Professor of Modern English Linguistics at Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich (chapter V.2 “Linguistic Theories,
Approaches, and Methods”).
Edgar W. Schneider is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Regensburg (chapter
V.6 “Standard and Varieties”).
Ulf Schulenberg is currently Deputy Professor
of American Studies at Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (chapters II.1 “Formalism and
Structuralism,” II.2 “Hermeneutics and Critical
Theory”).
Dirk Schultze teaches English Literature and
Linguistics at Rostock University (chapter V.3
“History and Change”).
Frank Schulze-Engler is Professor of New Anglophone Literatures and Cultures at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main (chapters
I.4 “The New Literatures in English,” III.4 “Postcolonial Studies”).
Helga Schwalm is Professor of English Literature at Humboldt University, Berlin (chapter I.2.3
“The Eighteenth Century”).
Klaus Stierstorfer is Professor of British Studies at Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster
(chapter I.2.7 “Postmodernism”).
Carola Surkamp is Professor of English Language Teaching at Georg August University, Göttingen (chapter VI.3 “Teaching Literature”).
Laurenz Volkmann is Professor of English Language Teaching at Friedrich Schiller University,
Jena (chapters VI.1 “The Theory and Politics of
English Language Teaching,” VI.2 “Language
Learning”).
Christina Wald teaches English Literature at
the University of Augsburg (chapters I.1 “Introducing Literary Studies,” I.2.2 “The Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries Literature,” IV.3 “Analyzing
Drama,” IV.4 “Analyzing Film,” IV.5 “Analyzing
Culture”).
Hubert Zapf is Professor of American Literature
at the University of Augsburg (chapters I.1 “Introducing Literary Studies,” I.3.5 “Postmodern and
Contemporary American Literature,” II.14 “Ecocriticism and Cultural Ecology”).
517

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