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abolition
defined, 1
abolition, British slave trade, 239, 254
consequences of, 12
explanations for, 11, 7–14, 181–5
threat to planting operations, 133
abolition, foreign slave trade, 10,
179–81, 214, 247, 254
defined, 214
abolitionism. see also antiabolitionism
effect on slaves, 208–9
expectations for, 164–7, 182
planter reaction to, 134, 156, 157,
158, 247, 251
popular support for, 159, 177,
195, 264
abolitionism, arguments for
colonial security, 183, 261
constitutional, 160–1
demographic, 175–6, 181, 182, 197,
258, 261, 262
planter self-interest, 254
political–economic, 20, 167–77,
183, 256–7, 262
religious, 158, 184
absenteeism
absentee social life in London, 41,
42–4
criticism of, 167–8, 220
motivation for, 22, 33
absentees, Barbadian, 34
absentees, Jamaican, 66, 156
identity, 68–71, 156
intermarriage, 69–71
leaders of the Jamaican Society of
Planters and Merchants, 46
political strength, 15, 41
wealth of, 19
Addington, Henry, 127
Affleck, Adam (Lt. Governor),
210
African Association, 63
agents. see colonial agents
alcohol consumption
by slaves, 141, 155, 156
by whites, 34, 35, 41, 48, 69
Allen, James, 191
American Revolution, 189, 236–7
American Revolution, economic
effect of
on provision production, 151
on provision trade, 290–2
on provisioning costs,
122, 217
on rum trade, 106
on sugar industry, 8, 217
on transportation costs, 217
Amis Noirs, 213
Anderson, B. L., 30
Anglicans, evangelical, 158
321
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Anstey, Roger, 26, 191
on abolition of foreign slave trade,
180–1
on abolition of slave trade, 181
critique of decline thesis, 10–11
antiabolitionism, arguments for
constitutional (property rights,
colonial rights, etc.), 189,
196–7, 206–8, 266, 267, 273
demographic, 197–9
humanitarian, 196, 201–4
precedent for emancipation, 263–5
social control, 195, 204–6, 209–10,
213, 251, 280
Antigua, 265
Arcedeckne, Chaloner, 19, 43, 143,
191, 193
Army, British, 116
Baillie, George, 121, 191
Baillie, James, 67, 75, 77, 194
Barbados, 34, 147, 157
Barham, Joseph, 43, 266–7, 270
Bath, England, 19, 67, 95
Beckford, Elizabeth, 70
Beckford, Thomas, 69
Beckford, William, 19, 43, 89,
140, 151, 153
on cask construction, 292
conflicting views on abolitionism,
186–8
on ploughing, 230–1
Beckford, William Jr. (of Fonthill), 70
Beckford, William Sr. (Lord Mayor of
London), 70
Beckford plantations, 143, 200
Beckles, Hilary McD., 145, 147, 206
Benezet, Anthony, 158, 160, 167
Benson, Moses, 96
Berbice, 276
Berlin Decree, 244, 263
Bishopsgate Street, London, 47
Bisset, Robert, 120, 186, 210
Blackburn, Robin, 30
Bligh, Captain, 229
Board of Trade, 33, 106, 115, 130
Bosanquet, Charles, 268, 269, 278
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on economic crisis, 247–50
Boulton, Matthew, 42
Bourbon Cane, 229–30
Jamaica’s overcommittment to,
242–4, 252, 275
Braithwaite, John, 191
brandy. see rum; competition with
French brandy
Bricklayer Tom, 155
Bristol merchants, 190
Bristol Society of West India
Merchants, 109
Bristol West India interest, 189
Brooke, Mr., 115
Brown, Alexander Campbell,
123
Brown, Anthony, 265, 267
Brown, Vincent, 135
Brydges, James. see Chandos,
Duke of
Burke, Edmund, 193
Burnard, Trevor, 17, 74, 137–8
Bush, Barbara, 146
Byndloss, Mary, 69
Calliaqua plantation, 80
Campbell, James, 121
Cardinall Capp, 34
casks, 282–92
