Lecture 8 - Magazines - Sec. 1 - September 22, 2005
PP #1: [Poe quote]
A magazine editor who also was one of the world’s greatest poets and short story writers, Edgar Allan
Poe, said in the 1830's:
“The whole tendency of the age is magazineward. The magazine will be the most influential of
all departments of letters.”
—Edgar Allen Poe
PP #2: [Test review/email]
Don’t forget the test review during class next Tuesday. Midterm #1 is next Thursday, also in this room
at our normal class time. I’ll post on the class web site six actual test questions. We’ll talk about the
test. Likelihood is we won’t take the full class period. Also, don’t forget the party tonight.
PP #3: [Dictionary page]
Roots of word: “storehouse,” from French magasin which means store or shop. Some early magazines
were called “museums” or “repositories,” reflecting their nature as collections of varied items of
general interest. The part of a film camera that holds unexposed film before it goes through the camera
and exposed film after it comes out of the camera is called a magazine.
PP #4: [demassification]
Demassification? What is that? Vivian makes a big deal out of it. A magazine for everything. Niche
readership.
PP #5: [how many?]
How many magazines are published in United States today? John Vivian says 12,000 in his book. But
the Magazine Publishers of America’s website today has a different number. Would you guess it more
or less?
PP #6: [17,254/18,821]
Here are both the 2003 and 2004 totals of magazines published in the United States. The 2003 figure
comes from the MPA, the Magazine Publishers of America, which says that 17,254 magazines were
available in the United States at end of 2003. The 2004 figure comes from Adam Thierer of the Center
for Digital Media Freedom in a speech he made a the National Press Club in June 2005. Essentially
debunking the idea that we’re losing diversity in the media, Thierer said 18,821 total magazines being
published in the U.S. at the end of 2004. These are staggering numbers. But it wasn’t always that way.
Let’s take a look back. And today I’ll be jumping around a bit chronologically, because that’s just the
nature of magazine history.
PP #7: [first pub]
The first English-language publication that could be called a magazine was
PP #8: Review - 1704
PP #9: followed five years later by Tatler (note spelling one T) in 1709
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PP #10: followed by Spectator, also in 1709
PP #11: Ben Franklin
But in the United States, guess who was involved with the first magazine—almost. In 1740, Benjamin
Franklin announced plans for a magazine with this pithy title:
PP #12: General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for All the British Plantations in America.
Another Philadelphia printer, Andrew Bradford, raced into print with:
PP #13: American Magazine, or a Monthly View of the Political State of the British Colonies. Bradford
beat Franklin by three days, signaling the competitiveness of the magazine business which we still have
today. Bradford’s mag lasted three issues, Franklin’s six. But their efforts and failures led to a whole
bunch of magazines in colonial America.
PP #14: - Royal American Magazine from 1774..
PP #15: Here is the Royal American table of contents. General interest, articles trying to appeal to
everybody. Magazines became a major force in 19th century America, shaping public opinion. But
what was another chief accomplishment of magazines back then?
PP #16: - Magazines built literacy. Immigrants learned how to read and write English by reading early
magazines.
PP #17: - Saturday Evening Post (old B&W)
Most famous among early magazines was Saturday Evening Post, really founded in 1821 but which
claimed linage back to Ben Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper in 1728. It was, as the name
implies, a weekly. It was very popular when I was growing up. Had a great mix of short stories, nonfiction articles, departments, cartoons.
PP #18: [Curtis revived The Saturday Evening Post]
There were two magazine publishers who became the William Randolph Hearst or Joseph Pulitzer of
magazines. Cyrus H.K. Curtis was one of them. His most famous publication was the result of him
realizing the importance of the general audience magazine market, something that with demassification
has all but disappeared from the magazine industry. Curtis rescued Saturday Evening Post from near
oblivion and by 1908 it had a million circulation. It’s still being published, every other month.
PP #19: [Rockwell]
From the mid-20s through into the 60s, the Post’s hallmark was its famous covers by artist Norman
Rockwell. He didn’t draw all Post covers. Remember, this was a weekly, The Saturday Evening Post.
But Rockwell did draw 321 covers over a span of 47 years, beginning when he was just 22 years old.
PP #20: [A&E Leaders & Legends: Norman Rockwell]
Here’s a brief look at the legend of Norman Rockwell, one of the greatest artists America has ever
known. This is from the beginning of Rockwell’s biography on the Arts & Entertainment Channel. The
narrator is former NBC News Correspondent Jack Perkins.
