WY-KAN-USH MI
WA-KISH-WIT
“SPIRIT OF THE SALMON”
Lea Peace | Technical Writing | June 1, 2016
WY-KAN-USH MI
WA-KISH-WIT
“SPIRIT OF THE SALMON”
EXPLORING A VISION OF AN INDIGENOUS CULTURAL CENTER IN THE MIDST
OF PORTLAND OREGON’S URBAN RIVER DISTRICT AND WILLAMETTE FALLS
CONTENTS
Exploring a vision of an Indigenous Cultural Center in the Midst of Portland Oregon’s Urban River
District and Willamette Falls ............................................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Broad Historical Context .................................................................................................................................. 5
Lamprey .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Kennewick Man, North Western Trade with Sumeria, and Celilo Village ........................................... 5
Westerner Migration ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Treaties, Dams, Courts .................................................................................................................................. 6
Inter-Tribal and Inter-Agency Collaboration ............................................................................................ 6
Political Landscape .......................................................................................................................................... 7
First Nations, Tribes, ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Federal ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
site Locations and local Government Involvement ............................................................................. 10
Technical Considerations .............................................................................................................................. 12
Vision Elaborated ............................................................................................................................................ 15
potential Funds for Development ................................................................................................................ 19
References........................................................................................................................................................ 21
ABSTRACT
There are at least two riverside properties of historic interest to the state of Oregon which would
be suitable to develop as Indigenous Cultural Centers. Both would be appropriate for mixed use,
live/work spaces, particularly using cutting edge sustainable, ‘living building,’ and aquaponics
technologies. Tipping our hat to the century of industrial history of these structures, bowing
deeply to the millennia of fishing economies preceding, and looking forward to centuries of high
tech super advanced ecological systems integrated into modern living spaces.
Within this vision, the sites are redeveloped for Indigenous people where
local oral histories are remembered and shared. Fisheries are integrated
into aquaponics apartments and condominiums where streams wind
their way along balconies, feeding and watering edible living green
walls. Shared spaces, modeled after long houses, support community
engagement.
Public spaces include Indigenous Arts Gallery and Market and Food
Courts, Performance and Educational spaces. These, a fish market and a
Natural History Museum provide income from other locals and tourists.
First Nations can reclaim a place of honor as rightful stewards and
educators.
Care for native fish species is central to this plan.
BROAD HISTORICAL CONTEXT
LAMPREY
The lamprey is one of the oldest species on our planet, predating dinosaurs and the formation of
our continents by hundreds of millions of years. Recent Human actions are threatening their
survival, along with the threats to Salmon and their habitats. North West Indigenous people are
leading the efforts to save them from extinction.
KENNEWICK M AN, NORTH WESTERN TRADE WITH SUMERIA, AND CELILO VILLAGE
People have lived in this area for thousands of
years. The common belief in scientific communities
that they migrated over the Bering strait land
bridge that was formed during the most recent ice
age is now being questioned and evidence points
to earlier migration via boats. (hight-kreitman,
n.d.)DNA evidence from the 9,500-year-old
Kennewick man creates a link between South East
Asian Ainu people and modern Nez Piece. Chief
Joseph of the Montana Nez Pierce carried with
him a Cuneiform receipt and star of Ishtar,
documenting a four-thousand-year old trade
between Sumeria, the cradle of civilization and
Indigenous North Americans. (Daniali, n.d.) At
Horseshoe falls, the former site of Celilo Village,
“Archeological records date human occupation of
village sites along the falls to at least 11,000 years
ago.” (oregon encyclopedia, n.d.)
WESTERNER MIGRATION
During that time, outmigration from Sumeria also went westward, and the decline of civilization
in that area is attributed to increased salination of farming land from irrigation. During the past
two thousand years, Western Europeans’ overpopulation led to overfishing, hunting,
deforestation and relentless wars over land. Five hundred years ago migration from Western
Europe to North American began. Leading the way were devastating diseases. Small pox,
measles and influenza wiped out between 50 and 100 million people living in the Americas.
Colonization by the Spanish, British and French followed (Diamond). Pioneer and prospectors
began to pour in to the North West during the 1830’s and the rivers began to feel the effects of
increased population. Within the last hundred years many fish were put in danger of extinction,
including the lamprey, the species that predates the formation of the continent, dinosaurs and
people by hundreds of millions of years.
