SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog.
2017 Jan.-Mar.;13(1):4-12
Original Article
DOI: 10.11606/issn.1806-6976.v13i1p4-12
www.eerp.usp.br/resmad
“The chain has not broken, but opened a link between us”: the impact of
maternal chemical dependency on the mother-child bond
Vanessa Trindade1
Carolina Bunn Bartilotti2
This research aimed to identify the perception of five drug addict mothers of Florianópolis
about the bond with their children before and during recovery. Data were collected in semistructured interviews and analyzed by Content Analysis technique. During the drug use period,
the priority was focused on drug consumption, creating a gap between mothers and children.
We concluded that mothers’ drug use causes significant consequences to the mother-child
relationship, generates distance, weakens bonds and affects the exercise of maternal role.
Thus, interventions of health professionals with these women should address aspects beyond
the behavior of using drugs, including issues related to the role as mother and woman, in a
social reality.
Descriptors: Substance-Related Disorders; Maternity; Mother-Child Relations.
1
2
Psychologist.
PhD, Professor, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil.
Corresponding Author:
Vanessa Trindade
Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina - Unisul
Av. Pedra Branca, 25 - Cidade Universitária
CEP: 88137-270, Palhoça, SC, Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
Trindade V, Bartilotti CB.
“Não quebrou a corrente, mas abriu um elo entre nós”: o impacto da
dependência química materna sobre o vínculo mãe-filho
Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar a percepção de cinco mães dependentes químicas da
Grande Florianópolis acerca do vínculo com seus filhos, antes e durante a recuperação. Os
dados foram coletados em entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisados pela técnica de Análise
de Conteúdo. Constatou-se que no período de uso de drogas a prioridade esteve voltada a
este consumo, gerando afastamento entre mães e filhos. Concluiu-se que o uso de drogas
pelas mães traz consequências significativas à relação mãe-filho, gera afastamento, fragiliza
vínculos e prejudica o exercício do papel materno. Assim, as intervenções dos profissionais
da saúde com estas mulheres devem abordar aspectos para além do comportamento de
usar drogas, abrangendo questões referentes ao papel como mãe e mulher, inseridas em
uma realidade social.
Descritores: Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias; Maternidade; Relações
Mãe-Filho.
“No quebró la corriente, pero abrió un eslabón entre nosotros”: el impacto
de la dependencia química materna sobre el vínculo madre-hijo
Esta pesquisa objetivó identificar la percepción de cinco madres dependientes químicas de
la Grande Florianópolis acerca del vínculo con sus hijos, antes y durante la recuperación.
Los datos fueron colectados en entrevistas semiestruturadas y analizados por la técnica de
Análisis de Contenido. Se constató que en el período de uso de drogas la prioridad estuvo
vuelta a este consumo, generando alejamiento entre madres e hijos. Se concluyó que el
uso de drogas por las madres trae consecuencias significativas a la relación madre-hijo,
genera alejamiento, debilita vínculos y perjudica el ejercicio del papel materno. Así, las
intervenciones de los profesionales de la salud con estas mujeres deben abordar aspectos
más allá del comportamiento de usar drogas, abarcando cuestiones referentes al papel como
madre y mujer, inseridas en una realidad social.
Descriptores: Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias; Maternidad; Relaciones Madre-Hijo.
Introduction
negative, will register in their subjectivity forms and
trends of dealing with society and perceive the world
Modern society assigns the mother a key role
around them(1).
within the family and, in particular, in the education of
The emotional bond established between mother
children; so that her main maternal function is to be a
and child is a process understood as gradual as
“nourisher”(1). This role is represented by the support to
it grows and solidifies after repeated positive and
the child’s needs, such as hygiene, feeding, emotional
pleasurable experiences. In this process occurs a kind
bond, among others. The experiences children have
of emotional feedback because as the mother applies
in their relationship with their mother, both positive and
an emotional investment to the child, this develops an
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SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog. Jan.-Mar. 2017;13(1):4-12.
attachment bond and nurtures it with respect to the
developments in this family setting, there is still a long
mother . Thus, the growth of emotional investment
way with regard to equality between mother and father
tends to be largely linked to growth of affection – and
roles.
