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STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNE AGH
http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2013.12.1.57
Pavol Matula*
SLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONSHIPS IN 1938–1947
IN THE CONTEXT OF BORDER DISPUTES
After World War I Poland demanded a connection to the northern part of the former Kingdom of Hungary
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WHUULWRU\EXWLQWHUQDWLRQDODUELWUDWLRQ7KH&RQIHUHQFHRI$PEDVVDGRUVGHFLGHGRQGLYLGLQJ6SLãDQG2UDYD
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$QRWKHUERUGHUGLVSXWHRFFXUUHGLQDIWHUWKHVLJQLQJRIWKH0XQLFK$JUHHPHQWZKHQ3RODQGPDGHDFODLP
QRWRQO\WRRWKHUSDUWVRI2UDYDDQG6SLãEXWDOVR.\VXFH7KH6ORYDN3ROLVK'HOLPLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHHZDV
DWWDFNHGE\LQKDELWDQWVRIGLVSXWHGWHUULWRU\VHYHUDOWLPHVUHVXOWLQJLQWKH3ROLVKDUP\RFFXS\LQJWKHDUHD
$IWHUWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUDOOSDUWVRIWKHUHJLRQVRI6SLã2UDYDDQG.\VXFHEHFDPHSDUWRI
6ORYDNLDDV%UDWLVODYDFROODERUDWHGZLWK%HUOLQ$WWKHHQGRI::,,WKHERUGHUZDVUHWXUQHGWRWKHSUH0XQLFK
SRVLWLRQEXWWKHVLWXDWLRQLQWKHGLVSXWHGWHUULWRU\ZDVXQVWDEOHIRUDORQJWLPHDIWHU
.H\ZRUGV6ORYDN3ROLVKUHODWLRQV±6SLã2UDYD.\VXFHERUGHUGLVSXWHV
Until World War I Poland did not have any claims on Slovak territory and generally the hisWRULFDOERUGHUVEHWZHHQ3RODQGDQG+XQJDU\KDGEHHQUHFRJQL]HG$WWKHWXUQRIWKHth century
a segment of Polish society, mostly in Cracow, showed their interest in the territory of Orava and
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withdraw after intervention of the Supreme Council. Both countries appealed to the Paris
3HDFH &RQIHUHQFH ZKLFK GHFLGHG RQ )HEUXDU\ WKDW WKH ERUGHUV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR
FRXQWULHVZRXOGEHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH6XSUHPH&RXQFLO%\WKHRUGHURIWKH*UHDW3RZHUV
LQ-XO\QHJRWLDWLRQVEHWZHHQ&]HFKRVORYDNLDDQG3RODQGWRRNSODFHLQ&UDFRZZKHUH
WKH 3ROLVK VLGH VXJJHVWHG VROXWLRQ RI WKH IHXG E\ SOHELVFLWH 3RODQG FODLPHG WKH WHUULWRU\
RIWKHZKROHGLVWULFWVRI7UVWHQp1iPHVWRYR.HåPDURNďXERYĖDýDGFD.\VXFNp1RYp
0HVWRDQGKDOIRIWKHGLVWULFWVRI/HYRþDDQG3RSUDG0LãNRYLþ±7KH6XSUHPH
&RXQFLOGHFLGHGRQDSOHELVFLWHRQ6HSWHPEHU,WZDVWRWDNHSDUWLQWKHUHJLRQVRI
7HãtQ2UDYDDQG6SLã&LąJZD±)RUERWKFRXQWULHVLWZDVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWR
* Comenius University Bratislava, [email protected]
57
PAVOL MATULA
DFTXLUHLQGXVWULDO7HãtQZKLFKKLVWRULFDO\ZDVSDUWRIWKH%RKHPLDQ&URZQEXWDERXW
RILWVLQKDELWDQWVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHth century were Polish. The area was temporarily
GLYLGHG EHWZHHQ 3RODQG DQG &]HFKRVORYDNLD RQ 1RYHPEHU E\ LQWHULP DJUHHPHQW
of local self-government councils, the Polish 5DGD1DURGRZD.VLĊVWZD&LHV]\ĔVNLHJR and
the Czech 1iURGQt YêERU SUR 6OH]VNR 7KH &]HFKRVORYDN JRYHUQPHQW KDG QRW FRQ¿UPHG
