State Library of Queensland
until October 2011
Teacher Notes
Strait Home presents a dynamic program of creative learning opportunities allowing students to
deepen their knowledge and appreciation of Torres Strait Islander people and their history.
The State Library of Queensland holds some of the most unique and significant Torres Strait
Islander documentary material in Australia. The treasures in this collection have inspired interactive
exhibitions, conversations, installations and performances — creating opportunities to learn about
the people, history and culture of the Torres Strait Islands.
Over four months, Strait Home invites you and your students to keep culture strong by connecting
with this integral part of Queensland and Australia’s Indigenous heritage.
Students will take a journey to Queensland’s Torres Strait Islands where they will hear, view,
experience and share stories, providing opportunities to consolidate understandings of our
culturally diverse Australian society.
This education kit will provide you with suggested teaching and learning experiences that can be
undertaken prior, during and after your visit to Strait Home. The teaching and learning experiences
offered have been developed with reference to the new Australian Curriculum and QCAR Essential
Learnings. The Key Learning Areas represented include English, The Arts, SOSE and History. The
Learning Experiences are presented as early, middle and upper phases of learning.
For more information refer to the State Library Strait Home website
www.slq.qld.gov.au/whats-on
Strait Home is best explored in three sections:
•
•
•
slq Gallery
Welcome home to the Torres Strait
Philip Bacon Heritage Gallery
Myths and Legends: Watercolours from the Margaret Lawrie Collection
kuril dhagun Indigenous Knowledge Centre
The Dhoeri: A Torres Strait icon
Iama Island,
Luke Wenitong,
2011
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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slq Gallery
Welcome home to Torres Strait
Strait Home in the slq Gallery is an immersive digital installation. Using the Torres Strait Island
collections of the John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland, the installation will provide you
and your students with a rich experience of Torres Strait Islander culture and heritage through a
curated visual and aural landscape.
The collections of the John Oxley Library include the Margaret Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait
Islands Material and the Dr Wilhelm Lorenz Rechnitz Papers. Both collections are of national
significance and contribute to the understanding of Torres Strait Islander history, languages,
material and social culture and knowledge systems.
Showcasing never-before-seen photographic and film
recordings from these collections, and overlaid with a
soundscape that includes the original wax cylinder Torres
Strait Islander voice recordings from the 1898 Cambridge
Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Strait, Strait Home
in the slq Gallery is a unique opportunity to experience
village life in the Torres Strait.
Your students can experience a deeper understanding of
the collections through creating their own mythical creatures
on-line and using the learning lounge resources.
Construction of
replica sailing ship
from bamboo and
coconut fronds for
the Coming of the
Light re-enactment,
Iama Island, 1966,
The Margaret
Lawrie Collection
of Torres Strait
Islands Material,
TR1791/166
Phillip Bacon Heritage Gallery
Myths and legends: Watercolours from the Margaret Lawrie Collection
Students will view the extraordinary watercolour collection by Torres Strait Islander artists.
Exhibited as a group for the first time, they are significant in tracing the development of Torres Strait
Islander contemporary art.
The watercolours were commissioned as illustrations for Margaret Lawrie’s landmark books, Myths
and Legends of Torres Strait, 1970, and Tales from Torres Strait, 1972, and form part of the Margaret
Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait Islands material donated to the John Oxley Library in 1988.
As part of her field work in the Torres Strait, Margaret Lawrie travelled with art materials which she
supplied to local Torres Strait Islanders to illustrate the numerous stories she was collecting.
A body of work was created by eight Torres Strait artists depicting scenes from traditional stories
and everyday life.
The artists represented in the collection are:
•
•
•
•
North Western Torres Strait, Kala Kawaa Ya language group
Francis Abai [Saibai Island]
Kala Waia [Saibai Island]
Locky Tom [Boigu Island]
Western Torres Strait, Kala Lagaw Ya language group
• Ngailu Bani [Mabuiag Island]
• Ephraim Bani [Mabuiag Island]
Eastern Torres Strait, Meriam Mir language group
Segar Passi, Mer
Island, Fishes
of Murray Island:
number 49 to 56,
1968, The Margaret
Lawrie Collection
of Torres Strait
Islands Material,
TR1791/301
• John Baud [Mer Island]
• Segar Passi [Mer Island]
• DH Kabere [Mer Island]
Segar Passi is the only one of these artists living today.