(2)
the quality of this relationship is crucial to children to
Based on these, the woman is widely pressed
create awareness of themselves and the way they will
by society. In order to meet the expectations,
behave in the world and in relationships.
especially in relation to maternal role, woman must
Given the importance of the maternal role,
have emotional availability and unconditional love to
contemporary society requires that the mother has
her child. However, some conditions may hinder this
an unconditional love for her children provide them
configuration, such as chemical dependency, an issue
attention and care as much as possible. Thus, it is
that, along with maternity is central in this research.
expected that the child is her highest priority, greatest
Chemical dependency is defined as a mental
source of love and affection. A few decades ago it was
disorder characterized by a “set of behavioral,
common that the only roles assigned to women were
cognitive and physiological phenomena that develop
being mother and housewife
after repeated consumption of a psychoactive
(3).
Progressively, with the spaces and rights women
substance”(6). This disorder affects about 27 million
conquered, as their participation in the public
people worldwide. About more than 20,000 people die
sphere, entering the labor market and consequent
each year from drug-related problems(7).
financial
independence,
woman-mother
reality
Chemical
dependency
can
cause
many
has been changing . Today’s woman has often
consequences to the user’s life the same away people
delayed motherhood for professional and academic
make up their relationships, because drug use, often
achievements. However, it is still common people react
becomes priority in the dependent’s life and, in order
strangely when a woman says she does not want to be
to be devote to the use, other roles and functions are
a mother and then try to persuade her with speeches
discarded. Some of these roles can be of fundamental
about the completion and fulfillment of women in and
importance, such as labor activities that provide the
motherhood(3). Meaning that even with the spaces won
livelihood and paternal and maternal functions that
by the modern woman, her association with maternal
support the growth of the children and are constituents
role is still present.
of their personalities.
(3)
The woman-mother transition to other roles
However, one should not reduce chemical
and spaces has been gradual and difficult, such as
dependency to its symptoms and its psychopathological
women’s stress in the reconciliation of so many
dimension. The professional performance must functions. Working outside the house is a dimension
comprise the subject fully and systemically(8); which
added to the already existing(4), so that the woman
means considering the biological, psychological and
remains the primary responsibility for housework and
sociological dimensions of each person, just as the
care for children, but now she is also in the labor market
social, historical and cultural context in which each
and contributes financially to support the family.
operates.
has
National and global data point out that the number
shared these household chores, which also indicates
By contrast, in some familiar contexts, man
of women in chemical dependency is still substantially
a transition process where the father suits a new
less than the number of dependent men(6,9). However,
requirement of modern society and is increasingly
fewer women in this condition should not pose less
involved in tasks which are beyond the labor market .
of a concern with the subject, since the consumption
This division brings some balance between the
of psychoactive substances among these has been
father and mother roles; however, when division of
growing over the years(6,9). Thus, the difference of drug
responsibilities exists, it is still common to hear that
use by women and men has gradually narrowed.
(5)
the man is “helping” the woman in the care of children
With regard to drug effects and consequences,
and in the organization of the house. This ultimately
there is evidence that damage reach a greater extent
gives the idea that the task originally belongs to the
of the female population. The female physiological
woman, so the man is helping, commonly giving the
structure favors an increased absorption of alcohol in
man the status of generous, good husband and father.
the blood, even when men consume the same amount
This indicates that, despite having already been some
of the substance. For this reason, alcohol addiction
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Trindade V, Bartilotti CB.
as well as physical problems resulting from this use,
Method
including risk of mortality, grows more rapidly in
This research is qualitative, exploratory and cross-
women(10).
In a survey of chemically dependent women, they
sectional. It is characterized as a case study, since the
had difficulty expressing the meanings of their social
reports of the participants were broadly and in depth
roles, so they could not talk about how they perceive
studied(12).
themselves and how they perceived to be seen. When
The
participants
in
this
study
were
five
asked about the positive and negative aspects in
women who were attending mutual help groups in
their roles as mother, woman, wife and worker, “few
Florianópolis. In the period surveyed, three were
were able to put into words the roles they played, [...]
attending Narcotics Anonymous group (NA) and two,
talking about their aggressiveness, lack of child care,
the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). The criterion to select
when under the chemical effect”(11), indicating that the
the participants was in accordance with the voluntary
distancing of oneself and others, just as the loss or
demonstration when invited to participate and after
disregard of their identity are common in addiction.
met the following inclusion criteria: age over 18 years
Considering the data presented so far, this study
and have at least one child aged 4 to 17 years who
approaches a reality more and more present in
followed their drug use period during early childhood.
modern society, where the woman takes, carries and
The limits of this age group for children are
reconciles various roles and functions, as a mother,
due to two reasons: at four, the child has passed
wife and housewife. Parallel to this, household chores
the early childhood; when the levels of awareness
are no longer enough to society, so that the woman
and verbalization become more accurate. At 17,
also happens to be pressed into the labor market and
the adolescent is still legally under the parents’
building a career. With the progressive increase of
responsibility; which requires them greater involvement
drug use among women, fulfilling all that is expected
in the creation and care for children. Table 1 shows
of their roles can become an even more difficult task.
the women who participated in the study. In order to
Thus, the objective of this research was to identify the
preserve the confidentiality of these women, their real
perception of chemically dependent mothers about
names were changed by biblical names, following the
their mother-child bond during the period of drug use
saying that “mother is sacred.”
and period of recovery.