TREATIES, DAMS, COURTS
During this recent history, of the past 150 years, there have been dozens of treaties between
Ingenious people and the United States. It has been a complicated and messy process. Ten
treaties alone were signed in Washington State during the thirteen months between Dec, 1854
and Jan., 1856. (htt) Rivers dammed for power have tremendously impacted the fish and
people living in the North West. Conflicts over fishing and hunting rights continue today. With
several significant courts upholding Frist Nations’ Sovernity, Indigenous people have been finding
their voice and increasingly been re-establishing their place, despite massive influx of Western
Migration and industrialization,
INTER-TRIBAL AND INTER- AGENCY COLLABORATION
United States versus Oregon River Harvest Agreement ruled in favor of Indigenous peoples’ rights
to fish ‘as usual and customary.’ It established a ‘framework within which the tribes, states and
federal government could work together in a coordinated and systematic manner to protect
rebuild, and enhance upper Columbia river fish runs while providing harvests for both treaty
Indi0na and non-treaty fisheries.”
Pacific Salmon Treaty regulates “Canadian and Alaskan ocean catch in relation to abundance
rather than arbitrary quotas.” Three states, 24 tribes and Federal agencies united in voice to
negotiate with Canada. It addresses the needs of Coho, Chinook, Chum and transboundary
rivers.
Columbia Basin Fish Accords were negotiated between the Bonneville Power Administration,
National Marine Fisheries, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, United States Army
Corps of Engineers, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Umatilla, Warm Springs, Yakama,
Colville tribes, Bureau of Reclamation (Salmon win a tripple crown).
The North-West Fish accords successfully model the needed direction for ecosystem restoration
and management. It serves as a model and inspiration for expanding these sorts of collaborative
efforts throughout our ecological and economic systems.
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
FIRST NATIONS, TRIBES,
Prior to the influx of Pioneers there were territory disputes, battles and wars amongst First Nations
peoples. They were never as intense and prolonged as in Western Europe. Land and resources
were more plentiful. Horses and the modern technologies of war came later within th past few
hundred years. There is archeological, oral and written history documenting peaceful trade,
shared hunting and fishing places, sharing of cultures and communities. During the past one
hundred years, in relation to the United States, it became advantageous for the tribes of the
Columbia River to work together in a Sovereign Participation Process. In 2015, fifteen Columbia
River tribes presented ideas to modernize the Columbia River Treaty. It proposes “Changes to
treaty governance, adaptations for climate change, [and] structural upgrades. “
Participants include: Burns Paiute Tribe, Coeur d’Alene Tribe, Confederated Tribes of Collville
reservation, Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation, Confederated Tribes and Bands
of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Warms Springs Reservation of Oregon, Cowlitz
Indian Tribe, Kalispel Tribe of Indians, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Nez Pierce Tribe, Fort McDermitt
Paiute Shonshone Tribe, Shonshone-Bannock Tribe of the Fort Hall Reservation, Shoshone Paiute
Tribes of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation, Spokane Tribe of Indians.
The larger nations of Yakama, Umatilla, Warm Springs, and Nez Pierce formed the Columbia
River Inter- Tribal Fish Commission(CRITC) in 1977. Their mission is as follows:
1. PUT FISH BACK IN THE RIVERS AND PROTECT WATERSHEDS WHERE FISH LIVE
2. PROTECT TRIBAL TREATY FISHING RIGHTS
3. SHARE SALMON CULTURE
4. PROVIDE FISHER SERVICES
“This work is guided by the holistic principles outlined in Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit (Spirit
of the Salmon), the tribal salmon plan that addresses recommended restoration actions in
every phase of the salmon’s lifecycle from stream to ocean and back.”
CRITC interacts with Federal and Scientific Organizations towards these ends.
FEDERAL
Army Corps of Engineers has built dams throughout the Northwest and been a major presence
in the lives of Indigenous people, often a significant interface between First Nations People and
the United States Government. “We are responsible for the Corps' river and reservoir regulation
activities in the Columbia River Basin.”
Their mission:
The Northwestern Division provides engineering services and stewardship of
existing water resource infrastructure, conducts water resources development,
military construction, environmental protection and restoration, and emergency
response operations within our assigned areas of operations to serve the Army
and the Nation. On order, the Northwestern Division provides Field Force
Engineering services to deployed forces or other USACE elements. (NW Division of
US ARmy Corps of Engineers Columbia Reiver District, n.d.)