the agreement. When the Polish government announced an election for the Polish Parliament within the disputed territory, Prague claimed that the delimitation was only interim and
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As regards Spiš and Orava, the Czecho-Slovak party responded to the claim with arguPHQWVEDVHGRQKLVWRULFDOSULQFLSOH3RODQGXVHGDUJXPHQWVEDVHGRQHWKQLFDOSULQFLSOHDV
DFFRUGLQJ WR 3RODQG WKH LQKDELWDQWV RQ WKH FODLPHG WHUULWRU\ ZHUH RI 3ROLVK RULJLQ 7KH\
SURFODLPHGWKDWLQKDELWDQWVRIWKHUHJLRQVZHUHHWKQLF3ROLVKEHFDXVHRISKRQHWLFVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQWKH*RUDOGLDOHFWDQGWKH3ROLVKODQJXDJH1 The Slovak party, while considering
Gorals identity, pointed out the national feeling of Gorals, who, in most cases felt themselves
WREH6ORYDNV%LHORYRGVNê±
$IWHUWKHSOHELVFLWHZDVSURFODLPHGERWKVLGHVVWDUWHGZLWKSURSDJDQGDWRZLQDVPDQ\
YRWHVDVSRVVLEOH3OHQW\RIZHOOSDLGDJHQWVZHUHLQYROYHGWU\LQJWRSHUVXDGHYRWHUVQRW
RQO\YHUEDOO\EXWHYHQE\EX\LQJYRWHV7KH\JDYHRXWSURGXFWVOLNHÀRXUNHURVHQHVDOWDQG
sugar, which were very precious at that time (AMTZ: AR/NO/382, 379, AR/248, 315, 300;
9DULQVNê 0DFKD\ 2Q ERWK VLGHV WKHUH ZHUH FDVHV RI YLROHQFH DQG
HYHQPXUGHU&KDOXSHFNê±0LãNRYLþ7RPDV]HZVNL±
.RĨPLĔVNL2UORI
8OWLPDWHO\WKHHIIRUWRIERWKVLGHVWRVZD\DVPDQ\YRWHUVDVSRVVLEOHZDVLQYDLQEHFDXVH
QRSOHELVFLWHGHFLGHGWKHFRQWURYHUVLDOWHUULWRU\EXWLQWHUQDWLRQDODUELWUDWLRQZKLFKZDVDJUHHG
WRE\ERWKFRXQWULHVLQ6SDDRQ-XO\2QEHKDOIRIWKH6XSUHPH&RXQFLOWKH(PEDVV\
&RXQFLOGHFLGHGRQWKHGLVSXWHRQ-XO\2QWKHEDVLVRIWKDWGHFLVLRQWKHFRQWURYHUVLDO
WHUULWRU\ZDVGLYLGHG6ORYDNLDORVWYLOODJHVZLWKLQKDELWDQWV
7KHWUDJLFLPSDFWRIWKH0XQLFKDJUHHPHQWRIE\ZKLFK&]HFKRVORYDNLDZDVIRUFHG
WRFHGH6XGHW\WR1D]L*HUPDQ\ZDVIROORZHGE\WHUULWRULDOGHPDQGVRIRWKHUVWDWHV+XQJDU\
DQG3RODQGZKLFKWRRNDGYDQWDJHRIWKHZHDNHQHGUHSXEOLFDQGWRRNSDUWLQLWVSDUWLWLRQ
%XGDSHVWJDLQHGDODUJHSDUWRIVRXWKHUQ6ORYDNLDE\WKH9LHQQDDUELWUDJHRI1RYHPEHU
,Q2FWREHU:DUVDZJDLQHG7HãtQWHULWRUU\DOVRFDOOHG=DRO]LH7KH3ROLVKGHPDQGV
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Poland initially did not have any territorial demands toward Slovakia, which gained its
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regarding Goral citizens in Spiš, Orava and Kysuce as Polish, although the majority of them
1
58
Most Polish historians support this thesis even today and some are trying to provide evidence that in earlier
WLPHV*RUDOFLWL]HQVVXUUHQGHUHGWRVORYDNL]DWLRQXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRI6ORYDNLDQWHDFKHUVDQGSULHVWV6HH
the conference proceedings TRAJDOS, M. Tadeusz (ed.): 6SLV] L 2UDZD Z URF]QLFĊ SRZURWX GR 3ROVNL
SyáQRFQ\FKF]ĊĞFLREX]LHP.UDNRZ6HFHVMD2QWKHFRQWUDU\6ORYDNLDQKLVWRULDQ,YDQ&KDOXSHFNê
DVVHUWVWKDWWKHUHODWHGQHVVRIWKH*RUDOGLDOHFWDQGWKH3ROLVKODQJXDJHRULJLQDWHVIURPSRORQL]DWLRQ&KDO~SHFNê
,YDQ.RWi]NHJRUDOVNêFKQiUHþtQD6SLãL,Q6WXGLDKLVWRULFD7\UQDYLHQVLD,9, 2004, p. 161–172.