These watercolours are unparalleled in importance for contextualising the development of the
contemporary Torres Strait Islander art tradition. It is the only collection of its kind representing a
distinctive and recognisable form of Torres Strait Islander naïve realism.
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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kuril dhagun Indigenous Knowledge Centre
The Dhoeri: A Torres Strait Icon
The dhoeri (or dari) is the most recognisable symbol of the Torres Strait and forms the centrepiece
of the Torres Strait flag. The dhoeri is the iconic Torres Strait Islander headdress in the Kala Lagaw
Ya language of the Central and Western Torres Strait Islands. Dari means headdress in the Western
Torres Strait language. This display invites visitors to discover the tradition and meaning of this
symbol of cultural identity and pride.
Koskir / Yoepakaz / Ipika
The important role of women is woven into Torres Strait Islander culture and society. Koskir means
“woman” in Meriam Mer (Eastern language), Yoepakaz means “woman” in Kalaw Kawaw Ya and
Ipika means “woman” Kala Lagaw Ya (Western languages). This installation celebrates the history
and beauty of women’s adornment and weaving from the Torres Strait Islands.
Wind- Gub
George Nona,
Badu Island, 2010
Courtesy of the
Torres Strait
Regional Authority
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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Australian Curriculum Links
The cross-curriculum priorities within the Australian Curriculum include:
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures
• Asia and Australia’s engagement with Asia
• Sustainability
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures priority encompasses the concepts
of Country and Place, People, Culture and Identity. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander priority
involves students actively engaging with the world’s oldest continuous living cultures and the
principles and virtues that are deeply embedded within these communities.
These principles include caring for country, caring for each other and respecting the systems
embedded in the concepts of Country and Place, People, Culture and Identity, including the links
and lessons from the past. The priority provides opportunities for learners to understand the
histories of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples before colonisation and investigate the
shared histories and resulting relationships since colonisation.
Students will be able to deepen knowledge of their country and to appreciate the ongoing
contribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to Australia. The priority involves
understanding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of interpreting and being in the world and
appreciating that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures are intrinsically linked to
living and learning in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.
(ACARA, 2010)
Strait Home Teacher Notes aim to:
• engage students with artworks and objects from the Torres Strait
• encourage students to describe, analyse, interpret and evaluate artworks
• provide meaningful, interactive learning activities that strengthen students’ understanding of
Torres Strait Islander culture and history
Leaghani Carkeet
and Dorothy
Buhmann
Island Time, 2007
in kuril dhagun
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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Background Information
The People
Torres Strait Islanders have a long history of strong kinship, and strength and pride in culture. They
also have a special relationship with place, land, sky and sea which has endured for thousands of
years.
Torres Strait Islanders are not mainland Aboriginal people who inhabit the islands of Torres Strait.
They are a separate people in origin, history and way of life. Islanders use the name of their island
community to describe themselves e.g. Badu, Murray, Yam, Boigu.
Torres Strait Islanders are of Melanesian background and have their homeland in the Torres Strait,
which is located between the tip of Cape York and Papua New Guinea. There are about 25,000
Torres Strait Islanders, with the majority of Islanders living on the mainland of Australia, particularly
Queensland. Of approximately 5,000 Islanders living in the Torres Strait, about half live on Thursday
Island, the commercial centre of the Strait, and the other half are distributed between the 14
inhabited islands throughout the region.
The Torres Strait Islanders are Indigenous people of Australia but their culture is often
overshadowed by Aboriginal Australia. The culture of the Torres Strait is Melanesian and has strong
links to Papua New Guinea.
The identity and future of the Torres Strait people is represented by their flag. The flag was
designed by the late Bernard Namok. The flag is a symbol for the unity and identity of all Torres
Strait Islanders.