Table 1 - Characteristics of participants. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, 2015
Name
Age
Isabel
Miriam
Ana
Sarah
Noemi
51 years-old
32 years-old
40 years-old
42 years-old
40 years-old
Graduate course
Education
College degree
Basic education
High school
College degree
incomplete
Children's age
29, 22, 18 and 5
years-old
12, 10, 9 and 7
years-old
13 years-old
17 years-old
13 years-old
Time attending the
mutual help group
Alcoholics
Anonymous – 2
years
Narcotics
Anonymous – 4
months
Narcotics
Anonymous –
5 years
Alcoholics
Anonymous – 3
months
Narcotics Anonymous
– 1 year and 5
months
Used drugs
Alcohol
Alcohol,
cocaine and
LSD
Alcohol and
cocaine
Alcohol,
cannabis,
solvent, ether,
shoe glue and
cocaine.
Alcohol, cannabis and
cocaine
Period of drug use
13 years
7 years
8 years
25 years
19 years
We contacted the coordinators of the mutual help
mutual help groups. Three calls occurred in person
group AA and NA, whose phones are available on
and two by phone, through indication of other group
their official websites, in order to show the research,
members.
their objectives and schedule the best day for a visit.
Data collection was carried out individually, from
In order to meet women within the desired profile and
semi-structured interviews, which lasted approximately
to invite them to participate, a visit was made to 10
50 minutes. Three interviews occurred in the rooms of
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SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog. Jan.-Mar. 2017;13(1):4-12.
mutual help groups attended by each participant and
term for audio recording. After the interviews, data
two happened in the homes of participants. The guide
were fully transcribed, then organized into categories
consisted of 22 questions that addressed aspects
and analyzed using Content Analysis technique(13).
related to the mother-child bond, characteristics
Through the full reading of the interviews
between mother-child relationship, including drug
transcription, there was a significant difference
consequences to this relationship and the maternal
between behavior and feelings present during drug
role characterization of the interviewees.
use and during recovery. The negative aspects of the
Each question in this guide was made in order
relationship were concentrated during the period of
to obtain an overall understanding of every aspect
drug use and positive aspects in the recovery period.
investigated. Thus, it was questioned how a particular
During drug use, behaviors and positive feelings were
aspect of the relationship occurred during the drug use
absent or, if present, they lost in terms of quality,
period and how it happened in the recovery period,
as had been associated with feelings such as pity,
how each interviewed perceived these changes and
fear and shame. Then, categories to evidence this
what were the feelings in each reported time. Apart
contrast was considered, in order to categorize what
from concrete experiences, the issues sought to
was present in the interviewees’ discourse, namely:
encourage the expression of meaning and feeling of
positive affections, negative affections and dialogue
the interviewees in each step.
with the children.
This
by
the
study
was
Research
assessed
Ethics
and
approved
Committee
of
the
Results and discussion
University of Southern Santa Catarina, CAAE:
19174713.1.0000.5369 and Opinion 357.197. Before
To analyze the mother-child bond during the drug
the interview, each participant signed the Free and
use period and recovery period, three categories were
Clarified Consent Term (FCCT) and the authorization
then defined, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Categories, period and frequency of relevant responses to the main theme. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil,
2015.
Categories
Positive affection
Negative affection
Existence of dialog
In
the
Positive
Period
Freq.
Participants
In drug use
In recovery
In drug use
In recovery
In drug use
In recovery
04
05
04
02
00
05
Isabel, Miriam, Ana and Sarah
Isabel; Miriam; Ana and Noemi
Isabel; Miriam; Ana and Noemi
Ana and Noemi
No occurrence
Isabel; Miriam; Ana and Noemi
affection
which
enough, I cuddle. We’re always talking about things I did not say
investigated the presence of positive feelings of the
category,
before, like ‘I love you’. I say good morning, sometimes I say: ‘you
mother towards the children, this affection was present
are the most important thing in my life’. These things I did not speak,
in the speech of four respondents. In drug use, it was
I was not a loving mother. I even did love, but I did not show it
possible to show that, despite a positive consideration
(ISABEL).
