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Barwick, Linda, Birch, Bruce, & Evans, Nicholas. (2007). Iwaidja Jurtbirrk songs: bringing
language and music together. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2007(2), 6-34.
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Iwaidja Jurtbirrk songs: bringing language and music together
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Abstract
2IHA <LCHAM F;HAO;A? ;H> GOMC= NIA?NB?L &L?;N MCHA?LM ;L? ;N IH=? GOMC=C;HM ;H> QIL>MGCNBM QBI NIMM
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6?MN?LH LHB?G +;H> ; =I;MN;F ;L?; MCNO;N?> CH NB? @;L HILNB I@ NB? OMNL;FC;H =IHNCH?HN ECFIG?NL?M
HILNB?;MN I@ #;LQCH M?? G;J 6? @I=OM IH ; M?N I@ MIHAM =;FF?> Jurtbirrk MOHA CH (Q;C>D; ; BCABFS
?H>;HA?L?> F;HAO;A? QBIM? =IL? MJ?;E?L <;M? CM HIQ FI=;N?> CH NB? =IGGOHCNS I@ ,CHDCF;HA IH "LIE?L
(MF;H>(HNBCM;LNC=F?Q?QCFF<LCHANI<?;L;H;FSNC=;FG?NBI>IFIAC?M@LIG<INBGOMC=IFIAS;H>FCHAOCMNC=MNI
iFFOGCH;N?NBCMBCNB?LNIOH>I=OG?HN?>A?HL?I@FIP?MIHAM
1. Introduction
Jurtbirrk CMNB?(Q;C>D;H;G?@IL;A?HL?I@>C>D?LC>O-;==IGJ;HC?>MIHAMNB;N;L?I@N?HL?@?LL?>NICH$HAFCMB
;MFIP?MIHAMJurtbirrk MIHAM;L?CH>CPC>O;FFS=IGJIM?>;H>IQH?>OMO;FFSCHMJCL?><SJ;LNC=OF;LL?=?HN
?P?HNM3B?CLN?RNM;L?CHNB?(Q;C>D;F;HAO;A?IH?I@;HOG<?LI@BCABFS?H>;HA?L?>F;HAO;A?MMJIE?HCH
HILNB-Q?MN?LH LHB?G +;H>1 3B? MIHA =ILJOM =IHMCMNM I@ NBCLNS-NQI MIHA N?RNM L?=IL>?> <S NB? (Q;C>D;
#I=OG?HN;NCIH /LID?=N2 N?;G;N,CHDCF;HA>OLCHA–2CH=?NB?<?ACHHCHAI@NB?JLID?=NCH)OFS
Q? B;P? L?=IL>?> IH? BOH>L?> ;H> NBCLNS-MCR Jurtbirrk MIHA CN?GM IP?L NB? =IOLM? I@ ?CABN J?L@ILG;H=?M
L?JL?M?HNCHA NBCLNS-NQI >CMNCH=N MIHA N?RNM %OFF >?N;CFM I@ NB?M? J?L@ILG;H=?M ;L? ;P;CF;<F? CH NB? <IIEF?N
;==IGJ;HSCHA NB? Jurtbirrk "# !;LQC=E !CL=B 6CFFC;GM 3B? =IFF;<IL;NCP? QILE <?NQ??H
FCHAOCMNM ;H> NB? GOMC=IFIACMN CH NB? (Q;C>D; #I=OG?HN;NCIH /LID?=N B;M JLI>O=?> ; F;LA? =ILJOM I@ Q?FF>?M=LC<?> ;H> ;HHIN;N?> MIHA N?RNM ;FFIQCHA OM NI CHP?MNCA;N? CH MIG? >?JNB KO?MNCIHM L?A;L>CHA NB?
CHN?LL?F;NCIHMBCJ I@ GOMC=;F ;H> FCHAOCMNC= MNLO=NOL?M CH NB? MIHAM (H NBCM J;J?L ;@N?L M?NNCHA ION A?H?L;F
BCMNILC=;F ?NBHIAL;JBC= ;H> MI=C;F <;=EALIOH> IH NB? Jurtbirrk MIHA-M?N CNM =IGJIM?LM ;H> CNM NB?G?M Q?
=IGG?HNIHNB?MIHA=ILJOM@LIGNB?NQCHJ?LMJ?=NCP?MI@GOMC=IFIAS;H>FCHAOCMNC=M
6
3B? L?F;NCIHMBCJ <?NQ??H GOMC= ;H> F;HAO;A? ;H> <?NQ??H NB? ;=;>?GC= >CM=CJFCH?M NB;N ;NN?GJN NI
>?M=LC<? ;H> ?RJF;CH NB?CL L?MJ?=NCP? IHNIFIAC?M CM =;FF?> CHNI KO?MNCIH CH ;HS ;H;FSNC=;F ?HA;A?G?HN QCNB
MIHA 6BCF? Q? <?FC?P? NB?L? CM HI CHB?L?HN CH=IGJ;NC<CFCNS <?NQ??H NB? NQI G?NBI>IFIAC?M ; GIHI>CM=CJFCH;LS ;JJLI;=B NI NB? =IGJF?R I<D?=N I@ MNO>S GCABN =IHM=CIOMFS IL OH=IHM=CIOMFS ;PIC> N;=EFCHA
;MJ?=NMI@MIHANB;N;L?J?L=?CP?>;M@;FFCHAOH>?LNB?;?ACMI@NB?INB?L>CM=CJFCH?;H>NB?L?<SLOHNB?LCME
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NB?IL?NC=;F;H>;JJFC?>=IHN?RNM
3B? ;JJFC=;NCIH CH GOMC=;F ;H;FSMCM I@ G?NBI>IFIAC?M @LIG NB? @C?F>M I@ FCHAOCMNC=M JMS=BIFIAS ;H>
CH@ILG;NCIH NB?ILSQ;MI@J;LNC=OF;LCHN?L?MNCHNB?M?=IH>B;F@I@NB?NQ?HNC?NB=?HNOLS;M=;H<?M??HCHNB?
QILEI@GOMC=;F;H;FSMNMMO=B;M&?ILA?/2JLCHA?L2JLCHA?L(;H!?HN;H> HNBIHS/IJF?>CM=OMM
NB?M? NB?IL?NC=;F >?P?FIJG?HNM @LIG NB? J?LMJ?=NCP? I@ GOMC=;F ;H;FSMCM !?HN /IJF? J;LNC=OF;LFS
M?=NCIH (( \'CMNILS –] QBCF? 'IQ;L> ;H> #;NN?LC JLIPC>? ; OM?@OF L?=?HN MOGG;LS I@ =IAHCNCP?
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!;LQC=E < (H ;>>CNCIH NI JLIPC>CHA LC=B >;N; @IL FCHAOCMNC= ;H;FSMCM I@ P;LCIOM NSJ?M F;HAO;A?
>I=OG?HN;NCIHJLID?=NMFCE?NB?(Q;C>D;JLID?=N=;H;FMIJLIPC>?;MIOH><;MCM@IL?MN;<FCMBCHA;@CH?-AL;CH?>
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MIHAM;H>NB?CL=OFNOL;FMCAHC@C=;H=?QBC=BQ?>L;QOJIHCHNBCM;LNC=F?
3B?L?CM;FIHABCMNILSI@=IFF;<IL;NCIH<?NQ??HFCHAOCMNC=M;H>GOMC=IFIASCHNB?MNO>SI@ OMNL;FC;H
MIHA@LIG2NL?BFIQ;H>$FFCM$FFCM2NL?BFIQ'?L=OM;H>$FFCM$FFCM?N;F ,ISF?;H>
2NIE?M,ISF?2NIE?M <ILCACH;F;>PCM?LMNBLIOABNICHGIL?L?=?HNNCG?M#CRIH;H>*I=B
#CRIH*I=B'?L=OM;H>*I=B'?L=OM*I=B;H>G;HSINB?LMCH=FO>CHA,;L?NN!;LQC=E
;H>%IL>,;L?NN!;LQC=E%IL>2=BIF;LMNL;CH?>CH<INB>CM=CJFCH?MMO=B;M3OLJCH;H>.*??@@?
<INBQCNB=IHNLC<ONCIHMNINBCMPIFOG?;L?;FMI?G?LACHA3B?QILEJL?M?HN?>CHNBCMJ;J?LNB?L?@IL?N;E?M
JF;=?QCNBCH;FIHA;H>IHAICHA OMNL;FC;HNL;>CNCIHI@=LIMM->CM=CJFCH;LS?HA;A?G?HN
2. Diversity of language, diversity of song
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HIFIHA?LEHIQHILJ?L@ILG?>CH,CHDCF;HA
Language
(Q;C>D;
Song genre
+IP?MIHAM
2?;MIHAM(Q;C>D;ldalha
,;LLEO
2?;MIHAM
(FA;L&;LCA
GOL>;E
2?;MIHAM
2NIH?=IOHNLSMIHAM
(Q;C>D;wardyad
,;H;HAE;L>C
2?;MIHAM
,;QHA
+IP?MIHAM
2?;MIHAM,;QHA
kurrula
Song-sets
Jurtbirrk
Kalajbari \@LCA;N?<CL>]
Murrwa \@CMB@LS]
Alabanja \<?;=BBC<CM=OM]
Manbam \<IQ?L<CL>]
*Weleb G?;HCHA=OLL?HNFSOHEHIQH
Milyarryarr \?AL?N]
Yanajanak MNIH?=IOHNLSMJCLCNM
Marrwakani S;G
*Ldungun FIHAS;G
Ulurrunbu \@FI;NCHACMF;H>]
Mirrijpu M?;AOFF
Ngarnarru G?;HCHA=OLL?HNFSOHEHIQH
Lumbuk JCA?IH
Itpi-itpi \AL;MMBIJJ?L]
Inyjalarrku G?LG;C>]
Nginji ;MMI=C;N?>QCNBGIMKOCNI]
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manyardi—LIOABFS NL;HMF;N?;<F? ;M \MIHAM] 3B?L? CM ; <LI;> >CPCMCIH <?NQ??H NLO? MIHAM L?=?CP?> <S
EHIQH CH>CPC>O;FM @LIG <?CHAM L?MC>?HN CH NB? =IOHNLS—NB?M? =IGJLCM? NB? \M?; MIHA] A?HL? EHIQH ;M
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2CGJMIH6?MN;H>,ISF?CHNB?L?=IL>CHAMJL?PCIOMFSG?HNCIH?>&CP?HNB?GOFNCFCHAO;FMI=C;F=IHN?RNM
CHQBC=BJurtbirrk MIHAMB;P?<??H=L?;N?>;H>J?L@ILG?>CNCMJ?LB;JMHINMOLJLCMCHANB;NNB?S;L?MCGCF;LCH
MNSF?NI;H>MB;L?GOMC=;F=IGJIH?HNMQCNBINB?LJO<FC=>C>D?LC>O-;==IGJ;HC?>MIHAMI@NB?Q?MN?LH3IJ
$H> @IL ?R;GJF? NB? kun-borrk I@ 6?MN?LH ;H> 2IONB?LH LHB?G +;H> IL NB? wangga ;H> lirrga I@ NB?