Members of the
Voices for the Light
Choir, 2011, Maria
Bera, Luke Captain,
Ruth Ghee,
Eddie Ghee,
Jozena Stephens
and Sarah Wapau
Location / Geography
The Torres Strait Islands lie just north of Cape York, Australia’s most northern point, and the south
of Papua New Guinea. There are 274 Torres Strait Islands Islands, of which 17 are inhabited with
approximately 20 communities. In the past, many more islands were inhabited.
The Strait links the Coral Sea to the east with the Arafura Sea in the west. It is dotted with more
than 100 islands, coral cays, reefs and sandbanks. Although the Strait is an important international
sea lane it can be quite hazardous to navigate as it is quite shallow and comprises a maze of reefs
and islands.
The islands and the surrounding reefs provide diverse habitats for marine life including dugongs
and sea turtles. Within these waters of the Strait, where the Coral and Arafura Seas meet in one
of the most intricate waterways in the world, rise hundreds of islands, islets, cays, reefs and
sandbanks.
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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All of the Islands are traditionally named, owned and used. No two islands are identical, each being
shaped by its unique landscape, stories and history.
(Brandle, Maximilian: 2001)
Permanently inhabited Torres Strait Islands
Traditional name
English name
Badu
Mulgrave
Boigu
Talbot
Dauan
Mt Cornwallis
Erub
Darnley
Keriri
Hammond
Mabuiag
Jervis
Masig
Yorke
Mer
Murray
Moa
Banks
Muralag
Prince of Wales
Ngarupai
Horn
Puruma
Coconut
Saibai
(Saibai has no English name)
Ugar
Stephens
Waiben
Thursday
Waraber
Sue
Iama
Yam / Turtle-Back
The islands range in size from Prince of Wales Island (Muralag), with a diameter of roughly 23km to
tiny coral sand islets less than a hectare in area.
The islands of the Strait are usually classified as belonging to four major geomorphologic divisions:
•
•
•
•
eastern (the gardening islands, volcanic and with good soil);
central (fishing islands, mostly cays with poor sandy soil and little water);
top western (the hunting islands, mud flats with abundant wildlife);
lower western (rocky islands which are the remains of the former land bridge that connected
Australia to Papua New Guinea).
John Baud
Island, undated
TR1791/336
Unpublished
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Boigu / Talbot Is.
Saibai Is.
Dauan / Mt. Cornwallis Is.
Ugar / Stephen Is.
KALA LAGAW YA
(Kala Kawaw Ya)
Erub / Darnley Is.
Masig / Yorke Is.
MERIAM MIR
Iama / Yam Is.
Mer / Murray Is.
Mabuiag / Jervis Is.
Poruma / Coconut Is.
Badu / Mulgrave Is.
Moa / Banks Is.
• ST. PAULS
• KUBIN
Warraber / Sue Is.
KALA LAGAW YA
(Kulkalgaw Ya)
KALA LAGAW YA
(Mabuiag)
Keriri / Hammond Is.
Waiben / Thursday Is.
Ngurupai / Horn Is.
Muralug / Prince of Wales Is.
KALA LAGAW YA
(Kaurareg)
• SEISIA
• BAMAGA
CAPE YORK,
AUSTRALIA
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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Traditional Culture and Society
Oral tradition and reports and journals written by European seamen from the late 18th century have
preserved knowledge about traditional, pre-contact Torres Strait Islander culture and society.
The Islanders were fishermen, hunters and agriculturalists and were fearless defenders of their
territories.
Traditional Life
Traditional life could be precarious, especially in the central sandy cays. There was little security
from marauding enemies; rains or crops might fail; and some diseases, like yaws and possibly
dengue fever, may have been endemic. Leaders arose to meet particular challenges.
Traditional Torres Strait was regulated by senior men and organised through totemic clan
membership. The culture was based on kinship and reciprocal obligation.
Generations of cultural convergence meant that the Islanders shared many socio-cultural and
technological traits with their neighbours from coastal New Guinea and northern Cape York.
The Queensland Torres Strait Islanders Act 1939 legally recognised Torres Strait Islanders as a
separate people for the first time.
History
The first recorded European navigation of the strait was by Luis Vaez de Torres, a Spanish maritime
explorer, who was second-in-command on the Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fernandez de
Quiros who sailed from Peru to the South Pacific in 1605.