hogsheads, 285–6, 292
puncheon, 288, 291
slack, 230
tierces, 285, 287
Ceded Islands, 9, 196
Chandos, Duke of, 95, 98
Charleston, South Carolina, 77
Chisholme, James, 67, 68, 95, 96, 97,
99, 130, 141, 155
Chisholme, William, 41, 43, 66–8, 95,
126, 191
Clarence, Duke of (William IV), 45
Clarke, Maynard, 136
Clarkson, Thomas, 160–1, 167, 189,
210
criticism of mercantilism,
170–3, 185
London Committee membership, 163
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optimism for postabolition
economy, 170–1
plan for African trade, 189
Club of the Jamaica Planters, 43
coal, 233
Code Noir, 168
Coelho, Philip, 32–3, 39, 40
Coercive Acts, 78
coffee houses
Jamaica Coffee House, 34, 35,
47, 73
Langbourn Coffee House, 48
Wright’s Coffee House, 46, 47
colonial agents, 33, 75–81
Stephen Fuller’s leadership of, 80
colonial system. see mercantilism
(colonial system)
commission system, 94–5
Committee of West Indian Merchants,
36
Commonwealth Act of 1651, 101
Corn Laws, 248
Cornhill, London, 34
courtship, 69
Craskell, James, 142
Craskell, Thomas, 2
credit, see also Slave trade; credit
offered to buyers, 155
abolition expected to increase cost
of, 266
cheapness of, 173, 177
offered by metropolitan merchants,
71, 94, 95, 98
rising cost of, 242
secured by access to African slaves,
196, 207
Crop Accounts, 222, 281–2
Crown and Anchor, 44
Crown and Scepter, 73
Cruickshanks, James, 43
Cuba, 239, 250, 252, 268, 273, 278
Cuthbert, George, 71
Dallas, Mr., 260
Darity, William, 30
Davis, David Brion, 12–13
Dawkins, Henry, 43, 82
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323
Dawkins family, 71
de Charmilly, Colonel Venault, 211
Deane, Phyllis, 28
decline thesis. see also Williams, Eric
Anstey’s critique of, 10–11
Drescher’s critique of, 11
James Ramsay’s, 175, 176
Ragatz-Williams, 8–10
support for, 15–16, 17–18
Dehany, George, 70, 71
Dehany, Philip, 41, 67, 210
Demerara, 12, 245, 247, 276
demography
effect on white behavior, 138
of slaves, 134, 157–8
abolitionist view, 175–6
antiabolitionist view, 197–9
relationship to infant mortality,
200–1
relationship to venereal disease,
199–200
relationship to workload, 197
size of Jamaican population,
300–21
of whites, 134
Dickinson, William, 194
Dickinson family, 71
disease, 198–201
distillers, British
proposed restrictions on, 109, 249,
251
restrictions on, 240
Dolben’s Bill, 171, 209
Dominica, 195
draught, 219
drawbacks. see sugar, muscovado;
drawbacks
Drescher, Seymour, 167
critique of decline thesis, 11, 275
explanation for antislavery, 14
dumb-returner, 89, 231
Dundas, Henry, 120–1
Dunn, Richard S., 142, 146, 219
East India Company, 121, 123, 124, 224
East Indian sugar, 6, 120–5, 128,
130, 188, 242, 275
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East, Edward, 227
Eden’s Treaty, 105–9, 111
Edwards, Bryan, 41, 61, 199
criticisms of slave trade, 186
member of Persian Club, 43
on plantations, 89, 90, 163, 231
Society activities, 63
Effingham, Lord, 70, 74, 210
Elletson, Roger Hope, 95
Ellis, John, 191
Eltis, David, 11, 12, 28, 30, 275, 276
emancipation, 1, 17, 280
Engerman, Stanley, 23–30, 39, 236
Esher plantation, 82
Essequibo, 276
Eustatia, 218
Fearon, William, 233
Fitzmaurice, William, 86
Flamstead plantation, 64
Fogel, Robert, 140, 142, 143, 236
food production. see provision
production
Foote, Dr. Jesse, 198, 202
foreign slave trade. see slave trade,
foreign; abolition, foreign slave