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declared (registered) themselves as Slovakians. They were mostly the associations situated
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Komitet dla Spisza, Orawy i Czadeckego), which was delivering letters, analyses and memoUDQGDWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW:DUVDZKDGEHHQUHVLVWHQWWRWKDWSUHVVVRIDU,IWHUULWRULDOGHPDQGV
ZHUHGHFODUHGDWDQLQDSSURSULDWHWLPHDQGWRDQXQUHDVRQDEOHGHJUHHWKHPDLQJRDORI3ROLVK
IRUHLJQSROLF\FRXOGEHLQGDQJHUDVLWDLPHGWRGLYLGH&]HFKRVORYDNLDDQGFUHDWHFRPPRQ
3ROLVK+XQJDU\ERUGHUVE\DQQH[DWLRQRI&DUSDWKLDQ5XWKHQLD3RGNDUSDWVNi5XVWR+XQJDU\
,WZDVWREHGRQHE\VHSDUDWLQJ6ORYDNLDQVIURP&]HFKV0RUHRYHU:DUVDZWULHGWRLQFOXGH
6ORYDNLDLQLWVVSKHUHRILQÀXHQFH+RZHYHUE\JDLQLQJDXWRQRP\+OLQND¶V6ORYDN3HRSOH¶V
3DUW\UHJDUGHGLWVSROLWLFDOSURJUDPWREHFRPSOHWHDQGGLGQRWZDQWWRIRFXVWKHLUDFWLYLW\RQ
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,Q ODWH 2FWREHU :DUVDZ WKXV GHOLYHUHG D QRWH WR WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQ %UDWLVODYD ZLWK
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not to disrupt Polish-Slovakian relations too much. A few days later, under the impression
of unsuccesful diplomacy in competition with Germany, Warsaw was tougher and expanded
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It was not so easy for the common Slovak-Polish delimitation commission to demarcate
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the annexation of their region to Poland. According to the plans of organizers, the demonstraWLRQZDVLQWHQGHGWREHSHDFHIXOEXWWKHDWPRVSKHUHWKHUHFKDQJHGYHU\TXLFNO\âLPRQþLþ
2003: 319–320; Gotkiewicz 1998: 121).
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so that the demonstrators could see that the Polish delgates were not inside. In this way, they
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VWRQHVDQGHVFDSHIURPWKHWRZQâLPRQþLþ±*RWNLHZLF]±
7KHQH[WFODVKZLWKUHVHQWIXOFLWL]HQVWRRNSODFHRQ1RYHPEHU&ORVHWRýDGFD
QHDUWKHVHWWOHPHQWVFDOOHG3ULYDU\DQG0HJRQN\WKHFRPPLVVLRQZDVFRQIURQWHGE\WZR
ZRPHQZLWKUDNHVZKR VWDUWHGWRFXUVHLWVPHPEHUV7KH\ WKUHDWHQHG WKHP ZLWK PXUGHU
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than send them to Polish schools. Men later joined them and started to threaten the Poles.
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Supporters who considered north Kysuce as part of Poland did not change their attitude
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the unaware citizens in anti-Polish protests (Gotkiewicz 1998: 117, 130).
59
PAVOL MATULA
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RFFXSDWLRQRIWKHGHPDQGHGWHUULWRU\E\IRUFHHYHQEHIRUHFRPSOHWLQJWKHZRUNRIWKHFRPmon Slovak-Polish delimitation commission. As the Polish and Czechoslovak armies were
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226 km2 of its territory along with 4,280 citizens to Poland. It concerned the villages of
-DYRULQDDQG/HVQLFDLQ6SLã6XFKi+RUDDQG+ODGRYNDLQ2UDYDDQG6YUþLQRYHFýLHUQH
and Skalité in Kysuce.
The annexation of new areas of northern Spiš, Orava and part of Kysuce as well as
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invasion against Poland. Slovak propaganda explained the Slovak participation in the invasion
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10; AMTZ, no. AR/306; Baka 2006: 165).
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SULHVWVVHUYLQJLQWKHDUHDDURVH2Q2FWREHUWKH6SLãGLRFHVHVHQWWKHPDTXHVWLRQnaire where, aside from other information, they were to express if they were ready to pledge
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But the majority of the Polish priests left their parishes voluntarily in the autumn of 1939
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questions on the questionnaire (AKM: no. 33; ASD: no. 1509/1940, no. 1847–1848/1940,
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Still, some Polish priests stayed in their parishes, even in 1940. However in March they
ZHUHWROGWROHDYHWKHPE\WKHHQGRI-XQH$Ò31QR6,Q6HSWHPEHUWKH\
ZHUHRUGHUHGE\WKHORFDORI¿FHLQ6SLãVNi6WDUi9HVWROHDYHWKHLUKRPHVEXWWKH\ZHUHDOlowed to move to any part of Slovakia, aside from incorporated areas (AÚPN: no. S-1410).