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VTR #1:
Runs 2:08
IN: :52 “Norman Rockwell gave America...”
OUT: 3:00 “...visible to the minds and spirits of an entire nation.”
PP #21: [Triple self-portrait]
Here’s one of Rockwell’s legendary paintings. It’s appeared on a Saturday Evening Post cover late in
his career. It’s a triple self-portrait. Study it for a moment.
PP #22: [Quote]
And this very modest quote from Rockwell sums up the attitude with which he pursued his work.
“Without thinking too much about it in specific terms, I was showing the America I knew and observed
to others who might not have noticed.”
—Norman Rockwell
Norman Rockwell, undoubtedly the greatest magazine illustrator of the 20th century, and one of the
world’s most famous artists. Rockwell died in 1978 at the age of 84.
PP #23: Liberator
Going back in time as we continue a brief history of magazines: With the outbreak of Civil War,
magazines played an increasingly journalistic role. They weren’t just for entertainment. They shaped
public opinion. Much was written about slavery in that period. Most famous anti-slavery magazine of
that era was William Garrison’s Liberator. It started in 1831 and folded in 1865 when its goal of
emancipation had been reached.
PP #24: Harper’s Weekly
Harper’s Weekly furthered magazine journalism during the Civil War. As we said the other day,
Harper’s Weekly sent reporters, and artists and photographers to battlefields for firsthand coverage. As
we said the other day, photographer Alexander Gardner and others provided historic photojournalism.
Unfortunately, as we said the other day, Harper’s could only publish wood cuts because the technology
wasn’t available to publish actual photographs. Harper’s has been published in different forms to this
day. It’s now a monthly; there is its current nameplate.
PP #25: Tribune and Farmer/Farmer’s Weekly Museum.
Because the U.S. was still basically an agricultural nation in late 1800s, farming magazines emerged as
a separate publishing field. The Tribune and Farmer and the Farmer’s Weekly Museum were extremely
popular. Now some other magazines of the early 20th century:
PP #26: The Ladies Home Journal was originally the women’s section of Tribune and Farmer. By the
turn of the century LHJ had become a separate publication and had one million circulation. It was the
first magazine to achieve that figure. Women’s magazines had come into their own. Others that were
selling well at turn of century: Good Housekeeping, Woman’s Home Companion, McCall’s, Harper’s
Bazaar, Vogue and Vanity Fair.
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PP #27: McClure
In addition to building literacy, some magazines of the early 20th century provided a real service to
society: McClure’s was founded by S.S. McClure in 1894. It exposed oil monopolies, railroad
injustices, political corruption and life insurance fraud. McClure was so successful both in winning
audiences and in reforming society that other magazines, including Cosmopolitan, Munsey’s Magazine,
Collier’s and Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, copied his style. That type of reporting was called:
PP #28: [Muckraking = investigative journalism]
Muckrakers were a big deal. It was the investigative journalism of its day.
PP #29: The name of that kind of reporting came from our 26th President, Theodore Roosevelt, who
said: “...yellow journalism reporters rake the muck of society” Here are two solid examples from that
period.
PP #30: Ida Tarbell
Reporter Ida Tarbell’s exposé of Standard Oil helped bring about anti-monopoly laws. Magazines had
terrific power because their circulation was so huge. There was no competition from electronic media
because there weren’t any electronic media. Tarbell was one of four historic women journalists
honored recently with their pictures on a series of postage stamps.
PP #31: Lincoln Steffens
Muckraker Lincoln Steffens exposed municipal government graft and corruption. Scandal was a way of
life in just about every city in America at one time. Steffens tracked it down. The result was reform in
most municipalities.
PP #32: [Luce]
With the historic backdrop of Tarbell, Steffens and other muckrakers, early 20th century journalism
took reporting one step further, to the publication of a weekly newsmagazine. Despite Cyrus Curtis’
success with the Saturday Evening Post, the number one “lord of the press” magazine publisher was
Henry Luce. Here’s a clip from the Dick Cavett Remember When series. It begins with a reference to
The March of Time newsreel which Luce also founded.
VTR #2: [Remember When: Page One The Story of America’s Free Press]
Runs: 4:34
IN: 42:12 (music) “The March of Time...”