trade
Fox, Charles, 78, 181, 182, 193, 263
Fox, William, 13
Franklin, Alexandra, 40, 121
Francklyn, Gilbert, 43, 123, 191,
202–3, 210
free labor, 10, 13, 142, 169, 170, 177,
182, 185, 189, 215, 275
free ports, 110–11, 189
French. see planters, French
French Revolution, 205, 209, 211
Fuller, John (Jack), 59, 260, 264,
265, 267
Fuller, Rose, 59
Fuller, Stephen
enumeration of absentees, 66
family connections, 59, 70
invited to join Persian Club, 44
on Jamaican population estimates,
298
on Lord Chandos, 95
© Cambridge University Press
on Lord Rodney, 205
organizer of colonial agents, 80
organizer of slave trade defense, 43,
191–2
organizer of West India interest, 65
response to 1792 abolition
resolution, 179
on Russian Armament budget, 118
on slaves, 208–9
Society activities, 59, 72, 81,
191, 211
Fuller family, 71
Gascoyne, General, 260, 264–5
Gautier, Arlette, 149
Geggus, David, 211
George III, 19
Georgia, 78
Glasgow Society of Planters and
Merchants, 259
Glorious Revolution, 159, 160
Gloucester, Duke of, 257–8
glut. see sugar, muscovado
Golden Grove plantation, 61
Gordon, Mr., 191
Gordon, Mr. B., 120
Gordon family, 71
Goulburn, Henry, 201
Goulburn, Mumbee, 220
Goulding, Thomas, 87
Gregory, Matthew, 70
Grenada, 190, 228, 251
Grenada rebellion, 213
Grenville, Lord, 80, 129, 130, 178,
181, 185, 211, 212, 270
1806 abolition debates, 182–4, 263
arguments for abolition, 255–7
Grigg, Nanny, 146
Haiti. see St. Domingue
Hall, Douglas, 35, 40
Hamburg, 117, 239
Haskell, Thomas, 13–14
Hawkesbury, Lord, 208
Hibbert, Eliza, 73
Hibbert, George
on Bryan Edwards, 186
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on the Commons, 193
coordinator of planter-merchant
opinion, 72–4
defense before Select Committee, 196
membership in the Persian Club, 43
merchant activities, 72–4, 95, 98
as MP, 65, 258, 260, 264, 265, 267,
268, 269
on slaves, 209
Society activities, 52, 60, 64–5, 67,
68, 120, 125, 126, 129, 130,
210, 278
on sugar glut, 239–40, 244, 269
Hibbert London merchant house, 43,
98, 196
first house in Jamaican trade, 73
value of trade, 65
Hibbert, Robert, 43, 95, 202, 208
Hibbert family, 60, 64–5, 71
Higman, B. W., 11, 40, 193,
279–80, 302
Holland, 239
Holland, Lord, 258
Hope plantation, 95, 227
House of Commons
1806 abolition debates, 263
1807 abolition debates, 258–62,
264–9
inclination to support abolition, 193
investigation into sugar prices, 119
investigation of slave trade, 178
passage of 1792 abolition
resolution, 179
provides tax relief, 131
Select Committee, 136, 194, 196
West Indian strength inside,
193–5
House of Lords
1806 abolition debates, 184
1807 abolition debates, 254–8
Privy Council Committee, 178,
192, 200
rejection of 1792 abolition
resolution, 179, 195
support for antiabolition, 193
Howick, Lord, 258, 260, 261
hurricanes, 218–19
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325
Ibottson’s Hotel, 47
independent economy. see provision
production
Industrial Revolution, 26, 30, 31
Inikori, Joseph, 29–31
intermarriage, 69–71
Intollerable Acts, 78
irrigation, 227–8, 232–3
Jackson, Dr., 227
Jacob, William, 262
Jamaica, 157, 256
annual sugar output, 276
Christmas Rebellion, 17, 280
economic downturn in, 239
estimates of idle land, 271
hurricanes, 218–19
number of plantations, 221–2
overcommitment to Bourbon Cane,
242–4, 252, 275
productivity, 279
relevance to abolition debate, 217
response to St. Domingue rebellion,