#;FSL?ACIH .OL>CM=OMMCIHI@Jurtbirrk MIHAMNB?L?@IL?CH=FO>?M=IGJ;LCMIHMQCNBL?=?HNQILEIHwangga
;H> lirrga <S ,;L?NN ;H> !;LQC=E L?MJ?=NCP?FS !;LQC=E ; ,;L?NN ;H> IH kun-borrk <S
&;L>?
3. The Jurtbirrk song-set
Jurtbirrk MIHAM ;L? MOHA CH (Q;C>D; <S IH? IL NQI G?H IH? I@ QBIG CM I@N?H NB? =IGJIM?L QBI
;==IGJ;HS NB?GM?FP?M IH =F;JMNC=EM ;H> ;L? MOJJILN?> <S ;HINB?L G;H JF;SCHA >C>D?LC>O CH NB? \6?MN?LH]
MNSF?OMCHA;LBSNBGC=;FFSJ;NN?LH?>>LIH?JLI<;<FSCHPIFPCHAPI=;FCMCHAJCN=B?M;MNB?JF;S?L<L?;NB?MCHNI
NB?>C>D?LC>O;H>QCNBIONNB?IP?L<FIQHBIIN=B;L;=N?LCMNC=I@HILNB?;MN LHB?G+;H>MNSF?M)IH?M
.H=?L?GIHC;FIL=?F?<L;NILSI==;MCIHMQIG?H;H>G?HG;S>;H=?CHM?J;L;N?ALIOJM<ONNBCMCM
IJNCIH;F;H>NB?MIHAMG;S?KO;FFS<?J?L@ILG?>CHCH@ILG;FMI=C;F=IHN?RNMQCNBION>;H=CHA
MMBIQHCH3;<F?IOLM;GJF?CH=FO>?MNBCLNS-NQIMIHAM<S@IOL>C@@?L?HNFCPCHA=IGJIM?LM#;PC>
,CHSCG;E1?AAC?"IIJ?L1IHHC?6;H>CD;E;H>1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;G JJ?H>CR =IHN;CHM;FCMNCHAI@NB?
MIHAMCHNB?=ILJOM
Table 2: "IGJIM?LMI@Jurtbirrk MIHAMCHIOL=ILJOM
Composer
Number of songs composed
#;PC>,CHSCG;E#,
1?AAC?"IIJ?L1"
1IHHC?6;H>CD;E16
1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;G1I"O
2
TOTAL
32
(NCMOMO;F@ILNB?=IGJIM?LNIF?;>MCHACHAI@BCMIQHMIHAM<ONIOL=ILJOMCH=FO>?MM?P?L;FMIHA
M?MMCIHMNB;N>CP?LA?@LIGNBCM=IHP?HNCIH6CNBNQ?HNSL?=IL>?>MIHAM#;PC>,CHSCG;ECMNB?GIMNJLIFC@C=
=IGJIM?L <ON <?=;OM? BCM PIC=? CM HI FIHA?L MNLIHA B? OMO;FFS ;MEM ;HINB?L MCHA?L 1IHHC? 6;H>CD;E IL
1?AAC?"IIJ?LNIF?;>MCHACHAI@BCMMIHAM?P?HQB?HB?CMJL?M?HN;H><INB6;H>CD;E;H>"IIJ?LB;P?
;ONBILCNS NI J?L@ILG ,CHSCG;E]M MIHAM ?P?H QB?H B? CM HIN JL?M?HN "IIJ?L]M L?H>CNCIHM I@ ,CHSCG;E]M
MIHAM MIG?NCG?M >C@@?L MI AL?;NFS @LIG NB? =IGJIM?L]M IQH L?H>CNCIHM NB;N NB?S =;H <? =IHMC>?L?> ;M
>C@@?L?HN=IGJIMCNCIHM<;M?>IHNB?M;G?N?RNO;FG;N?LC;FNBOMCH;>>CNCIHNIMCRL?=IL>?>MIHAMI@BCMIQH
=IGJIMCNCIH"IIJ?L@L?KO?HNFSJ?L@ILGMBCMIQH;>;JN;NCIHMI@;@OLNB?LNBL??MIHAMILCACH;FFS=IGJIM?>
<S,CHSCG;E1IHHC?6;H>CD;EL?=IL>?>BCMIQH@IOL=IGJIMCNCIHMCHN?LMJ?LM?>QCNBINB?LMIHAMILCACH;FFS
=IGJIM?><S,CHSCG;E;H>"IIJ?L3B?NQIMIHAM=IGJIM?><S1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;GQ?L?<INBL?=IL>?>
@IL OM <S 1?O<?H LL;GOHCE; QBI ;FMI M;HA MIHAM =IGJIM?> <S "IIJ?L ;H> ,CHSCG;E <ON QBI >C> HIN
L?=IL>;HSMIHAMI@BCMIQH=IGJIMCNCIH"OHHCHAB;GBCGM?F@FCP?MCH;L?GIN?FI=;NCIH;NMIG?>CMN;H=?
@LIG,CHDCF;HA;H>Q;MNBOMOH;<F?NIJ;LNC=CJ;N?CHIOLL?=IL>CHAM?MMCIHMIL>CM=OMMBCM MIHAMQCNBOM
Jurtbirrk MIHAM;L?MJIHN;H?IOM=IH=I=NCIHM;FIHANB?FCH?MI@NB?<FO?MMIHAMNB;N?G?LA?>@LIG
@LC=;H- G?LC=;H=OFNOL?CHNB?NQ?HNC?NB=?HNOLS;H>N;E?;MNB?CLMO<D?=NCHNCG;N?GIG?HNM@LIG?P?LS>;S
FC@? "IGJIM?> <S EHIQH CH>CPC>O;FM CH NB? (Q;C>D; F;HAO;A? NB? MIHAM NSJC=;FFS >?;F QCNB LIG;HNC= IL
?GINCIH;FNIJC=M3B?S;L?
=IGJIM?>I@ <LC?@?PI=;NCP?MN;N?G?HNMCH;==?MMC<F?F;HAO;A?OMO;FFS=IHMCMNCHAI@NQIFCH?MI@N?RNQBC=B
;L?L?J?;N?>CHJL?>C=N;<F?=IG<CH;NCIHMJurtbirrk G;S<?=IGJIM?>;H>J?L@ILG?><S;HS<I>S;MFIHA;M
NB?S ;L? G;F? 3B?L? ;L? HI EHIQH CHMN;H=?M I@ ; QIG;H =IGJIMCHA IL J?L@ILGCHA ; Jurtbirrk MIHA
;FNBIOABQIG?HP?LSGO=B?HDISFCMN?HCHANI;H>N;FECHA;<IONNB?MIHAM;H>NB??P?HNMJILNL;S?>CHNB?G
;H>;FMI=IGJIM?>;H=?M@IL;H>>;H=?NIJurtbirrk
Jurtbirrk MIHAMN?FFNB?CLMNILSQCNBAL?;N?=IHIGS3B?G;HQBIFIIEMIP?LBCMMBIOF>?LQ;PCHA
;H>JICHNCHA7;HAEOQCF<;LLDCHS)47 >I?MNB;N;H>IHFSNB;N3B?FSLC=M=IHN;CHHI@OLNB?L?F;<IL;NCIH
;H> HI H;G?M ;L? G?HNCIH?> 3;<F? MBIQM ; NSJC=;F ?R;GJF? B?L? JL?M?HN?> MBIQCHA @OFF N?RNO;F
L?J?NCNCIHMQCNBCHNB?P?LM?
\B?MQ;PCHA;H>JICHNCHA]
Table 33?RNAFIMM;H>NL;HMF;NCIHI@
7;HAEOQCF<;LLDCHS)4 =IGJIM?><S
M?RJF;CH?>NIOM<SIH?I@NB?M?HCIL=IGJIM?LM
1?AAC?"IIJ?L;MJ?L@ILG?><S1?AAC?
#;PC> ,CHSCG;E Jurtbirrk MIHAM ;L? CHMJCL?> <S
"IIJ?L;H>#;PC>,CHSCG;EL?=IL>?><S
;=NO;F ?P?HNM L;NB?L NB;H L?=?CP?> @LIG MJCLCNM
!LO=?!CL=B OAOMNCN?G
>OLCHA MF??J NBCM >CMNCHAOCMB?M Jurtbirrk @LIG NB?
!!P--)4 !;LQC=E
ldalha M?; MIHA L?J?LNILC?M J?L@ILG?> ;N ,CHDCF;HA
!CL=B6CFFC;GMMIHANL;=E
NI>;S QBC=B ;L? >L?;G-=IGJIM?> 3B? ?P?HNM
L?=IOHN?> CH Jurtbirrk MIHAM B;JJ?H?> CH ;H ;=NO;F
yawara
yakunyulakan
JF;=? ;H> ;N ; J;LNC=OF;L NCG? %IL NBIM? QBI B;P?
S;-wara
S;-EOHSOF;E;H
EHIQF?>A? I@ NB? >?N;CFM J?L@ILG;H=? I@ NB? MIHA
6 7MA-AI
6 7MA<LCHAM<;=ENB?G?GILSI@NB?=CL=OGMN;H=?MI@CNM
FIIE:IP?L:MBIOF>?L
=IGJIMCNCIH%ILNBIM?QBI;L?NIISIOHANIEHIQ
\B?MFIIECHAIP?L BCMMBIOF>?L;MB?Q;FEM]
;<IONCNNB?MNILSG;S<?NIF>IH=?;A;CH
yawara
yakunyula’
3B? ?R;=N >;N?M @IL NB? =IGJIMCNCIH I@ NB?
S;-wara
S;-EOHSOF;E;H
CH>CPC>O;F Jurtbirrk MIHAM Q? B;P? L?=IL>?> ;L?
6 7MA-AI
6 7MA>C@@C=OFN NI JCHJICHN <ON NB? =IGJIM?LM >;N? NB?
FIIE:IP?L:MBIOF>?L
IF>?MNMIHAM@LIGQB;NCML?@?LL?>NI;M\";J?#IH
\B?MFIIECHAIP?LBCMMBIOF>?L;MB?Q;FEM]
3CG?] 3BCM CM NB? J?LCI> LIOABFS @LIG 6ILF> 6;L
yawara
yakunyula’
(( NBLIOAB NI NB? ?;LFS M QB?H G;HS (Q;C>D;
S;-wara
S;-EOHSOF;E;H
MJ?;E?LM Q?L? <;M?> ;N NB? FCABNBIOM? M?NNF?G?HN ;N
6 7MA-AI
6 7MA";J?#IH;NNB?Q?MN?LH?H>I@"I<IOLA/?HCHMOF;
FIIE:IP?L:MBIOF>?L
6CNBNB?AL;>O;FL?FI=;NCIHI@GIMNI@NB?(Q;C>D;\B?MFIIECHAIP?LBCMMBIOF>?L;MB?Q;FEM]
MJ?;ECHA JIJOF;NCIH NI "LIE?L (MF;H> >OLCHA NB?
yangkumarranyi
yangkuwilbarrjiny
@C@NC?M ;H> MCRNC?M ,CHDCF;HA <?=;G? NB? GIMN
S;HAEO-G;LL;HSC
S;HAEO-QCF<;LLDCHS
CGJILN;HNFI=;NCIH@ILNB?=IGJIMCNCIHI@Jurtbirrk
6 7 -&.6 7 -&.-JICHN
;MCNO;NCIHNB;N=IHNCHO?MNINB?JL?M?HN>;S
Q;P?
