Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Sustainable Manure Management in Animal Farms in
Leningrad Oblast, RUSSIA
Phase II of the Operation of PIU
MANURE MANAGEMENT DATA UPDATE AND
FARM-SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
February 28, 2014
Financiers: Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (NDEP), the Ministry of the Environment of Finland
(FMoE), the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland (FMoAF)
Russian Partner: Leningrad Committee of Agriculture
Implementing Agency: Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO)
PIU Consultant: Maxwell Stamp PLC
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AC
Agricultural Cooperative
EF
Ecological Fund
EUR
Euro
FMoAF
Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
FMoE
Finnish Ministry of Environment
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
HELCOM
Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission)
JSC
Joint Stock Company
MF
Model Farm
NDEP
Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership
NEFCO
Nordic Environment Finance Corporation
OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
OJSC
Open Joint Stock Company
PIU
Project Implementation Unit
PF
Pedigreed Farm
RUR
Russian Rouble
SF
State Farm
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Executive Summary
This report was commissioned as part of the “Sustainable Manure Management in Animal Farms in
the Leningrad Region” project and provides insight intothe complex issue of livestock manure
management at the farm level in the region through direct contact with individual farmers and
livestock production managers.
Information from a range of standardised aggregate resources have been correlated to give a
picture of the livestock sector in the region and this is augmented by the results of survey
information from individual livestock operationson livestock numbers and annual manure/litter
production, storage and handling. The study has focused on larger scale operations only and has
been able to capture survey information from most farming operations in the area.
This integration of the aggregate and individual survey results highlights the difficulty in
quantifying and discussing sustainable manure management issues effectively at the farm levelin
the absence of a direct understanding of the volume of manure involved. By necessity this report
has adoptedstandardisedfigures for individual livestock production of phosphorus (P), and nitrogen
(N) which are key environmentalconsiderations at the landscape scale. The farm survey results,
particularly from the poultryproducers, show that manure/litter is currently treated as a
challengingbulky wastethat is an unavoidable by-product of production.The survey makes clear that
a main issue is still thehandling of manure/litter on adaily basis, as its value as an organic fertiliser is
poorly understood and undervalued.
Any progress toward sustainable use of the manure/litter on the landscape level will not be achieved
untilthe basic issues such as storage and volume reduction at the farm level are understood and
controlled.The survey also provides anecdotal evidence of secondary issues such inadequate
collection of contaminate effluent and wash water.
The report shows that, aside from a few notable cases, sustainable manure/littermanagementis not
an integral part of production system design in the region, and problemsassociated with any
increase in the volumes createdare not understood as a constraint on current or future livestock
production.
The impact on regulations surrounding the management of manure/litter are touched upon in
individual farm assessments along with a discussion on individual cases where public complaints
and regulatory non-compliance have highlighted the need for changes to manure/litter
management for individual poultry operations. The producers’ answers to these issues are primarily
based upon investment in additional “value added” treatmenttechnology to convert the
manure/litter into a marketable product. The report discusses those technologies that have already
been put in place as well aspotential new ones and highlight some of the issues they may face.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Across all sectors the lack or limited capacity of purpose-built facilities to handle and
treatmanure\litter is highlighted, as well as the very real economic restrictions that limit potential
investment in improved manure management strategies.
Most cattle farms report a reliance on in-field storage on a long term basis followed by land
application without any detailed management plans that can establish that this is beingdone in an
environmentally sustainable fashion. The pig sector is slightly different, with a larger proportion of
farms having purpose-built manure storage facilities.Based on the estimates of annual production
of pig manure made in the reportfor each farm, the overall capacity for storage is insufficientto
ensure sustainable land spreading.
Land spreading is the primary outlet for all manure in the region and the report highlights the
challenge of establishing if there is a sufficient suitable land base for its environmentally sustainable
usein theLeningrad Oblast that can support current and projected livestock numbers.The report
shows that there iscurrently no capacity to directly link the land base available for spreading to
individual sources oflivestock manure production. In addition there is no mechanism available to
assess the suitability and efficacyoffarm level manure management planning.
The report concludes that the lack of effectiveenforcement of environmental regulations remains a
systemic problem as it is the only primary mechanismto encourage the investment in and adoption
of more sustainable manure management strategies.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3
1. Introduction and Context ................................................................................................................ 9
2. Objectives and Scope ....................................................................................................................... 9
3. Methods and Data ......................................................................................................................... 10
4. Manure Management Practices on Farms in the Leningrad Region .............................................. 11
4.1 Aggregate Farm Data .................................................................................................... 11
4.1.1 Amount of Poultry / Livestock in Leningrad Oblast ............................................. 11
4.1.2 Amount of Manure/Litter and Nutrients ............................................................ 12
4.1.3 Availability of Manure Storage Facilities .............................................................. 1
4.1.4 Manure Management Methods and Shortcomings ............................................... 6
4.1.5 Projected figures for the development of livestock and poultry sectors .............. 10
4.1.6 Summary of Problems Identified across Farms in the Leningrad Oblast ............... 10
4.2 Individual Farm Data ..................................................................................................... 11
4.2.1 Poultry farms (>40,000 hens) ............................................................................ 11
4.2.2 Big livestock farms (>400 animals) .................................................................... 14
4.2.3 Pig Farms(>2,000 pigs) ...................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Individual Poultry Farm Development Needs ...................................................... 20
5. Brief Financial Overview of the Agricultural Sector in Leningrad Oblast ....................................... 26
5.1 Profit/loss, productivity, and indebtedness at Rayon level ............................................... 26
5.2 Possible support for investments into manure management technologies ...................... 30
5.2.1 Ecological Financing Options Available Worldwide ............................................. 30
5.2.2 Ecological Financing Options Available on the Russian Market ........................... 32
Annex 1. Individual Farm Data Sheets ............................................................................................... 35
A.
Open Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Primorskaya" (JSC "Poultry Farm Primorskaya") .... 35
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 35
2. Production levels/ Future plans ........................................................................................ 36
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary ....................................................................... 36
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 37
B.
Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Udarnik” (JSC “Udarnik”) ....................................... 39
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 39
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 39
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 40
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 41
C.
Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lagolovo” (CJSC “Lagolovo”)................................ 41
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 41
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 42
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 43
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 43
D.
Open Joint Stock Company "Lenptitseprom" ........................................................................... 45
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 45
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
2. Production levels/ Future plans ........................................................................................ 45
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary ....................................................................... 46
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 46
Limited Liability Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Lebyazhye” ............................................... 48
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 48
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 49
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 49
4. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 50
Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lomonosovskaya” (JSC Lomonosovskaya”) ............ 51
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 51
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 51
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 52
Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm “Nevskaya” (CJSC “Nevskaya”) ............................. 53
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 53
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 53
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 54
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 55
Closed Joint Stock Company "ZAO AgrokomplexOredej" ......................................................... 56
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 56
2. Production levels/ Future plans ........................................................................................ 56
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary ....................................................................... 57
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 58
Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Roskar” (JSC “Roskar”) ......................................... 60
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 60
2. Production levels/ Future plans ........................................................................................ 60
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary ....................................................................... 61
5. Summary of PIU Activity to Date with Farm ..................................................................... 63
Limited Liability Company “Poultry Farm Russko-Vysotskaya” (LLC “Russko-Vysotskaya”) ...... 64
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 64
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 64
3. Financial Situation .......................................................................................................... 64
4. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 65
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 66
Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Severnaya” (JSC “Severnaya”) ................................ 67
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 67
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 68
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 68
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 70
Closed Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Sinyavinskaya named after the 60th anniversary of
the USSR" (CJSC "Poultry Farm Sinyavinskaya") ...................................................................... 71
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 71
2. Production levels/ Future plans ........................................................................................ 71
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
M.
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary ....................................................................... 72
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 73
Open Joint Stock Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy” ........................................... 75
1. General Information ........................................................................................................ 75
2. Production Levels / Future plans ...................................................................................... 75
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation ..................................................................................... 76
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm ...................................................................... 77
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Tables and Figures
Table 1: Livestock numbers on all types of farms by the end of the year 2012, K heads* ...........................................11
Figure 1: Livestock Numbers on all types of farms by end of the year 2012(K heads) ............ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Table 2: Livestock numbers on large scale farms by the 1st of April, K heads ...................................................................12
Table 3. Annual nutrient production by different livestock (kg/head/y, Ympäristöministeriö 2008, NTP 17-99)1
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Table 4: Total number of poultry, cattle and pigs (heads), manure (tons/y) and N & P (tons/y) produced on all
farms surveyed in Leningrad region by 1 January 2013 ............................................................................................................13
Figure 2: P (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013 .........................13
Figure 3: N (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013 ........................14
Table 5: Nutrient Production from livestock for those farms surveyed along with required land for ...................14
environmentally safe organic fertilisation.......................................................................................................................................14
Table 6: Primary Farm Sources of P and N from manures across the Leningrad Oblast. .............................................15
Table 7: Nutrient output and farm types in different rayon’s. ................................................................................................17
Table 8: Manure/litter production on different farm sizes and land availability calculation for organic
fertilization ...................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Table 9 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in Leningrad region ................................................................................... 1
Figure 4 Availablility of on-farm equipped storage facilities (%) ............................................................................................ 1
Figure 5 Types of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities in the Leningrad region, as a % of overall farm
numbers, per specialization area ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
Table 10 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in different rayons of Leningrad oblast.......................................... 3
Table 11 On farm manure/litter storage facilities on different size farms in Leningrad oblast .................................. 4
Table 12 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities on different farm groups ............................ 4
Table 13 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities of farms of different size ............................. 5
Table 14 On farm levels available within manure/litter storage facilities on different sized farms .......................... 6
Table 15 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast ....... 7
Table 16 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast ....... 8
Figure 6 Methods of manure/litter utilization farms in Leningrad oblast, by farm specialisation ............................. 9
Table 17 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different sizes in Leningrad oblast ......................... 9
Table 18 Manure Management Data and Development Needs for Poultry Farms in the Leningrad Region .......21
Table 19 Share of profitable and loss making agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast .......................................27
Table 20 Credit-indebtedness of agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast, K. RUR.................................................28
Table 22 Volume of agricultural production in different rayons of Leningrad oblast (in actual prices), K. RUR.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Table 23 Farm Financial results in different rayons of Leningrad oblast ............................................................................30
The update and its analyses have been carried out within the framework of the project “Sustainable Manure
Management in Animal Farms in Leningrad oblast” project, funded by NEFCO, NDEP, FMoE and FMoAF.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
1. Introduction and Context
This report was commissioned as part of the project “Sustainable Manure Management in Animal
Farms in the Leningrad Region”. The overall objective of this project is to reduce nutrient runoff into
the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland (the Gulf) by implementing sustainable manure management
practices on large scale livestock farms in the Leningrad region.
Manure management is fairly underdeveloped in most farms in the Leningrad Region. Safe
spreading of manure to fields is often not possible due to a lack of field areas, so manure is often
spread in excess quantities over the available fields, or is stored in heaps or ponds, many of which
are now overfilled and risk having their structures collapse. Poultry farms in particular suffer from
the lack of sufficient fields for environmentally safe manure management, and poultry manure is
the main source of nutrient runoff, due to its high nutrient content. In this context, farms in the
Leningrad Oblast, and poultry farms in particular, pose a major pollution threat for the Gulf. Unsafe
manure management practices on cattle and pig farms also represent a growing threat, and it is
important to understand the extent of these practices in order to provide a reliable indication of the
risk of nutrient leaching to receiving water bodies and, eventually, to the Gulf.
2. Objectives and Scope
The objective of this report is to inspect and, where possible, quantify and qualitatively describe the
manure stores and manure spreading practices at poultry and other large livestock farms in the
Leningrad Region. This report is based upon data analysis carried out by the Sustainable Manure
Management Project Implementation Unit (PIU) between April and May 2013. Recent changes to
legislation relating to data security, including those specifying broad non-disclosure to “foreign”
organisations, resulted in the PIU encountering difficulty in obtaining detailed physical and financial
data from farms. Nonetheless, the current report details statistics related to the issues of sustainable
manure management in terms of general poultry/livestock numbers, quantity of manure produced,
and current methods of manure management on farms in the Leningrad Oblast, including:
 13 out of 17 industrial scale poultry farms in the Oblast (82%) The total poultry numbers in
entire Oblast is notcurrently known.
 All 15 industrial pig farms (100%) in the Oblast, including 7 pure pig farms and 8 mixed
livestock farms with pig units
 All 124 livestock farms (100%) in the Oblast, including 116 cattle livestock farms and 8
mixed farms with cattle units
Statistics from Family farms and Private Plot Holders are not part of this study.
Statistics from these large scale industrial farms are analysed in light of anecdotal, physical and
other evidence gathered by PIU experts, and contextualised to provide as complete a picture of
manure management practices on farms in the Leningrad Oblast, while respecting data security
legislation and the confidentiality of some of the information that farms’ provided.
The information produced in this report will be used in future phases of the NEFCO-funded
Sustainable Manure Management project, and will contribute toward the overall implementation of
the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan in Russia.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
3. Methods and Data
The research employed the following data collection methods and sources:

Farm visits

Face-to-face meetings

Phone interviews

Email inquiries

Monitoring of regional printed and electronic business and specialized media and market
reviews

Internet research

Previous studies conducted by marketing and consulting companies

Analysis of the manure output in Russia, Discovery Research group, 2012;

SZNNIMESH Justification of the ecologically sound technologies of manure/litter utilisation
on agricultural enterprises of north-west okrug of RF, Agriecological magazine #2 2011,
Kyiv;

Overviewof the organic fertilisers market in Leningrad Region, Maxwell Stamp Plc2012;

Sub-consultancy for development of technology for modernisation of manure processing
lines including detailing plant and machinery, preparation of complete packages of project
documents for three pilot livestock farms in the Leningrad region, NIRAS, 2012:

Review of potential Russian and International Markets for Organic Fertilisers Produced in
the Leningrad oblast by Large Animal Farms, POYRY, 2013.
The study contains data on:

Number of stock on big poultry, cattle and pig farms ( Main indicators of the development
of the agriculture in the Leningrad region, Annual reports of the Committee for Agriculture
and Fishery Complex of the Leningrad region for 2008-2012);

Volume of manure production on each farm (farm interviews,The system of normative
documents UDK.631.95.63621/4);

Type of manure storage facilities, and their capacity (site visits and farm interviews, Annual
reports of the Committee for Agriculture and Fishery Complex of the Leningrad region for
2008-2012);

Methods of manure/litter processing used on farms (site visits and farm interviews Annual
reports of the Committee for Agriculture and Fishery Complex of the Leningrad region for
2008-2012);

Farm profitability for the last 4 years (Annual farm financial reports for 2008-2012, farm
information update interviews);
The output from the project include livestock numbers of key farms in the region based onreal
world data andstandardised assessment of the P and K loading. The primary output is the
narrative on how individual farms are approaching manure management
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
4. Manure Management Practices on Farms in the Leningrad Region
This analysis begins by presenting an overall picture of the number of livestock and amount of
manure produced by all farms in the Leningrad oblast, with some rayon-level analysis.
The report then breaks down the available data on the basis of individual farms, with a particular
focus on poultry farms. It attempts to provide individual farm development needs, given the known
and estimated scale of manure management deficiencies on individual poultry farms.
4.1 Aggregate Farm Data
Livestock production is a leading agricultural branch in Leningrad oblast. It not only plays a very
important role in the region’s agricultural sector, accounting for a large proportion of the regional
GDP, but also holds significant social importance as it provides year-round employment and a stable
income for rural people.
4.1.1 Amount of Poultry / Livestock in Leningrad Oblast
Nationally it was reported that in 2012 the total number of livestock reached 179,000 cattle
(including 80,300 cows), 197,300 pigs, and 28.3 million poultry (see Table 1 below). Most livestock
production is concentrated on farms of different sizes and legal forms. 124 farms are involved in
cattle rearing (116 of these specialize in milk production, 8 mixed), 15 in pig rearing (7purely pig
production, 8 mixed) and 17 in poultry production.
Table 1: Livestock numbers on all types of farms by the end of the year 2012, K heads*
Type of animal
Cattle – total
of which are cows
Pigs
Poultry
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
190.3
78
66.5
18,400
184.2
77.5
66.3
19,600
185
77.5
90.8
20,400
183.3
77.7
166.2
20,600
176.8
76.9
182.2
22,.800
178.6
82.9
194.4
25,300
2012
179.7
80.3
197.3
28,.300*
*http://agroprom.lenobl.ru Monitoring of the main indicators in AIC (Agroindustrial complex)
Statistical Reports of the Agroindustrial Complex of Leningrad oblast in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