211–12
slave trade to, 98
support for attacking St. Domingue,
214
Jamaica Assembly, 72, 189, 206, 207,
231, 241, 292
on abolitionism, 242
account of overproduction, 242
on muscovado duties, 242
Jamaica Club, 44, 69, 78
Jamaican Planters’ meetings, 46
Jefferson, Thomas, 279
Johnson, Samuel, 159
Judd, Gerrit, 193
Kew plantation, 71
Kingston, Jamaica, 2, 66, 208, 211
primary local market, 96
provision market, 154
Knox, George, 78
Knox, William, 76–9
1783 orders-in-council, 100
defense of slavery, 204
on the slave trade, 195
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Leeward Islands, 157
Leith, 96, 233
Lennox plantation, 232
Littleton, Edward, 21
Liverpool, 64, 66, 75, 123, 163, 192,
198, 209, 210, 211, 244, 255,
259, 260
Liverpool, Lord, 211
Lockean political theory, 160–1
London, City of, 47, 50, 65
London, West End, 19, 47, 50, 67
London City Chambers, 47
London Committee. see Society for
Effecting the Abolition of the
Slave Trade
London docks, see also West India
Docks, 51
London Society of West India
Merchants. see Society of West
India Merchants
London Society of West India Planters
and Merchants (the Society). see
Society of West India Planters and
Merchants (the Society)
London Tavern, 44, 47, 114, 120
Long, Beeston
Bishopsgate Street mansion, 47
family connections, 42, 69, 81, 191
Society activities, 59, 60, 67, 68,
109, 120, 191, 278
Long, Beeston Jr., 129
Long, Colonel Charles, 69
Long, Drake, and Long, 72
Long, Edward
on agricultural practice, 227
on competitiveness of sugar
planting, 223–4
describes slavery as benevolent, 134
economic success of, 68
family connections, 69–71
his History of Jamaica, 192
Jamaica Club activity, 43
on Jamaican population estimates,
297, 298–9
on Jamaica’s soils, 84
on labor productivity, 176
on mercantilism, 23–4
© Cambridge University Press
on provisioning system, 153–4
on Sierra Leone, 215
on slave fertility, 197
Society activities, 42, 59, 72, 191
view on miscegination, 74–5
Long, Jane Catherine, 42
Long, Mary Beckford, 69
Long, Samuel, 59, 210, 211
Long family, 59, 64
Lords of the Treasury, 130
Lowe, Joseph, 269, 277
Lucea, Jamaica, 211
Lushington, William, 67
Lyon, Edward, 81, 130, 259, 278
Mahon, Lord, 261
mail service, 95–6
Malcolm, Neil, 43
Manchester, England, 203
Manning, Edward, 69
Manning, William, 80, 247, 265
Mansfield, Lord, 134, 163
Marine Society Charity Office, 47
market structure. see slave trade,
market structure; sugar market
structure
Marryatt, Joseph, 81, 251, 259,
276, 278
Mathurin, Lucille, 143, 144, 145
McCusker, John J., 11, 31,
103, 282–5, 288–9, 291
Menard, Russell R., 31
mercantilism, 102–4
mercantilism (colonial system)
abolitionist criticism of, 133, 184
Adam Smith’s criticism of, 10, 20,
102
balance of trade, 20, 116, 118
Edward Long on, 23–4
in support of slave trade, 162
James Ramsay’s criticism of, 20,
168–70, 185, 274
merchant support of, 5, 102–3
the “mutual monopoly” argument,
224
Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663,
103
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parliament support of, 6, 24, 37
planter support of, 5, 21–4, 103,
122–3
planter wavering support of, 7,
16–17, 104, 248–9, 251,
252–3, 268–9
protectionism, 2, 5–6, 20, 116
public hostility towards
protectionism, 120, 121
the Society’s position on the colonial
system, 131–2
Thomas Clarkson’s criticism of,
170–3, 185
merchants, American