(NCMBCABFSFCE?FSNB;NJurtbirrk ;H>INB?L\FIP?MIHA]A?HL?ML?=IL>?><SNB?(Q;C>D;JLID?=NN?;GCH
,CHDCF;HA ;L? =IAH;N? QCNB NB? \AIMMCJ MIHAM] L?=IL>?> ;H> NL;HM=LC<?> <S ";NB?LCH? !?LH>N ;H> 1IH;F>
!?LH>NCHNB?.?HJ?FFC;H>&IOF<OLH(MF;H>;L?;MCHNB?M!?LH>N!?LH>N#OLCHANB?!?LH>NM]
@C?F>QILE CH NB? .?HJ?FFC ;H> &IOF<OLH (MF;H> ;L?;M @LIG NBLIOAB NI NB?M \AIMMCJ] MIHAM Q?L?
=IGGIH;GIHA,;QHA*OHQCHDEO;H>INB?L;MMI=C;N?>F;HAO;A?ALIOJMI@NB?L?ACIH M1IH;F>!?LH>N
>?M=LC<?MNB?G\AIMMCJMIHAM];L?
;FQ;SM ;<ION BOG;H <?CHAM ;H> =IHN?GJIL;LS ?P?HNM NB? G?MM;A?M NB?S =IHP?S ;L? L?F;NCP?FS
MNL;CABN@ILQ;L>?R=?JNNB;NNB?S>IHINMN;N?who NB?J;LNC=CJ;HNMCH;HSIH?MIHAL?;FFS;L?!?LH>N
J
,;HS=B;L;=N?LCMNC=MI@NB?(Q;C>D;Jurtbirrk MIHA-M?NG;N=BNBCM>?M=LCJNCIH3B?M?JO<FC=MIHA-M?NM;L?NI
<? >CMNCHAOCMB?> @LIG NB? P;LCIOM L?MNLC=N?> MIHA A?HL?M MIG?NCG?M ;FMI L?@?LL?> NI CH $HAFCMB ;M \FIP?
MIHAM] NB;N ;L? IL B;P? <??H QC>?MJL?;> ;=LIMM <ILCACH;F OMNL;FC; @IL ?R;GJF? jarrarta I@ NB? 1IJ?L
L?ACIHILyilpinji I@"?HNL;F OMNL;FC;!?LH>N,;HSI@NB?F;NN?L;L?JLCP;N?ILL?MNLC=N?>CHH;NOL?
;H>HINMOCN;<F?@ILJO<FC=J?L@ILG;H=?
Jurtbirrk MIHAM;L?GIMNFS;<IONM?RO;FFIP?3B?S;L?J?IJF?>QCNB=B;L;=N?LMFCE?NB?SIOHA
11
G;H =IG<CHA BCM B;CL ;M B? AI?M NI G??N \MIG?IH?] ;=LIMM NB? INB?L MC>? I@ NB? =L??E ;N ";J? #IH
-A;H;S;FE<;LLEC)4ILNB?QIG;HQBI;JJLI;=B?M;G;H;MB?Q;FEM;FIHAAL;<MBCG<SNB?=BCH
;H>ECMM?MBCG7;E;F>;><;LD;H)4ILNB?G;HQBI>LC@NMI@@CHGC>-M?HN?H=?<?=;OM?B?]M>CMNL;=N?>
<S NBIOABNM I@ BCM FIP?L 6OLLOQ;LL )4 Jurtbirrk ;FMI N;E?M ;M CNM MO<D?=N G;NN?L NB? >C@@C=OFNC?M I@
L?F;NCIHMBCJM ;H> FC;CMIHM )?;FIOMS CM ; L?=OLL?HN NB?G? .H? =IGJIM?L MCHAM ;<ION BCM QIG?H @CABNCHA
;GIHAMN?;=BINB?L SOHG;H QCHA;FGO )4;HINB?L;<ION<?CHACAHIL?><S;QIG;HQBIA?NMCHNI
;HINB?L G;H]M =;L 7;LCF>;LCEC )4 2NCFF INB?L MIHAM N?FF I@ MOFECHA 7;HAG;H;L; )4 PCIF?H=?
SCS;E;HDCF>CHS)4;H>NB?J;=ECHAI@<;AM;H>F?;PCHABIG?1CQOD<;E<;)4
,IL?L;L?FS;Jurtbirrk MIHAN?FFMI@MIG?NBCHAHINI<PCIOMFS=IHH?=N?>QCNBFIP?FCE?NB?CG;A?I@
; J?;LF FOAA?L F?;HCHA IP?L CH ; MNC@@ <L??T? @LIG ; MIHA =IGJIM?> ;N +>CHAC /ICHN H?;L ";J? #IH
#;SC<;<O)4 L?=?HNJ?L@ILG;H=?I@NBCMMIHA<LIOABN<;=EG?GILC?MI@NB?>;SMQB?HMO=B\>CP?L
<I;NM]Q?L?;=IGGIHMCABN;LIOH>NB?<;SM;H>CHF?NMI@NB?"I<IOLA/?HCHMOF;<ONHINBCHAQ;MG?HNCIH?>
NB;N>CL?=NFS=IHH?=N?>NB?MIHANI;FIP?;@@;CLIL;M?RO;FFC;CMIHM??3;<F?
4. Musical analysis of Jurtbirrk
4.1. Musical conventions of Jurtbirrk
2IHAMCHNB?Jurtbirrk =ILJOMOM?@IOL>C@@?L?HNLBSNBGC=GI>?M >?@CH?><S=IG<CH;NCIHMI@=F;JMNC=EN?GJI
;H>PI=;FG?NL?M??3;<F?3QI=F;JMNC=EN?GJI<;H>M;L?OM?><?;NMJ?LGCHON?;H>–<?;NM
J?LGCHON?3B?MFIQ?LN?GJI<;H>CM;MMI=C;N?>QCNBMIHAMCHMCGJF?G?NL?NB;NCMQCNB;=IHMCMN?HN>OJF?
MO<>CPCMCIHI@NB?<?;NNL;HM=LC<?>CHIL;H>NB?@;MN?LN?GJI<;H>QCNBMIHAMCH=IGJIOH>G?NL?
NB;NCMNBIM?QCNB;HOH?P?HILNLCJF?MO<>CPCMCIHI@NB?<?;NOMO;FFSNL;HM=LC<?>CHIL 2IHAM
QCNBCH?;=BI@NB?M?<LI;>=;N?AILC?M=;H<?@OLNB?LMO<>CPC>?>;==IL>CHANIQB?NB?LNB?N?RNFCH?I==OJC?M
ALIOJCHAMI@NBL??IL@IOL<?;NM
Table 4: 3?RN I@ #;SC<;<O )4 =IGJIM?> <S #;PC> ,CHSCG;E ;M J?L@ILG?> <S 1?AAC? "IIJ?L ;H>
#;PC> ,CHSCG;E L?=IL>?> <S !LO=? !CL=B -IP?G<?L CN?G !!--)4 !;LQC=E
!CL=B6CFFC;GMNL;=E
kudnayanjing
baraka dayibabu
EO>H;-;S;H-DCHA
<;L;E; >;SC<;<O
JF(,/-M??-./3 #$,
J?;LFCHA:FOAA?L11
\>ISIOM??NB;NJ?;LFCHAFOAA?LNB?L?]
kudnayanjing
baraka dayibabu
EO>H;-;S;H-DCHA
<;L;E; >;SC<;<O
JF(,/-M??-./3 #$,
J?;LFCHA:FOAA?L
\>ISIOM??NB;NJ?;LFCHAFOAA?LNB?L?]
baraka
<;L;E;
#$,
baraka
<;L;E;
#$,
kudnayanjing
baraka yabangkarrajangka
EO>H;-;S;H-DCHA
<;L;E; S;-<;HAE;LL;D;HAE;
JF(,/-M??-./3 #$,
6 7MA-F?;H:IP?L
\>ISIOM??CNF?;HCHAIP?LCHNB?QCH>]
yabangkarrajangka
S;-<;HAE;LL;D;HAE;
6 7MA-F?;H:IP?L
\F?;HCHAIP?LCHNB?QCH>]
12
;H>MIHAM=IHNL;MNCHAQCNB;H>MIHAMSC?F>CHA;@IOL-=;N?AILSLBSNBGC=GI>;FMSMN?G
Table 5: -OG<?L I@ MIHAM CH ?;=B LBSNBGC= GI>? <S =IGJIM?L #, #;PC> ,CHSCG;E 1"1?AAC?
"IIJ?L161IHHC?6;H>CD;E1I"O1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;G
Rhythmic mode
DM RC RW RoCu
MIHAM<JG
MIHAM<JG
1
MIHAM-<JG 7
6
2
MIHAM-<JG 2
TOTAL
20
6
4
2
M=;H<?M??H@LIG3;<F?#;PC>,CHSCG;E]MMIHAM=IP?L;FF@IOLLBSNBGC=GI>?MCHNBCMMSMN?GQBCF?
NB?INB?LNBL??=IGJIM?LMOM?IHFSIH?H;G?FSMIHAMCH–N?GJI<;H>
3SJC=;FFS @IL 6?MN?LH LHB?G +;H> >C>D?LC>O-;==IGJ;HC?> MIHAM NB? @CH;F HIN? I@ ;FF Jurtbirrk
MIHAM G;N=B?M NB? >C>D?LC>O @OH>;G?HN;F ;H I=N;P? FIQ?L NB;H NB? @CH;F I@ NB? PIC=? 3B?L? CM MIG?
P;LC;NCIHCHNB?M=;F?MOM?>12 2IHAMJ?L@ILG?><S1?AAC?"IIJ?L;H>1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;G;L?GIMNFSMOHA
CH NB? ?IFC;H IL H;NOL;F GCHIL G?FI>C= GI>? ; >?M=?H>CHA M?LC?M <OCFN IH NB? >C>D?LC>O @OH>;G?HN;F $
QIOF><?$]#"! &%$;H>1IHHC?6;H>CD;E]M;L?GIMNFSCH/BLSAC;HGI>?QBC=B>C@@?LM@LIG
NB? ?IFC;H<SOMCHA;GCHILM?=IH>;<IP?NB?NIHC=MINB?=ILL?MJIH>CHA/BLSAC;H>?M=?H>CHAM?LC?MQIOF>
<? $] # " ! & % $ #;PC> ,CHSCG;EM MIHAM MIG?NCG?M OM? GI>?M QCNB ; G;DIL NBCL> ;<IP? NB?