at times, this affection was associated with feelings
In this sense, it was found that although most
such as fear of not being able to effectively meet
mothers nurture positive feelings towards the children,
emergency and daily needs of the child, feelings
in both periods, during drug use such feelings were
of shame, just as fear for the child for see her in a
not reflected in their actions. Mothers worried about
vulnerable situation:
I pitied them because even using drugs
their children, they did not stopped using drugs for
and being insane, I had a few moments of lucidity. I did not remember
this reason though, to solve the situations that caused
if they had eaten, if they had lunch (MIRIAM).
concern; they had lost control over their chemical
In the recovery category, positive affection was
dependency. In recovery, the affection happened
associated with the affection between mother and
through active positions towards the children, because
child and inherent responsibility to the maternal role,
in this condition they felt more capable to convey to
demonstrating the actual construction of emotional
the children positive feelings.
bonds, as can be seen in Isabel’s story:
Today I kiss
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Trindade V, Bartilotti CB.
Exchanges of positive affections between mother
and child are crucial for structuring important aspects
finding some feelings yet. It’s been only 1 year and 5 months that I
am at NA, I have not figured out any feeling yet (NOEMI).
of child development. It is from an atmosphere
The negative affection identified in the interviewees’
of affection and protection at home that the child
speech was one of the aspects found in a survey of six
develops the necessary security to relate to the social
Colombian chemically dependent mothers(17). During
environment
. The consequences of the quality of
drug consumption period, the mothers understood
these interactions, whether positive or negative, will
the maternal role as “difficult, hard and nasty” and the
follow them until their adult life, setting trends as how
task to take care of the children was taken or shared
the will behave in relationship with others.
with other family members(17), this aspect was also
(14-15)
The positive affection on families facing drug
identified in this research.
addiction, however, as found in this study, is not
The results for the existence of negative affection
common: “most of the time, the children [of drug
during drug use period are confirmed by authors
addicts] suffer from a negative family interaction and an
who observe that negative family interactions are
impoverishment in solving problems”
; these families
associated with drug use by the child’s parents, which
are seen as dysfunctional and the consequences of
permeates the family atmosphere by “low sensitivity
this lack of positive aspects are reflected in the child’s
and negative affection, less verbalization and low
development.
responsiveness to the child”(18). In this sense, we
(16)
In a survey conducted with 54 children of
found that the negative affection experienced by the
alcoholics, 94.4% had feelings of inferiority and
interviewees is a constant for chemical dependency
inhibition, and 88.9% had affective deficiency
.
and was associated with the priority that the drugs had
Thus, it is important to pay attention to the affective
won in the mothers’ lives. Thus, any person or activity
pattern that these children are developing, because
that would jeopardize this priority and would take time
the tendency is that when they build their own families,
that could be invested in drug use was understood as
they reproduce this lack of affection, creating a vicious
a barrier and causer of irritability, which did not happen
circle(14).
so often in the recovery phase.
(16)
In the Negative affection category, which
Regarding the first two categories, Positive
investigated the existence of negative feelings about
affection and Negative affection, it is important to
the children. In the drug use period, four mothers
highlight the participation of the interviewed Noemi.
claimed to have realized this kind of affection. In this
As for the feelings that this mother has for the child,
period, the negative affection was in most part related
at first, when asked, the interviewee claimed to have
to mothers’ irritability to have to provide some kind of
positive feelings about her daughter, which was
care or attention to the child instead of being able to
deconstructed after. It could be observed that the first
devote that time to substance use, as shown by the
Noemi’s response was possibly associated with social
Isabel’s speech:
values, so that she tried to bring a socially accepted
The things I remember is that sometimes I got
irritated because I had to pay attention to him instead of drinking.
better answer:
(ISABEL).
very affectionate, very loved. She was very loved. I never had any
I always loved her very much. She was always
In Noemi’s story, negative affection happens
other feeling; I always loved her too much. (NOEMI – First answer as
since pregnancy, because this mother had to give up
to her feelings towards her daughter). I think I only felt guilt for her,
the drugs in favor of her daughter, resulting, in her
it was not even love. I just felt guilt for her. Today I still feel guilty and
perception, rejection of pregnancy:
I was enjoying, I was
I’ll tell you a very sincere thing, I understood her as a very strange
dating the drug, I had just got into cocaine. I had a very complicated
person. She was a stranger to me (NOEMI - Second answer as to
pregnancy, I had a lot of nausea, almost had a miscarriage. Man,
her feelings towards her daughter).
I had nausea until the end. Total rejection of pregnancy (NOEMI).