neutrality, 180
merchants, metropolitan reporters of
news, see also Hibbert, George;
coordinator of planter-merchant
opinion, 71–2, 74
source of credit, see also credit,
94–5
Middle Passage. see slave trade
Milan Decree, 278
Mintz, Sidney, 150
Mitchell, Mr., 278
Mitchell, William, 43, 77, 243–4
molasses, 90
Molasses Act of 1733, 6
monopoly. see mercantilism (colonial
system)
Montserrat, 265, 279
Moore, Catherine Long, 69
Moore, Sir Henry, 69
Murray, William. see Mansfield, Lord
Namier, Sir Lewis, 193
Nanny of Jamaica, 145
Napoleon Bonaparte, 180, 244, 247,
263, 278
Navigation Act of 1651, 5
Navigation Act of 1660, 103
Navigation Act of 1663, 103
Neave, Mr., 120
Neave, Richard, 191
Neave, Sir Richard, 211
neutral carriers. see United States;
carrying trade to Europe
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Nevis, 279
Newcastle, 233
New York, 99
North, Lord, 78
Nugent, Lady Maria, 60, 89
Obeah, 200
O’Brien, P. K., 26, 27, 30
Old Queen of Antigua, 145
orders-in-council
of 1783, 79, 99
effect on rum trade, 105
of 1807 (November), 270, 278
O’Shaughnessy, Andrew, 37,
40, 74
overproduction. see sugar, muscovado;
glut
Oxford Street, 47
Paine, Thomas, 210
Papeen plantation, 228
Park, Mungo, 63
parliamentary committees
Distillery Committee, 242, 244,
247, 254, 259, 262
West India Committee, 243, 244,
251
Peace of Amiens, 131, 244
Pembrokeshire, 78
Pennant, Richard. see Penrhyn, Lord
Pennant family, 71
Penrhyn, Lord, 120
family connections, 82
Jamacia Club activity, 43
as MP, 194
plantation management, 95,
99, 142
Planter’s Club activity, 36
Society activities, 36, 47, 52, 66, 67,
109, 130, 191, 210
steam power, 42, 232–3
Penrhyn’s plantations, 88, 89,
232–3
Penson, Lillian, 34, 40, 77, 78
Pera, 155
Persian Club, 43, 44, 58, 69
Petty, Lord Henry, 259
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Phillips, Nathaniel
connection to Simon Taylor, 68, 82
diary of, 42, 191
economic success of, 68
Jamaica Club activity, 43
letters to, 74, 193, 209
plantation management, 95, 96,
154, 155
returns to England, 41, 73
Slebech estate, 78, 204
social life, 42
Society activities, 61–3, 210
Phillipsfield estate, 155, 232
Pinnock, James, 41, 43, 68, 70, 156
Pinnock, Philip, 82
Pinnock, Robert, 43
Pitman, Frank, 298
Pitt, William
Adam Smith’s influence on, 107
conversation with George III, 19
delaying abolition debate, 178
demographic defense for abolition,
181
endorse inquiry into slave trade, 191
failure to make abolition a
government issue, 178
interest in History of Jamaica, 192
meeting with Colonel Venault de
Charmilly, 211
meetings with Society members, 42,
109, 120, 122, 126, 129
planter fear of, 104, 120
support for abolition, 165, 192
support for new regiments, 212
tax policies, 104, 108, 109,
118–19, 120, 124, 125, 126,
250, 268
Russian Armament budget, 118
trade policies, 104, 238
Eden’s Treaty, 106–8, 109
trade policy, 250
Planter’s Club, 36, 190
Planters, Barbados, 227
planters, British
conflict with merchants, 35–6
marketing of muscovado, 94–8
number of, 33
© Cambridge University Press
response to abolitionism,
156, 158
risk takers, 68, 187
planters, French, 6
Adam Smith on, 38
efficiency, 1–2, 102, 252
irrigation techniques, 228
James Ramsay’s endorsement of,
167–8
supplied by British slavers, 179
Pleasant Hill plantation, 155
plough, 230–1
polinks. see provision production
Port Antonio, Jamaica, 211
Portland Place, London, 67