NIHC=,CRIFS>C;H+S>C;H;H>(IHC;HGI>?M
&L?;NP;LC?NS=;H;FMI<?M??HCH#;PC>,CHSCG;E]MOM?I@N?RNO;FL?J?NCNCIHJ;NN?LHM;H>G?FI>C=
=IHNIOLQBCF?NB?INB?LNBL??=IGJIM?LMN?H>NIOM?;MCHAF?G?FI>C=GI>?N?RNO;FL?J?NCNCIHJ;NN?LH;H>
G?FI>C==IHNIOLNBLIOABIONNB?CLL?J?LNILS.H?=B;L;=N?LCMNC=OHCKO?NINB?NQIMIHAM=IGJIM?><S1I<?LN
"OHHCHAB;G CM NB? OM? I@ GIL? NB;H IH? =F;JMNC=E J;NN?LH QCNBCH NB? M;G? MIHA @IL NB? NBCL> FCH? I@ N?RN
NB?M? NQI MIHAM ?GJFIS ; A;JJ?> J;NN?LH CH QBC=B NB? =F;JMNC=EM <?;N ;N ;JJLIRCG;N?FS B;F@ MJ??> M??
%CAOL?,OMC=;FHIN;NCIHI@1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;G]MMIHA*;LN<CLFDODO
MJL?PCIOMFSG?HNCIH?>QB?H1?AAC?"IIJ?LJ?L@ILGMMIHAM<S#;PC>,CHSCG;EB?MIG?NCG?M
;FN?LMN?RNO;FL?J?NCNCIHJ;NN?LHG?FI>C=GI>?;H>G?FI>C==IHNIOLNI=IH@ILGNINB?=IHP?HNCIHMI@BCMIQH
L?J?LNILS NI NB? ?RN?HN NB;N ?P?H J?IJF? @;GCFC;L QCNB NB? L?J?LNILS C>?HNC@S NB?M? MIHAM ;M <?CHA H?Q
=IGJIMCNCIHM<S1?AAC?BCGM?F@
3B?MNLIHA=ILL?F;NCIHI@=IGJIM?LQCNB;J;LNC=OF;L=FOMN?LI@GOMC=;F=B;L;=N?LCMNC=MCM=IHMCMN?HN
QCNB L?MOFNM I@ ,;L?NN]M QILE IH wangga MIHAM CH NB? #;FS L?ACIH ,;L?NN JJ – ;H>
?FM?QB?L?,;L?NN;FMIHIN?M;L?>O=NCIHCHGOMC=;F=IGJF?RCNSCHL?=?HNJ?L@ILG;H=?MI@ wangga =IGJ;L?>
NIIF>?LL?=IL>CHAMJJ–M??;FMIBCMJ;J?LCHNBCMPIFOG?QBC=BG;SMOAA?MNNB;NNB?AL?;N
>CP?LMCNS I@ GOMC=;F @?;NOL?M Q? B;P? I<M?LP?> <?CHA >?JFIS?> <S ,CHSCG;E L?JL?M?HNM ;H IF>?L GOMC=;F
JL;=NC=? CH NB? Jurtbirrk NL;>CNCIH ,IL? MNO>S CM JF;HH?> IH NB? =ILL?F;NCIH I@ GOMC=;F @?;NOL?M QCNB
J;LNC=OF;L=IGJIM?LM;H>J?L@ILG?LM;H>NB?KO?MNCIHI@QB?NB?LMO=B>C@@?L?H=?M=;HCHNOLH<?L?F;N?>NI
NB?GOMC=;F=B;L;=N?LCMNC=M;MMI=C;N?>QCNBJ;LNC=OF;LA?HL?MF;HAO;A?MIL=IOHNLS
>C;AL;GG;NC=L?JL?M?HN;NCIHI@NB?MNLO=NOL;F=IGJIH?HNMI@ Jurtbirrk J?L@ILG;H=?MMIHACN?GM
;H>P?LM?MCMM?NIONCH%CAOL?$;=BMIHACN?G>?@CH?>;M;=IHNCHOIOMMNL?N=BI@GOMC=;FJ?L@ILG;H=?
I==OLMCHNB?=IHN?RNI@;J?L@ILG;H=?;H>MO==?MMCP?MIHACN?GM;L?CHN?LMJ?LM?>QCNBCH@ILG;F>CM=OMMCIH
M;J?L@ILG;H=?JLIAL?MM?MH?QMIHAM;L?CHNLI>O=?>?;=BOMO;FFSL?J?;N?>IH=?ILNQC=?CHMO==?MMCP?
MIHA CN?GM <?@IL? GIPCHA NI NB? H?RN MIHA 3B?L? CM HI MNLC=N IL>?LCHA I@ MIHAM CH NB? M?N ;FNBIOAB
MIG?NCG?M MO==?MMCP? MIHAM G;S B;P? ; =IGGIH NB?G? IL G?FI>S =LIMM NB? QBIF? =ILJOM CH>CPC>O;F
MIHAM L?=OL CH >C@@?L?HN J?L@ILG;H=?M NB? GIMN =IGGIH MIHA 7;HAG;H;L; )4 CM J?L@ILG?> CH >C@@?L?HNMIHACN?GM
MCM=IGGIHCHJO<FC=>C>D?LC>O-;==IGJ;HC?>MIHAMNBLIOABION6?MN?LH LHB?G+;H>;H>#;FS
L?ACIHM ?;=B MIHA CN?G CM MNLIJBC=;FFS ILA;HCT?> CHNI ; HOG<?L I@ P?LM?M #C>D?LC>O ;H> =F;JMNC=EM JF;S
NBLIOABIONNB?CN?GQBCF?NB?PI=;FJ;LN=IHMCMNMI@NQIILNBL??P?LM?MJ?LCN?G?;=BI@QBC=BL?J?;NMGIL?
IL F?MM ?R;=NFS NB? M;G? MIHA N?RN 6CNB MIG? HIN;<F? ?R=?JNCIHM NB? M;G? MIHA N?RN CM J?L@ILG?> QCNB
C>?HNC=;FGOMC=;FM?NNCHA;=LIMMCN?GM;H>J?L@ILG;H=?M3B?M;GJF?IHQBC=BQ?>L;Q=IHMCMNMI@;NIN;FI@
P?LM?M ;=LIMMNB?MIHACN?GM<?=;OM?I@NB?L?J?NCNCIHI@P?LM?M
Figure 2: Musical notation of robert cunningham’s song ‘Kartbirljuju’ (Ju_0, third verse of item
200_0_2_BBv_-0_-Ju_0) (Barwick et al. 200_, track 2)
QCNBCH ;H CN?G Q? B;P? ;N F?;MN NQI L?H>CNCIHM I@ ?P?LS MIHA N?RN CH NB? =ILJOM (H NB? =;M? I@ NB? GIMN
=IGGIHFSJ?L@ILG?>MIHA 7;HAG;H;L;)4Q?B;P?=IGJF?N?L?H>CNCIHMI@NB?MIHAN?RNCHP?LM?M
;=LIMMNB?MIHACN?GMCHIOLM;GJF?
3B?NBCL>J;LNI@%CAOL?QBC=BMBIQMNB?CHN?LH;F=IGJIH?HNMI@NB? Jurtbirrk P?LM?CM?R?GJFC@C?>
QCNB L?@?L?H=? NI *OLL;H; )4 INB?L Jurtbirrk MIHAM G;S P;LS CH NB? HOG<?L ;H> =IHMNCNONCIH I@
=IGJIH?HNM;NNB?P;LCIOMF?P?FM(HNBCM=;M?NB?P?LM?CM=IGJIM?>I@NQIM?=NCIHM2?=NCIH=IHN;CHMNQI
JL?M?HN;NCIHM I@ NB? @CLMN FCH? I@ N?RN NB? M?=IH> NLOH=;N?> ;M CH>C=;N?> >C;AL;GG;NC=;FFS <S NB? M?=NCIH
<IOH>;LS?H>CHA<?@IL?NB?FCH?<IOH>;LSCH%CAOL?—M??@OLNB?L>CM=OMMCIHI@NBCM@?;NOL?<?FIQ2?=NCIH
=IHN;CHMFCH?@IFFIQ?><S;MNLCHAI@PI=;<F?MG;LE?>\PI=]CH%CAOL?%OLNB?L>?N;CFIHNB?CHN?LH;F
=IHMNCNO?HNMI@*OLL;H;)4CMM?NIONCHM?=NCIH<?FIQ
4.2. Musical expression of the rhetorical structures of Jurtbirrk
1B?NILC=;FFS *OLL;H; )4 FCE? G;HS INB?L Jurtbirrk MIHAM CM ILA;HCM?> CHNI ;H
! J;NN?LH
L?GCHCM=?HNI@ @LI- G?LC=;H<FO?MMIHAMCHQBC=B;L?J?;N?>MN;N?G?HNCM=;JJ?><S;M?=IH>MN;N?G?HN
?RN?H>CHAIL?RJF;CHCHANB?@CLMN";LLIFF.FCP?L MCHNB?<FO?MNB?LB?NILC=;FMNLO=NOL?I@NB?
Jurtbirrk MIHAN?RNCM
Figure 32NLO=NOL;F=IGJIH?HNMI@JurtbirrkMBIQCHANB?;H;FSNC=;FOHCNM;>IJN?>CHNBCM;LNC=F?(HN?LH;F
P?LM?MNLO=NOL?P;LC?M@LIGMIHANIMIHACHNBCM=;M?*OLL;H;)4M?LP?M;M;GI>?F
MOJJILN?><SCNMLBSNBGC=;H>G?FI>C=M?NNCHA;M=;H<?M??HCH%CAOL?
Rhythmic setting
(H NBCM MIHA ?;=B QIL> CH NB? N?RN CM =I-?RN?HMCP? QCNB IH? G?NLC=;F OHCN I@ NBL?? =F;JMNC=E <?;NM B?L?
NL;HM=LC<?> ;M ; <;L (H INB?L MIHAM NB;N CH=FO>? QIL>M I@ IH? IL NQI MSFF;<F?M NQI QIL>M G;S <?
JL?M?HN?>IP?LIH?G?NLC=;FOHCN3B?NQI-QIL>N?RNI@FCH?a)rdalbardalba yuwuldakbalkba CML?J?;N?>NI
@ILG M?=NCIH <ON NB? M?=IH> L?J?NCNCIH IGCNM <INB NB? OH;==?HN?> @CLMN MSFF;<F? a- ;H> NB? @CH;F NQI
MSFF;<F?M -balkba 3B? =IL? MSFF;<F?M –rdalbardalba yuwuldak- ;L? M?N IP?L ;H C>?HNC=;F LBSNBG ?;=B NCG?
3B?OHL?J?;N?>NBL??-QIL>N?RNJBL;M?I@NB?M?=IH>FCH?CMMOJJF?G?HN?><S;A?H?LC=;>>?>PI=;<F?N?RN\LC
LCLC]2CGCF;LPI=;<F?MI==OLCHNBCMJIMCNCIH;NNB??H>I@?P?LSJurtbirrk MIHAP?LM?
Melodic setting
3B?P?LM?CM>CPC>?>CHNINQIM?=NCIHM>CPC>?><SNB?<L?;NBN;E?H;NNB??H>I@NB?M?=IH>L?H>CNCIHI@NB?