Bonneville Power Administration cites four areas of function:




Energy Efficiency,
Environmental, Fish and Wildlife,
Power, and
Transmission. (Bonneville Power Admin., n.d.)
On their Environmental, Fish, and Wildlife page they have sections for Fish and Wildlife,
Environmental Analysis, Pollution Prevention and abatement, and they also have a division to
address Cultural Resources.
“Cultural Resources identifies and evaluates archaeological, historic, and traditional
Native American sites potentially affected by our transmission, fish and wildlife, dam and
reservoir operations and mitigating the impacts of our actions on these sites.” (BPA
Cultural resources, n.d.)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has a fisheries division. (NOAA, n.d.) and a
Columbia River basin division. (Columbia River Basin, n.d.)
Our work is guided by two core mandates —to ensure the productivity and
sustainability of fisheries and fishing communities through science -based
decision-making and compliance with regulations, and to recover and conserve
protected resources including whales, turtles, and salmon.”
Bureau of Indian Affairs - What they do:
“The United States has a unique legal and political relationship with Indian tribes
and Alaska Native entities as provided by the Constitution of the United States,
treaties, court decisions and Federal statutes. Within the government-togovernment relationship, Indian Affairs provides services directly or through
contracts, grants, or compacts to 567 Federally recognized tribes with a service
population of about 1.9 million American Indian and Alaska Natives. While the
role of Indian Affairs has changed significantly in the last three decades in
response to a greater emphasis on Indian self-governance and selfdetermination, Tribes still look to Indian Affairs for a broad spectrum of services.
The Indian Affairs offers an extensive scope of programs that covers the entire
range of Federal, State and local government services. Programs administered by
either Tribes or Indian Affairs through the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)
include an education system consisting of 183 schools and dormitories
educating approximately 42,000 elementary and secondary students and 28
tribal colleges, universities, and post-secondary schools. Programs administered
through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) include social services, natural
resources management on trust lands representing 55 million surface acres and
57 million acres of subsurface minerals estates, economic development
programs in some of the most isolated and economically depressed areas of the
United States, law enforcement and detention services, administration of tribal
courts, implementation of land and water claim settlements, housing
improvement, disaster relief, replacement and repair of schools, repair and
maintenance of roads and bridges, and the repair of structural deficiencies on
high hazard dams, the BIA operates a series irrigation systems and provides
electricity to rural parts of Arizona.
Through Indian Affairs programs, Tribes improve their tribal government
infrastructure, community infrastructure, education, job training, and
employment opportunities along with other components of long term
sustainable development that work to improve the quality of life for their
members.”
Their Northwest Regional link is:
http://www.indianaffairs.gov/WhoWeAre/RegionalOffices/Northwest/index.htm
SITE LOCATIONS AND LOCAL GOVE RNMENT INVOLVEMENT
Portland Development Commission (PDC) has been working on the Centennial Mills property
since they bought it in 2000. From 1910 until that point it had been a significant business in North
Central Portland. It was purchased by the PDC as part of the 1995 River District plan.
In 2004, Engineers
recommended
demolishing it but
Historians and
Neighbors disagreed.
City Council saved it
in 2005 with funding
for a framework plan.
In 2006 public
engagement, plans
and studies ensued.
Between 2007-2011
LAB Holdings
developed a plan
under a memo of
understanding.
The ‘emo of’ turned to ‘is’ and became a misunderstanding between them and the PDC, so
they sued and the PDC came to a settlement. 2011-213 PDC hired Harsch to come up with
plans. There, again, has been a misunderstanding and they, too, filed suit, in March of 2016.
Demolition on most of the property has nearly been completed. Two iconic buildings and the
Mounted Police Unit remain. The PDC is soliciting developers, hopefully finding a buyer for the
two buildings, who is willing to renovate and do the extensive seismic upgrades necessary. Half
of the property is open to whatever they want.
During the past 16 years of studies, plans and public input,
several themes have been consistently reiterated and phrased
as “Mission.” They are:




Provide Open Space
Capture History Define a Community Focal Point
Strengthen Connections (ostensibly to the parks system)
Embrace Sustainability
These are just a few reasons why this spot inspires this vision. For plans and complete history see:
PDC Centennial Mills (Centennial Mills, n.d.)