After Quiros’ ship returned to Mexico, Torres resumed the intended voyage to Manila via the Moluccas.
He sailed along the south coast of New Guinea, and may also have sighted the northernmost
extremity of the Australian mainland, however no specific records exist that indicate he did so.
Following European contact, initially by explorers and then by the London Missionary Society
in 1871, Torres Strait Islanders have always remained on their homelands and their culture
and traditions have continued relatively intact. Torres Strait Islanders were able to incorporate
Christianity into their existing social organisations, with Island chiefs becoming church leaders.
The hierarchal structures that controlled social and religious life adapted their pre-contact mode of
operating to the new influence brought by European contact.
The overall effect of these two factors has been that Islanders have not experienced the negative
impacts suffered by Australian Aborigines, which resulted from dislocation from their traditional
lands and what some have described as the attempted extermination of their race and culture.
While English is widely understood and taught in the Torres Strait, most Islanders use English as a
second or third language. The language of eastern Torres Strait is Meriam Mìr. The language of the
western and central islands of Torres Strait is Kalaw Lagaw Ya, and the third ‘indigenous’ language
of the Torres Strait is a creole that has developed since around the 1880s.
For more information visit http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/info/ind/languages/resources
Although the majority of Islanders live on the mainland of Australia, most maintain close ties with
the Torres Strait and regularly travel back for significant social and family occasions. This constant
interaction and connection to the islands has allowed Islanders to maintain their customs and
traditions.
Traditional Torres Strait Islander society was changed forever by three events:
• commercial quantities of pearl shell were discovered in 1870;
• the London Missionary Society and Pacific Islander teachers arrived in 1871; • all the islands were legally annexed to the Colony of Queensland by 1879.
The Pearl Rush brought thousands of foreign seamen from all parts of the world, chiefly the Pacific
Islands, the Philippines and Europe. They were soon replaced by indentured labour form Indonesia,
Singapore and Japan. The early divers and crewmen raided the neighbouring islands for food and
women and cut down most of the trees for their fires and steam-powered vessels.
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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The first Christian missionary teachers lived on Erub
(Darnley Island) in 1871. Two years later they opened
the first Torres Strait school there.
Christianity had a profound impact on traditional
religious and political structures. The date of the first
Christian religious service in Torres Strait was 1 July
1871, and that date is celebrated each year in island
and mainland Islander communities as the Torres Strait
national day. It is called ‘The Coming of the Light’ and
it symbolises the acceptance of ‘civilisation’, a new
religion and new way of life.
Torres Strait Islands shipwrecks
Navigation through the Torres Strait is hazardous, with
strong tidal currents and a five-metre tidal range on the
eastern side. Most of the vessels lost in the Strait are
small sailing vessels of under 500 tons.
The most significant loss, and indeed the most tragic
in terms of life lost, was that of the steamship Quetta, 3481 tons, which struck an uncharted rock
near Thursday Island in 1890 with the loss of 133 lives.
Coming of the
Light memorial,
Erub Island,
2009
The American ship Jihn de Costa, 1725 tons, wrecked five years earlier, and the 2485 ton barque
Fenstanton, lost a year prior to that, fortunately claimed no lives. The American ship Rosie Welt, 1436 tons, lost 1889, and the 1698 ton sailing ship Volga, lost
1890 are another two large vessels lost in the strait, with, apparently, no loss of life. It should be
noted however that a number of shipwrecked seamen were murdered by natives, the loss of the
schooner Speweer being notable for the number of lives lost in this way.
Unfortunately, there seems to be little recorded detail on the loss of most of the vessels in Torres
Strait. The largest vessel to date to have come close to being a total loss was the 58,000 ton oil
tanker Oceanic Grandeur which struck an uncharted rock 20km from Thursday Island on 3 March
1970. Fortunately the oil was transferred to another tanker and the vessel limped into port for
repairs, but the threat of an ecological disaster always exists when large tankers use the Strait to
travel from south-east Asia to eastern Australian ports. The losses include vessels listed as having
been ‘lost off Cape York’.
The Dhoeri
The dhoeri is the name for the iconic Torres Strait Islander headdress in the Kala Lagaw Ya
language of the Central and Western Torres Strait Islands. It is also known as the dari or dhari in
the Meriam Mir language of the Eastern Torres Strait.