@CLMN N?RN FCH? $;=B M?=NCIH B;M ;H IP?L;FF >?M=?H>CHA G?FI>C= =IHNIOL QCNBCH NB? ?IFC;H H;NOL;F GCHIL
G?FI>C=GI>?<OCFNIHNB?>C>D?LC>O->?@CH?>NIHC=$NB?@CLMNM?=NCIHIM=CFF;N?M@LIGNB?@C@NB!NINB?NBCL>
M=;F?>?AL??&QCNBNB?F;MNNQIG?NLC=;FOHCNMJ?L@ILG?>?HNCL?FSIH&QBCF?NB?M?=IH>M?=NCIH=IP?LM
NB?>?M=?HN@LIGNB?M?P?HNB#NINB?NIHC=$QCNBNB?F;MNNQI<;LMJ?L@ILG?>?HNCL?FSIHNB?@CH;F$
LINE 1
musical
setting
morphemes
gloss
free translation
ardalbardalba
yuw-a-ldakbalkba
<?:KOC=E
3.6 1#2MA-(,/-L?P?;F:NBIOABNM
‘quick, tell me what you’re thinking’
LINE 1 (REPEAT)
(a)rdalbardalba
<?:KOC=E
yuw-a-ldak(balkba)
3.6 1#2MA-(,/-L?P?;F:NBIOABNM
‘quick, tell me what you’re thinking’
LINE 2
imalda
;FL?;>S
‘before the moon comes up’
(a-)rakbalmalkba
3.6 1#2MA-LCM?
kurrana[-yi]
GIIH
5." !+$
VOCABLE
TEXT
[ri ri ri ri ri]
5." !+$2
Figure 4: ,OMC=;F;H>FCHAOCMNC=MNLO=NOL?MI@*OLL;H;)4CN?G+!-21-)4!;LQC=E
!CL=B6CFFC;GMNL;=E
3B?OHL?MIFP?>@??FI@NB?@CLMNM?=NCIH]M=;>?H=?IH&GCLLILMNB?LB?NILC=;FMNLO=NOL?QB?L?NB?OH@CHCMB?>
L?J?;NI@NB?@CLMNMN;N?G?HNF?;>MMNLIHAFSCHNICNM?RJFC=;NCIHCHNB?M?=IH>FCH?QB?L?CN<?=IG?M?PC>?HN
NB;NNB?L?;MIH@ILNB?B;MN??RJL?MM?>CHNB?@CLMNFCH?CMNB?CGGCH?HNGIIHLCM?QBC=BQCFFL?P?;FNB?FIP?LM]
GIP?G?HNMNINBIM?Q;N=BCHA3B?L?MIFONCIHNINB?NIHC=$IHNB?F;MNQIL>I@NB?N?RN—kurrana GIIH—
;FMIGCLLILMNB?LB?NILC=;FMNLO=NOL?L?P?;FCHA;NF;MNNB?=;OM?I@NB?FIP?LM;HRC?NS,;L?NN-
>CM=OMM?MMCGCF;LQ;SMCHQBC=BNB?G?FI>SMOJJILNM;H>L?@F?=NMNB?MNLO=NOL?I@NB?N?RNCH;wangga MIHA
4.3. Versification processes in Jurtbirrk songs
6?B;P?=F;MMC@C?>;M\P?LMC@C=;NCIHJLI=?MM?M];>>CNCIHMIL>?F?NCIHMI@N?RNMSFF;<F?M;JJ;L?HNFSGINCP;N?>
<SGOMC=;F@;=NILM
Partial reduplication
H?R;GJF?CM
ngaldalmalangkaj ldalmalangka-yangka -A;H<;F>;E;HCHS)4
/;LNC;FL?>OJFC=;NCIHFCE?NBCMI==OLMCHIHFSIH?MIHACHNB?Jurtbirrk MIHAL?J?LNILS!S=IHNL;MNINB?LMIHA
L?J?LNILC?M>?M=LC<?><SFCHAOCMNMB;P?;F;LA?HOG<?LI@L?>OJFC=;NCIHM—M??@IL?R;GJF?NB?,;LLC-A;LL
Lirrga MIHAN?RNM;H;FSM?><S+SM<?NB%IL>%IL>
16
Elision of syllables
GIL?L?AOF;L@?;NOL?I@Jurtbirrk MIHAMCMNB?>LIJJCHAI@NB?@CH;FNQIMSFF;<F?M;NNB??H>I@NB?@CLMN
M?=NCIH%IL?R;GJF?CH*OLL;H;)4=CN?>CH%CAOL?;<IP?NB?L?J?NCNCIHI@NB?@CLMNFCH?CMNLOH=;N?>
;NNB??H>I@NB?M?=IH>FCH?;H>NB?\OHMOHA]MSFF;<F?M;L?L?JF;=?><S;PI=;FL?MN
ardalbardalba yuldakbalkba / rdalbardalba yulda’ *OLL;H;)4
Vocable insertion
5I=;<F?CHM?LNCIH;FMII==OLMQCNBCHMIG?G?NLC=;FOHCNM3B?OHCNIHQBC=BNB?PI=;<F?M;JJ?;LNI<?<;M?>
CMNB?MSFF;<F?ya3BCMMSFF;<F?CMGIMN=IGGIHFS CHM?LN?>IH=?CH;FCH?;H>CMFI=;N?>;NNB? ?H>I@;
G?NLC=;FOHCNNSJC=;FFSCHCHMN;H=?MQB?L?NB?JL?=?>CHAQIL>IL=IG<CH;NCIHI@QIL>M=IHMNCNON?M@IOL
MSFF;<F?MILF?MM3B?>;N;;FMI=IHN;CH?R;GJF?MQB?L?NB?MSFF;<F?ya ;JJ?;LMNIB;LGIHCT?QCNBNB?PIQ?F
CH;JL?=?>CHAMSFF;<F?L?MOFNCHACHNB?P;LC;HNMyu ;H>yi 2???R;GJF?M;H><?FIQ
kudnuka kudnuka-ya *O>HOE;HA;LNOHA)4
jumung mana jumung mana-ya *;LN<CLFDODO)4
angkad birta angkad birta-ya *O>HOE;HA;LNOHA)4
angkiju rdangkiju-yi HAECDO)4
yarukung yaruku-ya HAECDO)4
anayanjing rranayanji-ya *;H;HAOLLQO)4
abanajukun yabanajuku-yu -A;><OLLCSCHAOLLCSC)4
-IN?NB;NCHNB??R;GJF?M–NB?PI=;<F?CMCHM?LN?>;@N?L>?F?NCIHI@NB?@CH;F=IHMIH;HNI@;JL?=?>CHA
QIL>"I>;>?F?NCIHL?MOFNCHACHNB?M?KO?H=CHAI@"5=IHMIH;HNPIQ?FMSFF;<F?MCM;MNLIHAN?H>?H=SCH
<INB(Q;C>D;MIHA;H>MJ??=BM??@OLNB?L<?FIQ
(H ; @?Q CHMN;H=?M NB? CHM?LN?> PI=;<F? =IHMCMNM I@ NQI MSFF;<F?M L;NB?L NB;H IH? ;M NB? @IFFIQCHA
?R;GJF?MMBIQ
kirrimul irrimul-aya );QCH;)4
ngaldalmaldangkayangkaj ldalmaldangkayangka-yiya -A;H<;F>;E;HCHS)4
(HINB?LCHMN;H=?Mya M??GMNI<?JLIMI>C=;FFSCHN?AL;N?>CHNINB?QIL>CN;JJ?H>MNI
jawina jawinya-ya );QCH;)4
Vocables as melodic carriers over whole metrical unit
(HM?P?L;FCHMN;H=?M;PI=;<F?ILM?NI@PI=;<F?M?H=IGJ;MM?M;H?HNCL?G?NLC=;FOHCN?CNB?L;MNB?@CLMNB;F@
I@;N?RNFCH?
ayaya nganbaldakani -A;H<;F>;E;HCHS)4+CH?
ayaya rrijumarludbu );QCH;)4+CH?
IL;M;QBIF?FCH?=IHMCMNCHAI@NQIILGIL?G?NLC=;FOHCNM
angakakayaya ri ri ... *O>HOE;HA;LNOHA)4
ayangakayaya ri ri … 1CQOD<;E<;)4
uuu... *;LN<CFDODO)4!ODCE;>)4
Vocable insertion in David Minyimak's 3/4 songs (JU22–32)
HCHN?L?MNCHA=;M?I@G?NLC=;FFSGINCP;N?>PI=;<F?CHM?LNCIHCM@IOH>CH;M?NI@MIHAM=IGJIM?><S#;PC>
,CHSCG;E'?L?;PI=;<F?Q?B;P?NL;HM=LC<?>;M\;;]CML?AOF;LFSCHM?LN?>;NNB??H>I@NB?@CLMNNQIQIL>M
I@?;=BM?=NCIH;H>NQIPIQ?FPI=;<F?M\OOCC]ILMCGCF;L;L?L?AOF;LFSJ?L@ILG?>;NNB??H>I@?P?LSP?LM?
@IL;H?R;GJF?M??%CAOL?
(H NBCM =;M? NB? @CLMN PIQ?F PI=;<F? OO B;LGIHCM?M QCNB NB? F;MN PIQ?F I@ NB? JL?=?>CHA QIL>
D;H;GCLL;E<OH (H M?P?L;F INB?L MIHAM NB;N MB;L? NBCM NOH? ; LIOH>?> PI=;<F? CM JLIHIOH=?> CH ; GIL?
@ILQ;L>JIMCNCIHC@NB?@CH;FMSFF;<F?I@NB?JL?=?>CHAQIL>=IHN;CHM;>C@@?L?HNPIQ?FCNMKO;FCNSCM=FIM?LNI
I;@N?LHA;F>;FG;F;HAE;D)4;H>S;E;F>;><;LD;H)4;H>NIV;@N?L;HAGOHAOFE<;DCHS)4
;H>S;H;QOLHS;E<CH)43B?@CH;F\CC]PI=;<F?CMJIMMC<FS;P;LC;HNI@\LC]NB?PI=;<F?NB;NCML?J?;N?>
;NNB??H>I@GIMNINB?LJurtbirrk MIHAM#LIJJCHANB?=IHMIH;HNIHM?NI@QIL>M<?ACHHCHAQCNBLCM;FMI
=IGGIHCHMJ??=B@IL?R;GJF?NB?MAG;M=NL;HMCNCP?JL?@CR\LC]CMGIMNFSL?;FCT?>QCNBIONCNM=IHMIH;HN
IHM?N
3B?<;MC=LBSNBGC=MNLO=NOL?I@NBCMMIHACM;M@IFFIQM?;=BG?NLC=;FOHCNCM;<;LQCNB?;=BFCH?
=IGJIM?>I@NQI<;LM
17
Figure 5: ,OMC=;F HIN;NCIH I@ #;PC> ,CHSCG;E]M MIHA \ E;LN;FQ;H] )4 @CLMN P?LM? I@ CN?G
!!-12-)4!;LQC=E!CL=B6CFFC;GMNL;=E
+CH? aa <;LM
+CH?!<;LM
+CH?!NLOH=;N?><;LM
+CH?"
aa <;LM
+CH?#
uu ii <;LM
FF INB?L MIHAM CH NBCM M?N @IFFIQ ?R;=NFS NB? M;G? N?H-<;L J;NN?LH ;FNBIOAB MIG?NCG?M NB? N?RN-FCH?