Willamette Falls Legacy Project (Wilammett Falls Legacy, n.d.) “The four project partners [are] the
City of Oregon City, Metro, Clackamas County and the Governor’s Regional Solutions Team,”
This project has multiple governmental levels of financial support, at this point around $20M.
In the Vision are cited four core values: “Historic and Cultural Interpretation, Public Access, Healthy
Habitat, Economic Development.” The details they specific acknowledge the long relationship of
Indigenous people with the falls indicating a desire to hold a place in the present and future. In the
Healthy Habitat, they specifically name the lamprey and the falls as a place for them. The members of the
local team have reached out to the Grande Ronde Tribes who ceded the Falls. The Nez Pierce, however
have expressed the most commitment to the lampreys well-being. These are complex issues that require
education and communications.
This is a larger site than the metro Portland site. Both have advantages for development for Indigenous
people, locals, tourists and the greater communities we are all part of.
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
There are extraordinarily complex technical considerations for this project. Both sites require
seismological upgrades and the Falls site must include flooding plans. Engineering fisheries is in
itself a tactical challenge that the BPA, NOAA, and many tribes have experience with. Water
quality out of the Willamette and Tanner Spring is an issue that must be monitored and
regulated.
Seismic KPFF engineers and RDF builders did the estimates for demolition and seismic upgrades
for Centennial Mills.
Fisheries at the Lookingglass creek, Clearwater River, Columbia Basin, Johnson Creek, Methow,
Wenatchee and Snake Rivers have all been successful under Intertribal efforts between the Nez
Piece, Warm Springs and the other previous listed tribes.
The issue of water quality, where to access it from, testing and reconditioning are all issues.
Willamette is in better shape since the big pipeline project separated most sewage from the
overflow to the river. The River district’s industrial past has left a toxic mark that must be factored
in. Tanner springs lets out on the Centennial Mills property. Up river at the Falls, it’s a bit better,
but still must be attended to. Many of these have been tackled successfully with current fisheries
technologies and green and living building have incorporated brown water reuse. It is a
challenge that has been successfully met.
Cascadia Green Building Council has research links here and Living Building Challenge has
examples here of more than half a dozen ‘triple net zero’ living green buildings.
Green and living building and sustainable
communities are happening throughout the
world. This one, outside of Amsterdam is a
fully closed loop settlement. Oregon has
numerous eco-friendly and sustainable
communities. In St. Helen, Ingenuity is a
model of small scale aquaponics. They raise
tilapia and garden vegetables in their
greenhouse, and they sell small kitchen sized
kits, for raising fish and kitchen herbs. In
October they are sponsoring a class with
Maurray Hallum of Practical Aquaponics from
Brisbane Australia.
Systems engineering itself is a challenging field. Working with livings systems even more so.
Having intelligent, sentient beings empowered to work in holistic cooperation is the key. Genetic
memory has been scientifically validated where lessons learned from trauma was genetically
encoded. It is logical to infer that other instincts are regionally transmitted in the same manner.
It’s intuitive to assume that decedents of people who have lived in this area for thousands of
years will have greater sensitivity and awareness to native flora and fauna. It’s sensible that they
may have a natural advantage in responding to complex ecological systems engineered for this
area, making Indigenous people, not automatic experts but certainly the best population to
draw upon for the process integrating modern technology with natural living ecological systems.
These projects place them in a logical and natural role as stewards for the reparations of callous
and insensitive handling by non-natives.
Tetra Tech is a international civil engineering and environmental firm which had a Native owned
affiliate in Washington state. Their
experience may cover the scope of this
project.
Tetra Tech EM Inc.
Civil and Environmental Engineering Consulting and
Contracts
6100 219 Street SW, Suite 550
Mount Lake Terrace, Washington 98043
Phone: 425.673.3647 or 425.776.3961
Fax: 425.673.9119
Contact: Sam Arumugam
[email protected]
Native American Youth Association, NAYA, has a construction division as part of their community
economic development, which may be employed. Turtle Mountain is local Union and Native
owned company.
Living Futures has put out a Living Building Challenge with exacting standards. More than a
dozen met their certification processes, including our own Hood River Middle School, in their
Music and Science Building, for Net Zero Energy consumption. These projects may aim for these
goals in the context of holistic integrity.
These projects will build on those successes and
will be a model the most advanced green
living buildings to come.