OUT: 46:46 MUSIC “Do you remember” ENDS - FADES TO BLACK
PP #33: Life
There it is again as we showed you the other day: Fort Peck Dam under construction in 1936, from
Life’s first cover, a picture by Margaret Bourke-White.
PP #34: Time
As you’ve just heard, some of the other great Luce magazines that today are part of Time Warner.
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PP #35: Fortune
The original business magazine, Fortune.
PP #36: Sports Illustrated
Here is the cover of an early issue of Sports Illustrated. Henry Luce founded Sports Illustrated because
everywhere he traveled people always asked him about sports. At home, Luce would go to cocktail
party after cocktail party where everyone was talking about sports. Did the Yankees win last night?
How will the Dodgers do this season? So he decided to start a magazine that would cover sports with
energy and class. SI lost $6 million in its first year, 1954. It took almost a decade for SI to show a
profit. Eventually, Luce was right. SI has become the most popular sports magazine ever published.
PP #37: People Weekly
We usually just call it People magazine but its real name is People Weekly.
PP #38: General categories of magazines
Now lets look at some categories of today’s magazines:
PP #39: Consumer (a big category which we’ll break down in a moment)
PP #40: Trade (technical, professional)
PP #41: Sponsored (includes company publications)
PP #42: Consumer magazines by areas of specialization
Let’s look at some of the consumer magazines by areas of specialization, because that’s really what
most magazines are, specialized subjects targeted to people interested in those subjects:
PP #43: General interest
PP #44: Example: Reader’s Digest
PP #45: News
PP #46: Examples: Time, Newsweek, US News & World Report
Each of those puts terrific emphasis on solid worldwide reporting. And they occasionally devote entire
issues to special topics.
PP #47: Ethnic
PP #48: Examples - Jet, Ebony, Hispanic News
PP #49: [Johnson - Ebony Jet)
The ethnic publishing world mourns this year the death of John H. Johnson, who started Ebony
magazine 60 years ago and then added Jet, the most popular African-American weekly magazine,
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pocket-sized and easy to read. Johnson came from a humble family in Arkansas. The $500 he started
Ebony with came from a loan that was secured by his mother’s furniture.
PP #50:
One loyal reader, who bought her first copy of Ebony in 1959, talked about what John Johnson
contributed to African-American journalism:
"I never saw pictures of black people portrayed in a positive vein—of young black people going to
college or buying homes—until I bought an Ebony magazine."
—Zakiyyah Muhammad of Chicago
PP #51:
And at Johnson’s funeral last month, where former President Clinton and others spoke, Johnson’s
former editor Lerone Bennett, Jr., said this about John H. Johnson.
“People say he was a great ‘Black’ publisher, but I worked for him for 52 years, and it is my testimony
as a reporter and historian that considering the depth from whence he came, and the height he climbed
and the obstacles he overcame, he was the greatest of all American publishers, Black or White.”
The late publisher John H. Johnson.
PP #52: Sophisticated Writing is also another category of magazines, but this is not to say that
magazines in other categories do not have sophisticated writing.
PP #53: Examples: Harper’s, Atlantic Monthly, New Yorker
PP #54: [New Yorker]
The New Yorker also deals in sophisticated covers. In mid-September 2001, when this issue of the New
Yorker arrived, it looked like just a black cover, mourning September 11. My scanner couldn’t do it
justice. New Yorker artist Art Spiegelman and his wife, New Yorker Covers Editor Françoise Mouly,
witnessed the World Trade Center tragedy from their apartment just a mile north of Ground Zero.
Quoting now from Spiegelman:
“Whenever I've walked north in the hours and days that have followed, I've turned back—as if toward
Mecca—to see if my buildings were still missing. Not especially well equipped to help in the search for
survivors, I applied myself to searching for an image of the calamity. Despite what felt like the
irrelevancy of the task, it gave me a way to fend off trauma and focus on something. It has been painful
reconciling myself to the new emptiness. I wanted to see the emptiness, and I wanted to find the
awful/awe-filled image of all that disappeared that morning. Surrealism was inadequate, and, after
doing several vividly colored Magritte-like drawings, I had to turn to Ad Reinhardt's black-on-black
paintings for a solution.”