Price, Jacob, 28–9
Priestly, Joseph, 52, 64
profits, plantation
direction of, 237
estimates of, 176
property rights. see antiabolitionism;
constitutional arguments in
support of
protectionism. see mercantilism
(colonial system)
provision production, 150–4
provision trade, 6, 8, 31, 99–100,
110–11, 151, 246–7, 290–2
Puerto Rico, 250
Quakers, 158, 163, 184
Quebec Act, 78
racism, 4, 205
Ragatz, Lowell J., 126, 222, 252
on declining plantation profits, 8–9
on East Indian Sugar, 120
Ramsay, James, 166, 167, 177, 183,
186, 254, 277
criticism of absenteeism, 167–8, 220
criticism of mercantilism, 168–70,
185, 274
critique of colonial system, 20
decline thesis, 176, 225
effect on Thomas Clarkson, 170
endorsement of French Planters,
167–8
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optimism for postabolition
economy, 177
on overproduction, 175, 242
on plantation profits, 176
planter response to, 189–90
rape, 75
ratoons, 228, 234
reexports. see exports to Europe
Rhode Island, 159
Richardson, David, 30
Rodeny, Lord
defense of slavery, 205–6
Royal Exchange, 34
Royal Navy, 2, 5, 21, 116
rum
competition with French brandy,
108, 109, 111, 114, 115,
251, 269
contribution to revenue, 91, 92
duties on, 105–16, 118–19, 240
long-term storage of, 106
price of, 111, 113, 114–15, 116,
117, 293
production of, 91–3
trade, 100, 105, 106, 109, 111, 116
sabotage, 83, 155
Satchell, Veront, 11, 222
Schumpeter, Elizabeth, see Club of
Jamaica Planters”, 180
Seven Years’ War, 2, 8, 33, 37, 117,
180, 196, 236
debt from, 37
Sewell, Robert, 65, 67, 81
Sharp, Granville, 134, 163, 167
Sheffield, England, 203
Shelburne, Lord, 64
Shephered, Verene, 222
Sheridan, Richard B., 95, 101, 117, 151
Sierra Leone, 172, 189, 201, 214, 215
Simon Taylor, wreck of, 74
Simpson, James, 2
slave food markets, 152–3
slave prices, 166, 175, 179, 234–5
estimates of, 297
slave productivity
estimates of, 225–7
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slave trade
Bristol, 29, 157, 161, 214
credit offered to buyers, 35, 99, 186,
239
data source for abolitionists, 164–5
effect on slave management, 98,
165–6, 175–6
effect on victims, 151, 187
expansion of, 239
foreign, 179–81
Liverpool, 29, 157, 161, 194, 214
London, 29
market structure, 25–6, 29–30
planter condemnation of, 195
profitability of, 25–6, 29, 30
relative share of British trade, 261
size of, 157
slave trade profits of, 24
slaves. see also women, slave
children, 140, 150, 152, 201
diet of, 151, 152, 154
elderly, 140, 141, 152, 197
prices of, 144, 146–7
resistance to slavery, 155, 219
slaves, management of, 142–50
Adam Smith on, 38
boiling house work, 90–1
children, 140
division between Africans and
Creoles, 138–9
Edward Long on, 197
gang labor, 85
James Ramsay on, 168–9
male occupational hierarchy,
139–43, 144
mill work, 87
positive incentives, 133, 137,
141–2, 143
preference for males, 143
projection of white unity, 17, 68,
133, 137, 156
provision production, 150–4
punishment and torture, 88, 134–7,
138, 145, 155
slave trade’s effect on, 20, 165,
170–1, 173, 175–6
Thomas Clarkson on, 170–1
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Slebech estate, 78
Smith, Adam, 6, 20, 39, 269
on Africa, 173
on clay sugar, 102
criticism of Navigation Acts, 10,
31–2
influence on Pitt, 106, 107
on taxes, 107
on treatment of slaves, 38,
168
on value of rum, 91
Smith, S. D., 197
Smith, William, 186