VISION ELABORATED
Imagine!
Urban
apartments
and condos,
with lush edible
gardens on the
balconies, with
gentle
fountains and
fish ponds.
Cultural retrieval and preservation, community, education,
social services.
Local and international presence and impact.
Internal community services
The first priority is to establish home and culturally meaningful work. Here people can live in an
urban setting with nature close at hand. Rent and condo ownership might be partially subsidized
through monitoring and caring for the engineered streams, ponds, eddies and edible gardens.
Work may also be found within the community in:






Fish processing,
Community management,
Public Relations,
Education,
Art and food markets,
or nearby in Metro Portland or Oregon City.
Community spaces
Community spaces are designed for
community business, social,
educational and political activities.
Shared kitchen space in addition to
(private ones) may be common
gathering areas. Space for PowWows,
and Ceremonies may be designed
after traditional longhouses.
The intention is to
create a sense of
self identity and
sustainability in
spaces designed
by Indigenous
people for
themselves.
Native American Rehabilitation Association, NARA, might find a home
here and include transitional housing for Native people living on the
streets of Metro Portland. This facility may serve as a means of
reparations for traumas associated with the overwhelming
immigration of westerners, cultural theft, ecological and economic
disenfranchisement. Here may be an opportunity for recovery, in a
culturally appropriate setting.
Likewise, Native American Youth Association, NAYA, is a vital link in the cultural reclamation,
preservation and education within these projects.
With a settled sense internally, interacting and sharing with external communities will support and
nurture sustainability. Vital to external relations is self-determined branding and management of
image. Sophisticated Public Relations communications in consultation with TribalElders and
leaders is foundational to next steps in managing relations with larger communities of local
people, tourists, and Regional and International Indigenous peoples.
External Community
Portland Community College has North Western Indigenous Anthropology classes that might be
integrated into these projects. Portland State University has a Sustainable Development Program
which would have a clear interest in these projects. A state funded Natural Science Museum
might be integral to Indigenous expertise in Native flora and fauna.
The current arena for the Mounted Police Unit might be shared for Public PowWows and Cultural
Educational/performances events.
Integral to the local economy
would be a Fish market,
Native and local Food Court.
A five star Roof top
restaurant, featuring
Indigenous plants, fish and
game, based on traditional
recipes would be a
destination event space. A
formal gallery and an Arts
market would provide
income for traditional arts
and crafts.
International Indigenous Concerns and Political Activism Education
If inclined, these projects could become globally recognized as a model for honoring
Indigenous people as most likely experts on their ecologies, and most appropriate stewards for
navigating climate changes. It may become a sort of ‘World Cultural Trade’ center where
indigenous people from all over can come, share strategies and techniques for empowerment,
for cultural and ecological preservation.
It may be a place
where people from
all over the world
learn about political
concerns and to
honor and respect
people closest to
nature. Tourist may
be able to learn
about Indigenous
cultures through
performances, arts,
lectures. Here they
may access
Northwest Native
Guide services for
hunting and fishing.
POTENTIAL FUNDS FOR DEVELOPMENT
According to Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indian Economic
Development Corporation, “Gaming has long been an important
enterprise in the Native American experience. More than 200 Tribes have
operated gaming facilities, which generated more than $6 billion in gross
income in 1997, yet only a small percentage of these Tribes have realized
significant profits. These profitable Tribes tend to be small Tribes located
near large urban and commercial centers, however only one Tribe in 10
produces significant revenue from gaming” (ATFI-EDC, n.d.)
Tribal links from Oregon Casinos brought forth these contacts:
Spirit Mountain of the Grande Ronde, Meghan.zimbrick
@granderonde.org, 503.879.1306, of the Confederated Tribes
of the Grande Ronde Economic Development Department,
9615 Grande Ronde Rd, Grande Ronde, OR 97347,
503.879.5211
Chinook Winds out of Lincoln City, Siletz Tribal Business Corp, Property management, Michael
Phillips, (541) 994.2142, [email protected]
The Mill Casino of North Bend Coquille Indian Tribe, doesn’t have an obvious structure for
property investment, but has extensive focus on land and resource management.
Seven Feathers, Cow Creek Band of Umpqua, 541.839.1221 x2 Canyonville office UIDC Property
Division, John McCafferty, [email protected], Umpqua Construction services.