All poultry farms included
%
increase
from
2011 to
2013
100.6
96.9
101.5
111.9
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
The project team was able to obtained data on most of the livestock operations in the region (13
poultry, 15 Pig, and 97 cattle farms) for the first quarter of 2013 and a comparative analysis was
made between current and previous data(Table 2) available from national statistics.
Table 2: Livestock numbers on large scale farms by the 1st of April, K heads
Type of animal
2012 2
2013
Cattle – total
179.7
161
of which are cows
80.3
NA1
Pigs
197.3
201
Poultry
28300
27812
1 Information unavailable
*http://agroprom.lenobl.ru Monitoring of the main indicators in AIC (Agroindustrial complex)
Statistical Reports of the Agroindustrial Complex of Leningrad oblast in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
2
As shown in Table 2 the field survey was able to provide a close approximate to the regional
statistics. Difference in the numbers are attributed to changing stock numbers, focus on larger
farms in the survey, and lack of figures for some farms due to non-participation in the survey.
4.1.2 Amount of Manure/Litter and Nutrients
As part of the survey direct estimates of the amount of manure/litter generated on each farm were
made along with current stock numbers. The estimates of manure volumes have known limitations
but are included as they represent direct farm results and provide at least some insight in the
volume of material produced on an annual basis. A calculated levels of N and P loading are based on
per animal basis not on manure volumes.
The actual livestock population found as part of the survey, on the basis of numbers of heads, can
be found in Tables 4 and in Annex 1 to this report (Individual Farm Data Sheets).
Collectively, large poultry and livestock farms produce close to 5 million tons of manure/litter per
year (see and Table 4, overleaf). The breakdown of litter/manure produced in the region is the
following:
 Poultry litter – 1102034t
 Pig manure – 627399t
 Cattle manure – 3205282 t
This is problematic, particularly for poultry and pig farms, as many of these have no or a very small
amount of agricultural land suitable for spreading manure/litter as organic fertilizer, which means
that biogenic nutrients are leached into surrounding water bodies.
According to the project estimations the litter/manure produced on the regional farms in the
Leningrad area contains 9,223 tons of P and 38,219 tons of N (Table 4).
The project experts calculated the annual amount of P & N nutrient excretions based on the animal
numbers multiplied by the Russian HELCOM nutrient-excretion coefficients(Table 3) used for Russia,
which are specific for each animal group.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 3. Annual nutrient production by different livestock (kg/head/y, Ympäristöministeriö 2008,
NTP 17-99)1
Live Stock Group
Nitrogen (kg/head/y) Phosphorus
(kg/head/y)
i
Dairy cattle
74.5
18.3
Other cattle ii
30.1
6.65
iii
Pig
15.3
3.75
Poultry iv
1.02
0.25
- egg laying
1.11
0.27
- broiler
0.92
0.23
SYKE & MTT / HELCOM Feb 2010 Towards Enhanced Protection of the Baltic Sea from Main Land-based
Threats: Reducing Agricultural Loading (BaltHazar) Final Report
iCows were assumed to be dairy cowsiiAn average excretion of a cow, a bull, a heifer and a female and male calf.
iiiAn average excretion of a sow with piglets and a meat pig. The Russian values refer to the average of pigs
less than 70 kg and pigs more than 70 kg.
ivAn average excretion of a broiler chicken and egg-laying hen.
Table 4: Total number of poultry, cattle and pigs (heads), manure (tons/y) and N&P (tons/y) produced on all
farms surveyedin Leningrad region by 1 January 2013
Animal
Estimated Manure
Farm Type
numbers
tons/y
P tons/y (RUS)
N tons /y (RUS)
Poultry
27812090
1102034
7400
30300
Cattle – all classess1
161094
3205282
1071
4850
Pigs
200562
627,399
752
3069
Total
4934715
9223
38219
1
Due to the lack of detail cattle types all calculation are done based on “Other Cattle”
Figure 1: P (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
P tons /y (RUS)
Poultry
Cattle
Pigs
Figure 2: N (tons/y) produced by farm type surveyed in the Leningrad region by 1 January 2013
N tons /y (RUS)
Poultry
Cattle
Pigs
HELCOM recommends that the nutrient amount used when fertilizing should not exceed 170 kg/ha
of nitrogen and 25 kg/ha phosphorus. On this basis, farms in the Leningrad Region would
collectively need 368,920 ha of land for P application and 224,818 ha for N application to meet
environmentally-sound standards
Table 5: Nutrient Production from livestock for those farms surveyed along with required land for
environmentally safe organic fertilisation.
Percentage of
Number of
Groups of
Nutrients
TotalNutrients
farms in the
Livestock numbers
farms
produced (t/year)
Produced(%) in the
group
region1
Max
Arable
land
needed,
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
(ha)
Total
Livestock
P
N
P
N
Poultry
13
27,812,090
7,400
30,300
80
79
Cattle
97
161,094
1,071
4,850
12
13
Pig
12
200,562
752
3,069
8
8
296,000
42,840
30,080
* In Russia, agricultural land is classified into arable land (cultivated land), natural meadows and permanent pastures. Fertilization of
manure can be applied only on arable land.
SYKE & MTT / HELCOM Feb 2010 Towards Enhanced Protection of the Baltic Sea from Main Land-based Threats: Reducing
Agricultural Loading (BaltHazar) Final Report
1
Table 6: Primary Farm Sources of P and N from manures across the Leningrad Oblast.
% of total regionalorganic
% of total regional organic
Farm name
Rayon
Farm type
P output
P output
Severnaya
Kirovskiy
Poultry
33.33%
33.02%
Sinyavinskaya
Kirovskiy
Poultry
15.64%
15.50%
Roskar
Vyborgskiy
Poultry
14.69%
14.44%
Total
63.66%
62.96%
Table 5 shows the arable land requirement required for organic fertilization for each farm groupas
per the methodology described above in Section 4. The survey results found that poultry farms have
the highest land requirement for spread but have either none or only a small amount of agricultural
land suitable for applying manure in the form of organic fertilisers (460 ha have been estimated as
available out of the 296,000ha required to safely spread all manure produced). Table 6 shows that
three poultry farms in the region account for over 60% of the P and N production across the survey
region. This large and concentrated source of nutrients is of primary concern in terms of risk
assessment for pollution control.
The survey results were unable to fully establish the location and extent of land currently being
used for the spreading of manure by each individual farm. While there is the possibility that
manures could be spread on adjoining land and not reported, the large distances between the farms
presents a problem. Not only this, but there additional costs relating to processing manure/litter to
an applicable condition, including those associated with long storage, transportation (pellets,
granules) and spraying machinery, and the relatively higher costs for farms to apply organic versus
mineral fertilizers.
Table 7 shows the breakdown of N and P organic production across the rayons.There are substantial
variations between rayons and it is possible farms can sell/give manure/litter outside the boundaries
of their own rayon. However, in the rayons where many of the poultry farms are concentrated (e.g.
Vyborg, Kirov and Lomonosov), there is insufficient arable land to allow redistribution of
manure/litter as organic fertilizer. In these areas, new approaches to manure/litter utilization are
required to safeguard the environment.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
The livestock number survey has provided an estimate on the amount of manure and nutrient
content. From this an estimate of the land required to spread these nutrients in an environmentally
safe manner has been estimated. The primary sources (Table 6) of nutrient production have also
been highlighted and these should be the focus in the assessment of risk associated with surface
water loading of nitrogen and phosphorus from either inappropriate manure storage or
unsustainable land spreading.
A breakdown based on Rayon’s is shown in Table 7 and demonstrates that from an administrative
perspective nearly half the nutrients arising from animal manure in the Leningrad Oblast comes
from Kirovskiy rayon. Farming rules and obligations and other pressures in this region regarding
manure management should be the focus of a review to understand why this concentration of
animal manures has occurred.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 7:Nutrient output and farm types in different rayons.
Percentage of Total
Annual Nutrient Production
NutrientsOutput for the
(t/year)From Manure
Region
P output
N output
Rayon
t/year
t/year
%P
%N
Gatchinskiy
948.82768
3943.516
10.29%
10.31%
Kingissepp
64.15255
290.3747
0.70%
0.76%
Kirishky
35.7903
161.9982
0.39%
0.42%
Kirovskiy
4522.6713
18596.3
49.05%
48.61%
Lodeynipolskiy
20.0691
87.3846
0.22%
0.23%
Lomonosovskiy
415.80768
1713.066
4.51%
4.48%
Luzhskiy
159.58175
719.6395
1.73%
1.88%
Priozerskiy
171.7123
752.1908
1.86%
1.97%
Slantsevskiy
29.6324
134.1256
0.32%
0.35%
Tikhvinsky
39.53425
178.9445
0.43%
0.47%
Tosnenskiy
513.5564
2135.648
5.57%
5.58%
Volkhovskiy
91.1388
403.224
0.99%
1.05%
Volosovsky
153.59505
695.2197
1.67%
1.82%
Vsevoldhskiy
275.29495
1157.813
2.99%
3.03%
Vyborgskiy
1779.14679
7286.857
19.30%
19.05%
Total
9220.5113
Farm
numbers
19
4
4
3
3
12
12
10
2
4
10
7
13
9
10
38256.3
16%
3%
3%
2%
2%
10%
10%
8%
2%
3%
8%
6%
11%
7%
8%
122
18
Percentage of
those Farms in
Region
Farm types
Poultry
4
Pig
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
13
12
Cattle
12
4
4
1
2
8
11
9
2
4
8
6
13
6
7
97
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 8: Manure/litter production on different farm sizes and land availability
Number of farms in the group
Groups of farms as per livestock numbers
Total
Without livestock
Up to 2,585
From 2,585 to 7,714
More than 7,714
Total in the region
41
123
13
9
186
% of the total
22.0
66.1
7.0
4.8
100
Average
livestock in
the group,
head
0
992
5,161
57,308
3,789
19
Livestock numbers
Total,
head
0
121,970
67,091
515,773
704,834
Manure produced
% of total
Total, K. t.
0
17.3
9.5
73.2
100
0
3,162
550
1,342
5,055
% of
total
0
62.6
10.9
26.6
100
Arable land
Total, ha
11,666
185,394
13,378
250
210,688
% of total
5.5
88.0
6.3
0.1
100
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
4.1.3 Availability of Manure Storage Facilities
The current study showed that livestock enterprises in the region mainly use outdated methods of
manure storage – composting grounds, manure piles and pits etc. – which, in most cases, are poorly
fitted and are located on the edges of fields, or in specially-designated areas (Table 9).
Only 12.1% of cattle farms have specially-designated areas for manure storage, 21.4% of poultry
farms, 57.1% of pig farm, and 25% of mixed farms. Most cattle farms (68.1%) store manure on a
specially-organised (soil) field, whereas poultry farms prefer to have concrete grounds (71.4%).
Table 9 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in Leningrad region
Storage and processing of manure/litter
Number of
Group of farms as per
farms in the Equipped
Concrete
Soil field
Data not
specialisation:
group
storage
grounds
grounds
available
Cattle
116
14
0
79
23
% of total
100
12.1
0.0
68.1
19.8
Poultry
14
3
10
0
1
% of total
100
21.4
71.4
0.0
7.1
Pig production
7
4
0
1
2
% of total
100
57.1
0.0
14.3
28.6
Cattle and pigs
8
2
0
4
2
% ofthe total
100
25.0
0.0
50.0
25.0
Total in the region*
145
23
10
84
28
% of total
100
15.9
6.9
57.9
19.3
*The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms
Figure 4 Availability of on-farm equipped storage facilities (%)
1
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Figure 5 Types of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities in the Leningrad region, as a % of overall farm
numbers, per specialization area
Storage and processing of manure/litter Soil field grounds
Storage and processing of manure/litter Concrete grounds
Storage and processing of manure/litter Equipped storage
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Cattle
Poultry
Pig production
Cattle and pigs
Having completed the analysis of the available storage facilities it is worth mentioning that the
overall numbers presented in Table 9 above and Table 10 overleaf are insufficient to guarantee
ecologically sustainable manure/litter management in the region.
Table 10 overleaf demonstrates that livestock farms of 9 rayons in the Oblast have either no
specially-equipped manure/litter storage facilities, 4 rayons (Vyborgskiy, Volkhovskiy,
Lomonosovskiy, Priozerskiy) have such facilities on between 11.1-16.7% of all farms in the rayon,
and another 4 rayons (Vsevolzhskiy, Volosovskiy, Kingissepskiy, Slantsevskiy) have such facilities on
25-37% of all the farms in rayon.
2
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 10 On-farm manure/litter storage facilities in different rayons of Leningrad oblast
Method of manure/litter storage
Number of
Rayon name
farms in the
Equipped
Concrete
Soil/field
Data not available
rayon
storage
grounds
grounds
Boksitogorsk
2
0
0
0
2
% of total
100
0
0.0
0.0
100
Volosovskiy
14
5
0
8
1
% of total
100
35.7
0.0
57.1
7.1
Volkhovskiy
8
1
0
6
1
% of total
100
12.5
0.0
75.0
12.5
Vsevolzhskiy
8
3
0
5
0
% of total
100
37.5
0.0
62.5
0.0
Vyborgskiy
18
2
1
7
8
% of total
100
11.1
5.6
38.9
44.4
Gatchinskiy
19
0
4
12
3
% of total
100
0.0
21.1
63.2
15.8
Kingissepskiy
4
1
0
3
0
% of total
100
25.0
0.0
75.0
0.0
Kirishskiy
4
0
0
4
0
% of total
100
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
Kirovskiy
3
0
2
1
0
% of total
100
0.0
66.7
33.3
0.0
Lodeinopolskiy
3
0
0
3
0
% of total
100
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
Lomonosovskiy
13
2
3
7
1
% of total
100
15.4
23.1
53.8
7.7
Luzhskiy
12
0
0
11
1
% of total
100
0.0
0.0
91.7
8.3
Podporozhskiy
2
0
0
0
2
% of total
100
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
Priozerskiy
12
2
0
8
2
% of total
100
16.7
0.0
66.7
16.7
Slantesvskiy
4
1
0
1
2
% of total
100
25.0
0.0
25.0
50.0
Tikhvinskiy
8
0
0
4
4
% of total
100
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
Tosnenskiy
11
6
0
4
1
Total in the
region
145
23
10
84
28
% of total
100
15.9
6.9
57.9
19.3
3
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 11 suggests that farms of groups B & C have more opportunity to set up specially-designated
and equipped manure/litter storage facilities. Farms of group A, which constitute 84.8% of that
total number of farms, primarily use soil field grounds, whereas medium and large sized farms use
more specially-designated and equipped storage facilities (30.8% and 33.3%, respectively) as well as
concrete grounds (30.8% and66.7%, respectively). The group A farms (up to 2,586 conventional
heads) produce 3,162 mln tons of manure (62.6% of the overall regional amount), whereas the B
and C scale farms that constitute 15.2% of overall farm numbers produce 37.4% of manure (1,882
mln tons). A group farms by this classification have 88% of the arable land, whereas medium and
big enterprises own only 6.4% of the arable land.
Table 11 On farm manure/litter storage facilities on different size farms in Leningrad oblast
Numbe
Manure/litter storage and processing
Average in the
%
Group of farms as per
r of
method
group,
of
livestock numbers,
farms
conventionalhea
tota
Equip.
Concrete
Soil
Data not
heads
in the
d
l
storage
ground
ground available
group
GROUP A - Up to 2,585
991.6
123 84.8
16
0
81
26
% of total
100
13.0
0.0
65.9
21.1
GROUP B - 2,5857,714
5,160.8
13
9.0
4
4
3
2
% of total
100
30.8
30.8
23.1
15.4
GROUP C - over 7,714
57,308.1
9
6.2
3
6
0
0
% of total
100
33.3
66.7
0.0
0.0
145* 100
Total in the region
3,789.4
23
10
84
28
% of total
100
15.9
6.9
57.9
19.3
*The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms
23
1
2
2
28
79.49 2,984.4 62.5
11.1 1,117.46 23.4
4.3
96.8 2.0
5.1
578.9 12.1
100
4,778 100
4
%of total
Capacity of the
manure storage
with turnaround,Kt.
%to the total
93
13
5
6
117
Manure output, K t.
82.14
3.6
7.1
7.1
100
% of total
number
116
14
7
8
145*
% of total
Cattle
Poultry
Pig
Mixed cattle & pig
Total in the oblast
number
Number of farms
in the group
Table 12 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities on different farm groups
Including farms:
On farms provided data
Not data
Data
provided
provided
Group of farms
442.5
50
180 20.4
66 7.5
195 22.1
884 100
Levelof availability
of equipped storage
facilities, %
The level of provision within the available specialized equipped storage facilities is quite low. The
overall provision within specialized equipped storage facilities among the regional farms that
provided data is 18.5%, including: 14.8% among cattle farms, 16.1% among poultry farms, 68.2%
among pig farms, and 22.7% among mixed cattle and pig farms (Table 12).
14.8
16.1
68.2
33.7
18.5
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
* The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms
2
1
1
0
8
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
4
1
28
7.1
3.6
3.6
0.0
28.6
10.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.6
3.6
7.1
7.1
7.1
14.3
3.6
100.0
0.0
180.0
15.0
82.5
120.0
0.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
66.0
30.0
0.0
330.0
883.5
% of total
0
0.0
481 10.1
247
5.2
268
5.6
474
9.9
492 10.3
209
4.4
122
2.6
639 13.4
46
1.0
274
5.7
331
6.9
0
0.0
386
8.1
50
1.1
103
2.2
656 13.7
4,778 100.0
Capacity of storage with
trurnover,t.
0.0
11.1
6.0
6.8
8.5
13.7
3.4
3.4
2.6
2.6
10.3
9.4
0.0
8.5
1.7
3.4
8.5
100.0
% of total
number
0
13
7
8
10
16
4
4
3
3
12
11
0
10
2
4
10
117
Manure output,K.t.
0
2
14
8
8
18
19
4
4
3
3
13
12
2
12
4
8
11
145*
% of total
Boksitogorskiy
Volosovskiy
Volkhovskiy
Vsevolzhskiy
Vyborgskiy
Gatchinskiy
Kingissepskiy
Kirishskiy
Kirovskiy
Lodeynopolskiy
Lomonosovskiy
Luzhskiy
Podporozhskiy
Priozerskiy
Slantsevskiy
Tikhvinskiy
Tosnenskiy
% of total
Rayon
number
Number of farms in the rayon
Table 13 Availability Level of on-farm manure/litter storage facilities on farms of different size
including:
Farms provided data
Not provided
Provided data
data
0
20
2
9
14
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
7
3
0
37
100
Levelof availability of
equipped storage facilities, %
The available levels of provision within specialized storage facilities varies from 0% (Gatchinskiy,
Kiroshskiy, Lodeynopolskiy, Luzhskiy, and Tikhvinskiyrayons) up to 59.6% (Slantsevskiy) (Table 13).
0.0
37.4
6.1
30.8
25.3
0.0
14.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.9
0.0
0.0
17.1
59.6
0.0
50.3
18.5
* The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms
Table 14overleaf demonstrates that the available levels of equipped manure/litter storage facilities
are higher among big farms.
5
57,308
9
3,789 145*
2
28
7.1
100
6
117
%to the total
93
13
Capacity of the storage with
turnover factor,K t.
82.1
3.6
% of total
23
1
Manure output,K.t.
123
13
% of total
992
5,161
number
% of total
GROUP C - over 7,714
Total in the region
number
GROUP A - Up to 2,585
GROUP B - 2,585- 7,714
Number of farms
Farm group, heads
Average in the group, con.head
Table 14 On farm levels available within manure/litter storage facilities on different sized farms
Including farms:
Farms provided data
No data
Data
provided
provided
Levelof availability of
equipped storage facilities, %
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
79.49 2,984.4 62.5 442.5
50 14.8
11.1 1,117.46 23.4
180 20.4 16.1
5.1
100
578.9 12.1
4,778 100
195 22.1 33.7
884 100 18.5
* The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms
Among the farms that provided data, the level of availability in storage facilities is 14.8% in total,
which is lower than the average in the oblast by 3.7%. The availability rate among the 11.1% of
medium-sized agricultural enterprises that provided data was 16.1%, which is 2.4% lower than the
average in the oblast. The level of availability of equipped storage facilities among the 5.1% of large
farms that provided data is virtually twice as high, at 33.7%.
4.1.4 Manure Management Methods and Shortcomings
The low rate of availability of equipped storage facilities, combined with the lack of agricultural land
around a number of poultry and pig farms, leads to a high excess of accumulated manure/litter
during the agricultural season, sometimes exceeding the capacity of available storage facilities by
twofold or more. Because of this, farmers need to place manure/litter on non-prepared sites, where
it is washed away by rain, and affluent waters contaminate underground and open water resources,
as well as land around manure/litter storage places.
The lack of manure/litter storage facilities, especially for the liquid fraction, results in the farm
distributing it on the fields (where possible) all year round, or using soil grounds and terrains for
manure storage. The absence of protection facilities for affluent and storm water on the farms is
therefore a serious hazard.
On a number of farms the capacity of existing manure/litter storage facilities is too low to allow
manure application only in the period of its active use by the plants.
The current practice of manure/litter storage provides for the methods of its utilization in the
region- mainly long storing, composting and application on the fields (including application on
other neighbouring farms).
6
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
When analysing manure utilization practices by type of farm (Table 15), we see that all farms in the
Leningrad oblast use either long storing, composting or application on fields to deal with their litter.
New methods of manure storage and processing (separation of liquid and solid fractions before
storage/application) have been introduced on only 1.7% of cattle farms, 14% of pig farms and
12.5% of mixed farms.
Table 15 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast
Methods of manure utilization
Number
Separation,
Farm
of farms
Long storage
Composting,
long storage
Composting
No
specialisation
in the
and
long storage
and
and application
data
group
application
and application
application
Cattle
116
2
10
79
2
23
% of total
100.0
1.7
8.6
68.1
1.7
19.8
Poultry
14
0
2
11
0
1
% of total
100.0
0.0
14.3
78.6
0.0
7.1
Pig
7
1
3
1
0
2
% of total
100.0
14.3
42.9
14.3
0.0
28.6
Cattle & pig
8
1
1
4
0
2
% of total
100.0
12.5
12.5
50.0
0.0
25.0
Total in the
145*
oblast
4
16
95
2
28
% of total
100.0
2.8
11.0
65.5
1.4
19.3
* The figure includes 14 poultry, 7 pig, 116 cattle and 8 mixed livestock farms
Similar results are found on the rayon level in Leningrad oblast (Table 16). New methods of
manure/litter application are only used in Priozerskiy and Tosnenskiyrayons.
7
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 16 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different specialization in Leningrad oblast
Methods of manure/litter utilisation
Number
of farms
separation,
composting,
Rayon grouping
Long storage Composting &
No
in the
long storage
long storage
& application
application
data
rayon
&application
& application
Boksitogorskiy
2
0
0
0
0
2
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 100.0
Volosovskiy
14
1
4
8
0
1
% of total
100.0
7.1
28.6
57.1
0.0
7.1
Volkhovskiy
8
0
1
6
0
1
% of total
100.0
0.0
12.5
75.0
0.0
12.5
Vsevolzhskiy
8
0
1
6
1
0
% of total
100.0
0.0
12.5
75.0
12.5
0.0
Vyborgskiy
18
0
2
8
0
8
% of total
100.0
0.0
11.1
50.0
0.0
38.9
Gatchinskiy
19
0
0
16
0
3
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
84.2
0.0
15.8
Kingissepskiy
4
0
0
3
1
0
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
75.0
25.0
0.0
Kirishskiy
4
0
0
4
0
0
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Kirovskiy
3
0
0
3
0
0
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Lodeynopolskiy
3
0
0
3
0
0
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Lomonosovskiy
13
0
2
10
0
1
% of total
100.0
0.0
15.4
76.9
0.0
7.7
Luzhskiy
12
0
0
11
0
1
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
91.7
0.0
8.3
Podporozhskiy
2
0
0
0
0
2
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 100.0
Priozerskiy
12
2
0
8
0
2
% of total
100.0
16.7
0.0
66.7
0.0
16.7
Slantsevskiy
4
0
1
1
0
2
% of total
100.0
0.0
25.0
25.0
0.0
50.0
Tikhvinskiy
8
0
0
4
0
4
% of total
100.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
50.0
Tosneskiy
11
1
5
4
0
1
% of total
100.0
9.1
45.5
36.4
0.0
9.1
Total in the oblast
145
4
16
95
2
28
%of total
100.0
2.8
11.0
66.2
1.4
18.6
8
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Figure 6 Methods of manure/litter utilization farms in Leningrad oblast, by farm specialisation
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Cattle
Poultry
Pig
Cattle & pig
Total in the
oblast
Methods of manure utilisation Composting, long storage and application
Methods of manure utilisation Composting and application
Methods of manure utilisation Long storage and application
Methods of manure utilisation Separation, long storage and application
Big farms use new methods of manure/litter utilisation more widely when compared with small
farm units (Table 17). Thus in the first group of farms (Group A) only 1.6% use separation with long
storage and application, in the second group (Group B) this figure is equal 7.7%, in the third group
(Group C) – 11.1%.
GROUP A - Up to 2,585
% of total
GROUP B - 2,585- 7,714
% of total
GROUP C - Over 7,714
% of total
Total in the oblast
% of total
992
5,161
57,308
3,789
123
100
13
100
9
100
145
100
2
1.6
1
7.7
1
11.1
4
2.8
9
13
10.6
2
15.4
1
11.1
16
11.0
82
66.7
7
53.8
7
77.8
96
66.2
1
0.8
1
7.7
0
0.0
2
1.4
No data
composting, long
storage & application
Composting and
application
Long storage and
application
separation, long
storage and
application
Number of farms in the
group
Farm size.
Average in the group
con.heads.
Table 17 Methods of manure/litter utilization on the farms of different sizes in Leningrad oblast
Methods of manure/litter utilisation
25
20.3
2
15.4
0
0.0
27
18.6
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
4.1.5 Projected figures for the development of livestock and poultry sectors
The projected figures for the development of livestock and poultry sectors for the period 2020
have recently become available to the public. These figures forecast a substantial increase of
poultry, livestock and pig numbers in all farm categories of the Leningrad Region. It is expected
that the bird population will increase from 28,300 mln (2012) up to 32,300 mln (2020), a 14.1%
increase, pig numbers from 197,330 (2012) to 400,000 (2020), a 202.7% increase, and cattle
numbers from 179,700 (2012) to 262,000 (2020), a 45.8% increase.
4.1.6 Summary of Problems Identified across Farms in the Leningrad Oblast
Combined data and observations from the current study demonstrate that most of the
manure/litter facilities on farms in the Leningrad oblast do not meet ecological requirements. Farms
often tend to underreport the volume of manure/litter produced, as well as how much of this is
appropriately used in the form of organic fertilizer.
Farms in the region consistently demonstrated a low capacity for correctly storing manure in the nonagricultural season, when it cannot or should not be spread on fields. On the studied farms, the
volume of manure produced during winter housing season was found to be 1.5-2 times higher than
the capacity for storing it. Some farms did not have any storage facilities at all.
Other problems revealed by the current study include:

Farms spreading the liquid fraction of manure on fields all year round, in violation of
current legislature;

Usage of ground folds, terrain folds and fields for manure/litter storage, which are unable
to be fully cleaned , thus leading to the contamination of the subsurface waters;

Absence of protective facilities which can retain and gather effluent and drain waters
contaminated by manure content from the farms’ territories;

Discharge of sewage waters from milk storage buildings and equipment washing into the
manure pits, terrain andreclamation canals;

Absence of drain collection systems and effluent storages on farms;

Lack of qualified farm personnel; poor on-farm technological control equipment; violation
of technological storage requirements; regulations relating to transportation and the
application of organic fertilisers.
The above factors affect the environment and also result in heavy losses in agricultural production.
Shortfall in yields due to manure/litter underutilization is estimated at around 100–120 K. tons of
grain, and it is estimated that around 5-7 billion RUR of environmental damage results (data from
draft programme “Manure/litter utilization by agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast for 20132020”).
10
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
As the population of livestock constantly increases, the amount of manure/litter output also
continues to grow, requiring ever more sophisticated and larger scale methods for processing and
utilizing manure/litter. The increase of numbers of livestock, pigs and poultry should be
accompanied by the construction of new equipped manure storage facilities, modernization and
expanding the existing ones, and applying new technologically proven manure processing
technologies.
The current analysis suggests the following reasons are behind the slow development and
introduction of new efficient manure/litter utilization methods:

High capital intensity of the majority of manure/litter management projects at a reasonably
low agricultural production efficiency;

Absence of demonstrated production units of manure/litter utilization;

Lack of companies capable of designing and implementing safe manure/litter utilization
technologies on a professional level;

Credit burden of most agricultural enterprises;

Manure and other by-products of milk, meat and eggs production are considered of
secondary or little importance, and therefore it is not a primary concern for farms to
implement non-hazardous manure management practices;

Current ecological legislature does not provide sufficient financial penalties for agri cultural
enterprises who do not implement environmentally sustainable manure management
practices. Current ecological sanctions and penalties (e.g. 10,000-40,000 RUR per annum
for poultry farms) are seen as preferable to the costs of introducing manure man agement
and utilization technology;

Lack of economic incentives for enterprises to introduce environment friendly technologies,
or to apply organic fertilisers produced from manure/litter;

