Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software 7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Jun 17th, 2:00 PM - 3:20 PM Modeling with citizen scientists: Using community- based modeling tools to develop citizen science projects Steven Gray University of Massachusetts, [email protected] David Mellor Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, [email protected] Rebecca Jordan Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway, [email protected] Alycia Crall Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, [email protected] Greg Newman Colorado State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Data Storage Systems Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Hydraulic Engineering Commons, and the Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Steven Gray, David Mellor, Rebecca Jordan, Alycia Crall, and Greg Newman, "Modeling with citizen scientists: Using communitybased modeling tools to develop citizen science projects" ( June 17, 2014). International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Paper 27. http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2014/Stream-F/27 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. 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