Three Rivers Casino, Confederated tribes of the Coos lower Umpqua Siuslaw, Blue Earth tribal
construction, 541.902.6505, [email protected]
Tribal Realty program, [email protected], (541) 888.7520, Phillip A. White
Wild Horse foundation grants, 541.966.1628, [email protected]
The Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indian-Economic Corp has a revolving small business loan.
The following Federal Agencies have funds to support Fish and their habitats:




Army Corps of Engineers,
Bonneville Power Administration,
National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration.
Bureau of Indian Affairs has funds for many things, including housing and education.
Columbia Fish accords set aside $60Million for lamprey restoration, that would be applicable to
the Willamette Falls site.
Pacific Salmon Treaty has money in the Southern Boundary Fund.
Grande Ronde Model watershed, set aside money for habitat restoration.
Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund
Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife has funds
Willamette Falls project has about $22.5 M for various aspects of development in the Riverwalk,
Metro Area and Natural Areas.
Portland Development Commission has $16M for the river district renovation.
Schnitzer of Harsh Developers was willing to put $11M into the Centennial Mills, not as an
investment, but as a cultural legacy project.
Next steps are to share these ideas with people who would have a critical perspective, editors, a
friend who was a developer, then potentially invested partners. Looking for a boss.
REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/treatytrail/aftermath/index.htm
(n.d.). Retrieved from NW Division of US ARmy Corps of Engineers Columbia Reiver District:
http://www.nwd.usace.army.mil/Missions/Water/Columbia.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bpa.gov/Pages/home.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bpa.gov/Pages/home.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from Bonneville Power Admin.: https://www.bpa.gov/Pages/home.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from NOAA: http://www.noaa.gov/fisheries
(n.d.). Retrieved from Wilammett Falls Legacy: http://www.rediscoverthefalls.com/site-history/
(n.d.). Retrieved from ATFI-EDC: http://www.atniedc.com/philanthropy%20new.htm
BPA Cultural resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.bpa.gov/efw/CulturalResources/Pages/default.aspx
Centennial Mills. (n.d.). Retrieved from Portland Development Commision:
http://www.pdc.us/our-work/urban-renewal-areas/river-district/currentprojects/centennial-mills.aspx
Columbia River Basin. (n.d.). Retrieved from NOAA: http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/
Daniali, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from Assyrian Times:
http://www.assyriatimes.com/assyrian/knowledge/a-common-history-of-assyrians-andnative-americans/3401
Diamond, J. (n.d.). Guns, Germs and Steel: the fate of societies.
hight-kreitman. (n.d.). Migration Theories. Retrieved from https://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/hightkreitman/coastal-route-theory
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From - To.
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.
oregon encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/celilo_falls/#.V1QlqfkrKUk
Salmon win a tripple crown. (n.d.). Wanna Chinook Tymoo, 4-9.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/treatytrail/aftermath/index.htm
(n.d.). Retrieved from NW Division of US ARmy Corps of Engineers Columbia Reiver District:
http://www.nwd.usace.army.mil/Missions/Water/Columbia.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bpa.gov/Pages/home.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bpa.gov/Pages/home.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from Bonneville Power Admin.: https://www.bpa.gov/Pages/home.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved from NOAA: http://www.noaa.gov/fisheries
(n.d.). Retrieved from Wilammett Falls Legacy: http://www.rediscoverthefalls.com/site-history/
(n.d.). Retrieved from ATFI-EDC: http://www.atniedc.com/philanthropy%20new.htm
BPA Cultural resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.bpa.gov/efw/CulturalResources/Pages/default.aspx
Centennial Mills. (n.d.). Retrieved from Portland Development Commision:
http://www.pdc.us/our-work/urban-renewal-areas/river-district/currentprojects/centennial-mills.aspx
Columbia River Basin. (n.d.). Retrieved from NOAA: http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/
Daniali, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from Assyrian Times:
http://www.assyriatimes.com/assyrian/knowledge/a-common-history-of-assyrians-andnative-americans/3401
Diamond, J. (n.d.). Guns, Germs and Steel: the fate of societies.
hight-kreitman. (n.d.). Migration Theories. Retrieved from https://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/hightkreitman/coastal-route-theory
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From - To.
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.
oregon encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/celilo_falls/#.V1QlqfkrKUk
Salmon win a tripple crown. (n.d.). Wanna Chinook Tymoo, 4-9.