L?J?NCNCIHM;L?MNLO=NOL?>
!"L;NB?LNB;H !!"#
%LIG %CAOL? CN =;H <? M??H NB;N G?FI>C=;FFS ;M IJJIM?> NI LBSNBGC=;FFS NB? \;;] <?FIHAM NI NB?
@IFFIQCHAFCH?L;NB?LNB;HNB?JL?=?>CHAIH?MINB;NG?FI>C=;FFSNB?MIHA=;H<?ALIOJ?>;M
+CH? >?M=?HN@LIG#-@F;NNI$-@F;N
;;
+CH?!
+CH?!NLOH=;N?>>?M=?HN@LIGOJJ?L$-@F;NNI -@F;NFCHA?LCHAIH!-@F;N?HLION?
+CH?">?M=?HN@LIG#-@F;NNI$-@F;N
;;
+CH?#
OO
CC>?M=?HN@LIGOJJ?L$-@F;NNI -@F;NFCHA?LCHAIHNB?@CH;F
4.4. Rhythmic setting of words in Jurtbirrk
(HNB?Jurtbirrk MIHA-M?NL?AOF;LJ;NN?LHMCHNB?LBSNBGC=M?NNCHAI@QIL>M=;H<?C>?HNC@C?>QCNBP;LC;NCIH
;==IL>CHANILBSNBGC=GI>? MB;M<??HQC>?FSL?JILN?>@ILINB?LL?J?LNILC?MI@ OMNL;FC;HMIHANB?L?CM;
MNLIHAIP?L;FFN?H>?H=S@ILQIL>MNI<?M?NOMCHAMBILN>OL;NCIHM@IL
MSFF;<F?M ;NNB?<?ACHHCHAI@NB?QIL>;H>FIHA?L>OL;NCIHM@ILQIL>-@CH;FMSFF;<F?M3B?@IFFIQCHA>CM=OMMCIH
;<MNL;=NMNB?MSFF;<C=LBSNBGC=P;FO?M@LIGNB?G?FI>C=M?NNCHAMNB;NCMCN>I?MHINN;E?;==IOHNI@G?FCMG;
QB?L?;MSFF;<F?CMJ?L@ILG?>IP?LGIL?NB;HIH?JCN=BCHNB?G?FI>S
Matching of words to metrical units in David Minyimak’s 3/4 songs
(H NB? M?N I@ MIHAM DOMN >CM=OMM?> NB?L? CM ;FMI =IHMC>?L;<F? L?AOF;LCNS CH G;N=BCHA I@ QIL>M NI NB? G?NLC=;FOHCN;MIONFCH?>CH3;<F?<?FIQ
-IN? NB;N ;FF M?NNCHAM @;PIOL MBILN?L HIN?M ;N NB?
<?ACHHCHAI@NB?G?NLC=;FOHCN;H>FIHA?LHIN?M;N
Table 6: ,;N=BCHAI@QIL>MI@P;LCIOMMSFF;<F?
NB? ?H> I@ NB? G?NLC=;F OHCN (N =;H <? M??H NB;N
F?HANBMNINB?G?NLC=;FOHCNCH#;PC>
NB?L? ;L? NQI JIMMC<F? LBSNBGC= M?NNCHAM I@ @CP?,CHSCG;E]MMIHAM
MSFF;<F? QIL>M NI NB? G?NLC=;F OHCN
syllables rhythm example
angmarranguldiny CMM?NQCNB;H;JJ;L?HNFSFIHA?L
2
nyarang *OFO>OE)4
M?=IH> MSFF;<F? QBCF? janamirrakbun CM M?N QCNB
qh
;H ;JJ;L?HNFS FIHA?L NBCL> MSFF;<F? NB? OMO;F
M?NNCHA@IL@CP?-MSFF;<F?QIL>MCHNBCM=ILJOM(NCM
wularrud 6OF;LLO>)4
ryh
JIMMC<F? NB;N NBCM >C@@?L?H=? CM >O? NI OH>?LFSCHA
JBIH?NC=JLI=?MM?MMO=B;MNB?AL?;N?L=IHMIH;HN
kanayanjing E;LN;FQ;H
>OL;NCIHI@–ngm- CHangmarranguldiny
rysq. .
)4
2CGCF;L J;NN?LHM ?G?LA? @IL MIHAM
QCNB
NB?
G?NLC=;F OHCN I@ NBL?? =F;JMNC=E <?;NM
angmarranguldiny
dtg sq.
=ILL?MJIH>CHA NI @;CLFS JL?>C=N;<F? LBSNBGC=
E;LN;FQ;H)4
M?NNCHAM I@ ; QIL> IL MIG?NCG?M QCNB QIL>M I@
dgy sq. janamirrakbun E;LN;FQ;H
NQIILNBL??MSFF;<F?MNINQIQIL>M(HMIHAM
)4
NB?L? N?H>M NI <? GIL? OM? I@ MQOHA ;H>
6
rrayunbaldakinngurn
MSH=IJ;N?> LBSNBGM ;H> NB?L?@IL? GIL?
dffg
*O<OLLO<OLL)4
P;LC;<CFCNS CH NB? JL?=CM? =IG<CH;NCIHM I@ NB?
MBILN?L HIN?M ;H> NB?CL ;FCAHG?HN QCNB NB?
sq. .
=F;JMNC=E<?;NCHA3;<F?MBIQM
NB;NNB?L?CMMIG??PC>?H=?NB;NJ;LNC=OF;L=IGJIM?LMILJ?L@ILG?LMJL?@?LMFCABNFS>C@@?L?HNM?NNCHAMI@@IOLMSFF;<F?QIL>MM?NNINB?NBL??-<?;NG?NLC=;FOHCN
-IN? NB;N CH ?;=B =;M? NB? @CH;F FIHA MSFF;<F? CM I@ NB? M;G? >OL;NCIH ; =LIN=B?N NC?> NI ; >INN?>
=LIN=B?N#;PC>,CHSCG;E]MP?LMCIHCMNB?GIMN=IGGIHFSJ?L@ILG?>LBSNBGC=M?NNCHA;H>=;H<?@IOH>CH
J?L@ILG;H=?M <S ;FF MCHA?LM 1?AAC? "IIJ?L]M L?H>CNCIH I@ yabaninga CM OHOMO;F <INB QCNBCH BCM L?J?LNILS
;H> QCNBCH NB? QBIF? Jurtbirrk =ILJOM CN B;M ; MQOHA @??F ;M HI MSFF;<F? IHM?N =ICH=C>?M QCNB NB? M?=IH>
=F;JMNC=E<?;N3B?NBCL>M?NNCHA<S1IHHC?6;H>CD;EL?MOFNMCH;>OJF?L;NB?LNB;HNLCJF?MO<>CPCMCIHI@NB?
=F;JMNC=E <?;N >OL;NCIH 3BCM ;FN?L;NCIH CM @IOH> NBLIOABION NB? Jurtbirrk L?J?LNILS <ON CM ?MJ?=C;FFS
JLIGCH?HNCHJ?L@ILG;H=?M<SNBCMMCHA?L
5. Jurtbirrk songs: linguistics
5.1. Phonology of Jurtbirrk
Syllable Structure
FNBIOABNB?G;DILCNSI@ OMNL;FC;]MCH>CA?HIOMF;HAO;A?MB;P?=IHMIH;HN-CHCNC;FQIL>MNLO=NOL?(Q;C>D;CM
IH?I@;GCHILCNSI@ OMNL;FC;HF;HAO;A?MNB;N;FFIQMQIL>MNI<?ACHQCNB;PIQ?FNB?H;G?I@NB?F;HAO;A?
CNM?F@JLIPC>CHA;H?R;GJF?(H;>>CNCIH(Q;C>D;B;MG;HSQIL>M=IHN;CHCHAMSFF;<F?-@CH;F
Table 7: #C@@?L?HNLBSNBGC=M?NNCHAMI@@IOL-MSFF;<F?QIL>MCHMIHAM<S>C@@?L?HN=IGJIM?LM
Rhythmic setting of
Example
Singer/composer
four-syllable word
rdalbardalba *OLL;H;)4
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
eq eq_q.
RRR
rty-eq _q.
yabaninga 6OLLOQ;LL)4
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
r.y.eq_q.
Yarrkbanaka 7;LLE<;H;E;)4
1IHHC?6;H>CD;E
RRR
RRR
=IHMIH;HN =FOMN?LM @IL ?R;GJF? warrkbi \G;H] 3B?M? ;L? NQI Q;SM NB?L?@IL? CH QBC=B (Q;C>D; MSFF;<F?
MNLO=NOL?>CP?LA?M@LIGNB?=IGGIHFSJIMCN?>OHCP?LM;FJL?@?L?H=?@IL"5MSFF;<F?M'IQ?P?L;=IGJ;LCMIH
<?NQ??H NB? Q;S CMIF;N?> QIL>M ;L? JLI>O=?> QB?H MJIE?H =F?;LFS BSJ?L;LNC=OF;N?> CH (Q;C>D; ;H> NB?
L?;FCT;NCIHM I@ NB? M;G? QIL>M CH NSJC=;F =IHH?=N?> MJ??=B MBIQM ; MN;LE =IHNL;MN CH N?LGM I@ MSFF;<F?
MNLO=NOL?3B?L?;L?;HOG<?LI@JBIHIFIAC=;FJLI=?MM?MI<M?LP;<F?CH=IHH?=N?>MJ??=BNB;N;JJ?;LNIGIP?
MSFF;<F?M =FIM?L NIQ;L>M =IH@ILGCHA NI NB? OHCP?LM;FFS JL?@?LL?> "5 MNLO=NOL? 3B?M? JLI=?MM?M ;L? MBIQH
<?FIQCH?R;GJF?M–
4HMOLJLCMCHAFS J?LB;JM NB?M? JLI=?MM?M ;L? ;FMI I<M?LP;<F? CH MIHA (@ ;HSNBCHA BIQ?P?L NB?