Lack of information on new progressive methods of manure management, and on nutritive
values of organic fertilisers and their importance for agriculture and the environment;
Capital costs to implement investment projects targeted at improving manure/litter utilization
could cost half the price of the whole agricultural enterprise construction. With this view in
mind the development of low cost, highly efficient technologies and equipment for ecologically
safe manure processing/utilization has not only ecological but economic and social importance.
4.2 Individual Farm Data
4.2.1 Poultry farms (>40,000 hens)
The number of birds stated in the below table represents the total number of birds on the poultry
farm (including youngsters) as at 1 October 2013. Individual poultry farm data sheets found in
Annex 1 of this report give annual average of layers/broilers on each farm.
Name of the
farm
Total
Number
of
birdshea
Layers,
heads
Broilers,he
ads
Quantity of
manure(t/ye
ar)
11
Type ofmanure
storage and
capacity
Manure
management(techno
logy, t/year)
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
ds
579,120
579,120
579,120
579,120
0
26,808
Vyborgskiy
rayon
Poultry
factory“Udar
nik”
6,670,62
7
577,400
4,626,52
7
329,400
2,044,000
202,629
248,000
JSC " Poultry
Factory
Primorskaya"
810,427
810,427
JSC " Poultry
Factory
Roskar"
5,282,800 3,48700
0
Vsevolzhskiy
rayon
JSC "Poultry
Factory
Nevskaya"
26,808
1,796,000
Storage facility
(40,000 m3)
26,808 t/year
Concrete storage
facility with total
capacity of 40,000
m3
Still operating but
closing soon after
bankruptcy
36,700
4 open
reservoirs with
paved bottom
and sides (total
capacity 40,000
m3)
450 ha of own
land for
manure
spreading
32,000
4 open
reservoirs with
paved bottom
& sides (total
capacity
40,000m3)
167 ha of own
land for
manure
spreading
133,929
Compostinggro
und
20,000 m2
600 ha of own
land for
23,238t/year
Approximately
30,000t manure is
currently in 3 of the
4 concrete reservoirs
(one is empty, one is
in the process of
being emptied)
5,850 t (16% of
annual output) can
be safely spread on
farm’s own land
32,000 t/year
199,480t of manure
is
currently
in
storage and on fields
27,500t manure is
currently in the 4
concrete
storage
reservoirs (2 full, one
¾ full, one empty)
2,171 t (6.8% of
annual output) can
be safely spread on
farm’s own land
Drying
and
incineration is being
considered as a
solution
133,929 t/year
20,000
t
in
composting ground
13,000
t
dried,
granulated
and
12
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Gatcinskiy
rayon
"Perepyeloch
ka" Ltd
JSC
"Lenptitsepro
m"
JSC "Oredezj"
JSC "Poultry
Factory
Voiskovitsi"
Kirovskiy
rayon
JSC "Poultry
Factory
Sinyavinskaya
"
2,437,09
4
161,240
1,378,73
8
161,240
137,006
309,530
309,530
13,849
1,157,324 1,157,32
4
79,000
809,000
97,494
809,000
16,723,0 11,381,0
00
00
5,342,000 5,342,00
0
7,518
manure
spreading
marketed
in
granulation plant
93,129 t processed
into organic fertiliser
using
the
microbiological
preparation
"SilyUrozjaya" (“The
Power
of
the
Harvest”)
7,800 t (5.8% of
annual output) can
be safely spread on
farm’s own land
Drying and
incineration is being
considered as a
solution
Concrete
composting
ground
Concrete
composting
ground
Concrete
composting
ground
Composting,
7,518 t/year
Concrete
composting
ground
Composting,
13,849t/year
79,000 t/year
32,704 t stored on
farm
8,690 t (11% of
annual output) can
be safely spread on
farm’s own land
460 t used on farm
1,011t biofermented
67,679 t given to
farms in Luga region
Composting, 97,494
t/year
618,170
242,435
13
Concrete and
soil composting
grounds
Composting,
242,435 t/year
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
JSC "Poultry
Farm
Severnaya"
11,381,00
0
11,381,000
375,735
Lomonosovsk
iy rayon
JSC "Poultry
Factory
Lagolovo"
1,444,03
8
379,450
"Poultry
factory
RusskoVysotskaya"
LTD
"Poultry
Factory
Lebyazhye"
LTD
Concrete and
soil composting
grounds
375,735 t/year
There are speciallyequipped manure
storages on site, but
375,000 tons of
manure will still
remain after long
term storage and
fermentation
The farm has none of
its own land for
manure use
631,039
808,999
56,566
367,830
11,620
16,840
Speciallyequipped
manure storage
facility (9,000 t
capacity)
Concrete
composting
grounds (2,000
t capacity)
Composting
grounds (3,000
t capacity)
12,500t/year
14,000 t can be
stored and
composted
according to current
capacity of manure
management
facilities, and these
are currently filled
with 13,000 t of
manure (nearly at
capacity)
2,379 t (19% of
annual output) of
manure can be safely
spread on farm’s
own land
735599
91,829
643,770
27,037
Concrete and
soil composting
grounds
27,037 t/year
Farm bankrupt: will
probably close or be
taken over by
Sinyavinskaya
287,000
183,000
104,000
12,689
Concrete and
soil composting
grounds
Composting,
8,210 t/year
4.2.2 Big livestock farms (>400 animals)
Name of the farm
Number
Quantity Type & capacity of
14
Manure management (technology,
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
of
animals
Volosovsky rayon
JSC"Pedigreed Farm
Gomontovo"
23,230
2,873
of
manure,
t/year
490585
51,756
manure storage
quantity t/year)
yes (15,000 m3)
on ground storage
compound
yes (15,000 m3)
Separation, long storage and
application,
51,756 t/year
Composting and application
25,058 t/year
Long storage and application,
35,280 t/year
Composting and application
25,878t/year
Composting and application
9,920 t/year
Composting and application
53,049 t/year
Composting and application
43,130 t/year
Long storage and application
57,578 t/year
Long storage and application
57,362 t/year
Composting and application
32,347 t/year
Composting and application,
36,660 t/year
Composting and application
34,504 t/year
Composting and application
28,336 t/year
"Seltso"
1,145
25,058
"Trud"
1,989
35,280
JSC "Ushevitsy"
1,199
25,878
JSC " Syaglitsy"
470
9,920
JSC "Ostrogovitsy"
2,379
53,049
JSC "Symino"
1,730
43,130
OJSC "Udarnik"
2,319
57,578
On ground storage
compound
yes (30,000 m3)
JSC " Pedigreed farm
Rabotitsy"
JSC“Pedigreed Farm
Torosovo"
JSC "Pedigreed Farm
Leninski put"
SF "Demonstration
Farm Kalozhitsy"
"Volna"
3,372
57,362
yes (35,000 m3)
1,722
32,347
1,863
36,660
1,379
34,504
657
28,336
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Volkhovsky rayon
JCS "Volkhovsky"
10,572
2,027
225436
43,431
JCS "Zarechye"
2,037
49,599
JCS "Aleksino"
1,144
26,309
OJCS "Pedigreed Farm
Myslinsky”
OJCS "Pedigreed Farm
Novoladozhskiy"
2,006
44,423
2,655
46,148
“Ferma" Ltd
703
15,526
Vsevolzhskiy rayon
10,022
195,244
on ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
yes (25,000 m3)
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
15
Composting and application
43,431 t/year
Composting and application
49,599 t/year
Composting and application
26,309 t/year
Composting and application
44,423 t/year
46,148 t/year has slurry separator
needs storage for liquid faction and
injection equipment
Composting and application
15,526 t/year
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
AC “Progorodny"
2,766
48,089
JSC "PF Prinevskoye"
2,134
39,463
"Milk farm Bugry
711
12,205
OJSC
"SovkhozVsevolzhsky"
OJSC "Sputnik"
1,659
34,503
1,074
17,855
"Ruchyi"
1,678
43,129
Vyborgsky rayon
"Matrosovo" Ltd
8990
1,355
196235
25,877
"Losyevo" Ltd
1,384
30,276
AC "Shestakovskiy"
532
15,785
AC"Polyany"
1,653
35,797
"Smena" Ltd
1,658
37,522
AC"CoophazNiva"
1,607
31,915
AC"Ryabovskiy"
801
19,063
Gatchinskiy rayon
JSC "Gatchinskoye"
17,462
1,464
356825
36,660
OJSC PF “Plamya"
2,575
49,685
JSC "Orlinskoye"
1,405
27,387
AC "Kobralovskiy"
1,314
25,877
OJSC PF
“Krasnogvariskiy”
JSC "Chernovo"
2,209
40,541
1,658
32,347
JSC “PF Bolshevik"
1,640
32,347
ОJSC "PF Lesnoye"
1,948
39,247
"Slavyanka" Ltd.
1,100
22,211
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound + storage
(10000 m3)
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application
8,089 t/year
Composting, long storage and
application, 39,463 t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application
25,877 t/year
Composting and application
30,276 t/year
Composting and application
15,785 t/year
Composting and application
35,797 t/year
Composting and application
37,522 t/year
Composting and application
31,915 t/year
Composting and application
9,063 t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
Composting and application
36,660 t/year
Composting and application
49,685 t/year
Composting and application
27,387 t/year
Composting and application
25,877 t/year
Composting and application
40,541 t/year
Composting and application, 32,347
t/year
Composting and application, 32,347
t/year
Composting and application, 39,247
t/year
Composting and application, 22,211
16
Composting and application
12,205 t/year
Composting and application
34,503 t/year
Composting and application
17,855 t/year
Composting and application
43,129 t/year
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
SF DF"Suida"
513
13,542
JSC "Iskra"
517
11,515
JSC PF "Niva"
1,119
25,446
Kingissep rayon
JSC "Pribrezhnoye"
9,647
1,005
209,090
22,643
JSC "Kotelskoye"
2,629
56,844
JSC "PF"Agro- Balt"
3,301
66,850
JSC "Opolye"
2,712
62,753
Kirishsky rayon
Farm Cooperative
"Osnichevskiy"
JSC "Kirishskiy"
5,382
2,030
122,54
47,571
1,021
21,435
JSC "Budogosch"
1,510
34,503
JSC "Berezovskoye"
821
18,545
Kirovskiy rayon
Farm Coooperative
"DalnayaPolyana"
Lodeinopolski rayon
JSC"Oyatskoye"
1,122
1,122
20,702
20,702
1,854
412
39,894
8,410
JSC “ Rasvet”
1,442
31,484
Lomonovskiy rayon
JSC "Pobeda"
8,472
1,520
180,279
33641
JSC "Mozhaiskoye"
849
19,796
JSC "Predportovoy"
1,285
27,732
JSC"Koporye"
722
14,534
"Koporye” Ltd.
412
13,672
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
t/year
Composting and application, 13,542
t/year
Composting and application, 11,515
t/year
Composting and application, 25,446
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound + storage
facility (20000 м3)
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application, 22,643
t/year
Composting and application, 56,844
t/year
composting, long storage and
application, 66,850 t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application, 47,571
t/year
Composting and application, 21,435
t/year
Composting and application, 34,503
t/year
Composting and application, 18,545
t/year
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application, 20,702
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application,8,410
t/year
Composting and application,31,484
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Storage facility
(15,000 m3)
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application,33,641
t/year
Composting and application,19,796
t/year
Long storage and application,27,732
t/year
Long storage and application,14,534
t/year
Long storage facility and
application,13,672 t/year
17
Composting and application, 62,753
t/year
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
JSC DemoFarm
"KrasnayaBaltica
JSC "Kipen"
1,740
31,484
875
17,640
JSC "Krasnoselskoye"
1,069
21,780
Luzhskiy rayon
ОJSC "Voloshovo"
23095
926
325,320
23,289
JSC PF “Rapti"
2,173
41,490
"Sheremetyevo" Ltd
854
17,467
ОJSC "Partisan"
1,584
32,778
"Satis"
481
20,745
"Pravda"Ltd
872
32,778
JSC "Novoyevremya"
950
21,909
JSC "Oredezhskiy"
1,513
34,934
JSC "Skreblovo"
1,547
34,805
PF"Urozhai"
1,023
21,996
ОJSC "Rassvet"
11,172
43,129
Priozerskiy rayon
JSC "PF Razdolye"
17,787
1,526
339123
31,484
JSC PF "Petrovskiy"
2,300
43,172
JSC PF "Rastsvet"
1,669
29,759
JSC "PF Grazhdanskiy"
3,155
51,755
JSC PF
“Krasnoarmeiskiy”
1,915
38,902
JSCPF
"Krasnoozernoye"
2,393
47,442
JSC PF
1,736
43,129
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application, 31,484
t/year
Composting and application, 17,640
t/year
Composting and application,21,780
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application, 23,289
t/year
Composting and application,41,490
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application,17,467
t/year
Composting and application,32,778
t/year
Composting and application,20,745
t/year
Composting and application,32,778
t/year
Composting and application,21,909
t/year
Composting and application,34,934
t/year
Composting and application,34,805
t/year
Composting and application,21,996
t/year
Composting and application,43,129
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application,31,484
t/year
Composting and application,43,172
t/year
Composting and application,29,759
t/year
Composting and application,51,755
t/year
Composting and application,38,902
t/year
On ground storage
compound+ storage
facility (20000 m3)
On ground storage
Composting, separation, long
storage and application,47,442
t/year
Composting and application,43,129
18
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
"Pervomaiskoye"
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
t/year
Going to go to separation, storage
application liquid faction on own
land
Composting and application,31,053
t/year
Composting and application,22,427
t/year
Storage facility(20,000
m3)
On ground storage
compound
Long storage and application,
48,305 t/year
Composting and application,37,738
t/year
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application,40,541
t/year
Composting and application,24,152
t/year
Composting and application,31,484
t/year
On ground storage
compound,15,526 t/year
Storage facility
(30,000 m3)
On ground storage
compound
On ground storage
compound
Storage capacity
(15000 m3)
Storage facility
(25000 m3)
On ground storage
compound
Storage facility (20000
m3)
Long storage and application,61,157
t/year
Composting and application,20,702
t/year
Composting and application,60,597
t/year
Long storage and application,36,358
t/year
Long storage and
application57,793t/year
Composting and application,17,424
t/year
Long storage and application,33,641
t/year
18,804
On ground storage
compound
Composting and application,18,804
t/year
Quantity
of
Type of manure
storage & capacity
Manure management (technology;
t/year)
JSC "Melnikovo"
1,670
31,053
JSC "Sudakovo"
1,023
22,427
Slantsevskiy rayon
JSC "Rodina"
4,456
2,376
86043
48,305
JSC "Osminskoye"
2,080
37,738
Tikhvinskiy rayon
JSC “ Andreyevskoye"
5945
1,969
111703
40,541
JSC "Gorskiy"
1,316
24,152
JSC "Cultura-Agro"
1,906
31,484
JSC "Isakovskiy"
754
15,526
Tosnenskiy rayon
Farm Cooperative " PF
Detskoselskiy"
Farm
cooperative"Shushary"
JSC "PF Telman"
13591
2,844
306476
61,157
974
20,702
2,286
60,597
JSC "Agrotechnika”
1,777
36,358
JSC "Lyuban"
2,722
57,793
" Voskhod" Ltd.
719
17,424
"Petrokholod.
Agricultural
technologies"
" Farm Voskhod" Ltd,
1,518
33,641
751
4.2.3 Pig Farms(>2,000 pigs)
Name of the farms
Number
of pigs
19
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Volkhovskiy rayon
"Rassvet plus"
5,556
5,556
manure
t/year
20,786
20,786
Vsevolzhskiy rayon
JSC PF "Ruchyi"
13,943
10,591
45,305
32,764
"Svinka" Ltd
3,352
12,540
Gatchinskiy rayon
JSC “PF Plamya”
46,584
7,822
144,113
24,198
"Rusbelgo"LTD
JSC "Novyisvet"
Lodeynipolskiy rayon
"Oyatskoye" Ltd
25,713
13,049
2,064
2,064
79,545
40,368
5,611
5,611
Lomomosovskiy rayon
"Psofida" Ltd
3,011
3,011
11,264
11,264
Luzhskiy rayon
JSC PF"Rapti"
1,600
1,600
4,949
4,949
Priozerskiy rayon
"Livestock complex
Bor" Ltd
14,957
14,957
46,271
46,271
Tosneskiy rayon
"Ryurik -Agro"
112,847
95,384
349,103
295,080
Agroholding
"Pulkovskiy"
17,463
54,023
Storage capacity
(10,000 m3)
Long storage and application,
20,786 t/year
Storage capacity
(20,000 m3)
Storage capacity
(5,000 m3)
Long storage and application,
32,764 t/year
Long storage and application,
12,540 t/year
Storage capacity
(15,000 m3)
-
Long storageand application,
24,198 t/year
Soil grounds
Composting and application,
5,611 t/year
Storage facility (5,000
m3)
Long storage andapplication,
11,264 t/year
Soil grounds
Composting and application,
4,949 t/year
Storage facility
(24,000 m3)
separation, long storage, building
peat “cascade” filtration system for
liquid faction
46,271 t/year
Storage facility
(100,000 m3)
Storage facility
(30,000 m3)
separation, composting, long
storage,295,080 t/year
Long storage and application,
54,023 t/year
4.2.4 Individual Poultry Farm Development Needs
Individual data sheets for each poultry farm in the Leningrad Region can be found in Annex 1 to
this report. These data sheets contain detailed information on past and current production levels,
estimated financial data, information on the current manure/poultry litter situation, current manure
management issues identified, and PIU work with each farm to date.
20
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 18 below summarises the key findings from the individual poultry farm data update, namely
what issues have been identified with managing each farm’s annual manure output, and how the
PIU has been and continues to work with each farm.
Table 18Manure Management Data and Development Needs for Poultry Farms in the Leningrad Region
Farm
Manure Details
Development needs
Primorskaya
At present, the poultry farm has an average Analysis by the PIU has shown that under
of 700,000 laying hens. The poultry farm the current production conditions, being
produces on average 80 tons of manure a lack of agricultural land and limited
day; up to 37,543 tonnes annually. The regional marketsfor organic fertilizers,
manure is stored in four stores of a total there is a constant need for heat to warm
area of 40,000 m2. The farm has no land of the poultry houses. The most appropriate
its own; recently the farm tried to buy method of poultry litter management is
some land in the Pskov region but was therefore incineration to produce heat for
unsuccessful. The farm is also unusual in poultry houses, and to sell resultant ash for
that is has no piped gas so relies on diesel mineral fertilizer or as use as a filler in the
fuel and coal for heat for the chicken manufacture of concrete blocks. Cage litter
houses, processing plant and other farm is at the wetter end of the spectrum
buildings.
around 70% moisture content on average.
The best moisture content for incineration
of litter is put at 30% so this will
necessitate some drying beforehand. The
farm has agreed with the PIU that the only
acceptable manure management solution
is that of litter drying followed by
incineration without the use of
supplementary fuel. Currently the farm’s
annual fuel bill is 29M RUR (€674,000).All
this cost could be eliminated with a litter
drying incineration plant. Spare heat could
also be sold into the nearby local
community.
Udarnik
The farm produces eggs and chicken meat.
Recent modernization of production
facilities were carried out. Presently there
are 329,000 laying hens and 248,000
broilers. There are plans to utilize recently
renovated poultry sheds to house up to
900,000 broilers it is expected that numbers
will be 320,000 by the end of October.
Currently the farm produces up to 40
tonnes of litter a day amounting to 23,238
tonnes annually. In 1985 poultry litter
storage was built 1,000m away from the
farm’s production zone. The storage
consists of 4 open reservoirs- 1,000 tons
21
The fact that the farm has some land is
helpful but will not solve the problem as it
is too small an area and can only take a
maximum of 6,750 tonnes of litter.
Alternative
litter
management
technologies therefore need to be used.
The PIU has introduced and discussed
several different litter management
technologies with the farm at different
times, including poultry litter drying,
incineration
and
bio-fermentation.
Recently the farm has received a
commercial offer from “OOO Dynamic” for
a bio-fermentation system including a
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Oradezj
Lagolovo
each. Today two of them are completely pelletizing plant to produce organic
full. The farm has 450 hectares of land fertiliser able to cope with up to 85
some few kilometres from the farmstead.
tonnes/day of litter.
So far the farm is still undecided on the
manure management technology it wants
to adopt, despite the PIU’s best efforts. The
farm director has recently been replaced
which has not helped. The farm was invited
to send two members of staff to the recent
PIU organised poultry litter study tour but
declined to send anybody at all. Certainly if
the level of broiler production is increased
to the figure of 900,000 heads then the
manure problems can only become
considerably worse, principally through
lack of storage space and no processing of
litter beyond some relatively small amount
being spread on the land and composting.
The farm has 1,157,324 laying hens in The farm wishes to reduce their
cages, 673 hectares of their own land, and considerable transport costs for taking
produces a total of 82,138 tonnes of poultry litter to the south of the region
manure annually. Currently 12,988 tonnes and being paid little or nothing for it. The
are stored on concrete, 460 tonnes are used farm considers the first step to be the
around the farm, 1011 tonnes are bio- installation of poultry litter drying
fermented (Biozem) leaving 67,679 tonnes equipment as this will considerably reduce
that are effectively given away to 5 farms the annual tonnage to be transported to
in the Luga region. The litter being the 5 farms that currently take the litter.
transported there at the farm’s own cost Once the litter drying equipment is
amounts to around 18M RUR (€420,000) successfully installed and up and running
annually.
then further treatment of the dried litter
can be considered.
The farm was visited by VDL Agrotech in
early October when a detailed proposal
was drawn up for litter drying as a starting
point for a total litter management plan
for the farm. Once the poultry litter
equipment is detailed then the PIU will
assist the farm in producing project
documentation
The farm has 278,303 laying hens and The farm is not a pilot farm, but has
202,000 broilers. Currently the farm engaged with the PIU and has been
produces 12,500 tons of manure annually, proposed several options for poultry litter
and has 183 hectares of arable land, which management
including
accelerated
enables them to apply up to 2,379 tons of fermentation using drum fermenters, and
the total litter output on the fields. There is poultry litter incineration without use of
also a specially-equipped manure storage supplementary fuel.
facility which takes up to 9,000 tons of In recent years, the farm has experienced a
22
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
litter, concrete composting grounds for up
to 2,000 tons, and composting grounds for
3,000 tons. At the time of the survey,
13,000 tons of litter were accumulated in
poultry manure storage.
Lebyazhye
Lenptitseprom
Lomonosovskaya
Nevskaya
Currently the farm has 180,000 heads of
layers, and 104,000 heads of broilers, and
produces over 10 million heads of day-old
chicks per year. The farm produces 22-29
tons of litter per day, or 16,184 tons per
year. There are two concrete composting
grounds used for manure storage (taking at
any one time between 8-10,000 tons of
litter mixed with peat), and a soil
composting ground. The farm owns none of
its own arable land, and would require at
least 1,245 hectares of land to dispose of
litter safely.
The number of birds on the farm is more
than 309,000 heads, including 162,000
heads of youngsters. The farm produces
13,849 tons of manure annually. It has
specially constructed concrete composting
grounds in the vicinity of the farm
(currently storing 9,000 tons manure). Field
grounds are also used for composting.
“Lenptitseprom” has 120 ha or arable land
allowing it to safely apply 19.8% of the
total annual manure output. To spread the
remainder safely, it would require at least
an additional 855 ha of agricultural land.
Since its merger with Poultry farm
“Severnaya” in October 2011, the main
activity of “Lomonosovskaya” farm has
been the leasing of property, plants and
equipment. There is no data available on
current or past production levels.
There are currently 432,604 heads of layers
on the farm. The annual litter output is
33,537 tons of wet manure per year which,
after natural shrinkage, yields 26,807 tons
of litter. There is a specially-constructed
40,000m3 manure storage facility, divided
23
decline in profitability and an increase in
debt, and decided to cease operations in
2013, likely instead converting into a
logistics centre. The PIU therefore put farm
experts in touch with GNU SZNIIMESH to
discuss the possibility of processing the
remaining accumulated manure into
organic fertilizer using SZNIIMESH drum
fermenters.
“Lebyazhye" is not a pilot farm, but has
engaged with the PIU, participated in
seminars and events organized by the PIU,
and received the safe manure management
manual. Currently, SZNIIMESH/PIU is
working with the management company