PP #55: [Bluish cover]
The New Yorker Web site lightened the black, made it dark blue, so you can see exactly what the cover
was. Again, quoting from the cover artist:
“To my everlasting admiration, Françoise repositioned my silhouettes so that the north tower's antenna
breaks the "W" of the magazine's logo. What's on your computer screen is a very rough approximation
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of a cover that can really be seen only in its printed form. Greg Captain, head of the New Yorker
imaging department, helped assess the best way to print this image and took a fourteen-hour drive to
our printing plant to oversee the delicate operation. In a sense, the printed cover, like an etching, is the
only possible ‘original.’ Those silhouetted towers were printed in a fifth, black ink, on a field of black
made up of the standard four color printing inks. An overprinted clear varnish helps create the ghost
images that linger, insisting on their presence through the blackness.”
Some amazing artwork. Let’s return now to categories of today’s magazines.
PP #56: Opinion
PP #57: Examples - Nation, National Review, New Republic, Mother Jones
PP #58: Women’s Interest
PP #59: Examples: The traditional women’s mags known as Seven Sisters: McCall’s, Ladies Home
Journal, Woman’s Day, Family Circle, Good Housekeeping, Redbook and Better Homes and Gardens
have maintained appeal in face of tough competition.
PP #60: [Cosmo/Helen]
One magazine that tried in vain to compete with the Seven Sisters up into the mid-60s was
Cosmopolitan. The Hearst Corporation was about to fold Cosmo when it decided to capitalize on the
success of Helen Gurley Brown’s book and movie, Sex and the Single Girl. Brown was appointed
editor in 1965. The magazine became the best selling young woman’s magazine in history. Sex sells.
Talk about sex really sells. Helen Gurley Brown remained in charge of Cosmo for 31 years. Her
biography on A&E picks up her career in the mid-70s. Anthony Mason narrates.
VTR #3: [Biography Channel: Wealth & Power: Helen Gurley Brown: The Original Cosmo Girl]
Runs 6:05
IN: 37:56 “Nearly ten years into her tenure as editor...”
OUT: 44:01 (Steinem) “...they don’t seem to want all the things that we wanted.”
PP #61: [Helen Gurley Brown quote]
And this quote from Helen Gurley Brown says it all:
“My success was not based so much on any great intelligence but on great common sense.”
—Helen Gurley Brown (1922- )
PP #62: Men’s Interest
Back now to our list of magazine categories. Men’s interest is a huge magazine field as well.
PP #63: Examples: Playboy
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PP #64: Sports
PP #65: Examples- SI, Sporting News, Hockey News
PP #66: Comic books
PP #67: Examples: Batman and about any other comic strip character you could mention. I wish I had
saved my old Donald Duck and Bugs Bunny comics. They would be worth a lot of money today.
Comic books helped a lot of young people, maybe some of you in this room, learn the English
language. In fact:
PP #68: [McAnally quote]
In a postscript to his essay on comic books for this class some years ago, student David McAnally
explained how comic books helped him: “Comic books (or graphic novels, if you want to use the
highfalutin term) helped me grasp the English language at an early age and aided me in English
academics. Comic books can help the illiterate and lend a helping hand to foreign people to learn the
different aspects of the English language.”
PP #69: Special Interest
PP #70: Examples- TV Guide, Sat TV Week, Jazz Times, Mississippi Rag
PP #71: Tabloids
Supermarket tabloids are considered magazines.
PP #72: Examples - National Enquirer, Star, Globe
Few journalists take these tabloids seriously of course. Much of what is disguised as news is simply
just made up, or based only on gossip. Here, also from A&E, is a look at what only can be charitably
called gossip journalism. Peri Gilpin narrates this; that’s Peri spelled P-E-R-I.
VTR #4: [A&E - Gossip: Tabloid Tales]
Runs 6:15
IN: 2:20 “It’s 5:50 a.m. Thursday...”
OUT: 8:35 “...some kind of truth. All they do is get all the facts wrong.”
PP #73: [survival]
So now that we know all about demassification, the question is, how does a niche magazine survive?
Media are a series of businesses, as we know.
PP #74: [Media Waves]
Here from a 1997 tape on the magazine industry available in the Mansfield Library are some
distinguished journalism professors explaining how magazines make money. Not much has changed
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with the economics of the magazine industry except cover prices which have shot up. But everything
else these guys say is still on target. Some important stuff here that’s on the test...
VTR #5:
Runs 4:41
IN: 8:58 “One of the difficulties...”