MSFF;<F?MNLO=NOL?I@MOHA(Q;C>D;GIP?M?P?H=FIM?LNINB?"5J;NN?LH3BCMCM<LIOABN;<IONCHNQIQ;SM
%CLMNFSNB?JLI=?MM?MMBIQH;<IP?;L?;OAG?HN?><S;@C@NBJLI=?MMHINI<M?LP?>CHMJ??=BH;G?FS
NB?CHM?LNCIHI@;H?J?HNB?NC=N;J?CNB?LL?NLI@F?RIL;FP?IF;L<?NQ??HNQIPIQ?FM'?H=?NB?JBL;M?ACP?HCH
;<IP?G;SB;P?NB?;FN?LH;NCP?L?;FCT;NCIHACP?HCHQB?HMOHA
2?=IH>FS;NNB?INB?L?H>I@NB?MSFF;<F?QIL>-@CH;F=IHMIH;HN->?F?NCIH;JJFC?MGIL?<LI;>FSNB;H
CH MJ??=B 6BCF? CH MJ??=B NBCM JLI=?MM CM G;CHFS FCGCN?> NI QIL>-@CH;F P?F;L H;M;FM ;H> J;F;N;F H;M;FM
@IFFIQCHABCAB@LIHNPIQ?FMCHMIHAQ?M??;<LI;>?LL;HA?I@>?F?NCIHMMBIQHCH<?FIQ
Alignment of clapstick beats with consonant-vowel transitions of metrically strong syllables
6BCFMN INB?L MNO>C?M I@ CH>CA?HIOM GOMC= NL;>CNCIHM CH OMNL;FC; B;P? MOAA?MN?> NB;N NB? MNL?MM J;NN?LHM I@
QIL>M;L?;FN?L?>MCAHC@C=;HNFSQB?H
4NN?L;H=?-CHCNC;F5IQ?F#?F?NCIH
ang-mana-warlkbarrakany-mi-kbi
MA-%43-IF>:J?LMIH-(-"'-(3$1
a[ŋ]manawaɭkpaɾakaɲmikpin
\SIOQCFFALIQIF>]
6IL>-@CH;F"IHMIH;HN#?F?NCIH
bu-ma-ngung
bumaŋu
JF .-A?N-/23' !
\NB?SOM?>NIA;NB?LCN]
5IQ?F"I;F?M=?H=?
yang-man-ara
6 7MA-%43-AI
\AI;H>N?FF]
ang-mana-min jaŋmanaɻamanamin
MA-%43-N?FF
"FOMN?L1?>O=NCIH
warrkbi waɾəɡwi
G;H
\G;H]
3;J$J?HNB?MCM
yang-man-ara
ang-mana-min jaŋmanaɻaɾamanamin
6 7MA-%43-AI
MA-%43-N?FF
\AI;H>N?FF] 7;HAG;H;L;)4
nganbaldakaniny ngalbaldakani -A;H<;F>;E;HCHS)4
alan ala );Q;HCDOE;H)4
wurruwarr wurruwa 6OLLOQ;LL)4
kirrimul irrimu SOHG;HQCHA;FGO)4
wularrud wularru 6OF;LLO>)4
NB?S;JJ?;LCHMIHAN?RNM'?L=OM*I=B2NL?BFIQCHJurtbirrk MIHAMNBCMCMHINNB?=;M?.H
NB? =IHNL;LS NB?L? CM ; MNLIHA N?H>?H=S @IL NB? "5 =IHMIH;HN NI PIQ?F NL;HMCNCIHM I@ G?NLC=;FFS MNLIHA
MNL?MM?>MSFF;<F?MNI;FCAHQCNB=F;JMNC=E<?;NMNBLIOABIONNB?MIHA=ILJOM
%CAOL? <?FIQ MBIQM ; MJ?=NLIAL;JBC= L?JL?M?HN;NCIH I@ NB? @CLMN FCH? I@ ; L?H>CNCIH I@ NB? MIHA
*OLL;H;)43B?N?RNCMAFIMM?>CH$R;GJF?<?FIQ
aˈɽalpaˈɽalpa
ˈjuw-a-l ɾakˈpalkpa
<?:KOC=E
3.6 1#2MA-(,/-L?P?;F:NBIOABNM
\KOC=EN?FFG?QB;NSIO]L?NBCHECHA]
(HNB?MJ?=NLIAL;G=F;JMNC=E<?;NM=;H<?M??H;FCAHCHAQCNBNB?"5NL;HMCNCIHMI@G?NLC=;FFSMNLIHAMSFF;<F?M
CH<INBQIL>MNB?NQCHMSFF;<F?Mɽal CHNB?L?>OJFC=;N?>@ILGaˈɽalpaˈɽalpa;H>NB?MSFF;<F?palk CH
ˈjuwalɾakˈpalkpa
3B? ;FCAHG?HN I@ =F;JMNC=E <?;NM QCNB NB? "5 NL;HMCNCIHM I@ G?NLC=;FFS MNLIHA MSFF;<F?M B;M NQI
L;GC@C=;NCIHM@ILNB?;H;FSMCMI@JLIMI>C=MNLO=NOL?CHMJIE?H(Q;C>D;%CLMNFSCNMOJJILNMNB?=B;L;=N?LCT;NCIH
I@ (Q;C>D; ;M ; \MNL?MM ;==?HN] F;HAO;A? !?=EG;HH CH QBC=B JCN=B ;==?HNM ;FCAH QCNB G?NLC=;FFS
MNLIHAMSFF;<F?M;MIJJIM?>NI;\HIH-MNL?MM;==?HN]F;HAO;A?QB?L?NB?CHNIH;NCIHMSMN?GCM=F?;LFSILC?HN?>
NIQ;L>M NB? =BOHECHA I@ MJ??=B CHNI JLIMI>C= OHCNM ; Q?FF-EHIQH ?R;GJF? <?CHA NB? ;==?HNO;F JBL;M? CH
*IL?;H )OH $PC>?H=? @IL NBCM CH MJIE?H (Q;C>D; =IG?M HIN IHFS @LIG ;H;FSMCM I@ JCN=B ;==?HN
JF;=?G?HN!CL=B<ON;FMI@LIGI<M?LP;NCIHML?A;L>CHAP;LC;NCIHCHNB?KO;FCNSI@PIQ?FMQBC=BN?H>
NI <? J?LCJB?L;FCT?> CH ;==?HN?> MSFF;<F?M ;H> =?HNL;FCT?> IL >?F?N?> CH G?NLC=;FFS Q?;E MSFF;<F?M !CL=B
;
(H MIHA BIQ?P?L NB? CHNIH;NCIH =IHNIOL HILG;FFS ;MMI=C;N?> QCNB ; MJIE?H QIL> IL JBL;M? CM
MO<IL>CH;N?>NI;G?FI>C==IHNIOLNB;NP;LC?MCHNB?M;G?>CG?HMCIH—NB;NCM% JCN=B—;H>;==IL>CHANI
>C@@?L?HN=IHMNL;CHNM(HNB?=;M?I@NB?Jurtbirrk MIHAM;FNBIOABNB?OM?@OFH?MMI@%N;LA?N;FCAHG?HN;M;
>C;AHIMNC= I@ G?NLC=;F MNL?HANB CM AL?;NFS L?>O=?> @IL NBCM L?;MIH CN NOLHM ION NB;N =F;JMNC=E <?;N ;FCAHG?HN
JLIPC>?M;L?FC;<F?MO<MNCNON?>C;AHIMNC= H;H;FSMCMI@NB?G?NLC=;FMNLO=NOL?I@QIL>MCHNB?Jurtbirrk MIHA
=ILJOM <;M?> IH NB? ;FCAHG?HN I@ =F;JMNC=E <?;NM QCNB "5 NL;HMCNCIHM JLI>O=?M GO=B NB? M;G? L?MOFNM
I<N;CH?>@ILNB?MJIE?HF;HAO;A?OMCHANB?>C;AHIMNC=MG?HNCIH?>;<IP?
3B? M?=IH> L;GC@C=;NCIH I@ NB? ;FCAHG?HN I@ =F;JMNC=E <?;NM QCNB NB? "5 NL;HMCNCIHM I@ G?NLC=;FFS
MNLIHAMSFF;<F?MCHMIHACMNB;NCNL?@F?=NMNB?OHCP?LM;FN?H>?H=S@ILMSFF;<F?MNI<?MNLO=NOL?>;MM?KO?H=?MI@
; =IHMIH;HN @IFFIQ?> <S ; PIQ?F "5 ;M IJJIM?> NI NB? CHP?LM? IL>?L NB;N CM ; PIQ?F @IFFIQ?> <S ;
=IHMIH;HN 5" 3B? MIHAM =IHMNCNON? CH ; M?HM? ; H;NOL;FFS I==OLLCHA ;H;FIAO? I@ ?RJ?LCG?HNM NB;N B;P?
<??H=IH>O=N-
Figure 6. +CH? I@ ; L?H>CNCIH I@ *OLL;H; )4 @LIG >P1::3 ?RJILN?> @LIG /L;;N
!I?LMG;6??HCHE3BCMMIHACMCH;H>NB?=F;JMNC=E<?;NMPCMC<F?CHNB?MJ?=NLIAL;G;M<LIE?H
H;LLIQ>;LEP?LNC=;FFCH?M;L?;FCAH?>QCNBNB?<?;NMCHNB?PI=;FLBSNBG<?;NMNI;FCH?I==OLLCHA;N
CHN?LP;FMI@;>INN?>=LIN=B?NB?L?;JJLIRCG;N?FS?KOCP;F?HNNIM?=IH>M
21
?>NI@CH>NB?/-=?HNL?J?L=?JNO;F=?HNL?I@MSFF;<F?M,;L=OM(HNB?M??RJ?LCG?HNMQB?HMO<D?=NM
Q?L?;ME?>NIMSH=BLIHCT?=FC=EMQCNBMSFF;<F?MCN NOLH?>IONNB;NNB?=FC=EMQ?L?;FCAH?>;N;=?LN;CHJICHN
EHIQH;MNB?/-=?HNL?=FIM?NINB?"5NL;HMCNCIHI@NB?MSFF;<F?3B?=ILL?MJIH>CHA;FCAHG?HNI@=F;JMNC=E
<?;NM QCNB "5 NL;HMCNCIHM CH Jurtbirrk MIHAM ;>>M MOJJILN NI ?PC>?H=? @LIG JBIHIN;=NC=M ;H> =IHH?=N?>
MJ??=B JLI=?MM?M16 NB;N MSFF;<C@C=;NCIH CH (Q;C>D; J;NN?LHM ;==IL>CHA NI NB? H?;L-OHCP?LM;FFS ;NN?MN?> \IHM?N
@CLMN]JLCH=CJF?
Word boundaries marked by melodic (F0) turning points
MG?HNCIH?>CHNB?JL?PCIOMM?=NCIHCHMJIE?H(Q;C>D;QB?HNQIQIL>MILJBL;M?M;L?DORN;JIM?>QCNBHI
CHN?LP?HCHAJ;OM?;H>QB?L?NB?@CLMNQIL>ILJBL;M??H>MCH;PIQ?F;H>NB?M?=IH><?ACHMQCNBNB?M;G?