smuggling, 6, 36, 107, 109
Society at the Thatch’d House. see
Club of the Jamaica Planters
Society for Effecting the Abolition of
the Slave Trade
London Committee, 163–4, 171,
178, 192
Society for the Effection the Aboliton
of the Slave Trade, 213
Society of Sugar Refiners of London,
121
Society of West India Merchants, 36,
50–1, 64, 239, 240
Society of West India Planters and
Merchants (the Society), 15
colonial agents’ role in, 75–81
defense of the foreign slave trade,
214
demands for protectionism, 101,
109–10
drawback demands, 117–18,
240–1, 274
frequency of meetings, 44
incentive to organize, 32–4
informal meetings, 42–4, 191
Jamaican prominence within, 41,
46, 66, 68, 82
meeting categories, 44–6, 81
merchant-planter families, 64
missing minutes, 44
mouthpiece for colonists, 7, 68
number of attendees, 52
opposition to Eden’s Treaty, 109
opposition to Sierra Leone, 215
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organized defense in Parliament,
193–5
origins of, 34–7
protests against American shipping,
277–9
response to abolitionism, 7, 132,
188, 189, 193, 196
response to St. Domingue rebellion,
210–12
response to sugar glut, 127, 240–1
Society lobbyist meetings with Pitt,
42, 109, 120, 122, 126, 129
Soho Square, London, 46
Solow, Barbara, 30
Somerset case, 134, 162–3
Somerset, James, 163
Spanish Town, Jamaica, 153, 211
Spence, William, 274
Spooner, Charles, 191
spring pieces. see sugar, muscovado
Springvale plantation, 69
St. Andrew, Jamaica, 116
St. Christopher, 190
St. Croix, 180, 218
St. Domingue (Haiti), 167
St. Domingue (Haiti) Revolution,
213
effect on planters, 17, 210–11
effect on sugar economy, 218,
244–5
effect on sugar prices, 117, 119,
210, 237, 238
effect on sugar production, 252
St. James Street, London, 43
St. Kitts, 175, 180, 218
St. Martin, 218
St. Thomas, 180
St. Vincent, 244, 263
Stamp Act, 77
Stanely, John, 191
steam power, 42, 232–3, 279
Steele, Thomas, 192
Stephen, James, 180, 182, 249
attack on foreign slave trade, 180–1
Stewart, Charles, 163
substitution, 171, 172, 173, 215, 216
sugar, clayed, 90, 102
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David Beck Ryden
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Index
sugar, muscovado, 83, 90, 117–18,
118–19
agricultural cycle, 84–7, 228–9
boiling, 89–90, 233
bounties on, 130, 269
competition with French, 179
drawbacks on, 118–19, 123, 124,
126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 238,
248, 263, 268
duties on, 116–17, 119, 121, 123,
124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130,
242, 245, 248–9
ad valorem scheme, 247
ineffective protectionism, 237–8
suspension of, 240
glut (overproduction), 9, 10, 11, 15,
127, 129, 217, 237, 254, 259,
262, 267, 269, 270, 277
heterogeneity of, 84
marketing of, 94–8
milling, 86–7, 231–2
prices, 94, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126,
129, 188, 218, 238, 239, 293
relation to profit, 236–7
prohibition on direct exports, 120
sugar, 101
variability in output, 220
sugar, refined
bounties on, 6, 238, 251, 263, 269
sugar bakers (refiners), 35
sugar exports to Europe (reexports)
balance of trade, 118
effect on home price, 117
enhanced by Seven Years’ War, 117
enhanced by St. Domingue uprising,
119, 238, 268
estimates of, 117, 238, 245, 268
government efforts to manipulate,
124, 126, 129, 131, 268
limited by competition, 102, 119,
245