OUT: 13:39 “...determine how much you can charge your advertisers.”
PP #75: [50-50 cost]
So it’s all about demographics, which we’ll talk about in detail later on the course when we spend a
week on advertising. Some major points there: half the cost of producing a magazine is paid by the
consumer, the other half by advertisers, although if that 50-50 figure has slipped in any direction it
would be in favor of advertisers paying more than half.
PP #76: [3-second decision]
And a prospective magazine buyer who happens by a newsstand takes about three seconds to make up
his mind. So covers have to look terrific. That’s why they’re glitzy and eye catching and full of
information. The message is, “Buy me, buy me.”
PP #77: [Brill - Brill’s Content - Court TV]
Here’s one magazine that not enough people bought. Brill’s Content was a magazine about the media.
Steven Brill founded Court TV because he believed passionately that the public should be able to see
real court trials to better understand our judicial system. In 1998 Brill began publishing a magazine that
is a essentially a watchdog of the media. Brill’s Content was reasonably well received because Brill’s
treatment of media issues was generally fair. But in 2001 Brill folded Brill’s Content. Subscribers like
me were given instead a subscription to Mother Jones. On this cover, of one of his final issues, Brill
covered morning TV competition between Diane Sawyer and Katie Couric.
PP #78: [Journalism of assertion, not verification]
Here, from an April 1999 speech to a group of talk radio hosts that was covered by C-SPAN, is Steven
Brill talking about one reason he started Brill’s Content. He talks about the importance of verifying
what you learn and quotes noted reporter and author David Halberstam. He goes on to talk about how
the Internet and talk radio have changed traditional media.
VTR #6: [Brill-Drudge tape April 30, 1999]
Runs 2:55
IN: 1:38 “And the journalism of assertion as opposed to verification...”
OUT: 4:33 “...and as a result of this journalism of assertion as opposed to verification.”
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PP #78 REMAINS: [Brill]
Again, Steven Brill is talking about the “journalism of assertion, not verification,” which he blames on
the Internet, talk radio and the 24-hour news cycles of CNN, Fox News Channel, MS-NBC and anyone
else in that business. “Journalism of assertion, not verification, is when you throw a story out onto the
media without verifying it. That’s not good journalism. It’s too bad Brill’s Content didn’t make it. It
was much needed as a fair, principled media watchdog. There are a lot of media watchdogs out there,
but some are not fair or principled.
PP #79: [Diamandis - Road & Track]
So, at the end of the day—one of today’s business buzzphrases— how do you create a magazine based
on demassification? Peter Diamandis was very successful with magazines like Car & Driver, Road &
Track, Woman’s Day and Mademoiselle. Diamandis says it’s all about a positioning statement.
Everybody from the publisher to the reader has to know exactly what the magazine is about.
VTR #7: [Excellence in Publishing: Magazines - Creating Product]
Runs 1:27
IN: :15 “Every month or every week...”
OUT: 1:42 “... one message to all of your constituencies, and it works!”
PP #79 REMAINS:
By the way, Memories didn’t make it. It folded after a little more than a year, but Peter Diamandis has
been successful, as you saw, with a number of hugely profitable magazines. So he knows what he’s
talking about. You can’t win ’em all. He’s dead right when he says that everyone from the publisher to
the reader must be able to understand in one line what the magazine is about. Remember that if you
ever start a magazine, and history tells us that some of you might. If you have an idea for one and want
to write your essay about it, let me know.
PP #80: Sunday Supplements
Now to some other kinds of magazines. Sunday supplements.
PP #81: Examples: NY Times Magazine (great source for essays)
PP #82: Business
PP #83: Examples: Fortune, Business Week, Forbes, Money
PP #84: Regionals
PP #85: Examples: Montana, Los Angeles, New York
PP #86: Advertising base.
How is the magazine business doing today? Some magazines are doing well, some not so well.
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PP #87:
Until September 11, 2001, things were going reasonably well. Advertising was up and many magazines
were flourishing. Immediately after September 11, advertising nosedived. But magazine advertising is
way up again. Research from the Magazine Publishers of America shows that advertising revenue so
far is was up in 2003 over 2002. The industry raked in a cool $18.3 billion dollars in revenue in 2003.
MPA’s website is www.magazine.org. They’re still working on their 2004 figures.