KER-Holding Ltd to develop various
proposals for the accelerated fermentation
of manure on Lebyazhye, including
composting at sites with active mixing by
agitators, using chamber bio-fermenters,
and using drum fermenters.
Poultry farm “Lenptitseprom” is not a pilot
farm. Nonetheless, specialists of the
poultry farm have participated in seminars
organised by the PIU, and received the
manure management manual.
In October 2011 broiler meat production
was discontinued. During 2012 the
remaining poultry litter (after disinfection)
was taken out on the fields
The farm is not a pilot farm, but the PIU
has proposed Nevskaya several options for
poultry litter management, including
poultry litter incineration without use of
supplementary fuel (energy recovery), and
supplying neighbouring “Interflora” green
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Roskar
RusskoVysotskaya
Severnaya
into 4 sections.
The farm has none of its own arable land,
and to dispose of all its litter would require
at least 2,062 ha. The farm has previously
been fined for dumping bio waste, and land
contamination by organic waste. Local
residents have complained about the smell
from unsafe dumping of manure.
Estimated poultry numbers in 2012 was
4,797,500 heads. The farm produces more
than 135,000 tons of poultry litter
annually, about 400-500 tons per day. They
have a 20,000m2 concrete composting
ground on site, a granulation plant (deals
with 13,000 t manure annually), and also
have developed a technology for processing
manure into organic fertiliser using the
microbiological preparation "SilyUrozjaya"
(93,129 t processed annually).
Only 7,800 t (5.8% of annual output) can
be safely spread on farm’s 600 ha of its
own land. They would require at least an
additional 9,702 ha of agricultural land to
safely spread the at least 126,000 tons of
excess manure.
In 2012, the number of broiler youngsters
was 643,770 heads, laying hens 91,829
heads, and rearing chickens 34,909 heads.
The poultry farm produces more than
39,000 tons of fresh chicken litter annually,
or about 100-120 tons per day. There are
specially-equipped concrete and soil
composting grounds on the farm, which
can store no more than 18 thousand tons
of manure. The farm would require at least
an additional 2,080 ha of agricultural land
to dispose of its entire annual output of
poultry litter. It has received sanctions and
fines from regional environmental
authorities for dumping of litter and
contamination of water bodies.
In 2012, there were more than 11 million
heads of poultry on the farm. Because of
current construction of a new branch, the
poultry farm will soon produce more than
560,000 tons of fresh chicken litter
annually, about 1,536 tons per day. There
24
house with manure for biogas generation.
Experts of the farm have been invited to all
seminars and events organized by the PIU.
The current difficult financial situation of
“Nevskaya” has not allowed the PIU to
carry out further work with the farm.
Roskar is not pilot farm, but
representatives have nonetheless attended
seminars and events organized by the PIU,
and have received the manual for safe
manure management. Roskar is currently
working with firm "Dunamis" who are
looking into a variety of different solutions
including assisting in the marketing of
granular fertilizer, installation and
maintenance of a unit for drying, and sale
of additional products made from
granulated poultry litter. Roskar attended
the
recent
PIU
workshop
on
drying/incineration technology and are
also considering this as a possible solution.
Russko-Vysotskaya is not a pilot farm.
Farm representatives have been invited to
all seminars and events organized by the
PIU however, the very difficult financial
situation of the farm (which has filed for
bankruptcy) has not allowed the PIU to
carry out further work with them.
The farm is not a pilot farm, however two
new major projects are under preparation
by companies Rika Biofuels and Gasumin
the Leningrad region, and specialists of
these companies participated in the
seminars organized by the PIU. The essence
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Sinyavinskaya
are specially-equipped manure storages on
site, but 375,000 tons of manure will still
remain after long term storage and
fermentation. To dispose of the entire
annual output of poultry litter, the farm
would require at least an additional 28,903
ha of agricultural land than what it already
owns. Despite measures taken by the
management to ensure environmentally
safe poultry litter management, problems
of disposing of liquid waste remain,
particularly due to the mismatch in the
time needed to store/disinfect manure
versus the when organic fertilizers can be
applied on the fields. The farm has been
reported for problems of systemic runoff of
affluent waters flooding forest areas, for
example in a recent report from NGO Green
Front which alleges a pipe running from
Severnaya is discharging liquid waste
directly into nearby forests.1
In 2012, the number of poultry on JSC
Poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya" amounted to
more than 5.3 million heads, including 1.8
million heads of youngsters. The annual
output of poultry litter is more than
240,000 tons of fresh manure; about 660700 tons per day. The farm uses specially
constructed concrete composting grounds
for manure storage, although the farm is
unable to market the resulting compost
product, and so they transport it to
neighbouring
farms
for
free.
Sinyavinskayadoes not own any of its own
land, and would require at least 18,649
hectares to safely dispose of the annual
output of litter. The farm has received
sanctions from regional environmental
inspectors for overflowing composting
grounds, and dumping of bio waste. Since
then, the farm has taken steps to rectify
the situation and has been cleared of
violations by the Regional authorities,
although questions over their manure
management practices remain.
1http://www.greenfront.su/post/746
25
of these projects are to recycle manure in
biogas plants, with the resulting gas to be
purified from extraneous gases, then
liquefied and sold to consumers. The main
products are: liquefied biogas, carbon
dioxide, and magnesium. There are plans to
build a plant in the vicinity of town
Kirovsk, with the bulk of raw materials to
be supplied from poultry farm “Severnaya”.
The products from the biogas plant are
planned to be sold to Sweden (liquefied
biogas), Russia (CO2), Latvia (magnesium).
Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya” is not pilot
farm, but has participated in seminars
organised by the PIU, and have received
the PIU’s manure management manual.
The farm intends to introduce a system of
manure incineration, costing 1.5 billion
RUR, and which would generate electricity
and heat for the farm. The PIU had a brief
meeting with the farm’s General Directorin
September 2013, at which the farm denied
the existing manure management
problems, expressed several contradicting
opinions, and stated: “Management of the
farm is not interested in manure
management technologies. We do not
trust European equipment”.
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Voyskovitsy
Perepelochka
In 2012, there were 507,000 heads of layers
and 302,000 heads of broilers on the farm.
After current upgrading and modernisation
of production facilities, it is estimated that
this will reach approximately 5401,000 and
322,000 heads respectively. The farm
produces 150 tons of poultry litter per day,
or 45-55,000 tons annually. There is a
concrete composting ground for poultry
manure storage, in which 30-35,000 tons
of litter is stored in piles for long term
disinfection. To dispose entire amount of
produced poultry litter on its own fields,
the farm would require at least 7,500
hectares of land. Instead, the farm stores
litter on open field sites (particularly in
winter, when it cannot be used as a
fertiliser), exposing it to various weather
conditions including snow, rain, high/flood
water, etc., and leading to manure effluent
that leaks into the soil and water sources.
This poses problems/nuisances to local
residents,and has been repeatedly reported
by the media.
The “Prepelochka” farm is a structural unit
of the “Lenptitseprom” farm. The farm is
situated in Gatchinskiy rayon The farm was
registered on May 14 2004 on the basis of
the poultry farm “Skvoritsi”.The poultry
houses were modernised, and new
slaughterhouse facilities opened. It is the
biggest producer of quail eggs and meat in
the region. In 2012 there were 161,240
heads of quails.The farm produces 7,518
tons of litter annually.
Voyskovitsy is not a pilot farm, but its
managers have been invited to all seminars
and events organized by the PIU, and have
received the manure management manual.
Perepelochka is not a pilot farm, but its
managers have been invited to all seminars
and events organized by the PIU, and have
received the manure management manual.
5. Brief Financial Overview of the Agricultural Sector in Leningrad
Oblast2
5.1 Profit/loss, productivity, and indebtedness at Rayon level
Agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast do not have the financial resources for lump sum
investments to introduce advanced manure/litter processing technology. The financial situation on
2
Estimated data, as farms are not able to shared detailed financial data with outside parties
26
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
many farms is also continually becoming worse. In 2012, the number of farms in the region that
were making a loss increased from 15.3% to 25.9% (in comparison with 2011) (Table 19), a trend
which is noticeable in all rayons of the oblast.
Table 19 Share of profitable and loss making agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast
Rayons
Share of loss making farms, %
2009
Volosovskiy
Volokhovskiy
Vsevolzhskiy
Vyborgskiy
Gatchinskiy
Kingissepskiy
Kirishskiy
Kirovskiy
Lomonosovskiy
Luzhskiy
Priozerskiy
Slantsevskiy
Tikhvinskiy
Tosnenskiy
Total
14.3
28.6
23.1
33.3
60.0
2010
23.1
22.2
27.3
37.5
60.0
2011
16.7
16.7
18.2
16.7
33.3
16.7
20.0
11.1
11.1
33.3
11.1
55.6
40.0
20.6
44.4
16.7
24.8
33.3
20.0
15.3
Share of profitable farms, %
2012
36.4
20.0
33.3
20.0
25.0
50.0
20.0
44.4
22.2
44.4
25.9
2009
100.0
85.7
71.4
76.9
66.7
40.0
100.0
66.7
100.0
88.9
88.9
100.0
44.4
60.0
79.4
2010
76.9
100.0
77.8
72.7
62.5
40.0
100.0
83.3
100.0
66.7
100.0
2011
83.3
83.3
100.0
81.8
83.3
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
88.9
100.0
55.6
83.3
75.2
66.7
80.0
84.7
2012
63.6
80.0
66.7
80.0
75.0
100.0
50.0
80.0
55.6
77.8
100.0
100.0
55.6
100.0
74.1
The credit-indebtedness of agricultural enterprises also increased by 24.1% from 2011-2012,
reaching 418 billion RUR (Table 20).
27
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 20 Credit-indebtedness of agricultural enterprises in Leningrad oblast, K. RUR
Rayon
2009
2010
2011
2012
Boksitogorskiy
Volosovskiy
Volkhovskiy
Vsevolzhskiy
Vyborgskiy
Gatchinskiy
Kingissepskiy
Kirishskiy
Kirovskiy
Lodeinopolskiy
Lomonosovskiy
Luzhskiy
Podporozhskiy
Priozerskiy
Tikhviskiy
Tosnenskiy
Total
4,378,240
2,838,698
377,490
1,313,276
2,514,442
3,789,441
604,334
43,592
5,333,365
0
2,270,446
1,246,558
617,607
965,298
931,639
2,148,838
29,373,264
0
2,907,311
314,576
2,046,368
3,028,984
5,487,341
678,949
70,632
6,932,370
0
2,326,151
1,169,864
0
1,044,938
1,000,616
3,284,208
30,292,308
0
3,076,760
276,678
3,912,540
3,083,080
4,916,108
823,463
107,826
8,405,961
0
3,031,820
1,453,934
0
1,197,768
728,848
2,664,710
33,679,496
0
3,340,144
473,351
5,124,701
3,765,054
5,017,356
805,381
63,551
12,003,275
725,511
2,670,633
1,521,901
0
1,322,847
1,213,095
3,758,853
41,805,653
% increase
2011-2012
108.6
171.1
131.0
122.1
102.1
97.8
58.9
142.8
88.1
104.7
110.4
166.4
141.1
124.1
Agricultural enterprises in all rayons in the Leningrad region showed an increase in credit
indebtedness, except for Kingissep and Lomonosovrayons, where indebtedness decreased by 2.2%
and 11.9%, respectively.
In 2012, the sum total of credit-indebtedness in the oblast equaled 96.1% of the agricultural
production volume in actual prices, and was 9 times the profits generated (Table 21). The level of
credit indebtedness exceeded the value of agricultural production in 7 rayons of the oblast.
Table 21
Comparison of credit-indebtedness with the value of products produced in Leningrad oblast in 2012
Credit indebtedness
Value of agriMagnitude
CreditProfit (+) or
products (in
% of value
Rayon
against profit
loss (-) before indebtedness, K
actual prices), K
of agri(or loss)
RUR.
taxation K
RUR
production
RUR
Boksitogorskiy
34,148.92
0
0
Volosovskiy
2,928,108
61,863
3,340,144
114.1
54.0
Volkhovskiy
802,467.3
146,832
473,351
59.0
3.2
Vsevolozhskiy
3,365,018
12,708
5,124,701
152.3
403.3
Vyborgskiy
5,917,853
667,171
3,765,054
63.6
5.6
Gatchinskiy
4,233,460
276,708
5,017,356
118.5
18.1
Kingissepskiy
1,114,719
85,896
805,381
72.2
9.4
Kirishskiy
483,774.4
735
63,551
13.1
86.5
28
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Kirovskiy
Lodeynipolskiy
Lomonosovskiy
Luzhskiy
Podporozhskiy
Priozerskiy
Slantsevskiy
Tikhvinskiy
Tosnenskiy
Total
10,366,729
155,394.2
6,107,711
1,560,348
32,992.82
2,373,923
444,179.7
616,311.2
2,987,663
43,524,801
2,769,075
-10,995
-193,784
-7,626
161,817
12,003,275
725,511
2,670,633
152,1901
0
1,322,847
-111,933
789,117
4,647,584
1,213,095
3,758,853
41,805,653
115.8
466.9
43.7
97.5
0.0
55.7
0.0
196.8
125.8
96.1
4.3
-66.0
-13.8
-199.6
8.2
-10.8
4.8
9.0
While credit-indebtedness increased by 24.1% in 2012 from the previous year (Table 21 above), the
value of agricultural production increased by only 12.2%, and profit decreased by 2.2% (Tables 22
and 23, below).
Table 22 Volume of agricultural production in different rayons of Leningrad oblast (in actual prices), K. RUR.
% change
Rayon
2009
2010
2011
2012
2011-2012
Boksitogorskiy
25,942
27,497
30,567.17
34,148.92
111.2
Volosovskiy
1,986,800
1,903,077
2,446,838
2,928,108
128.6
Volkhovskiy
739,554
700,147
761,593.7
802,467.3
108.8
Vsevolozhskiy
2,296,327
2,197,253
3,212,857
3,365,018
146.2
Vuborgskiy
3,827,559
4,503,151
5,480,957
5,917,853
121.7
Gatchinskiy
3,554,130
3,263,943
3,415,502
4,233,460
104.6
Kingissepskiy
799,173
761,516
982,194
1,114,719
129.0
Kirishskiy
351,952
350,053
470,940.6
483,774.4
134.5
Kirovskiy
5,718,878
6,773,602
7,012,490
10,366,729
103.5
Lodeynopolskiy
162,968
158,556
164,830.1
155,394.2
104.0
Lomonosovskiy
6,059,042
6,523,149
5,907,765
6,107,711
90.6
Luzhskiy
1,258,017
1,257,701
1,319,773
1,560,348
104.9
Podporozhskiy
31,006
27,603
31,914.5
32,992.82
115.6
Priozerskiy
1,252,769
1,256,728
1,442,747
2,373,923
114.8
Slantsevskiy
361,218
375,714
458,225.7
444,179.7
122.0
Tikhvinskiy
321,059
349,901
571,960.4
616,311.2
163.5
Tosnenskiy
2,123,686
2,838,650
3,599,630
2,987,663
126.8
Total
30,870,080
33,268,241
37,310,786
43,524,801
112.2
29
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 23Farm Financial results in different rayons of Leningrad oblast
Rayons
Boksitogorskiy
Volosovskiy
Volkhovskiy
Vsevolozhskiy
Vyborgskiy
Gatchinskiy
Kingissepskiy
Kirishskiy
Kirovskiy
Lodeinopolskiy
Lomonosovskiy
Luzhskiy
Podporozhskiy
Priozerskiy
Tikhvinskiy
Tosnenskiy
Total
Profit (+) or loss (-) before tax, K. RUR.
2009
-701,362
182,171
79,044
158,770
544,588
65,713
24,741
38,945
1,322,381
1,025,370
38,289
-66,149
130,857
-234,232
-28,132
2,580,995
2010
% change
2011-2012
2011
2012
199,372
63,575
124,910
342,354
123,923
4,796
37,989
713,597
211,864
83,024
167,948
367,417
187,434
94,842
237,884
1,843,042
29,2
176,9
7,6
181,6
147,6
90,6
0,3
150,2
857,582
26,391
673,837
66,282
61,863
146,832
12,708
667,171
276,708
85,896
735
2,769,075
-10,995
-193,784
-7,626
117,987
-68,937
308,907
2,852,446
147,619
310,517
362,587
4,754,297
161,817
-111,933
789,117
4,647,584
109,6
-36,0
217,6
97,8
-28,8
-11,5
5.2 Possible support for investments into manure management technologies
5.2.1 Ecological Financing Options Available Worldwide
The brief financial analyses above shows that many farms in Leningrad oblast do not have the
financial resources to attract investments at commercial banking rates for the introduction of new
manure management solutions.
Russia currently does not have a great deal of experience in financing ecological projects, which the
manure management solutions under discussion with pilot farms in the Leningradoblast
undoubtedly constitute. It would therefore benefit from analysing the financing methods used to
support projects elsewhere aimed at environmental protection, production of energy from
renewable sources. Currently, the most widely used means of financing ecological projects globally
are:
1. Central Governmental budget (and budgets of other levels in case of federal structure of the
country);
2. An enterprise’s own financial resources;
3. Commercial banks;
4. Leasing companies;
5. Special investment funds;
6. Ecological funds;
30
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
7. Insurance companies;
8. International financial organisations;
9. Budgetary funds of donor countries (on bilateral agreements);
The first seven means of financing are national, and the last two are international. Central
government and regional government funds, an enterprise’s own financial resources, and loans
from credit banks are most widely used in developed countries, most of which are members of the
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In these cases, certain
environmental imperatives are usually set at a national level (including obligations to abide by
international agreements, relating for example to the cessation of use of ozone-depleting
substances, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and increase in electricity production using
renewable sources of energy). To achieve these ends, partial finance is directly allocated from
government budge funds, but most finance comes through indirect support measures in the form of
tax and other economic benefits. In the majority of cases when state benefits and an enterprise’s
own funds are insufficient, enterprises apply to commercial banks for loans.
Leasing companies successfully operate in many countries, but in many countries they do not cover
environmental activities. This is the case in Russia, where most leasing companies do not provide for
purchasing the equipment necessary for manure/litter processing, organic fertilizer production, or
biogas production. This type of equipment is still considered illiquid, and leasing operations perceive
it as risky.
In a number of countries in Western Europe, special investment funds have been established to
finance large infrastructure projects that resolve the problems of dumping/utilizing solid waste,
through the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants, etc. Projects financed in this
manner usually attract lower profits when compared with other capital investment opportunities.
These investment funds could however attract resources from pension, insurance and other funds,
as participants in the financial pool receive state support in the form of tax exemptions and benefits
Insurance companies are involved in environmental insurance in a few European countries only.
International financial institutions and bilateral donors provide financing for the ecological needs of
developing counties only, although recently there is a tendency to provide such assistance to
countries with economies in transition. The provision of funds is almost always conditional on
certain requirements for example: the scope of the environmental activities; a limited choice of
technologies; following set rules of equipment purchase; and the level of efficiency of the finance
to be invested. Bilateral donors also agree on priority geographical areas for project implementation.
Many of them put a condition of purchasing equipment in the donor’s country of origin.
Ecological funds are important mechanisms for financing environmental measures and mobilizing
foreign investment. Ecological funds (EF) are widely used in the transitional economies of Central
and Eastern Europe. They are at different levels of development in various countries, from financing
the implementation of large, efficient projects (Poland and Hungary) to solving the issues of
revenue formation at the legislative level (Central Asian countries). As a rule EFs are established to
finance long- and medium-term ecological projects in countries where financial markets are not
31
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
well developed, banking credit rates are high and banking institutions do not see their interest in
crediting ecological projects.
5.2.2 Ecological Financing Options Available on the Russian Market
It is estimated that the pilot farms of the current project have varying financing needs (depending
on technological manure management solutions they agree upon), varying from 15 mln RUR to 160
mln RUR. Technical assistance projects rarely allocate grants of such amounts.
A study was conducted on banking and leasing options on the Russian market, with a view of
attracting investment for the introduction of new and advanced technologies of manure
management, thus reducing pollution from sewage and emissions.
Most credit resources of commercial banks are available at an interest rate of 16-18% per annum
(e.g. ALFA-BANK, INDEX BANK, NOMOS BANK, PROMINVESTNANK, SBERBANK). This interest rate is
fairly high for livestock and poultry farms that have already invested significant financial resources
in production extension and modernization, as seen in the credit-indebtedness figures presented in
Section 5.1 above.
One way of tackling high interest rates and balancing the existing debts of agricultural enterprises
could be to consider federal subsidies forthe introduction of new technologies for manure/litter
processing, bioenergy production, and organic fertilizer production on large farms. There is a
precedent of such subsidies for small and medium sized enterprises, so it may be possible to extend
this to large agricultural enterprises for environmental ends. Equipment for processing organic
waste and for biogas production is included in the federal subsidy register for enterprises
introducing new technologies and equipment and, if applied, this could reduce the real annual rate
to around 6-8%. The Leningrad Regional Government Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries
Complex, along with experts from the PIU, are working on proposals in this direction.
When considering the option of buying expensive equipment using lease schemes it is worth
mentioning that although monthly payments are, as a rule, higher compared with classic credit
schemes, the total repayment sum is less (with economy on profit tax and VAT, especially in cases
when equipment is put on a lessee balance at a start of the agreement).The average price increase is
12-14% on lease schemes, and 16-18% at classic credit schemes. Below some basic conditions of
some interviewed lease companies are quoted:
Company name
Equipment price (RUR)
RosAgroLeasing
VTB 24-Leasing
PECO-Leasing
Baltic-Leasing
1 mln-50 mln
1 mln-200 mln
1 mln-50 mln
500 000-30 mln
Min. matched funding Lease period
requirement
7%
up to 60 months
15%
up to 60 months
20%
13-36 months
10%
12-50 months
12-120 months
The majority of leasing companies interviewed still consider manure/litter processing, organic
fertilizer production, and biogas production equipment to be illiquid, and leasing operations with
32
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
them are seen as risky, so leasing this equipment for purchase is still uncommon in Russia. Foreign
companies selling equipment in Russia are required to have a Representative Office in Russia,
otherwise a lease agreement will not be possible. Some of the Russian equipment producers already
work with leasing companies, for example there are currently possibilities for obtaining lease
financing for the composite fuel production equipment “BioREKS”. Under this scheme, the leasing
finance covers up to 90% of the equipment price for a period of 36-84 months. The annual
equipment price increase is 8%. An analogue scheme is used when buying equipment produced by
“JSC Bezopastniyetechnologii” (first payment from 10%, lease period 24-84 months, average annual
price increase 7-15%). Leasing schemes could really be effective in financing new technologies and
equipment, to decrease the costs of and thus intensify production. Leasing reduces the need for an
outlay of an enterprise’s own capital, as the agreement is almost completely financed by leasor.
Other advantages of leasing include:

Availability of funds - leasing may be the only option for companies that do not have
enough assets for a mortgage;

Flexibility of lease payments - payments can be adapted to the cash flow of the enterprise;

Accelerated depreciation of the lease object – there are more possibilities to renew obsolete
equipment, and decrease the amount of profit taxed;

Time - the lease period can besignificantly longer than a credit period, which can smooth
unevenness of multi-temporal costs and revenue flow;

Tax benefits, governmental support - decrease of taxed profit, customs duties and
international leasing operations taxes;

Increase of industrial potential;

Improvement of production technology;

Minimizing risk – this opens the possibility for innovations in manure/litter processing,
organic fertilizer production, biogas production, etc.
Leading European companies specializing in innovative technologies for producing biogas, fuel
pellets, briquettes and biodiesel are commencing operations in Russia. Such companies often offer
financing of investment projects and export deals through foreign banks at rates of 5-6% in hard
currency. One such example is German company AGRO-T, which acts as an integrator and provides
complex projects to organize, equip and manage production processes in Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,
Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan. Large livestock and poultry farms with a stable market for their products
may be able to take advantage of this opportunity. A similar approach is used to finance the gas
piston cogeneration equipment manufactured by Slovak company ENGUL, and which is used for
biogas production, for up to 85% of the cost at 5.5-5.9%. The value of this type of equipment is
able to be exempted from tax duties and VAT with a condition that the capacity of the unit is more
than 750 kWt and there is a direct contract between the manufacturer and Russian buyer-company
(Resolution of the Government of the RF #372 dated 30.04.2009). These foreign-financed projects
are subject to the risk of exchange rate volatility, although recently fluctuations in currency have
been minimal.
33
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Investment proposals for any type of financing should be submitted when project documentation
for selected technical solutions, along with economic projections and documentation, has been
prepared and approved by licensed Russian authorities.
34
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Annex 1. Individual Farm Data Sheets
(Pilot farms are presented first, followed by non-pilot farms, in alphabetical order)
(Note: Bird numbers given are for average number of birds per year so average number of layers, average
number of broilers with no account taken of young stock that may be on the farm)
A. Open Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Primorskaya" (JSC
"Poultry Farm Primorskaya")
Completed 15 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188840, Leningrad region, Vyborg district, settlement KrasnayaDolina / Tel.: (81378)71-358, 71-309, 71238, 8(812)715-99-24 / Fax: 7(812)337-11-02; 7(81378)7-13-58 / E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] /
1.2 Farm Director
General Director FalaleevaYuliyaLeonidovna / Tel.: +79217724633
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
28.29% shares belong to JSC URIELE Handelsellschaftm.b.H / Address: Esslingasse 4 A1010 Vienna, Austria
42.71% shares belong to JSC “Orgsin Invest”
29% shares belong to JSC Uriele group / Address: 117342, Moscow, Vedenskogo, 13, house b
1.4 Description
Open Joint Stock Company Poultry farm "Primorskaya" (formerly "Primorye") was established in 1967 on the basis
of a poultry sovhoz (collective farm). At its peak, number of poultry heads on the farm reached 500,000 units, but
decreased to 100,000 from 1995. The farm’s current capacity is more than 700,000 laying hens (cross Hisex –
brown) with a productivity of323 eggs/layer/year.
In late 2003, “Primorskaya” a programme of full-scale renovations was undertaken. In the first phase, there was a
major overhaul of poultry sheds, with installation of advanced cages from Spanish company Zukami. This
coincided with an increased in the number of heads of laying hens from 26,000 to 71,000 in each shed, and the
automation of all production processes. Installation of an automatic ventilation system from Dutch company
Hottraco allowed ventilation to be provided to poultry houses according to international best practi ce. In the
second phase of renovation, sorting and packaging units were modernised, installing an automated line from
Dutch company Staalkat that provides high product quality control and accurate measurement, thus excluding the
change of re-grading eggs during sorting. Each egg is tested using egg tester, which can detect up to 15 hidden
defects. The slaughterhouse has also been modernised since 2003, with equipment from German company
Hartmann, allowing “Primorskaya” to produce a wide range of chilled and frozen meat from laying hens. The use
of instant freezing technology ensures high safety of products for a long time. The farm also has a production unit
for liquid pasteurized egg products, such as melange, and pasteurised whites and yolks, which was equ ipped by
French company Actini. A special machine breaks the eggs and, at 74 degrees Celcius, the raw material is then
smeared and pasteurized by an antiseptic anti-bacterial ultra-pasteurizer, Actiflash. This ensures that the
nutrients, organoleptic and functional properties of eggs are preserved, increasing the shelf life to up to 8 weeks
and completely eliminating any risk of contamination. In 2012, a feed mill was installed and became operational.
In 2006, the HAACP system was introduced (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points), which allowed the
35
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
identification and elimination of all risks associated with the egg production. In addition, the farm was awarded a
certificate of comprehensive evaluation to IQ net standard, a single international standard that is recognised in 36
countries worldwide.
2. Production levels/ Future plans
Poultry farm "Primorskaya" focuses on the production of chicken eggs, pasteurized liquid egg products, chicken
meat, and frozen chicken meat. Annual production of chicken eggs is currently around 180 million units, chicken
meat approximately 570-750 tons, and melange between 370-550 tons. In 2012 number of birds was 740,000
heads, including 555,655 layers, and 184,345 youngsters. In 2012, 186.7 million eggs were produced with an
average egg laying capacity of hen layers around 336 eggs per head. The number of bird places for laying hens is
currently 810,427units, and the average annual number of laying hens over the past 5 years has been 470 -550,000
birds, with 213-235,000 youngsters. After upgrades and renovations are completed in future, the number of laying
hens is expected to increase up to 1 - 1.175 million heads, with egg production to double.
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
Number of
Layers
(heads)
Number
of Broilers
(heads)
Production
level – eggs
(million)
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
2008
266.5
418,000
N/A
111.4
562
2009
295.9
424,800
N/A
125.7
566
2010
325.3
484,000
N/A
157.5
709
2011
333.3
528,000
N/A
176.0
655
2012
336.0
555,655
N/A
186.7
No data
Estimated, postproductivity upgrades
336.0
1,000,000 –
1,175,000
N/A
336.0 – 395.0
No data
The main consumer of chicken eggs from Primorskaya is the supermarket network "Lenta", which has 36 shopping
centres, 17 of which are located in St. Petersburg, 4 in the North West, 8 in the Central District, and 7 in the
Southern Federal District. In 2012, the "Lenta" opened 9 new complexes, of which 7 are located in St. Petersburg,
and 2 in the North-Western Federal District. The main buyers of melange are baking enterprises in St. Petersburg,
including
"Hlebniy
Dom LLC",
“PervoyeHlebopecarnoyeObedinenye
LLC", "Morozko
LLC"
and
"RusskiyeBlinySeveroZapad OOO". Meat products sold by company "Companion".
Sale prices are quite competitive, as seen in Table 2 below. Egg prices practically have not changed since 2008 and
they are 50% below retail prices, ranging from 23-26 roubles per 10 pcs. Poultry meat prices range from 25-50
roubles per kilo, which has doubled in recent years. Prices for melange are negotiable, thus quite unstable.
Table 2
Product
Current Selling Price
Variation over past 5 years
Eggs
21-25 RUR per 10 pieces
Stable (nil)
Poultry Meat
23-57 RUR per kg
Increasing (doubled in past 5 years)
Melange
1,669-115,540 RUR per ton
Unstable
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary
36
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Primorskaya farm. As can be seen, the
farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
32,000
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
199,480
Type of Storage
4
open
reservoirs with
paved bottom &
sides: - capacity
40,000m3
Amount
of own
land
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
2,171 tons (6,8% of
annual output)
167
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
2,462
2,295
Field
storage
facility
4.1 Storage capacity of Manure/Litter
According to the data provided by the poultry farm the daily manure output is 80 tons, or 32 -37,000 tons
annually. Initial moisture content of the poultry litter of cage birds is 70 -75%, and density 650-750 kg/m 3. There
are 4 specially constructed open manure storage reservoirs in the vicinity of the farm with a total capacity of
40,000 tons (10,000 tons each). Currently, one storage reservoir is empty, two are completely full, and the fo urth is
three quarters full. There are also field storage facilities, used for the storage of semi -decomposed poultry litter.
Currently, 194,000 tonnes of manure is stored in reservoirs and on the fields, a volume of more than 6 times the
annual manure output.
4.2 Treatmentof Manure/Litter
As a result of its long maturation in manure storages and open field sites (8 -12 months, sometimes longer),
poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and compost. Primorskaya
farm is only able to apply up to 2,171 tons of decomposed and/or semi-decomposed litter on its 167 ha of
agricultural land in order to comply with HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons
of manure per ha). This corresponds to 6.8% of the total annual manure output of Primorskaya farm. To dispose of
the remaining 93.2% of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm
requires at least an additional 2,295ha of agricultural land.
When plans for expansion of production have been implemented, and the number of laying hens consequently
increases, manure output will increased 1.8-2.1 times its current level, and a total of between 4,300 and 5,100 ha
of land will be required for safe manure application.
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
The main problem is that poultry litter is accumulated on the fields, and the annual increase of manure/litter
volume along with poor or insufficient storage/spreading capacity has an adverse effect on the environment.
Further expansion of production will exacerbate this problem.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
During the process of fermentation, litter is reduced in volume by 25 -30%, which means that manure
management remains a critical environmental problem. Given that the farm has some of its own agricultural land,
there are various options for manure management methods which can be applied. Primorskaya have been
37
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
presented these options as follows:
1. Poultry litter incineration with use of supplementary fuel. This project was developed by Finnish company
NIRAS. The project cost (capex) 13mn Euros (approximately 1.4 times more than annual revenue from production
activities), with annual operating costs for servicing at 3,424,000 Euros in the first 3 years of operation and
2,924,000 Euros thereafter, and other annual costs at 2,319,000 Euros. This me ans that the total losses in the first
three years of operation are estimated at 1,800,000 Euros, and 900,000 Euros thereafter. The project deemed by
management of the poultry farm to be too expensive and financially inefficient, and so was not accepted.
2. Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel. Energy recovery - hot water for heating and other
needs:
A) Commercial proposal of the group of companies Agro-3 «Ecology». The project cost is 60mln RUR, and cost
recovery due to savings in the heating cost is 2 years. This was not accepted by the management of the poultry
farm due to: i) the lack of evidence of implemented projects on industrial scale by the company, ii) the
technology having not been tested on caged bird litter, and iii) distrust of equipment produced in Russia.
B) Poultry litter drying and incineration without use of supplementary fuel companies BHSL (Ireland) and VDL
Agrotech (Holland). Energy recovery - hot water, electricity. Commercial offer of the company is under
preparation.
38
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
B. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Udarnik” (JSC
“Udarnik”)
Completed 17 September 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188850, Leningrad Region, Vyborg District, Settlement Pobeda / Tel.: 81378) 6 -53-22, 6-53-27; (812) 11536-34 / Fax.: (81378) 2-56-63, 2-08-73 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www.spkudarnik.ru
1.2 Farm Director
General Director ChistyakovGrigoriyNikolaevich / Tel.: (881378) 65322
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
100% of shares belong to JSC “Gatchinsky Feed Mill” (http://www.gatchinsky-kkz.ru/index.php?lang=en)
1.4 Description
Poultry Farm "Udarnik" was built and became operational on 1 January 1970, with a design capacity of 250,000
laying hens. Since this time, the poultry farm has been consolidated, changed its specialisations, reconstructed its
poultry sheds and modernised production and processing areas, including a recent decision to equip poultry
houses with cages from Spanish company ARUAS (which complies with EU and WTO requirements). These
investments in new equipment should be completed soon, with a total cost of 3.5 million roubles.
There are two free range poultry houses equipped according to the EU requirements. The investment in upgrades
will allow the farm to increase the capacity of each shed from 32,000 to 56,000 animals. Work is also underway to
install a modern and effective microclimate control system in each poultry house.
The farm is also diversifying its production, having recently started to rear broilers. Twelve broiler chicken houses
have been constructed, with a maximum capacity of 900,000 birds, and a new slaughterhou se has been set up
with a maximum capacity of 3,000 birds per hour.
2. Production Levels / Future plans
The factory produces more than 35 kinds of products: eggs, chicken, different kinds of cutlets ("Amateur",
"Special", "Pozharskie", "Neva"), sausages, escalopes, kebabs and meat in marinade. Production levels have been
steadily increasing since investments in productivity upgrades, and expansion into broiler rearing and production
of poultry meat, as seen in Table 1 below.
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Estimated,
postproductivity upgrades
303.5
308
307.1
283.2
252
312
Number
Layers
(heads)
440,100
445,900
403,600
461,200
329,400
450,000
of
Number of
Broilers
(heads)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
248000
800000
Production
level – eggs
133.6 mln
137.3 mln
124 mln
130.6 mln
81.9 mln
140 mln
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
569
617
620
471
4,306
14,000
The main consumers of chicken eggs are the supermarket chains «Pyaterochka», «Karusel», and «Diksi». Products are
39
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
delivered to St. Petersburg, Republic of Karelia, Leningrad and Murmansk oblasts. Selling prices are competitive, as
demonstrated in Table 2 below. The farm has 4 stores: two in Vyborg and one in Roshchino settlement and Pobeda
settlement. All farm products from Udarnik are certified and produced according to the requirements of state
standards.
Table 2
Product
Current Selling Price
Variation over past 5 years
Eggs
23-25 RUR per 10 eggs
Stable (nil)
Poultry Meat
25-50 RUR per kg
Increasing (doubled in past 5 years)
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Udarnik farm. A s can be seen, the farm
currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
Type
Storage
of
36,700
40,000
4
open
reservoirs
with
paved
bottom and
sides
Amount
of own
land
450 ha
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on
HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
5,850 tons
(16%
of
annual
output)
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
2,823 ha
2,373 ha
4.1 Storage of Manure / Litter
The 4 open manure storage reservoirs on Udarnik were built in in 1985, each with a capacity of 1,000 tons, with
paved sides and bottom. Poultry litter is transported 1,000m from the farm’s production area to the storage
facilities via asphalt roads by lorries and tractors with trailers. Liquid litter is similarly transported using tanks.
Currently, two of the four storage reservoirs are full, and one is empty, to which litter is delivered daily from the
poultry sheds. The fourth reservoir is in the process being emptied; the decomposed litter from this storage
reservoir is partially applied on the fields owned by the farm, partially removed and stored at the field sites,
partially transferred to other agricultural organizations, and partially used by personal subsistence farmers and
gardeners.
4.2 Treatment of Manure / Litter
As a result of its long maturation in manure storages and open field sites (8 -12 months, sometimes longer),
poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and compost. Udarnik farm
is only able to apply up to 5,850 tons of decomposed and/or semi-decomposed litter on its 450 ha of agricultural
land in order to comply with HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure
per ha).This corresponds to 16% of the total annual manure output of Udarnik farm. To dispose of the remaining
84% of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm requires at least an
additional 2,370 ha of agricultural land. If we consider the current expansion of production into broiler chicken
rearing, and the consequent increase in manure / litter output, it is estimated that the total land requirement for
safe utilisation of the total manure output will be between 6,000-6,300 hectares.
40
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
The main problem for the farm is how to use the excess of at least 30,000 tons of poultry litter per year that is
unable to be safely spread on the farm’s own land. The recent increase in production means that the output of
manure will be increased up to 75-85,000 tonne a year. There is no similar increase in the capacity of the farm to
process manure which, combined with the fact that litter needs to be stored over the long -term for its
disinfection, that there are no other farms on which Udarnik can use the manure, and that current manure
storages are overflowing, means that the farm is forced to take manure to the field sites.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
During the process of fermentation, litter is reduced in volume by 25-30%, which means that manure
management remains a critical environmental problem. Given that the farm has some of its own agricultural land,
there are various options for manure management methods which can be applied. Udarnik have been pre sented
these options as follows:
1. Poultry litter incineration with use of supplementary fuel. This project was developed by Finnish company
NIRAS. The project cost (capex) 19mn Euros (approximately 2.3 times more than annual revenue from production
activities), with annual operating costs for servicing at 3,850,000 Euros in the first 3 years of operation and
3,150,000 Euros thereafter, with annual turnover from sales of 1,560,000 Euros. This means that the total losses in
the first three years of operation are estimated at 3,200,000 Euros, and 2,000,000 Euros thereafter. The project
deemed by management of the poultry farm to be too expensive and financially inefficient, and so was not
accepted
2. Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel. Energy recovery - hot water for heating and other
needs:
A) Commercial proposal of the group of companies Agro-3 «Ecology». The project cost is 80 mln RUR, and cost
recovery due to savings in the heating cost is 3 years. This was not accepted by the management of the poultry
farm due to: i) the lack of evidence of implemented projects on industrial scale by the company, ii) th e
technology having not been tested on caged bird litter, and iii) distrust of equipment produced in Russia.
B) Poultry litter drying and incineration without use of supplementary fuel companies BHSL (Ireland) and VDL
Agrotech (Holland). Energy recovery - hot water, electricity. Commercial offer of the company is under
preparation.
3. Biogas plant- commercial proposal by company “Biogasenergostroy”. Not accepted, because there is not enough
experience of use of biogas plants in the poultry industry. Given the absence/lack of land for poultry litter
disposal, the proposed projectwould not solve all the problems. The digestion of litter in bioreactors results inliquid
fraction which needs to be treated resulting in additional costs.Although the solid fraction is reduced, it has to be
also disposed safely. Produced methane can be utilized for energy production..
4. Express bio-fermentation with the preparation of bulk and/or granulated organic fertilizers, feed additives, fuel
for boiler houses – “Dunamis” company's proposal is on the final stage of preparation to be considered by the
management of the poultry farm. Preliminary capital cost of the project is 88 mln RUR, payback period is 5 -6
years. If successful, various poultry farms would be willing to participate in the implementation of this project.
C. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lagolovo” (CJSC
“Lagolovo”)
Completed 16 September 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188517, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, Settlement Lagolovo / Tel.: +7(812) 741 -13-68, 6-53-27 /
Fax.: +7(812) 741-36-53, +7(812)3295356 / E-mail: [email protected]
41
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Lihachev Vladimir Sergeevich
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned



Likhachev Vladimir Sergeyevich - 83.99% of shares
SolovyovaLudmila - 3.1% of shares
GishyanLudmilaNikolayevna - 0.45% of shares
1.4 Description
Poultry Farm "Lagolovo" is located in the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region. The farm commenced
operations in 1992, since which time it has repeatedly changed ownership. The company was registered in its
present form ZAO (CJSC) on 6 November 2002. The main production activities of “L agolovo” are poultry farming,
and the production of meat and grass meal. The main specialization of the enterprise is egg production
(accounting for 78.9% of total revenue). In recent years, the farm has accounted for between 2.8 -4.6% of total
produce on the market of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region, with 9.9% of the total production of meat
and poultry meat products.
The farm owns 183 hectares of arable land used for growing of perennial grasses and annual plants for the
production of grass meal.
In recent years there has been a decline in egg and poultry production because of the restructuring of poultry
technology in order to save costs due to a sharp increase of feed prices which has caused a difficult financial
situation for the company. Poultry farm managers developed a plan of anti-crisis measures, but the company
cannot yet implement the approved plan and increase production.
In accordance with this crisis action plan, several measures were undertaken in order to save energy, including:
reducing the heating period of units, installation of nipple drinkers and reserve tanks for stable drinking, rationing
of the water supply, irregular electric lighting, and maintenance of electrical installations. These activities helped
to reduce production costs.
Over the past two years, between 2010 and 2012, average egg production decreased by 11.8%, and the
productivity of laying hens decreased by 18.7 eggs per layer. The adult flock replacement rate was 1.29%. At the
end of 2012, the number of employees at the poultry farm was 36 less than in 2011, at a total of 199 people.
At the time of this study, it was reported that the poultry farm may be decommissioned due to low profitability
and accumulated debt. According to unofficial sources, there may be plans to build a logistics center on the
current territory of the poultry farm.
2. Production Levels / Future plans
The main products of the farm are eggs and poultry meat obtained after the culling/selection of the main flock. In
the past two years, the number of heads has been reduced and accordingly the level of production has decreased.
The main competitors of “Lagolovo” are large egg-producing poultry farms in the Leningrad region, including JSC
Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya", JSC Poultry farm “Roskar", and JSC Poultry farm “Primorskaya".
Between 2008 and 2011, the total volume of production on “Lagolovo” increased overall, from an average annual
number of 272,907 poultry heads in 2008 to 360,089 poultry heads in early 2011. Egg production during the same
period increased from 82.5 million to 112.6 million, and the company was included in the list of top 100 poultry
farms of the Russian Federation (in 92 nd place).
Since 2011, however, there has been an overall reduction of poultry and egg production on the farm. In 2012, the
poultry flock reduced by 20% (from 346,141 to 278,303 heads) in comparison with 2011, and egg production
reduced by 25.3% (from 112.6 million eggs to 79.4 million). The main reasons for the reduction in production was
forced measures and change in technology in order to save costs and to overcome the difficult financial situation.
In 2012, of the products that poultry farm "Lagolovo" sold, 6.2% were packed eggs, and 7.1% were branded
“Lagolovskoe” rustic eggs. Of the packed eggs, 18% were the highest category eggs, 56.9% were the C-1 category,
42
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
and the remaining 25.1% were lower category eggs (including 10.8% mélange).
In late 2011, the decision was made to convert from egg production to broiler meat production, as a more
profitable option. In 2012, the farm reared 202,000 broiler heads, slaughtered 154,000 heads and produced 310
tons of meat in addition to the 711 tons from end of production layers.
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
2008
302.3
Number of
Layers
(heads)
272,907
2009
310.5
2010
Number
of Broilers
(heads)
Production
level – eggs
(million)
82,5
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
398
338,808
105,2
411
312.7
360,089
112,6
632
2011
307.1
346,141
106,3
348
2012
285.3
278,303
79,4
711
202,000
Poultry Farm "Lagolovo" wholesales eggs in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, which are produced according
to veterinary requirements and certificates of compliance. Prices over the past 5 years have been relatively stable,
at between 21-24 RUR per 10 pieces.
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
In recent years, poultry litter output has been reduced due to a sharp decrease in production volume and the
partial conversion of the facility to broiler production. In 2011, 16,840 tons of litter was produced, reducing to
only 12,500 tons in 2012. The poultry farm owns 183 hectares of arable land, which enables them to apply up to
8,300 tons of the total litter output on the fields. There is also a specially -equipped manure storage facility which
takes up to 9,000 tons of litter, concrete composting grounds for up to 2,000 tons, and t composting grounds for
3,000 tons. At the time of the survey, 13,000 tons of litter were accumulated in poultry manure storage. Table 3
below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Lagolovo farm.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
Type
Storage
16,840
11,227
Storage
facility,
concrete
of
Amount
of
own
land (ha)
183
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on
HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
2379
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
1295
-1112
and soil
composting
grounds
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
Poultry farm “Lagolovo” is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, the poultry farm has been proposed several options for
poultry litter management by the PIU, including:


Accelerated fermentation using drum fermenters;
Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel. Energy recovery - hot water for heating
43
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs

and other needs. Specialists of the poultry farm participated in a Study Trip (organized by the PIU in
partnership with company Agro-3 "Ecology), visiting poultry farm “Konkursnaya” (Moscow region) to
study the Russian experience of poultry litter incineration on a production scale;
Currently, in connection with the farm’s plans to cease operations, the PIU put farm experts in touch with
GNU SZNIIMESH to discuss the possibility of processing the accumulated manure into organic fertilizer
using SZNIIMESH drum fermenters.
44
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
D. Open Joint Stock Company "Lenptitseprom"
Completed 25 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188351, Leningrad Region, Gatchina District, Settlement Tervolovo / Tel.: 7(812) 960 -01-60, +7 (812) 96001-61/ Fax .:+7 (812) 960-01-61 / E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] / Website: http://www.lopp.ru
1.2 Farm Director
General Director TrusovYuriy Vasilyevich
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned



75.72% of ordinary shares belong to Limited Liability Company "NEVAPORT" (St. Petersburg, Sedov street
11, building A)
23.35% of ordinary shares belong to a limited liability company Cascata HOLDINGS LTD (Richard End
Verengarias 12 ARAUZUS Castle's Court, 3rd Floor, Office 303, Limassol, Cyprus)
0.01% of ordinary shares belong to TrusovYuriy Vasilyevich (St. Petersburg)
1.4 Description
In 1965 "Lenptitseprom" was founded as a state enterprise to manage the poultry industry in the Leningrad
region. Specialists of the establishment were responsible for planning and developing the poultry industry in the
region and had a direct impact on all aspects of functioning of poultry farms. In 1992, during the period of active
privatization of poultry farms, “Lenptitseprom” was transformed into a Joint Stock Company providing consulting
services to poultry farms. In 1994, “Lenptitseprom” established its own production capab ilities. Currently, JSC
"Lenptitseprom" has the following branches:



“Volosovskaya” hatchery and poultry breeding station;
Poultry farm "Baltiyskaya";
Poultry Breeding Farm "Lebyazhe"* (a pedigreed reproduction poultry farm, livestock figures are counted
separately and are presented in Data Sheet E);
 Poultry farm "Krasnyezori";
According to rough estimates total number of poultry is about 309,530 birds. The main activities of
"Lenptitseprom" are:

The production, processing and marketing of poultry products (eggs and egg powder, poultry meat
chickens and broilers, quail eggs);
 Manufacture and sale of poultry breeding products (broiler hatching eggs and day -old chicks);
 Production and sale of day-old chicks (meat and egg breeds), quail, ducks, geese and turkeys for small
plot holders, farmers and small farms;
 Trade and procurement.
JSC "Lenptitseprom" has a slaughter and processing line in its structure. “Trading House Lenptitseprom” was
established as a subsidiary for marketing products from its various branches. The total number of employees is 860
people.
2. Production levels/ Future plans
The main economic activity is production of chicken eggs. Products from the farm are mainly marketed for retail
in St. Petersburg and the wider Leningrad region. In 2012, the number of birds was more than 309,000 heads,
including 162,000 heads of youngsters, and the farm produced more than 69 million eggs. The average egg price is
currently 23-25 RUR per 10 pieces, and this has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years.
45
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
Number of
Layers (heads)
Number of
Broilers
Production level
– eggs (million)
(heads)
2009
301
597,074
179,600,000
2010
313
360,090
112,600,000
2011
304
300,987
91,500,000
2012
286
243,347
69,500,000
Production level
– poultry meat
(tons, live
weight)
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary
Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Lenptitseprom farm. As can be seen, the
farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
13,849
9,233
Type of
Storage
Concrete
composting
grounds
Amount
of own
land
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
210
2,730
1,065
855
4.1 Storage capacity of Manure/Litter
In JSC “Lenptitseprom” the annual manure output is13,849 tons, according to the estimated data. There are
specially constructed concrete composting grounds in the vicinity of the farm, which are used for poultry litter
storage. When necessary, field grounds are also used for composting. Currently, 9,000 tons of manure is stored on
concrete composting grounds and on the fields.
4.2 Treatmentof Manure/Litter
As a result of its long maturation in manure storages and open field sites (8 -12 months, sometimes longer),
poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and compost.
“Lenptitseprom” farm is only able to apply up to 2,730 tons of decomposed and/or semi -decomposed litter on its
210 ha of agricultural land in order to comply with HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as
being 13 tons of manure per ha). This corresponds to 19.8% of the total annual manure output of “Lenptitseprom”
farm. To dispose of the remaining 80.2% of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCOM
standards, the farm requires at least an additional 855 ha of agricultural land.
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
The main problem is that poultry litter is accumulated on the fields, and the annual increase of manure/litter
volume along with poor or insufficient storage/spreading capacity has an adverse effect on the environment.
Further expansion of production will exacerbate this problem.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
46
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Poultry farm “Lenptitseprom” is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, specialists of the poultry farm have participated in
seminars organised by the PIU. The PIU has also givenits manure manual (“Manure / poultry litter management on
livestock farms to ensure the ecological security of the territory, ground and underground water bodies in the
Leningrad region”) to the General Director of the farmTrusovYuriy Vasilyevich (during a meeting devoted to
problems of soil fertility, which was initiated by the Public Chamber of the Leningrad Region ).This manual contains
information about different technological solutions and legislative requirements for environmentally safe manure
management.YuriyVasilyevich said that he found the manual “very informative and obviously useful”.
47
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
E. Limited Liability Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Lebyazhye”
Completed 22 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188522, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, Village Shundorovo / Tel.: (+7(812) 423 -09-60, +7 (81376)
7-24-22812) / Fax.: +7 (81376) 7-24-16 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: http://www.ptitsefabrikalebyazhye.ru
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Kuksov Vladimir Mikhaylovich / Tel.: 8 (812) 423-09-60, 8 (81376) 72-416
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
100% shares belong to JSC "Lenptitseprom”
1.4 Description
Poultry breeding farm "Lebyazhye" commenced operations in 1985. The farm specialises in the production of
breeding chickens for meat-producing poultry farms, and supplies chickens to other farms in the Leningrad region
for subsequent rearing. It is the only producer of breeding chickens for meat production in the North-West region
of Russia. Since its establishment, the company has repeatedly changed ownership. From 1993 to 1996 it was in
the form of a Joint Stock Company, between 1997 and 2001 it was a branch of "Lentptitseprom" and, since 2001,
it has operated in the form of Limited Liability Company as a branch of “Lenptitseprom”.
In 1995, shareholders of JSC Poultry Breeding farm “Lebyazhe" requested to join with JSC "Lenptitseprom". At this
time, the poultry birds were gone, and there was a debt of more than 19 billion roubles. The Regional
Administration supported the idea of a mergerand assisted in the implementation of statutory procedures. Since
1996, JSC Poultry Breeding farm “Lebyazhe" continued its activities as a branch of "Lenptitseprom". In order to
restore the poultry farm’s production levels, "Lenptitseprom" attracted a partner, French company "ISA" (today it is
"Hubbard"), which created breeds of meat crosses, such asLa Vedetta Isa, Isa 15 and others. They are highly
productive and economic breeds of chickens.
The system of financial support for the production of breeding chickens (accepted by the Government of the
Leningrad region) helped to recover and increase the volume of production, an d partially offset the rising costs of
production. Due to improved technology and better use of production space, in 2005 "Lebyazhe" produced more
than 3.7 million day-old chicks and became the second largest supplier of breeding production on the Russian
market. However, there remained a need to increase production of the pedigree flock and, in the spring of 2006, it
became clear that further increase of production will be impossible without major reconstruction. After careful
study of the proposals of several West European firms, specialists from “Lebhyzahe” decided to upgrade feeding
and watering equipment using the firm "Roxell", and brought in civil Engineers of the “Neofors” group of
companies to assist with the development of technical solutions, as well as install and commission equipment.
As a result of the reconstruction, 45 poultry houses were equipped with feeding and watering equipment from
Belgian company "Roxell"; “KiXoo” oval feeders for the parent and grandparent flocks of chickens ("Hubbard "), a
“Vitoo” system of feeders for replacement flock, and the “SPARKcup” drinking system.
Two additional poultry houses (71mx 60m) were constructed with a capacity of 15,000 breeding hens and
cockerels. New poultry sheds were equipped with a unique ventilation system with overpressure (no analogues in
Russia), automated systems for feeding, watering and lighting, as well as effective barriers against harmful micro organisms. The same technical standards are seen in the reconstructed hatchery, located at a distance from the
poultry farm in the village of Volosovo. The hatchery was equipped by the company "Pas Reform" (Holland). In
2010 – 2011, two replacement flock poultry houses were reconstructed and four sheds for grown birds.
"Lenptitseprom" does not have any plans to stop its reconstruction plans. The company will design the second
48
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
phase of reconstruction of "Lebyazhe" and start to design first order reproducer for the egg layers.
2. Production Levels / Future plans
Poultry farm "Lebyazhe" is a reproducer of the first order. It rears breeding chickens of parent forms of meat
crosses, which were developed and introduced by selection centre of firm Hubbard. As a reproducer of the first
order, it supplies popular crosses, such as resource-saving cross F-15 with a mini chicken on the parent flock. In
this bird, a recessive gene for dwarfism in the maternal line allows savings of up to 12kg of feed per head for the
1-64 week period, so farms can use the production area more efficiently, increasing the density of birds in the
production area by up to 6.5-7 heads per m 2. “Lebyazhe” supplies day-old chicks of the parental forms to more
than 70 poultry farms of the Russian Federation. It produces over 10 million heads of day -old chicks per year. Past
data on production levels is unavailable, but currently the farm has approximately 18 3,000 heads of layers, and
approximately 104,000 heads of broilers. The selling prices of day-old chicks depend on number to be supplied and
ranges from 18 to 35 RUR per head.
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Table 1 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on “Lebyazhye” farm. As can be seen, the
farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 1
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
Type of
Storage
Amount
of own
land
12,869
8580
Concrete
and soil
composting
ground
0
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM standards,
approx. 13 tons per ha)
0
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
990
980
3.1 Storage of Manure / Litter
The poultry litter output in “Lebyazhye” farm is 35 tons per day or 12,869 tons per year (according to the estimate
data). There are concrete composting grounds used for manure storage, which consist of two reservoirs/trenches
of 90m x10m each, and a soil composting ground. During winter periods litter is taken to the concrete composting
ground, and in the summer to the soil composting ground. Between 8 -10,000 tons of litter mixed with peat is
placed in the concrete composting ground at any one time. During storage and fermentation, the litter reduces in
volume by 25-30% compared with the original amount. However, due to precipitation on the stored manure, the
mass of the stored manure increases even as its volume decreases.
3.2 Treatment of Manure / Litter
Initially, the full amount of poultry litter produced is placed in the concrete composting ground, where it is stored
in piles for 8-12 months. Poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition
and compost. Compost is then used on the fields of neighbouring farms, or sold to gardeners and small plot
holders, as the farm owns none of its own arable land. To dispose of the entire amount of poultry litter produced
on its own fields, the farm would require at least 1,245 hectares of land.
3.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
The main problem is that, due to long-term storage on open field sites, poultry litter is exposed to various weather
conditions (snow, rain, high/flood water, etc.). This increases its volume and leads to the formation of manure
effluent that leaks into the soil and water sources. During this period of time, ammonia is released into the
atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the quality of litter as fertilizer, as well as l eading to air pollution, although
49
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
mixing with peat somehow slows down those processes and improves quality of the resulting naturally fermented
compost.
4. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
“Lebyazhye" is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, “Lebyazhye” farm managers have participated in seminars and events
organized by the PIU. The PIU has also distributed to the farm its manure manual ( “Manure / poultry litter
management on livestock farms to ensure the ecological security of the territory, ground and u nderground water
bodies in the Leningrad region”). This manual contains information about different technological solutions and
legislative requirements for environmentally safe manure management.
Currently, SZNIIMESH/PIU is working with the management company KER-Holding Ltd (http://www.kerholding.ru/eng/about) to solve the problem of poultry litter management on “Lebyazhye” farm. Specialists of the
firm and SZNIIMESH have developed various proposals for the accelerated fermentation of manure, in particular:



Composting at sites with active mixing by agitators;
Using chamber bio-fermenters; and
Using of drum fermenters.
50
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
F. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Lomonosovskaya” (JSC
Lomonosovskaya”)
Completed 18 September 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188502, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, village Gorbunki / Tel.: +7 (81376) 5 -32-10 / Fax.: (+7
(812) 421-26-44 / E-mail: [email protected].
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Willeke van den Brink/ Tel.: (81362) 632641.3
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
100 % of shares belong to JSC “Poultry farm Severnaya” 187322, Leningrad Region, Kirovskiy District, settlement
Sinyavino-1
1.4 Description
Broiler Poultry Farm "Lomonosovskaya" began its operations on December 1, 1960. At that time it was the largest
broiler poultry farm in Europe, and for a long time it was one of the leading poultry meat producing enterprises of
the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region. For some years, about 40% of the region’s poultry meat was
produced there. In 1993, as a result of the farm’s privatization, "Lomonosovskaya" was transformed into a Joint
Stock Company, and was similarly modernised with the introduction of new, modern production technology. In
October 2011, based on the decision of the sole shareholder of JSC Poultry farm "Severnaya" and JSC Poultry farm
“Lomonosovskaya", and according to a merger agreement, the farms were reorganized in line with Articl e 19.1 of
the Federal Law "On Joint-Stock Companies". As a result of the reorganization, of JSC Poultry farm "Severnaya"
became the sole successor of the property, rights and liabilities of Poultry farm “Lomonosovskaya".
2. Production Levels / Future plans
Until October 2011, the poultry farm was the most technologically effective enterprise engaged in production of
broiler meat, and the largest producer of broiler meat in the North-West region. The main products of poultry
production activities are: completely eviscerated broiler chickens; broiler meat cuts (breasts, legs, and wings);
mince; and other products. Most of the farm’s products are fresh meat (kept at 0 – 4 °c) that retains its flavour
and 100% of its dietary properties. Products of the farm are marketed in Saint Petersburg, Moscow and the wider
Leningrad, Moscow and Novgorod regions.
Since its merger with Poultry farm “Severnaya” in October 2011, the main activity of “Lomonosovskaya” farm has
been the leasing of property, plants and equipment.
There is no data currently available on current or past production levels.
51
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
In October 2011 broiler meat production was discontinued. During 2012 the remaining poultry litter (after
disinfection) was taken out on the fields.
52
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
G. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm “Nevskaya” (CJSC
“Nevskaya”)
Completed 14October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188668, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozjsk District, Settlement Leskolovo / Tel.: +7(81370) 5 -41-40, 6-53-27;
+7(81370) 5-43-00; +7(81370) 5-42-01 / Fax.: (81370) 5-42-01, +7(812)3295356 / E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Malov Oleg Amirovich / Tel: (881370) 5-41-40
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned


LLC Poultry farm “Novaya Nevskaya” – 1.89 % of shares
Private persons (861 people) – 98.19 % of shares
1.4 Description
The farm commenced operations in 1974 in accordance with a standard design intended for 250,000 heads of
laying hens. Since this time, the farm has repeatedly changed ownership, and was registered in its present form
ZAO (CJSC “Nevskaya”) on 6 February 1993. The average number of employees is 175 people.
The company has undergone modernisation several times. The last renovation was in 2005, when 10 poultry
houses were equipped with cages from Spanish firm Zukami, and at which time the number of bird places
increased to 900,000. Investment in this modernisation amounted to 3 millio n EUR.
The main specialization of “Nevskaya” is egg production, but poultry and egg production levels has been unstable
over the years, varying greatly depending on the economic situation of the company. Crosses Loman and Hy -Line
are used for the production of eggs. Between 2005-2009, poultry farm "Nevskaya" was one of the largest egg
producers in the Leningrad region, accounting for 7% of the market, and 30 -40% of products were exported to
Moscow and the Moscow region.
There are 18 poultry houses (55,000 laying hens each), of which only 10 are currently used. There is a growing unit
designed for 90,00 heads, as well as a feed plant, and a slaughterhouse for culled birds.
In recent years, due to management problems and breaches in technological processes (i nadequate repeated
“induced molting” of birds to increase production, egg quality, and profitability of flocks in their second or third
laying seasons, when it was needed to replace flock), levels of production and profitability declined. This left
“Nevskaya” with multi-million RUB losses, severe debt, and put them on the edge of bankruptcy. On 27 February
2013, the Arbitration Court of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region enacted an external control procedure for
a period of 18 months in respect of “Nevskaya” farm, appointing an external manager, Viktor Bychenkov.
The farm has a bad reputation with regional environmental control authorities in connection with the unresolved
issue of the disposal of produced poultry manure.
2. Production Levels / Future plans
For a long time, poultry farm "Nevskaya" was a major representative of the poultry industry in the North -West
region, but over the past five years, the situation has worsened. The number of heads has been reduced and
accordingly the level of production has decreased, as well as the egg capacity of remaining poultry.The main
products of the farm are eggs (first category) and poultry meat obtained after the culling/selection of the main
flock.
53
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
242.8
Number of
Layers
(heads)
700,000
Number
of Broilers
(heads)
NA
Production
level – eggs
(million)
170
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
NA
2008
2009
246
573,290
NA
140.8
NA
2010
309
557,891
NA
172.5
NA
2011
313
453,994
NA
142.1
NA
2012
252
432,604
NA
108.8
NA
Poultry Farm "Nevskaya" wholesales eggs in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, in Moscow and Moscow
region, where egg prices range between 21-24 RUR per 10 pieces. The end products are produced according to
veterinary standards and certificates of compliance.
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Table 2overleaf gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on “Nevskaya” poultry farm. As can be
seen, the farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output,
if it is to comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 2
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
26,808
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
17,872
Type
Storage
of
Storage
facility, divided
into 4 sections
10,000m3 each
Amount
of
own
land (ha)
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on
HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
0
0
2,062
2,062
4.1 Storage of Manure / Litter
According to the survey conducted, the litter output of caged birds is 33,537 tons of wet manure per year which,
after natural shrinkage, yields 26,807 tons of litter. There is a specially-constructed 40,000m3 manure storage
facility, divided into 4 sections.
4.2 Treatment of Manure / Litter
As a result of its long maturation in manure storages and open field sites (8 -12 months, sometimes longer),
poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and composting. T he
poultry farm has no agricultural land which is why decomposed and semi-decomposed manure is taken on the
54
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
fields and to the fields of the farms and individual plot holders. To dispose of the total annual production of
poultry litter according to HELCOM standards, the farm requires at least 2,062ha of agricultural land.
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
Although management of the poultry farm officially declares that the entire volume of the resulting manure is
composted and is brought to the field sites in accordance with the technology, according to available information,
this is not true. In 2012, land contamination by organic waste was recorded in the vicinity of poultry farms on an
area of 2 hectares. It was also found that waste was being disposed of on composting grounds, with 80m 3 ofwaste
(packaging cardboard, feathers, and egg shells) dumped there. Non-compliance was found in the area of recycling
and collection of bio-waste, as well as breach of the requirements of veterinary and sanitary rules.
Based on these offenses/infringement of the law, JSC Poultry farm “Nevskaya" and the General Director were fined
40,000 and 2,000 RUR, respectively. An order was also issued to rehabilitate land to the condition suitable for use,
and bring the land back to a state suitable for agricultural use.
In addition, removal of manure on the fields of neighbouring farms also caused complaints from residents living
nearby to these fields. Heaps of manure are stored on fields for a long time (time spre ading and application of
manure into the soil in crop growing farms do not always coincide with the terms and requirements to clear
overflowing manure storages), which threatens to contaminate the environment.
These facts indicate lack of available storage, and non-compliance with established standards for the storage and
disposal of poultry litter.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
Poultry farm “Nevskaya” is not a pilot farm. Nonetheless, the poultry farm has been proposed several options for
poultry litter management by the PIU, including:

Poultry litter incineration without use of supplementary fuel. Energy recovery - hot water for heating and
other needs. Specialists of the poultry farm participated in a Study Trip (organized by the PIU in
partnership with company Agro-3 "Ecology), visiting poultry farm “Konkursnaya” (Moscow region) to study
the Russian experience of poultry litter incineration on a production scale;
 Biogas plant to supply gas to greenhouse complex. The PIU had a meetingwith ma nagers of the
“Interflora” green house complex/flower growing dealer, which is situated across the road from the poultry
farm. The managers of Interflora have expressed interest to buy biogas, because at the time the
greenhouses were already built and with gas burners installed, but the company had experienced
difficulties with obtaining all the legal requirements for gas supply. Nonetheless, the owners of the green
houses were not ready to invest in building a biogas plant, given that biogas technology for poultry litter
has not yet been fully developed.
Experts of the poultry farm have been invited to all seminars and events organized by the PIU. The current
difficult financial situation of “Nevskaya” has not allowed the PIY to carry out further work with the farm.
55
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
H. Closed Joint Stock Company "ZAO AgrokomplexOredej"
Completed 22 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
188335, Leningrad Region, Gatchina District, Village Batovo, 1 / Tel.: 13949; +7(81371)54816; 54 -841; 63160
/ Fax.: 15824;+7(81371)54335 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website : http://www.ak-oredej.ru
1.2 Farm Director
General Director AndreevaNelliVladimirovna / Tel.: +7(81371)54816
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
Since 2002, Oredej has belonged to the one of the biggest food producing holdings in North West Federal District,
Aladushkin Group”. This group is the leader in the North-West of Russia for the production of flour, cereal, animal
feed and eggs. "Aladushkin Group" consists of the following companies: JSC "Petersburg MelnichniyKombinat", JSC
"LeningradskiyKombinat of Hleboproductov, named after Kirov" including branches of the "Kirov feed mill", and
JSC Agricultural Complex "Oredej".A list of affiliated persons has not been disclosed.
1.4 Description
Agricultural Complex “Oredej” was originally called “Zavodskaya” farm when established on 31 December 1965.
Since this time, “Zavodskaya” was formed into a closed Joint Stock Company in 1992, and subsequently renamed
Agricultural Complex "Oredej" in 2001. Following a merger with JSC Poultry Farm “Skvoritsy" in 2002, “Oredej” was
reorganised and the company became part of the holding "Aladushkin Group".
The farm has a land area of 2.8 hectares, and also owns 673 hectares of farmland.
There are 4 different crosses of poultry used in the production: "Hisex White","Lohman LSL -Classic","Hisex Brown"
and "Lohmann Brown Classic".
All equipment on the farm is modern and produced by world's leading manufacturers. Egg sorters come from
Dutch company “Staalkat”, and cages from Spanish company “Zucami”. In the summer of 2013, the farm began
growing feed cereals to ensure self-sufficiency, and it plans to sell cereals to feed mills, later acquiring the feed at
reduced prices.
On the poultry farm there are 25 poultry houses: 3 are designed for young birds (287,520 bird places), 18 for
laying hens (1,162,264 bird places), and 3 poultry houses are vacant and awaiting renovation. Each poultry house
has a different capacity, ranging from 55,660 bird places (poultry house number 11) to 79,680 bird places (poultry
house number 12). On the poultry farm there is a feed unit, egg store, slaughterhouse and other ancillary
buildings.
2. Production levels/ Future plans
ZAO AgrokomplexOredej is one of the leading egg producers in the North West region of Russia.Currently there are
1,157,000 heads of layers, including 162,000 heads of youngsters. Past stock and production levels are shown in
Table 1 overleaf. Nowadays the company produces over 200 million eggs a year, making it the third largest egg
producer in the Leningrad region. The farm sells chicken eggs and processed eggs, poultry meat and speciality
meats, and organic fertilisers.
56
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
Number of
Layers
(heads)
Number
of Broilers
Production level
– eggs (million)
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
(heads)
2008
315
595,238
N/A
187,500,000
N/A
2009
317
543,849
N/A
172,400,000
N/A
2010
328
610,128
N/A
200,000,000
N/A
2011
330
724,901
N/A
239,000,000
N/A
2012
324
907,968
N/A
294,000,000
N/A
The main consumers of chicken eggs are members of food producing holding “Aladushkin group” and the network
of supermarkets in the North West Federal District. Sale prices are quite competitive, egg prices, ranging from 23 25 roubles per 10 eggs, and poultry meat ranging from 25-50 roubles per kg. Over the past 5 years, prices for eggs
were almost constant, but prices for poultry meat have almost doubled.
Table 2
Product
Current Selling Price
Variation over past 5 years
Eggs
23-25 RUR per 10 eggs
Stable (nil)
Poultry Meat
25-50 RUR per kg
Increasing (doubled in past 5 years)
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary
Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Oredej farm. As can be seen, the farm
currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
79,000
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
32,704
Type of
Storage
Concrete
composting
ground
Amount
of own
land ha
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
673
8749
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
6,076
Land
shortfall
5403
4.1 Storage capacity of Manure/Litter
According to data provided by the farm, the annual output of caged bird poultry litter is between 70 -80,000
tons.There is a specially constructed concrete composting ground within the farm which, as at 1 January 2013,
contained 32,704 tons of poultry litter.
HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure per ha). Given that the poultry
farm owns 673 hectares of agricultural land, it is only able to apply up to 8,749 tons of decomposed and/or semidecomposed litter on the land. This corresponds to 11.1% of the total annual manure output of Oredej farm. To
dispose of the total annual production of poultry litter according to HELCO M standards, the farm would require at
least an additional 5,380 ha of agricultural land.
4.2 Treatmentof Manure/Litter
57
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
The majority (approximately 99% of the total amount) of poultry litter on Oradej farm is exposed to the natural
fermentation process during its time stored in concrete composting grounds. This natural fermentation process
takes around 6-12 months, after which the disinfected poultry litter is partially distributed (for free) to gardeners,
private plot holders and agricultural organizations in Luga district. Of the approximately 70-80,000 ton annual
output of litter, 50,000 tons goes to agricultural organizations in Luga district, about 13 tons is applied on the
farm’s fields, and about 500 tons is sold to gardeners and private plots holders. In addition, about 300-350 tons of
fresh manure is mixed with peat, stored for 3-6 months for natural fermentation and sold as compost to local
residents (about 1,000 tons in total).
The remaining litter – currently approximately 1,000 tons (1.2% of the annual output of litter produced at Oradej)
– is processed using an innovative biofermentation process. On 26 October 2011, with the participation of Sergei
Vasilyevich Yakhnyuk (Vice-Governor of the Leningrad Region / Chairman of the Committee for Agroindustry and
Fishery Complex), Oradej held the "Technopark of Military Engineering Technical University" and opened a pilot
“biofermentation” processing unit for chicken manure under the framework of the firm “Biozem”. This
"biofermentation" processing unit used American "Biopharm" technology was refined and improved by scientists
of Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Land Reclamation in Tver, under the leadership of Professor N.
Kovalev, and was awarded the State Prize of Russian Federation in the field of science and technology. The
principle of technology is to thoroughly mix poultry litter in certain proportions (depending on the laboratory
tests) with peat, sawdust, straw or other organic waste, and then put the resulting mixture into a “bioferment er”
tank. The mixture undergoes a process of self-heating due to propagation and processing of a mixture of bacteria
(measured by nanometers), until it reaches a certain temperature. The process has a regulated supply of air (no
heating), and lasts for 7 days. As a result, the mixture turns into multi-purpose compost (KMN). In 2012, 1,000
tons of fresh poultry litter was given to the firm “Biozem” as part of their long -term agreement with Oradej.
The poultry farm also provides a production base to the company "Scarabey" for testing of aerobic microbial
processing of chicken manure.
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
The concrete composting ground on Oradej farm is open/exposed, and cannot protect poultry litter from the
effects of rain, snow, runoff onto the ground, and runoff to the river Oredej. Currently, the farm’s annual transport
costs amount to approximately 18 million roubles, largely due to the cost of delivering disinfected poultry litter to
crop growing farms in Luga district.
Due to the need for long-term storage of litter for its disinfection, and the lack of options to use manure on the
fields of other farms, poultry litter accumulates too rapidly for turnover in storage, and the farm is forced to take
it to the field sites were it is exposed to precipitation and creates a nuisance for local residents. This is regularly
reported on by the media.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
Poultry farm Oredej is not a pilot farm. However, the PIU has under the framework of its Terms of Reference
provided the farm with:



Support to manure management investments
Support to prepare detailed investment plans, necessary funding applications, tendering documents, etc.:
advice, review of the plans, etc.
Identification of potential buyers of manure for fertiliser processing:
o The PIU assisted the firm "Biozem" to develop a business plan for poultry litter processing using bio
fermentation technology, which has been tested both on Oradej farm and in other parts of Russia.
Biozem was however unable to find investors, and the business plan submitted to NEFCO was
therefore not approved. Currently, Biozem is seeking funding sources and more efficient markets
including outside of Russia, e.g. Germany (they have obtained the necessary documents to export).
o The PIU has presented the farm with poultry litter drying technology developed by VDL Agrotech
(Holland), with the objective of reducing transportation costs for Oradej when manure is delivered
to farms in Luga district. The technology was seen in action by the head of Oradej farm during the
PIU-organised Study Tour in July 2013, was subsequently approved, and a letter of intent for
58
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
implementation was drafted and signed. The VDL Agrotech commercial offer is currently under
preparation.
59
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
I. Closed Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Roskar” (JSC “Roskar”)
Completed 16 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188855, Leningrad Region, Vyborg District, Settlement Pervomayskoe / Tel.: (812) 314-71-04(812) 431 98
41/ Fax.:(812) 312-18-73, (812) 431 98 42 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www.roskar-spb.ru
1.2 Farm Director
General Director GoryachovValeriy Pavlovich / Tel.: +(812) 431-99-42, (812) 312-18-73
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned by:
 Goryachev Valery Pavlovich - 28.68% of shares
 Japaridze George Kukurevich - 21.24% of shares
 Shvedkova Lydia Mikhailovna - 15.84% shares
 Kuryleva Margarita Evganyevna - 10.6% of shares
 Isakov Viktor Alexandrovich - 4.84% of shares
1.4 Description
The Poultry Farm was established in December 1972, changing its name to “Roskar” in 1992, which derives from
“Russian Karelia”, as the farm is located on the Karelian Isthmus.
Poultry Farm "Roskar" is a modern poultry farm with a closed production process including egg production as well
as the processing of poultry meat and complete utilization of poultry house waste (feathers, dead a nimals,
slaughterhouse waste, etc.). The complex includes an animal feed plant, plants for the production of meat and
bone meal, a unit for the production of organic fertilizers, a unit of parent flock, and an incubation plant for
laying hens and broiler chickens (comprising units of breeding and production flock). There are also egg sorting
and packing plants, an egg processing unit, a poultry slaughterhouse and meat processing unit, and a system of
warehouses for storing produce.
2. Production levels/ Future plans
The main activities of JSC "Poultry farm Roskar" are poultry breeding, and production of poultry meat and edible
by-products. At the time when the farm was established, the design capacity was 260,000 laying hens. By 2012,
the number of poultry in JSC "Poultry farm Roskar" reached 5,282,800 heads. Since it started operations, the
poultry farm has produced 13 billion eggs, 81,000 tons of liquid egg products, 18,000 tons of dry egg products,
and 202,000 tons of poultry meat. Currently, the company successfully works in two directions: industria l
production of eggs and broiler meat. In 2012 egg production totaled 873 million units, and broiler meat 20,500
tons.
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
Number of Layers
(heads)
Number of
Broilers (heads)
Production level
– eggs (million)
Production level – poultry
meat (tons, live weight)
2008
335
1,894,627
No data
634.7
12,049
2009
341
2,100,293
No data
716.2
No data
2010
340
2,230,635
No data
758.4
No data
2011
340
2,478,235
No data
842.6
No data
2012
344
2,537,791*
No data*
873.0
20,500
60
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
* There is only a layers population number in the official statistics, the broilers are estimated to be around 1 mln.
heads
The farm’s products are marketed in St. Petersburg, Moscow and the North -West region of the Russian Federation,
as well as Central and Southern Federal Districts. The range, which already includes more than 400 items/types is
constantly expanding, and the company regularly introduces new egg and meat brands to offer consumers high
quality products. The main product of "Roskar" is branded packaged eggs. The farm specialises in the production of
enriched eggs, which have therapeutic properties due to the increased content of certain elements (trademark
"Extra", "Activita", "Omega-3 Active", "Polziki" (for kids), "Happy hen", "Mega"). They also produce a range of meat
products, including broiler chicken in marinade, frozen broiler meat, chicken breasts, whole c hickens, broiler
chicken stomachs, frozen readymade chicken dishes with vegetables (zrazy), gutted broiler chickens, and frozen
nuggets. In addition to chicken meat products, “Roskar” also produces a range of egg products, including quick frozen omelettes, pasteurized liquid egg yolks/whites, and pasteurized egg powder. They also produce dry poultry
litter. "Poultry farm Roskar" achieves good selling prices for its products, as seen in Table 2 below.
Table 2
Product
Current Selling Price
Variation over past 5 years
Eggs
28-32 RUR per 10 pieces
Stable (nil)
Poultry Meat
59-70 RUR per kg
Stable (nil)
At the end of November 2012, "Poultry farm Roskar" was awarded an SGS certificate for their compliance with
food safety management requirements for poultry farms, according to international standards set out in the FSSC
22000 scheme. The certificate was issued by SGS after a certification audit, which "Poultry farm Roskar"
successfully passed.
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary
Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Roskar farm. As can be seen, the farm
currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
Type of
Storage
Amount
of own
land
133,929
No data
Concrete
composting
grounds
20,000m 2
600
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
7,800
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfallha
10,302
9,702
4.1 Treatment of Manure / Litter
Roskar farm annually produces more than 135,000 tons of poultry litter, about 400 -500 tons per day. They have a
20,000m 2 concrete composting ground on site, which stores some of the manure for organic
decomposition/fermentation.
In 2006, the farm built and put into operation a granulation plant. The plant produces high quality organic
fertilizer, applicable to all types of agricultural production. However, the production of this type of organic
fertilizer has faced a number of obstacles, including the high price of the product. Not all farmers are willing to
61
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
pay for high-quality organic fertilizer, even if it is priced competitively.
Because of this, Roskar management decided to look at alternative solutions to manure management, and
subsequently developed and implemented an agrochemical technology for processing poultry litter into organic
fertilizer, called "SilyUrozjaya" (“The Power of the Harvest”). This product has been researched and evaluated by
experts in leading institutes in Moscow and St. Petersburg. It works by processing dried, stored chicken manure
using a microbiological preparation. This preparation contains a mixed culture of microorganisms that exist in the
natural environment worldwide. Chicken manure is stored in piles in specially prepared elevated field sites (where
there are no nearby water bodies) in autumn, winter and early spring. The piles are a length of about 150 m,
constantly mixed by agitator and stored for between 1 and 1.5 months. At all stages of the production the
technological requirements of application of organic fertilizers are controlled, and the temperature of the manure
piles is constantly monitored. At a certain temperature all pathogens are killed. When organic fertilizer is ready,
and tests verify that there are no pathogenic microorganisms present, and when favorable weather conditions
occur (such that the machinery is able to enter into the field), the finished product can be applied to soil and
subsequently plowed and disked.
Only a small amount of the total 135,000 annual manure output can be stored in the concrete composting
ground, and less than 10% of the total amount of manure is dried, granulated and marketed. This means that
about 80% of the remaining manure is processed into organic fertiliser using the microbiological
preparation/substance described above. The finished product is either disposed of for free on the fields of
neighbouring farms, delivered to agricultural producers (gardeners and private plot holders) under contracts, or
distributed on the farm’s own fields (4-5%). HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13
tons of manure per ha). Given that Roskar poultry farm owns 600 hectares of farmland, it can only safely apply up
to 7,800 tons of decomposed or semi-decomposed poultry litter on its own land, which corresponds to 5.8% of
the annual volume of production. To dispose of the entire annual output of poultry litter, Roskar would require at
least an additional 9,702 ha of agricultural land. This means that they are left with a problem of how to manage
the at least 126,000 tons of excess manure.
4.2 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
Despite the fact that Roskar appear to have both granulation and microbiological technologies of manure
management in place, the media regularly reports on complaints of residents of the village of Kirovskoye(Vyborg
district of Leningrad region) suffocating from the strong smell of chicken litter, because CJSC "Poultry farm
Roskar" stores/dumps the waste on the fields near the village. In a recent conversation with the “Lenoblinform”
press, EgorLeontiev (Head of the regional branch of environmental projects of "Green Patrol", a public organization
in the North-West region of the Russian Federation), described the “gross violations of enviro nmental regulations"
on the farm and said:
“Those who transport chicken manure to the fields don’t even bother to distribute it evenly on
the territory as a natural fertilizer, instead dumping it in large quantities on the fields. Of
course, such actions must be stopped. We have already sent several requests to the number of
regulatory agencies about the necessity of environmental inspection, including to
organizations such as the Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries Complex, the
“Rospotrebnadzor” (federal service for consumer rights protection and human well-being
surveillance) and “Rostehnadzor” (Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision
Service), and the Office of the Public Prosecutor. We have collected evidence base on such
cases. We hope that the experts will determine the quality of sanitation and environmental
conditions in the enterprise, and enforce the applicable regulations."
Meanwhile, workers of “Roskar” refute the claims made by activists and residents of Kirovskoye village , explaining
how they have treated the poultry litter so that it is not hazardous. When asked about complaints from residents
of Kirovskoye village, “Roskar” noted:
“Transport of agricultural fertilizer made by "Power of the Harvest" is done in accordance with
the agreement of 27.04.2012 (a contract between the farm and the owner of the plot of land).
The sites for organic fertilizer were placed 5km away from the nearest buildings, which is
consistent with the requirements of sanitary legislation, that require piles of organic fertilizer
to be no closer than 300m to nearby buildings. Thus, there have been no violations of
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
environmental laws by the CJSC "Poultry Roskar"”.
The poultry farm was visited on 14 October 2013 by Vice-Governor of the Leningrad Region (also Chairman of the
Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries Complex), Sergey Vasilyevich Yakhnyuk, and Chairman of the Regional
Committee of the State Control of Natural Resources and Environmental Safety, Mikhail Kozminykh. They looked
at the quality of recycling of waste products (poultry litter) at the farm, and Mikhail Kozminykh stressed:
“The approach to waste management is a worthy example for all of the producers of the
Leningrad Region, and as an environmentalist I am happy. It's no secret that a number of
companies in the region have claims against them in this regard. Any process chain for
production should be aimed at minimizing environmental risks. Neither the employees of the
company, nor the inhabitants of surrounding areas should feel an environmental hazard.
"Roskar" is an example to follow.”
Sergey Yakhnyuk was also satisfied with the results of trips, and believed that the criticism of the poultry farms
does not always correspond to the actual situation.
Scientists claim that the main cause of ecological imbalance in areas where poultry farms are functioning is due
to the defects by the designers/planners. The doctor of agricultural sciences Valery Lysenko says that many farms
use a so-called “simplified” system of manure utilization, whereby waste is removed from poultry houses and
stored for long periods, with indefinite terms of application on the fields. In the meantime, waste accumulates
precipitation and the amount of stored mass increases, rapidly reducing the possibility for its effective use.
Despite the measures taken by the management of “Roskar” poultry farm in order to ensure the environmentally
safe disposal of manure, several problems remain, including marketing of granular fertilizer produced, the
discrepancy in terms of the application of organic fertilizers and the necessity to clear manure storages, and a lack
of land for safe spreading of manure and fertiliser.
5. Summary of PIU Activity to Date with Farm
CJSC "Poultry farm Roskar" is not pilot farm. Nonetheless, farm representatives have attended seminars and events
organized by the PIU. They have received the manual for safe manure management, containing information about
different technological solutions as well as legislative requirements for environmentally saf e manure management.
Currently, “Roskar” is working with firm "Dunamis" who are looking into a variety of different solutions including
assisting in the marketing of granular fertilizer, installation and maintenance of a unit for drying, and sale of
additional products made from granulated poultry litter.
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
J. Limited Liability Company “Poultry Farm Russko-Vysotskaya” (LLC
“Russko-Vysotskaya”)
Completed 30 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 187516, Leningrad Region, Lomonosov District, village Russko-Vysotskaya / Tel.: +7 (812) 4230283; (812)
275–57–96 / Fax.: +7 (812) 423-09-75
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Rugalov Nikolay Afanasyevich / Tel.: +7 (812) 4230283
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
100 % shares belong to Agro industrial company “OGO”
1.4 Description
Poultry Farm "Russko-Vysotskaya" commenced operations in 1968, at which time its production capacity was 2
million broilers a year. It was then one of the biggest leading enterprises of the North -West region of Russia. At
the beginning of the 1990s, the company was privatised and reorganized into a Limited Liability Company. In
2007, the poultry farm was acquired by agro-industrial company “OGO”.
On the poultry farm “Russko-Vysotskaya” there are all the necessary facilities for closed production cycle: poultry
sheds for parent and youngster flocks, incubators, slaughterhouse, feed preparation centre, weigh station,
workshops and others.
2. Production Levels / Future plans
The main activity of LLC "Russko-Vysotskaya" is poultry meat production. The farm delivers high quality products
due to strict compliance with advanced technology of poultry production, the introduction of high yielding
crosses of birds, and balanced feeding. The products are in high demand among cu stomers due to their high
quality and superior taste, are confirmed by the Veterinary Service and the State Sanitary and Epidemiological
Service through regular laboratory monitoring. The products have veterinary, sanitary and epidemiological
certificates and certificates of compliance, allowing them to be marketed. The poultry farm is constantly working
to improve and expand the range of products, which in addition to broiler chickens also include various types of
semi-finished products (breast, thigh, leg, wing, set for soup, sets of meat, deboned chicken meat and mince, etc.).
The farm also sells chicken eggs and hatching eggs.
In 2004, LLC Poultry farm "Russko- Vysotskaya” entered into the European Union of Poultry Breeders, which is an
indirect confirmation of the high quality of farm’s produce. Owing to their correct approach to breeding of
poultry, broiler meat production has been steadily increasing. In 2008, the farm produced 11,000 tonnes of poultry
meat and by 2012 this reached 12,000 tons of broiler meat, accounting for 5% of the region’s poultry production
(240,000 tons total in 2012). In 2012, the number of broiler youngsters was 643,770 heads, laying hens 91,829
heads, and rearing chickens 34,909 heads. The main products in 2012 were bro iler chicken meat, chicken fillets,
legs, breasts, and broiler chickens. The average price of broiler meat ranges from 30 to 74 RUR per 1 kg.
3. Financial Situation
The poultry farm is characterized by an unstable financial situation. On 30 May 2013, the A rbitration Court of St.
Petersburg and the Leningrad region introduced a monitoring procedure in respect of LLC Poultry farm "Russko –
Vysotskaya”, and approved Vakhrameev Mikhail as an interim manager. Their shared debt is estimated at 500
million RUR. The enterprise has entered bankruptcy, largely due to the bankruptcy of their parent company, as the
64
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
owner of poultry farm agro-industrial company "OGO" declared bankruptcy on the basis of conflict with
shareholders, with a total debt estimated at 7 billion RUR. The assets (property and equipment) of “RusskoVysotskaya” poultry farm, according to "SPARK-Interfax ", accounted for 123 million RUR in 2011.
4. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Table 1 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on poultry farm “Russko-Vysotskaya”. As
can be seen, the farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure
output, if it is to comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 be low.
Table 1
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
27,038
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
18,025
Type of
Storage
Concrete and
soil
composting
ground
Amount
of own
land
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
0
0
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
2,080
2,080
4.1 Storage of Manure / Litter
The poultry farm produces more than 39,000 tons of fresh chicken litter annually, or about 100-120 tons per day.
There are specially-equipped concrete and soil composting grounds on the farm, which can store no more than 18
thousand tons of manure.
4.2 Treatment of Manure / Litter
As a result of its long maturation in concrete composting grounds and open field sites (8-12 months, sometimes
longer), poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition and composting.
The poultry farm has no arable land, therefore after disinfection decomposed and semi-decomposed manure is
disposed of for free on the fields of neighbouring farms, or delivered to agricultural producers (gardeners and
private plot holders). HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure per ha)
which means the farm would require at least an additional 2,080 ha of agricultural land to dispose of its entire
annual output of poultry litter.
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
Despite the measures taken by the management to ensure environmentally safe poultry litter management,
problems of its disposal remain.
The Leningrad Inter-District Environmental Prosecutor, jointly with branches of the federal government health
care "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Leningrad region" audited the poultry farm’s compliance with
federal legislation. The audit found that the company produces waste with various levels of hazard, including the
accumulation of mass volumes of poultry litter on the composting grounds. These and similar violatio ns lead to a
significant deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the municipalities, and violate the rights
of citizens to a healthy environment, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the
Federal Law "On the sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population". In this regard, the Leningrad Inter District Environmental Prosecutor instituted administrative proceedings (under Art. 8.2 Administrative Code failure to comply with environmental and sanitary requirements for the treatment of industrial and domestic
waste or other hazardous substances) against poultry farm «Russko -Vysotskaya». The Department of the Federal
Service for Supervision of Natural Resources in the North-West Federal District offered LLC poultry farm «Russko Vysotskaya» the opportunity to voluntarily compensate for the damage caused to the stream “Bezymyanny”, which
65
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
is part of catchment area of the Baltic Sea basin. The poultry farm has exceeded established limits/norms for
discharges of pollutants.
In November 2013 violations of the rules of protection of the water body were found as a result of the planned
on-site inspection. In the stream was found an excess of allowable concentrations of pollutants, including
nitrogen and phosphorus. For the violations (in accordance with Part 4 of the Administrative Code Article 8.13),
the poultry farm was fined 35,000 RUR, and damage brought to the water body was also estimated. A statement
was sent to the Director General, proposing payment of damages in the amount of 1,429,000 RUR. If this is not
paid voluntarily, the funds will be charged through the court.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
JSC "Russko-Vysotskaya" is not a pilot farm. Farm representatives have been invited to all seminars and events
organized by the PIU. The very difficult financial situation of “Russko - Vysotskaya” has not allowed the PIU to
carry out further work with the farm.
66
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
K. Open Joint Stock Company “Poultry Farm Severnaya” (JSC
“Severnaya”)
Completed 21 September 2013 by
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 187322, Leningrad Region, Kirovskiy District, settlement Sinyavino -1 / Tel.: +7 (813) 626-32-64, (812)
961-19-92; (812) 275–57–96 / Fax.: +7 (813) 626-30-00 / E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www.severnaya.ru
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Willeke van den Brink/ Tel.: (812) 626-43 52
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
100% shares belong to “Agro invest Brinky” , according to the law of Holland.
1.4 Description
Poultry Farm "Severnaya" began its operations on 1 January 1987, at which time it was state enterprise. In
February 1993, "Severnaya" was reorganized into Closed Joint Stock Company Poultry farm "Severnaya", and on 10
January 2007 into Open Join Stock Company Poultry farm "Severnaya". In 1998, "Severnaya" acquired poultry
breeding farm "Voyskovitsy" for the production of incubation eggs, and in 2000 bought the poultry farm
“Lomonosovskaya". In 2011, as a result of reorganization, all assets of “Lomonosovska ya” poultry farm were
transferred to the poultry farm "Severnaya".
Since 1996, there has been a modernization of existing production facilities and, in 2006, the largest poultry
incubator in Europe and Asia was constructed at “Severnaya”. The process of p roduction and slaughter of broiler
chickens meets the highest international hygiene and technical standards. In December 2007, the company was
certified according to food safety standard ISO 22000 and HACCP. During 2009, construction of a new incubator
with a capacity of 122 million incubated eggs a year continued, as well as construction of a new plant for heat
treatment of chicken feed, with a production capacity of 550,000 tons of feed per year.
By 2005, “Severnaya” had the following facilities: a feed preparation center with 60t/h capacity, an incubator,
slaughterhouse, completed reconstructed poultry houses with upgraded equipment, and a special unit for
addressing the disposal of bird waste (feathers, dead animals, waste of the slaughter house etc.). P oultry farms
“Voyskovitsy” and “Lomonosovskaya” were also reequipped in 2005, and the infrastructure was rebuilt.
Given that the owners have experience in the renovation of old soviet poultry farms built between the 1970 and
80s, they decided not to rebuild, but to build new ones, which is how the project “Mginskoe” (a branch of poultry
farm "Severnaya") started. In 2004-2005, the farm started the first building plans including all expertise (EIA) and
approvals. As a result of expansion Poultry «Severnaya» now consists of four operating divisions/branches:

Poultry Breeding farm “Voyskovitsy” (acquired in 1998);

Poultry farm “Lomonosovskaya” (acquired in 2000);

Poultry farm “Severnaya”;