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60
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later in 1945-1947 (5R]PRZD]RMFHPSROVNLHM2UDZ\ 1945: 3).
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,Q)HEUXDU\WKH3ROLVKVLGHKDGVWDUWHGLWVHIIRUWWRFRQWUROWKHWHUULWRU\,QVRPH
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FOHUNVDQGWHDFKHUVZHUHVXVSHQGHG3ROLVKÀDJVDQGFRDWVRIDUPVZHUHSODFHGRQWKHEXLOGings (Garek 2007: 158). New teachers were sent to the territory to control the local schools
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could to prevent Polish activities. They even tried to protect their area with guns, so there
were some clashes with Polish militia (Kwiek 2002: 8).
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Garek 2007: 160).
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the Czechoslovak army and police. Another argument was that the inclination of the populaWLRQWRZDUGVWKH6ORYDNQDWLRQZDVWKHUHVXOWRIDQHFRQRPLFERRPLQWKH6ORYDNVWDWHLQ
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demands to the President and Czechoslovakian government representatives. First, on 7 April
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EHDSDUWRIWKH&]HFKRVORYDN5HSXEOLF7KH3UHVLGHQWSURPLVHGWKHPKHZRXOG³GRKLVEHVW
LQWKLVFDVHDQGH[SUHVVHGWKHZLVKWKDWQRERG\RIJRYHUQPHQWDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHVZRXOG
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1946: 20–21).
The Czechoslovak government considered the issue of northern Spiš and Orava at their
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WKHWHUULWRU\EDFNWR3RODQGZLWKRXWDQ\FRQGLWLRQVDOWKRXJKWKH6ORYDNFKDUDFWHURIWKDW
territory was stressed (Kwiek 2002: 11).
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61
PAVOL MATULA
representative present. Only representatives of local authorities – Powiatowa Rada Narodowa
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According to some Polish historians, the sudden handover of controversial territory to
Poland was connected with consolidation of Czechoslovak administration in the region of
Zaolzie, which was economically more important to the newly restored Czechoslovakia. When
the territories of northern Spiš and Orava were returned to Poland, the Czechoslovakian side
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their villages to Poland. They signed petitions, moved their property to Slovakia, and attacked
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in summer. On 17 July 1945 the Polish army appeared in northern Spiš and on 14 August
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The Czechoslovak side used this situation while negotiating with Polish side. If Warsaw
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(Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych – MSZ) to create a government commission to investiJDWHLQGLYLGXDOFDVHVDQGLQIRUP3UDJXHDERXWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7KHDWWLWXGHRI
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the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs asked to punish representatives of local authorities
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propaganda in the controversial region. At last, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs pushed
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In following years in spite of the interventions of Czechoslovak representatives the situation in northern Spiš and Orava was not satisfactory. Even in autumn 1947 local Polish
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However, Polish agencies were more afraid of reports and other indications suggesting
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the hints (AAN: MAP, no. 776, B-1795, 1–2).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
$UFKLZXP$NW1RZ\FK$$1, 0LQLVWHUVWZR$GPLQLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM0$3QR%
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(DP), w. 8, t. 135, p. 8.
$QGUiã0DWHM.RPHQWiUNVSUiYH7DGHXV]D.RVPDOXRVLWXiFLLVORYHQVNHMPHQãLQ\QD
KRUQHM2UDYHYURNRFK±, in: $OPDQDFK6áRZDF\Z3ROVFH6ORYiFLY3RĐVNX
;,,±0DWHM$QGUiãDMHKRGLSORPDFLDVUGFD.UDNRY7RZDU]\VWZR6áRZDNyZZ3ROVFH
6SRORN6ORYiNRYZ3RĐVNXSS±
$UFKLZXP0X]HXP7DWU]DĔVNLHJR=DNRSDQH$07=, AR/NO/382, 379, AR/248, 315, 300,
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$UFKLZXP 3DĔVWZRZH 1RZ\ 7DUJ $317, $NWD *PLQ\ -DEáRQND QR ± $NWD *PLQ\
Szczawnica, no. 10.
2
For a closer look on the course of situation on a territory in issue after 1947 see also: AAN, MAP, no. 777,
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]V\WXDFMLJRVSRGDUF]HMLVSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]QHMQDJyUQHM2UDZLHZODWDFK±, in: 5RF]QLN2UDZVNL,,,,
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63
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