The headdress completed the traditional costume worn by Torres Strait Islander warriors in battle,
and during ceremonies and rituals. Although inter-island warfare ceased following colonisation,
the headdress continues to be worn on the battlefield of the dance ground, where rival inter- and
intra-island dance teams compete for community accolades. Headdresses are also used in cultural
celebrations.
In recent years, the dhoeri has become a symbol of the Torres Strait Islands. They are known for
their visually spectacular designs and eye catching movements during dance performances.
There are many forms of dhoeris, each distinctly different and unique to Island groups, clans
and families. All designs and techniques have been handed down orally through generations.
Unfortunately, some of these have been lost over time. There are sacred and secret techniques,
stories and beliefs associated with the dhoeri that cannot be told due to cultural protocols.
The dhoeri is rich in meaning and holds great historical and cultural significance to Torres Strait
Islanders. Dance costumes and accessories are among the most important and distinctive
creations of Torres Strait Islander culture.
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
9
Each Island community and clan group has its own methods, techniques and traditional stories
that inform the design of the head pieces and each is embedded with important spiritual meanings.
These skills are transferred orally from generation to generation. The process of passing on this
sacred knowledge is one of great dedication and respect as the detail and accuracy enables the
beneficiary to keep the culture alive.
Dhoeris have been a part of the Torres Strait Islander culture for hundreds of years. The
earliest records of these unique headdresses were captured on film by the 1898 Cambridge
Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Strait led by Alfred Cort Haddon. The expedition reports
acknowledged that these artefacts were integral to the Torres Strait people’s cultural and artistic
heritage.
Dhoeris are customarily made by and worn by men during dance performances. Traditionally, they
were a main feature for costumes created for war dances.
Island group and clans have their own particular performances and costumes, which they create
for special occasions. Each year, on July 1, the Coming of the Light Festival is celebrated. On this
day Torres Strait Islanders commemorate the arrival of Christianity in the islands by gathering the
community together for a church service, feasting and festivities. Dances are also performed at
significant family or community events at ceremonies such as tombstone openings, marriages or
historic occasions.
When a dhoeri is worn during dance performances, it is very eye catching whether it is at night
or during the day. The dancers shake their heads to vibrate the feathers and spokes in order
to convey a story. The deliberate head movements animate the piece and create a fantastic
spectacle.
The Flag
The symbolism associated with the dhoeri is confirmed by its
inclusion on the Torres Strait flag designed by the late Bernard
Namok of Thursday Island in January 1992.
It is the focal point of the flag and represents the Torres Strait
Islander people. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Commission gave the flag equal prominence with the Aboriginal
flag in the same year it was adopted. This was significant as it
acknowledged Torres Strait Islanders as one of the two Indigenous
peoples of Australia. In 1995, it was recognised by the Australian Government as an official ‘Flag
of Australia’ under the Flags Act 1953. The flag is a symbol of unity and identity for Torres Strait
Islander people.
Other features of the flag also have symbolic meanings; the star recognizes that Torres Strait
Islanders are seafaring people and that stars are used extensively as navigational aids, green
represents the land, blue represents the sea, white represents peace, and black represents the
Torres Strait people.
Women: Koskir / Yoepakaz / Ipika
The important role of women is woven into Torres Strait Islander culture and society. Koskir means
“woman” in Meriam Mer (Eastern language), Yoepakaz means “woman” in Kalaw Kawaw Ya and
Ipika means “woman” Kala Lagaw Ya (Western languages).
Weaving artefacts was traditionally undertaken by women and was vital to everyday Island life. A
variety of baskets, serving dishes, trays and decorative items were generally made from coconut or
pandanus leaves. Contemporary weavers now use new materials as well.
At feasting times, Torres Strait Islander women adorn themselves with tropical flowers such as the
hibiscus and frangipani flowers worn in their hair. They wear decorative necklaces made from shells
and seeds found from their Island surrounds, and a distinctive style of beautiful Island dress with
bright floral prints.