PP #88:
Only one in three magazines started today will last more than five years. Failure usually results from
companies not having enough capital to build an audience and an advertising base. And that’s really the
key to a magazine’s survival—advertising base. Do you have enough advertisers to survive? And can
you figure out how to get them into your magazine as opposed to your competitor’s.
PP #89:
The question for us to ask is “How did magazines get to be what they are today?” It’s all about
demassification. Finding a niche. Or selling a new approach to the niche better than the guys already
doing it.
PP #90: Here from the Magazine Publishers Association are the top five categories for magazines
launched in 2003:
PP #91: 5. sports - 57 in 2004
PP #92: 4. Home and home service - 59 in 2004
PP #93: 3. metropolitan/regional/state magazines - 83 in 2004
PP #94: 2. epicurean—magazines to help you enjoy luxury and pleasure - 105 in 2004
PP #95: 1. craft/games/hobbies/models - 123 in 2004
Last semester a student suggested No. 1 might be technology. Actually only 17 new computer
magazines were launched in 2004 and only 20 magazines in a combined TV-radio-communicationelectronics were launched in 2004. By the way, sex used to be the number one subject for new
magazines. Way down now, with only 20 being launched in 2004.
Now quickly:
PP #96: Now quickly here are some problems magazines face today...
PP #97: Who stole the advertising dollar? TV! Forced the whole niche situation. Now cable TV
permits niche TV.
PP #98: Cost of printing, paper, labor, etc.
PP #99: Magazine marketing problems: Circulation and advertising are two sources of income. Costs
went up and so did single copy prices and subscriptions.
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PP #100: Magazines’ now have production problems: On-line staff needed.
PP #101: Writers are mostly freelancers (except for news magazines). That’s good for a number of us
who have freelanced for magazines.
PP #102: Now the Top 50 magazines in America, average paid circulation for the first six months of
2004 as determined by the Magazine Publishers of America and the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
These are combined subscription and newsstand sales figures. Pay attention to the top five for your
notes. But I thought you’d like to know where your favorite magazine stands. This information is
available at www.magazine.org. [Note: the only thing important to remember from the following tables
is who is in positions 3, 4 and 5]
PP #103:
We’ll start at the bottom...No. 50 is...
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Woman’s World
Shape
Endless Vacation
Cooking Light
Ebony
Men’s Health
VFW Magazine
Country Living
Family Fun
In Style
PP #104:
40
Real Simple
39
ESPN the Magazine
38
Entertainment Weekly
37
YM
36
Game Informer Magazine
35
Martha Stewart Living
34
Money
33
U.S. News & World Report
32
Parents
31
Parenting
PP #105:
30
Smithsonian
29
Seventeen
28
AAA Going Places
27
Glamour
26
Redbook
25
Maxim
24
American Legion Magazine
23
Guideposts
22
O, the Oprah Magazine
21
Via Magazine
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PP #106:
20
Southern Living
19
Cosmopolitan
18
Playboy
17
Newsweek
16
Sports Illustrated
15
Prevention
14
Home & Away
13
AAA Westways
12
People
11
Time
PP #107:
10
Ladies’ Home Journal
9
Woman’s Day
8
Family Circle
7
Good Housekeeping
6
National Geographic
PP #108:
5
Better Homes & Gardens
4
TV Guide
3
Reader’s Digest
2
AARP Bulletin
1
AARP the Magazine
We really have to throw out the top two because they are sponsored magazines that come with a
membership in AARP. So Reader's Digest is really the top circulating magazine, followed by TV
Guide and National Geographic. So come away with this knowing what the top three magazines are
beyond AARP — numbers 3, 4 and 5 on that list.
PP #109: [Test review coming up]
Test review is next Tuesday. Midterm 1 is next Thursday.
PP #110: [what test is on]
So you can get a head start in your studying, this is all in your syllabus but I’ll remind you that
Midterm #1 is on Vivian chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 22 and corresponding lectures.
PP #111: [lecture notes on website]
Lecture notes are on the class Web site. If you haven’t found it yet, there is how to get to it:
Class notes are on the website: www.umt.edu/journalism, Click on Student Resources, Click on
Courses with Web sites, Click on Mass Media. Or, go directly to the full URL and there it is:
www.umt.edu/journalism/student_resources/class_web_sites/J100
PP #112: [Bring pencil]
And finally, bring a No. 2 pencil! We will supply the Scantron card.
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