limited by the Navigation Acts, 253
sugar market structure, 12, 223–5,
234–6, 252, 274
sugar mills
construction of, 87–8
industrial accidents, 88–9
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331
innovations, 231–2
operation of, 86
steam powered, 42, 232–3
sugar plantations
capital required, 92
profit estimates of, 176
risks to capital, 83–4, 218–20
size, 223
valuation of, 236
sugar refiners (sugar bakers), 94,
188, 238
complaints about Jamaican
muscovado, 243
London, 94, 102
number of refiners, 94
Swarton, Ann, 73
Talbot, Barbara, 80
Tarleton, Colonel Banastre, 194
Taylor, Robert, 43
Taylor, Simon
connection to Nathaniel Phillips, 68
on declining economy, 236
economic success of, 19, 68
fires Philip Pinnock, 82
on Fox and Burke, 193
plantation management, 143, 145
returns to England, 41, 60, 73–4
on slave fertility, 197
on the slave trade, 195
on slave work, 87
Society activities, 60–1, 120,
191, 210
on sugar glut, 244
Taylor, Sir Simon Richard Brissett, 60
Taylor family, 71
Temple, Lord, 131, 242, 259
Tharp, John, 19, 43, 139
Tharp plantations, 140, 143, 146,
147, 200
Thatched House, 43
Thistlewood, Thomas, 135, 137–8
Thomas, Robert, 30
Tobago, 279
Tobin, James, 189–91, 202
Token-feasts, 34
Trafalgar, Battle of, 180, 257
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David Beck Ryden
Index
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332
Index
Treaty of Amiens, 247
Trinidad, 12, 78, 251, 256, 259, 276
lobby efforts, 81
Tryon, Thomas, 22
Turnbull, Gordon, 190, 206
United States
carrying trade to Europe, 249, 250,
251, 252, 277–8
Embargo Act of 1807, 279
provision trade with West Indies. see
provision trade
trade with Great Britain, 110
Upper Harley Street, London, 80
Vassall, William, 188, 189
directing shipments, 97, 106
Vaughan, Benjamin, 43, 52–9, 64, 65,
68, 120, 194
Vaughan, Samuel, 64
Vaughan, William, 43, 52–9, 64
Vaughan family, 64
Vaughansfield plantation, 64
Veritas, 203
Voltaire, 210
Vyse, General, 260
War of 1812, 279
Ward, J. R., 11, 225, 301–2
Warrington Academy, 64
Wedderburn, James, 106
Wedderburn, Mr., 43
Wedderburn family, 64, 71
Wedgwood, Josiah, 107, 163
West India Committee (previously the
Society), 7, 35
West India Planters and Merchants at
Glasgow, 109
West India Planters and Merchants at
Liverpool, 109
West Indian Docks, 67
West Indian Merchants, 36
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Westmoreland, Jamaica, 293
Wilberforce, William, 182
abolition petition campaign, 179
as MP, 163, 178, 179, 191,
213, 260
notes that falling profits not related
to abolition, 269
notes too much capital invested in
slaves, 269
rejects immediate emancipation,
263
slave v. free labor, 182
William Mitchell, 67
Williams, Eric
on the American Revolution, 217
Atlantic perspective, 14–15
on colonial policy, 104
decline thesis, 9–10, 15–16, 17–18,
216, 225
likely origins of, 274–5
law of slave production, 10, 216
provision trade, 99
slave trade profits, 29
slavery and industrialization,
24–5, 26
women, slave
food retailers, 152–3
gang labor, 85
management of, 140, 143–50
mill work, 88–9
morbidity, 147–9
punishment of, 88, 146
rebellious impulse, 149
role in rebellions, 145–6
Woolman, John, 158, 167
Wright, Gavin, 30
Young, Sir William, 79–80, 191, 194,
248, 261, 269
defense of slave trade, 263
on economic decline, 244–5, 245–7
on rum production, 91
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