Traditional hair combs carved from Wongai (wild plum tree) wood or bamboo were widely used
prior to the contemporary synthetic versions used today. These carved combs were intricately
embellished and were a highly treasured personal grooming item.
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
10
Many activities of daily Island life took place whilst sitting on a woven mat. Traditional food
preparation, storytelling, and hair dressing were regularly carried out by women sitting together.
This inter-generational time was also spent teaching and learning cultural knowledge and lore
— a wonderful opportunity for sharing experiences and strengthening bonds. The woven mat
represents the interweaving of these experiences, forming an important aspect of cultural identity.
Animals in Torres Strait
Hunting for turtle and dugong is important in Torres Strait Islander culture. Dugong and turtle are
only permitted to be taken in the course of traditional fishing and used for traditional purposes.
More information can be found at:
http://www.daff.gov.au/rfa/about/process/aboriginal
http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/fadt_ctte/torresstrait/report/c09.htm
http://www.pzja.gov.au/fisheries/traditional.htm
Margaret Lawrie
Margaret Lawrie was born in country NSW in 1917. When she finished school she continued to
study English and Music and later became a music teacher.
She was married to Senator Alexander Lawrie when, in 1964, she and Oodgeroo Noonucal
(Aboriginal poet Kath Walker) were asked to travel to Cape York and Torres Strait communities to
report on children’s health. Lawrie became intrigued by traditional Torres Strait island culture and
learnt the Meriam Mir language.
On these visits Margaret Lawrie made friends with many Torres Strait Island families and was
approached by them to record their stories, as they feared that these stories might otherwise be
lost.
Equipped with a grant and a tape recorder for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, as it
was called then, now AIATSIS, she recorded many stories form all the island groups. The stories
were recorded in the Torres Strait Island languages and then translated into English by Torres Strait
Islanders. The work culminated in the publication of the acclaimed book Myths and Legends of
Torres Strait in 1970 and the children’s book Tales from Torres Strait in 1972.
Margaret Lawrie became interested in the history and cultures of the Torres Strait Islander peoples
and spent significant periods within various Torres Strait Islands communities. She gathered
information and material about the myths, legends, languages, history, art and culture of the region
between 1964 and 1973.
Margaret Lawrie donated all of the material she had collected in the Torres Strait to the State
Library of Queensland’s John Oxley Library in 1988. The significance of the Margaret Lawrie
Collection of Torres Strait Islander Material has been recognised by its inclusion on the UNESCO’s
Australian Memory of the World Register.
Segar Passi
Fishes of Murray
Island: number 1 to
10, 1968 (detail)
TR1791/294
Illustration, Myths
and legends of
Torres Strait, p271
and 342
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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Dr Wilhelm Lorenz Rechnitz
From 1948 to 1951 Dr Wilhelm Lorenz Rechnitz was Headmaster at the St Paul’s Mission School
on Moa Island, Torres Strait. In 1954, he returned as the Reverend Dr Rechnitz and, until 1971,
lived and worked predominantly in the Torres Strait.
Over the course of 24 years, he produced articles, journals, language and music translations,
poems and photographic records of the Torres Strait Islanders amongst whom he resided.
Rechnitz, of German-jewish heritage, was a prodigious linguist. His scholarship includes musical
translation of traditional Torres Strait Islander hymns and languages.
Relatively unknown until now, the Dr Wilhelm Lorenz Rechnitz Papers contribute to an
understanding of the Anglican Church in the Torres Strait. They provide an intimate insight into the
lives of Torres Strait Islanders at that time and Rechnitz’s support of their culture, which is captured
by Rechnitz in a letter:
… whatever may happen then, do never cease to be what you are: be full Torres Strait
Islanders.
The papers include language and music recordings, his translations of Torres Strait languages,
correspondence from 1939 to 1972 and close to 1000 photographs and negatives.
The Dr Wilhelm Lorenz Rechnitz Papers are part of the heritage collections in State Library of
Queensland’s John Oxley Library.
For more information refer to the State Library Strait Home website.
http//www.slq.qld.gov.au/whats-on
Darnley Island,
Erub Island,
undated, Margaret
Lawrie Collection,
State Library
of Queensland,
TR1791/031
STRAIT HOME TEACHER NOTES
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