Motherhood tends to be experienced as the
In recovery, the negative affection was observed
decisive factor in the recognition of women as
only in the story of two mothers. While Ana
individual, as a social being(19). In this direction, “being
experienced this affection “for not knowing how to deal
a mother today is not so simple; refusing to be so is
with situations”(sic), Noemi demonstrates difficulty to
even harder”(19). Thus, it is socially expected that the
develop positive feelings about her daughter, there is
woman embraces the maternal role and experiences
room only for the guilt:
this moment as unique and special in her life.
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Today I still feel guilty. [...] I’ve been
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SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog. Jan.-Mar. 2017;13(1):4-12.
The woman who shows no desire to become a
mother is usually estrangement target, questioning
me more attention when I talk, he looks at me and there is a greater
complicity (SARA).
and attempts at persuasion , meaning that the
From communication with the mother, children
woman in today’s society has no space to express or
give meanings to themselves and to the world
even build her own desires related to maternity that
around them, and this interaction it fundamental
are contrary to what the society expected.
for the continuity of their development. It is from
(3)
When it is stated that “the values of a society
communication that the child organizes the thoughts,
are often so compelling that they give an incalculable
perceptions and develops structure as a subject(21). In
weight on our desires”(20), it points to the difficulty
this sense, considering that the mother tends to be
in building desires that are incompatible with the
the main reference for the child, especially during their
society. This ambivalence of wishes was present
first years of life, it is important that she is available
at Noemi’s story, although she mentioned she has
to introduce the world to the child and deal with their
planned to have her daughter, when she learned she
anxieties and concerns, through the guiding and
was pregnant she realized the consequences of this
training character in communication.
condition (which included stop the “dating”(sic) this
It was found that drug use stage was filled by
mother was establishing with the drug) and realized
distance between mothers and children of different
that, in fact, never wanted to be a mother.
orders, and dialogue is one of the most affected
As a result of these social values, the woman
aspects of the lives of these families. The loss of
who does not feel what socially is expected before
dialogue quality caused by chemical dependency
motherhood tends to feel guilty and frustrated
is a consensus among the literature, because
because she realizes that failed in her role as a
the chemically dependent is with their priorities
woman, by not being able to desire the pregnancy or
aimed at drug use, creating greater isolation and,
not unconditionally love her child
. From this, one
therefore, reducing the possibility of dialogue. When
should reflect on the motherhood “social rule”: it is
communication occurs, it tends to be confrontational
socially established that every woman must become
because the family environment is fragile and
a mother and it is from this maternal role that she will
mobilized(22).
(19)
feel complete and fulfilled. Maybe it is easier to follow
the rule that is accepted than reject it and face conflicts
and social criticism. Thus, this mother, at first, did not
feel comfortable to expose a feeling contrary to what
is socially expected of the maternal role.
In the Existence of dialog category, in the drug
use period,
none of the respondents acknowledged a dialogue
existence with their children, considering that chemical dependency
brings serious damage to family interaction: I could not talk before. It
was the basics, putting clothes on, eating, and sleeping. The time I
liked better was when he slept (ISABEL).
The opposite occurred in the Recovery period,
where all five interviewees perceived the existence of
dialogue between them and their children. The quality
of this interaction varies among respondents, which is
understood as natural, since the experiences of each
family before chemical dependency, just as the time
each person needs to be able to re-establish bonds,
are unique, as noted in some of their speeches:
[I talk
to my daughter] very, very, very much. About several subjects. At
the moment we are talking about dating because she is getting
interested in it (ANA). I cannot get closer to him yet, I think I’m still
at the early stage in the recovery process, but I see that he gives
Final considerations
This research investigated the impact of drug
use on the mother-child bond. We observed that
motherhood plays an important and special role for
most mothers; however, during the period of drug
use, the priority was directed to substance use and
motherhood was left in second place at different
times. During drug use, the love felt by mothers was
not reflected in their actions, so affection, dialogue
and social relations were, among others, aspects
sometimes overlooked, which distanced them from
what is socially expected from motherhood.
Drug use period caused a global distance between
mothers and their children in all aspects investigated.
The bonds were significantly weakened. In recovery,
these mothers have tried to rebuild their relationship
with their children and many behaviors related to
provision of support, dialogue and transmission of
love are being reinserted in their family relationships.
However, this bond reconstruction has happened
with more difficulty in some cases and some mothers
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Trindade V, Bartilotti CB.
still cannot get closer to their children; a situation in
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which may enable the update and reconstruction of
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count on two main support services: CAPS-AD and
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