Broiler production, poultry farm “Mginskoe”, currently under construction .
All production units are located in different regions of the Leningrad region, not far from the center of St.
Petersburg. The “Mginskoe” complex for the production of broiler chickens will consist of five poultry production
areas, each of which will include 16 poultry houses, with a total capacity of 10.2 million poultry heads. The project
is expected to be completed at the end of 2013.
This expansion, along with the reconstruction and modernization of poultry farms, production of feed, slaughter
houses, waste utilization units and incubators contribute “Severnaya”’s status as one of the leading suppliers of
fresh chicken meat on the market in Russia.
67
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
2. Production Levels / Future plans
Poultry farm "Severnaya" is the largest poultry farm in the Leningrad region. The main activity of JSC Poultry farm
"Severnaya" is poultry meat production, and its main products are broiler chicken meat, chicken fillets, legs,
breasts, and broiler chickens.
In 2012, the number of poultry in “Severnaya” was more than 11 million heads, producing 152,200 tons of poultry
meat. Poultry farm "Severnaya" is the leading supplier of fresh chicken meat on the market in Russia, and has
reputation as a producer of “Best Russian Chickens" tm.
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/
year)
Number
Layers
(heads)
of
Number of Broilers
(heads)
Productio
n level –
eggs
2008
3,532,929
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
47,245
2009
3,618,226
48,386
2010
3,751,458
50,168
2011
6,540,930
87,471
2012
11,381,000
152,200
2013
12,000,00014,200,000*
160,000 – 187,000
* The figure includes the branch “Mginskoye”, not yet operating in full capacity
The products are marketed in St. Petersburg, Moscow, the North-West and Central regions of Russia.
Average prices of poultry meat ranges from 57 to 74 RUR per kg, remaining largely stable over the past 5 years
but increasing by 10% in 2012 compared to recent years.
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Table 3 overleaf gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on poultry farm “Severnaya”. As can be
seen, the farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which to spread the annual manure output,
if it is to comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
68
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
375,735
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
122,953
Type of Storage
Specially
equipped manure
storages,
concrete
composting
ground
Amount
of own
land
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
0
0
28,903
28,903
4.1 Storage of Manure / Litter
Because of current construction of a new branch, the poultry farm will soon produce more than 560,000 tons of
fresh chicken litter annually, or about 1,536 tons per day. There are specially -equipped manure storages on site,
but 375,000 tons of manure will still remain after long term storage and fermentation. The farm’s General Director
states "there are several storage tanks for chicken manure on the farm, where manure is stored and then taken out
on the fields; the farm has several contracts with agricultural enterprises to transport resulting fertilizers”.
HELCOM nutrient loading recommendations (estimated as being 13 tons of manure per ha). To dispose of the
entire annual output of poultry litter, the farm would therefore require at least an additional 28,903 ha of
agricultural land.
4.2 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
Despite the measures taken by the management to ensure environmentally safe poultry litter management,
problems relating to its disposal remain. There is a problem of systemic runoff of affluent waters flooding forest
areas.
A year ago, on the basis of applications from local residents, environmentalists recorded/monitored penetration of
liquid waste into the “Tetkin” stream. Experts of “Rosprirodnadsor” (The Fede ral Service for Supervision of Natural
Resources) revealed that drains are polluted and there is an environmental hazard. Forestry specialists of
“Lenoblles” in Kirov district branch discovered a pipe (250mm diameter) that is discharging liquid waste to th e
territory of the Mginskiy forest district, and the flooded area is about 2 hectares of forest. The pipe comes from
the territory of JSC poultry farm “Severnaya”. The Leningrad District Environmental Prosecutor's Office conducted
an audit of “Severnaya” farm’s compliance with environmental legislation in the Vsevolozhsk district of the
Leningrad region. As reported by "Lenoblinform", the press office of the regional prosecutor's office, “the audit
revealed that the poultry farm dumps liquid waste (inadequately treated wastewater in excess of the maximum
allowable concentrations of pollutants) into the “Tetkin” stream, which flows into the channel of Staraya Ladoga
(basin of Lake Ladoga)”. Upon gross violation of environmental laws, the acting head of the Leningrad district
environmental prosecutor filed a lawsuit in the Kirov City Court (Leningrad region). The purpose of the claim is to
oblige JSC Poultry Farm «Severnaya» to ensure treatment of wastewater to ensure it is at the allowable
concentration of pollutants. The Prosecutor’s demands were satisfied and the judgement of Kirov City Court has
been entered into force.
At the same time, ecologists from the "Green Front" report that the problem of "vast forest lagoons/lakes filled
with chicken manure waste sludge" is not yet resolved. Residents of nearby gardening societies (dacha plots
holders) still complain about intermittent suffocating stink coming from the waste lagoons/lakes. The head of
environmental projects of "Green Front", YegorLeontiev, said:
“We have already sent the appropriate request to the Kirov district Forestry of Leningrad
region, to conduct a site inspection and to take action within the authority. Runoff of effluent
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
ends up in some kind of swamp, and already there have been formed wagons of liquid waste.
There is a terrible odour/stink. There is no life there, the sanitary and epidemiological situation
is very serious, and very dangerous. All of those effluents go into the “Tetkin” stream. The
prosecutor's office specialists went with us and recorded an excess of the allowable
concentrations of pollutants, but the runoff still takes place and will continue to do so.
Forestry officers are now alarmed because of the flooded forest, and there are several hectares
flooded. Experts from “Rosprirodnadsor” (The Federal Service for Supervision of Natural
Resources) are calculating the extent of the damage caused to “Tetkin” stream from the
disposal of industrial and domestic sewage in excess of the maximum permissible
concentration.”
However, local residents now say that the smell from these lagoons/lakes has become weaker, although there is
still runoff into the “Tetkin” stream. The Environmental Prosecutor's Office recorded the maximum permissible
concentration in the wastewaters of the farm, but the problem is currently still not solved. There is a necessity to
calculate damage caused to the forest and to enforce/recover/collect it and, if the discharge of waste does not
stop, there is a need to apply extreme measures such as the suspension of the company’s production activities up
to 90 days, according to Article 8.2 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation.
According to experts of “Rosprirodnadsor” (The Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources), there was
technical re-equipment of existing treatment facilities at the poultry farm between 2010 to 2012 inclusive, and
there are plans (for 2013 and 2014) to build and install additional equipment at wastewater treatment plants.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
JSC "Poultry farm “Severnaya" is not a pilot farm.
Despite the measures taken by the management of the farm to ensure the environmental safety of poultry litter
management, the problems remain: disposing of liquid waste, and a mismatch of the time needed to clean manure
versus the when organic fertilizers should be applied on the fields.
At the present time, two new major projects are under preparation by company Rika Biofuels. Specialists fromthis
companyparticipated in the seminars organized by the PIU. The essence of this projectis to recycle manure in
biogas plants, with the resulting gas to be purified from extraneous gases, then liquefied and sold to consumers.
The main products are: liquefied biogas, carbon dioxide, and magnesium. There are plans to build a plant in the
vicinity of town Kirovsk, with the bulk of raw materials to be supplied from poultry farm “Severnaya”. The products
from the biogas plant are planned to be sold to Sweden (liquefied biogas), Russia (CO2) and Latvia (magnesium).
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
L. Closed Joint Stock Company "Poultry Farm Sinyavinskaya named
after the 60th anniversary of the USSR" (CJSC "Poultry Farm
Sinyavinskaya")
Completed 23 October 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 187326, Leningrad region, Kirov district, settlement Priladozjskiy / Tel.: +7 8136263264, (812) 961 -19-92
(812) 275–57–96 / (812) 449-6095; (812)449 60 90; (812)449 60 93 / Fax: (812) 449-6095 / E-mail:
[email protected] / Website: www.pfsin.ru/company
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Melnikov Oleg Nikitovich/ Tel.: +7 (812) 449-6092
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned.



60.73% of ordinary shares belong to Limited Liability Company "Lenptitseprom-E” (194200 Russia, SaintPetersburg, Lesnoy prospect, Bldg. 69, 3 A)
25.63% of ordinary shares belong to Melnikov Nikita Olegovich
7.63% of ordinary shares belong to GalkevichVladaVladimirovna.
1.4 Description
State Enterprise (Production Association) "Sinyavinskaya" named after the 60th anniversary of the USSR was
organized to provide the population in the east of the Leningrad region with eggs and poultry products.
Construction commenced in 1976, and the farm became operational in 1978 in the form of breeding complex
"Nazia", which later became "Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya". It was one of the earliest and best examples of the
industrialization of agriculture in the USSR and, for over 20 years, the factory was the lar gest in Russia and in
Europe. There were 985,000 bird places for keeping youngsters and 2,753,000 bird places for the industrial flock of
laying hens.
In November 1992, due to privatization, the poultry farm was transformed into a Joint Stock Company.
In 2008 a new stage of development of the company started, including major reconstruction as part of a national
project for the development of agro-industrial complexes. During the first phase, the production zone was
reconstructed, 9 poultry sheds (9 stories each, 250,000 bird places each) were excluded from the production
process, and 6 were eliminated. These were replaced with 9 new poultry houses and 3 warehouses. The
slaughterhouse was reconstructed, the use of ammonium-compressor units was discontinued, and 5 new cold
stores were installed, operating on Freon. During the second phase of reconstruction 7 new poultry houses were
built, as well as a warehouse and 8 poultry houses for youngsters. During the third phase, 4 new poultry houses
for youngsters were built, as well as 2 poultry houses for industrial scale production (450,000 bird places in each).
In 2007, the first egg grading and packaging unit started to work, equipped with modern high -performance
equipment and a capacity of 200,000 eggs per hour. Productivity of the sorting unit increased from 1,600,000
eggs per shift before reconstruction to 4,200,000 per shift after reconstruction, making it the most powerful
sorting plant in the world.
In total as a result of the reconstruction, the following facilities were constructed: 12 industrial scale poultry
houses (240,000 heads each), 4 industrial scale poultry houses (120,000 heads each), 4 industrial scale poultry
houses (450,000 heads each), and 14 industrial scale poultry houses for rearing youngsters (120,000 heads each).
The total number of bird places amounts to 1,680,000 for youngsters and 5,760,000 for industrial flock.
2. Production levels/ Future plans
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Egg production has risen substantially since the reconstruction of the poultry farm. At the end of 2012 the
number of heads of industrial flock increased to 3.58 million, and the gross production amounted to
1,172,800,000 eggs. Moreover, the poultry farm manufactures as by-products more than 200 tons of egg powder
and about 1,900 tons of chicken meat.
In 2012, the number of poultry on JSC Poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya" amounted to more than 5.3 million heads,
including 1.8 million heads of youngsters.
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
Number of
Layers
(heads)
Number
of Broilers
(heads)
Production
level – eggs
(million)
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
2008
317
1,832,177
NA
580.8
NA
2009
318
2,306,193
NA
733.6
NA
2010
328
2,321,832
NA
760.4
NA
2011
334
3,001,797
NA
1,002
NA
2012
328
3,575,610
NA
1,172.8
NA
4,000,0005,000,000
NA
1,200-1,500
NA
Estimated, postproductivity upgrades
Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya” produces very high quality products, meeting requirements of the residents of
Leningrad and other regions of Russia, as confirmed by international quality certificate ISO 22000 -2007. The
poultry farm was the first in Russia to received certification allowing them to export chicken eggs abroad.
Following the procedures for accreditation and licensing, poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya" obtained an EEC certificate
for the production of egg powder, which allows the company to export egg powder to the EU.
The poultry farm is the largest agro-industrial complex in Russia and Western Europe, and the largest egg
producer in the North-West Federal District of Russia, accounting for one third of the egg market of St. Petersburg
and the Leningrad region. The main markets of the farm’s end products are retailers of St. Petersburg (70%), retail
chains of Moscow (10%), wholesalers of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (10%), and wholesalers of
Moscow (10%). Average egg prices range from 22-27 roubles per 10 pcs.
3. Manure / Poultry litter situation summary
Table 2 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on Sinyavinskaya farm. As can be seen, the
farm currently has a significant shortfall of its own land on which t o spread the annual manure output, if it is to
comply with HELCOM standards. This is further described in sections 4.2 and 4.3 below.
Table 2
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
242,435
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
161,623
Type of
Storage
Concrete and
soil
composting
grounds
Amount
of own
land
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM
standards, approx. 13
tons per ha)
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
0
0
18,649
18,649
4.1 Storage capacity of Manure/Litter
72
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Due to the expansion of the farm’s production, and an increase in the number of bird places, the annual output of
poultry litter will be more than 240,000 of fresh manure; about 660-700 tons per day. The farm uses specially
constructed concrete composting grounds for manure storage. The farm director states that “equipment for
composting is constantly working at the poultry farm; the only problem is that nobody wants compost - there is
no market”. The organic fertilizer resulting from composting is transported in its entirety to the fields of
neighbouring farms for free, as Sinyavinskaya does not own land. The farm would require at least 18,649 hectares
of agricultural land to safely dispose of the annual output of litter according to HELCOM recommendations
(estimated as being13 tons of manure per ha).
4.2 Treatmentof Manure/Litter
There is 1 poultry litter dryer, manufactured by Spanish firm Zukami, installed on the poultry farm. The capacity of
the dryer is very low and it is not continuously operating. It was installed first of all to pilot a manure
management technology different to what is already in use, and to convince the inspecting authorities that the
poultry farm does its best to deal with the manure problem. There are however problems with use of the dryer. It
does not dry manure to the desired moisture content, and the resulting material is inconsistent, resulting in
“lumps/clots”. The system is also not compact, and is designed according to the prevailing weather conditions in
Spain, i.e. many more hours of sunlight and hotter average temperatures than in the Leningrad region.
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
Despite measures taken by the management to ensure environmentally-safe manure management, problems with
its disposal remain.
The Leningrad inter-district environmental prosecutor's office, in conjunction with branches of the Federal
government health care "Centre for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Leningrad Region", held an inspection of
poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya" in order to verify compliance with federal legislation. The resulting audit found that
"Sinyavinskaya" has no project for organization of the sanitary protection zone. The buildings i n the biological
waste processing area are unsanitary, and there are large volumes of manure in concrete composting grounds.
Meat-and-bone meal packaging offcuts were dumped there as well, which is a violation of the site’s rules of
operation. A previous order/direction issued by the Directorate Centre of Gossanepidnadzor (State Committee of
Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision) of Kirov region, which prescribes the organisation of sanitary protection zones and elimination of violations of sanitary laws, is not implemented by the farm. These and other
infringements lead to a significant deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the
municipalities, infringing the rights of citizens to a healthy environment, guaranteed by the Constitut ion of the
Russian Federation and the Federal law "on the sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population".
The Leningrad Office of the Inter-District Environmental Prosecutor therefore directed poultry farm
“Sinyavinskaya" to rectify the violations, and warned the director of the farm about the violations of the law. A
subsequent review by the Office of the Inter-District Environmental Prosecutor revealed that CJSC Poultry Farm
“Sinyavinskaya" has taken actions to implement the order. Participants of t he Inspection Committee of the
Legislative Assembly of Leningrad region for Agroindustry and Fisheries inspected the concrete composting
grounds at the poultry farm "Sinyavinskaya", finding a huge open air manure storage site that is now almost
empty, because waste from poultry production is actively being taken out on the fields. The Director of
"Sinyavinskaya" Melnikov Oleg Nikitovich (member/deputy of the Regional Legislative Assembly) states that the
“resulting compost is ready-made organic fertilizer, but there are no buyers for such product, so the poultry farm
gives it for free to the farms of the Kirov region, to the ploughed fields. In 2006, when we came to the farm, the
manure in concrete composting ground was 5m in height, so it was terrible even to come close, but eventually we
have solved this issue".
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
Poultry farm “Sinyavinskaya” is not pilot farm. Nonetheless, specialists from the poultry farm have participated in
seminars organised by the PIU, and have received the PIU’s manure manual (“Manure / poultry litter management
on livestock farms to ensure the ecological security of the territory, ground and underground water bodies in the
Leningrad region”). This manual contains information about different technological solutions and legislative
73
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
requirements for environmentally safe manure management.
The head of the farm has told the press that, having studied international experience, the poultry farm plans to
introduce a system of manure incineration. The cost of the project is 1.5 billion RUR. From the power generated in
the form of electricity and heat, the incinerator on the farm will match the Volkhov hydroelectric station.
(http://agri-news.ru/zhurnal/2012/№
4/2012/gosudarstvennaya-programma/mirovyie-rekordyi-«sinyavinskoj».html)
On 19 September 2013, the Team Leader of PIU had a brief meeting with General Director Melnikov Oleg
Nikitovich in the Committee for Agroindustry and Fisheries Complex. During the meeting General Director of
“Sinayvinskaya” denied the existing manure management problems, expressed several contradicting opinions, and
stated: “Management of the farm is not interested in manure management technologies. We do not trust
European equipment”.
74
Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
M. Open Joint Stock Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy”
Completed 16 September 2013
1. General Information
1.1 Contact
Address: 188360, Leningrad Region, Gatchina District, Settlement Voyskovitsy, Promsona -3 / Tel.: (81371) 632-45,
(81371) 631-60 / Fax.: 7 (81371) 63-151 / E-mail: [email protected]
1.2 Farm Director
General Director Willeke van den Brink / Tel.: (262) 6-4352
1.3 Farm Ownership
Privately Owned
100% shares belong to “Agro invest Brinky” , according to the law of Holland.
1.4 Description
Poultry breeding farm "Voyskovitsy" commenced operations in 1968. In May 1993, following its privatization,
"Voyskovitsy" was reorganized into a private closed Joint Stock Company, and in May 2010 it became an open
Joint Stock Company. “Voyskovitsy” poultry farm is owned by the same person poultry farms "Severnaya" and
"Lomonosovskaya", of which the CEO is Willeke van den Brink.
Open Joint Stock Company Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy" is one of the leading enterprises in the Leningrad
region. The farm specialises in the production of breeding eggs for broiler poultry farms, and supplies its products
to other farms in the Leningrad region. Pedigree flocks come from the Netherlands, and are highly productive
breeds of chickens. Eggs produced for cultivation are directly transmitted to poultry farms in the Leningrad region
for further breeding of chicken and broiler meat production.
The enterprise consists of following facilities: sheds for parent flocks of broiler chickens, young broiler chickens for
breeding flocks, a feed mill, barns, warehouses and other buildings. The farm is constantly upgrading existing
facilities and introducing new technologies. New insulated poultry houses were constructed and installed in 2007,
equipped with new systems of ventilation, watering, and feeding, forming a single technological complex for
rearing birds. In 2011, the construction of two new sanitary inspection rooms was completed. In 2012, there was
continued large-scale overhaul and upgrading of the equipment in poultry houses. During the course of 2012, a
new sewerage system was put into operation, some minor repairs were made and more new equipment was
purchased.
Today the JSC Poultry Breeding Farm “Voyskovitsy" is a modern, stable working company with established
production and sales policies. The company has reached a level of sustainable development.
2. Production Levels / Future plans
“Voyskovitsy” mainly produces breeding poultry eggs for sale to poultry farms that rear broilers for meat. The
company is the only such producer in the region and therefore has no competitors in the market. The business
owners actively track changes in the broiler meat production market, and have aligned their production expansion
with the growth of the market for chicken meat. According to forecasts by the company’s management, the
market could rise up to 7% in 2013 (market growth is constrained by the capital intensive ness of production), and
“Voyskovitsy” plans to increase production according to these figures. In the future, the company plans to
continue developing its core business in the production of breeding eggs, planning an expansion as well as an
increase in production. A change in the activity profile, or the development of new products, is not currently
planned.
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
Table 1
Past and Present Production Levels, and Future Projections on Completion of Productivity Upgrades
Year
Egg-laying
(eggs/head/year)
No data
Number of
Layers
(heads)
No data
Number
of Broilers
(heads)
No data
Production
level – eggs
(million)
81.8
Production level –
poultry meat (tons,
live weight)
No data
2008
2009
No data
No data
No data
73.7
No data
2010
No data
No data
No data
74.8
No data
2011
No data
No data
No data
76.8
No data
2012
180
507,000
302,000
91.0
No data
Estimated,
post- 180
540,944
322,219
97.4
No data
productivity upgrades
The main market for products is poultry farms of the North-West region (including Leningrad region), which breed
broiler chickens. Before 2011, the main consumers of breeding eggs were JSC Poultry farm "Severnaya" and JSC
Poultry farm “Lomonosovskaya". From 2012, due to changes in the profile of the farm "Lomonosovskaya", JSC
Poultry farm “Severnaya” is the main consumer of breeding eggs. The selling price of breeding eggs is competitive
and has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years, between 6.8-8.7 RUR per egg.
3. Manure / Poultry Litter Situation
Table 3 below gives a snapshot of the manure / poultry litter situation on “Voyskovitsy” farm.
Table 3
Manure / Poultry Litter Situation Summary
Annual
manure
output
(tons)
Tonnage of
manure in
Long-Term
Storage
Type of
Storage
Amount
of own
land
36,639
24,426
Concrete
composting
ground
0
Amount of total
manure output that
can be spread (based
on HELCOM standards,
approx. 13 tons per ha)
0
Land requirements
(based on HELCOM
standards, approx.
13 tons per ha)
Land
shortfall
2,818
2,818
4.1 Storage of Manure / Litter
The poultry litter output in “Voyskovitsy” farm is up to 150 tons per day or 45 -55,000 tons per year. There is a
concrete composting ground for poultry manure storage, in which litter is stored in piles for long term
disinfection. Between 30-35,000 tons of litter at a time is placed in the concrete composting ground. During
storage and fermentation, the litter reduces in volume by 25-30% compared with the original amount. However,
due to precipitation on the stored manure, the mass of the stored manure increases even as its volume decreases.
4.2 Treatment of Manure / Litter
Initially, the full amount of poultry litter produced is placed in the concrete composting ground, where it is stored
in piles for 8-12 months. Poultry litter undergoes a natural process of fermentation, resulting in decomposition
and compost. Compost is then used on the fields of neighbouring farms, or sold to gardeners and small plot
holders, as the farm owns none of its own arable land. To dispose entire amount of produced poul try litter on its
own fields, the farm would require at least 7,500 hectares of land.
The farm owners regulate the number of heads of the broiler parent flock, so there are minor fluctuations
(increases/decreases) from year to year. Thus, the small increase in numbers projected in 2013 can be corrected in
2014. For this reason, minor fluctuations in the number of broilers on the farm will not have considerable impact
on the future situation with poultry litter disposal.
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Leningrad Oblast Livestock Farms: Manure Management Data and Farm-Specific Development Needs
4.3 Manure / Litter Management Problems Identified
The main problem is that, due to long-term storage on the open field sites, litter is exposed to various weather
conditions (snow, rain, high/flood water, etc.). This increases its volume and leads to the formation of manure
effluent that leaks into the soil and water sources. During this period of time, ammonia is released into the
atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the quality of litter as fertilizer, as well as leading to air pollution. In
addition, the periods when the concrete composting ground is full, given that manure needs to undergo a process
of disinfection to decrease its hazardous status, do not always coincide with the possibility and terms of its
application as an organic fertilizer on the fields, as during the period of snow from end October to mid-April the
fertilizer cannot be spread. During the winter period, the poultry farm usually transports poultry litter to the
fields, where it is exposed to precipitation and poses problems/nuisances to local residents, while its quality as an
organic fertilizer is lost, resulting in environmental hazard. This has been repeatedly reported by the media.
5. Summary of PIU activity to date with farm
JSC "Poultry farm “Voyskovitsy" is not a pilot farm.
“Voyskovitsy” farm managers have been invited to all seminars and events organized by the PIU. The PIU has also
distributed its manure manual (“Manure / poultry litter management on livestock farms to ensure the ecological
security of the territory, ground and underground water bodies in the Leningrad region”) to the Department of
Agriculture of Gatchina district for study and use by farms in the district. This manual contains information about
different technological solutions and legislative requirements for environmentally safe manure management.
i
Cows were assumed to be dairy cowsAn average excretion of a cow, a bull, a heifer and a female and male calf.
iii
An average excretion of a sow with piglets and a meat pig.The Russian values refer to the
average of pigs less than 70 kg and pigs more than 70 kg.
iv
An average excretion of a broiler chicken and egg-laying hen.
ii
77