PIQ?F NB?M? NQI PIQ?FM =I;F?M=? NI @ILG ; MCHAF? FIHA PIQ?F NBOM G;MECHA NB? ?>A?M I@ NB? QIL>M
CHPIFP?>#?MJCN?NB?CL>?F?NCIHCHNB?M?AG?HN;FF;S?LCHMO=B=;M?MBIQ?P?LQIL><IOH>;LC?M@L?KO?HNFS
L?G;CH J?L=?JNO;FFS M;FC?HN >O? NI ; @?;NOL? I@ NB? (Q;C>D; CHNIH;NCIH MSMN?G CH QBC=B NB? LCABN ?>A?M I@
QIL>MILQIL>-MCT?>OHCNMN?H>NI;FCAHQCNBFIQ%N;LA?NMILNOLHCHAJICHNMCH;HCHNIH;NCIH=IHNIOL17
(H =;M?M I@ PIQ?F =I;F?M=?H=? ;=LIMM ; QIL> <IOH>;LS NB?L?@IL? ; FIQ % N;LA?N C@ JL?M?HN
JLIPC>?M ; =F?;L ;=IOMNC= >C;AHIMNC= I@ NB? FI=;NCIH I@ NB? <IOH>;LS N?H>CHA NI <? ;FCAH?> ;M CH %CAOL? +IQN;LA?NMILNOLHCHAJICHNM;FCAHCHNBCMQ;S?P?HC@NB?CHCNC;FMSFF;<F?I@NB?@IFFIQCHAQIL>ILJBL;M?CM
G?NLC=;FFS Q?;E OHMNL?MM?> MOAA?MNCHA NB;N CN CM NB? <IOH>;LS I@ ; QIL> IL JBL;M? NB;N CM <?CHA G;LE?>
L;NB?LNB;HNB??>A?I@;MG;FF?LJLIMI>C=OHCNMO=B;M;MNL?MM?>IL;==?HN?>MSFF;<F?
(HNB?Jurtbirrk MIHA=ILJOMNB?L?;JJ?;LNI<??R;GJF?MI@NBCMM;G?JB?HIG?HIHNBIOABCHNBCM
=;M?CH=ILJIL;N?>CHNI;H>=IHMNL;CH?><SNB?G?FI>C==IHNIOLI@NB?MIHA%CAOL?MBIQM;MJ?=NLIAL;G
;H> % NL;=? I@ ;H ?R=?LJN @LIG +CH? I@ ; L?H>CNCIH I@ 7;HAG;H;L; )4 3B? FCH? @LIG QBC=B NB?
?RNL;=NCMN;E?HCMAFIMM?>CH$R;GJF? <?FIQ
jaŋ-ˈman-aɻa
aŋ-ˈmana-min ˈɟumuŋ
6 7MA-%43-AI
MA-%43-N?FF
MA.!+
\AI;H>N?FFB?L]
3B?MJ?=NLIAL;GMBIQM;FIHAFIQ=I;F?M=?>PIQ?FMJ;HHCHANB?<IOH>;LS<?NQ??HNB?QIL>Mjaŋˈmanaɻa
;H>aŋˈmanamin!?ACHHCHA;NNB?F?@N?>A?I@NB?>C;AL;GNB? %NL;=?MBIQMNB?JCN=B <?CHAG;CHN;CH?>;N
NB?@IOLNBM=;F?>?AL?? <?@IL?>?M=?H>CHANINB?NBCL>&;N;JICHNLIOABFSMCGOFN;H?IOMQCNBNB?
M?=IH>PCMC<F?=F;JMNC=E<?;N
3B? <?ACHHCHA I@ NB? H?RN JCN=B NL;HMCNCIH BIQ?P?L ; LCM? @LIG & NI ! CM HIN ;FCAH?> QCNB ;
=F;JMNC=E <?;N 1;NB?L CN ;JJ?;LM NI <? ;FCAH?> QCNB ; QIL> <IOH>;LS CH NB? MIHA N?RN ;HNC=CJ;NCHA NB?
=F;JMNC=E <?;N <S MIG? M?=IH>M M CH MJ??=B ;FNBIOAB NB? FIQ PIQ?FM I@ NB? NQI QIL>M B;P?
=I;F?M=?>F?;PCHAHINL;=?I@; QIL><IOH>;LSCHNB?MJ?=NLIAL;GNB?FI=;NCIHI@;NOLHCHAJICHNCHNB?%
=IHNIOLCM=IHMCMN?HNQCNBNB?JL?>C=N?>FI=;NCIHI@;QIL>?>A?%LCM?MNBLIOABNB?IHM?N-F?MM@CLMNMSFF;<F?
I@ NB? QIL> aŋˈmanamin <?@IL? L?;=BCHA NB? H?RN G?FI>C= N;LA?N ! ;N NB? =F;JMNC=E <?;N QBC=B B;M CNM
NSJC=;F;FCAHG?HNQCNBNB?@CLMNG?NLC=;FFSMNLIHAMSFF;<F?I@NB?QIL>M??2?=NCIH;<IP?
3BCM?R;GJF?MBIQMNB;N;FNBIOABNB?OM?@OFH?MMI@CHNIH;NCIH;F@?;NOL?M;M>C;AHIMNC=MI@JLIMI>C=
MNLO=NOL?CMCHBC<CN?><SNB?MO<IL>CH;NCIHI@NB?CHNIH;NCIH=IHNIOLNINB?G?FI>C==IHNIOL;MMOAA?MN?>CH
NB?JL?PCIOMM?=NCIH=?LN;CHE?S?F?G?HNMI@MJIE?HCHNIH;NCIHCH(Q;C>D;G;SL?G;CHCHN;=NQB?H;N?RNCM
MOHA
Vowel modification
(H ; KO;HNCN;NCP? MNO>S I@ PIQ?F KO;FCNS CH MJIE?H (Q;C>D; !CL=B < CN Q;M @IOH> NB;N PIQ?FM ;L?
=?HNL;FCT?> CH L?F;NCIH NI NB? G?;H QB?H NB?S I==OL CH @L?KO?HNFS I==OLLCHA F?R?G?M IL =IHMNLO=NCIHM ;H>
QB?H NB?S I==OL CH G?NLC=;FFS Q?;E MSFF;<F?M .H NB? INB?L B;H> CN Q;M @IOH> NB;N PIQ?FM ;L?
J?LCJB?L;FCT?> QB?H NB?S I==OL CH MSFF;<F?M ;FCAH?> QCNB JCN=B ;==?HNM M NB? L?MOFNM I@ INB?L MNO>C?M @IL
?R;GJF? 1?=;M?HM JL?>C=N NB? MNO>S ;FMI @IOH> NB;N NB? FIQ =?HNL;F PIQ?F a ?RBC<CN?> ; AL?;N?L
>?AL??I@P;LC;NCIHNB;HNB? NQIBCABPIQ?FM
22
Figure 7: 3B? JBL;M? ŋ NB? JIFC=? ;LL?MN OM 6:!-:LCQO><;LLEC: 3B?
MJ?=NLIAL;GMBIQMNB?@CH;FPIQ?FI@
;H>NB?CHCNC;FPIQ?FI@ŋ B;P?=I;F?M=?>NI@ILG
;MCHAF?FIHAFIQ=?HNL;FPIQ?F MJ;HHCHANB?QIL><IOH>;LS3B?%NL;=?IHNB?INB?LB;H>MBIQM;FIQ
N;LA?N;FCAHCHAQCNBNB??>A?MI@NB?QIL>M
(HNB?Jurtbirrk N?RNM;H?R;GCH;NCIHI@PIQ?FKO;FCNSL?P?;FM;H;FGIMNCHP?LM?M?NI@N?H>?H=C?MNINBIM?
I<M?LP?>CHMJ??=B3B?FIQ =?HNL;FPIQ?F?RBC<CNM@;LF?MM=?HNL;FCT;NCIHNB;HCHMJIE?H(Q;C>D;QB?L?;M
NB?NQIBCABPIQ?FM;L?FIQ?L?>;H>=?HNL;FCT?>NI;AL?;N?L?RN?HNNB?@LIHNBCABPIQ?FNSJC=;FFS<?CHA
L?;FCT?>;Mɛ;H>NB?BCAB<;=EPIQ?FNSJC=;FFS<?CHAL?;FCT?>;Mə ILa(H;>>CNCIHCNQIOF>M??GNB;NNB?
JLI=?MM?MI@=?HNL;FCT;NCIH;H>FIQ?LCHAI@PIQ?FMCHMIHA;L?HIN;NNLC<ON;<F?NINB?@;=NILMCH@FO?H=CHANB?G
CHMJ??=B
(N CM J;LNC=OF;LFS CFFOGCH;NCHA NI =IGJ;L? NB? @ILG;HN P;FO?M @IL PIQ?FM I==OLLCHA CH F?HANB?H?>
MSFF;<F?M CH MIHA QCNB NB?CL =IOHN?LJ;LNM CH BSJ?L;LNC=OF;N?> ?GJB;NC=;FFS ;==?HN?> MSFF;<F?M CH MJIE?H
(Q;C>D;%CAOL?MBIQM;NSJC=;FL?;FCT;NCIHI@;FIHABCAB@LIHNPIQ?FCHNB?Jurtbirrk =ILJOM
3B?F?HANB?H?>PIQ?FCHNB?M?=IH>MSFF;<F?NBIOABJBIHIFIAC=;FFSBCABB;PCHANSJC=;F%;H>%
P;FO?MI@;LIOH>'T;H>'TL?MJ?=NCP?FSOH>?LBSJ?L;LNC=OF;NCIHB?L?B;M%;H>%P;FO?MI@
'T;H>'T3BCMACP?MNB?PIQ?FNB?;=IOMNC=JLI@CF?I@;@;LFIQ?L;H>GIL?=?HNL;FPIQ?F
B?L?NL;HM=LC<?>;Mɛ, ;H>LIOABFS?KOCP;F?HNNINB?FIHAPIQ?FCHNB?$HAFCMBQIL> air.
%CAOL?MBIQMNB?QIL>ɟumuŋ \MA.!+]?RNL;=N?>@LIGNB?M;G?J?L@ILG;H=?'SJ?L;LNC=OF;N?>NIE?HM
I@NB?FIQ<;=EPIQ?FCHMJIE?HCQ;C>D;B;P?NSJC=;F%;H>%P;FO?MI@'T;H>'TL?MJ?=NCP?FS
3B?L?;FCT;NCIHI@NBCMPIQ?FCHNB?F?HANB?H?>M?=IH>MSFF;<F?I@ɟumuŋ, NL;HM=LC<?>B?L?;MaCMGIL?
NSJC=;FI@;BSJ?L;LNC=OF;N?>FIQ=?HNL;FPIQ?FCH(Q;C>D;NBIOABMFCABNFS@OLNB?L<;=E(NB;M;H%I@
;H>;H%I@'T
(H =IHNL;MN NI NB? NQI BCAB PIQ?FM QBC=B QB?H NB?S I==OL CH MIHA >I HIN ;JJ?;L NI ?RBC<CN NB?
@ILG;HNP;FO?MNSJC=;FI@NB?CLBSJ?L;LNC=OF;N?>MJIE?HF;HAO;A?=IOHN?LJ;LNMNB?FIQ=?HNL;FPIQ?F?RBC<CNM
;N?H>?H=SNI<?BSJ?L;LNC=OF;N?>QB?L?CNQIOF>NSJC=;FFS<?=?HNL;FCT?>IL>?F?N?>CHNB?MJIE?HF;HAO;A?
Figure 8: 2J?=NLIAL;G;H>%NL;=?I@;H?RNL;=N@LIGNB?FCH?aŋˈmanaɻa aŋˈmanamin ˈɟumuŋ \AI;H>N?FF
B?L]@LIG;L?H>CNCIHI@NB?MIHA7;HAG;H;L;)4@LIG>P1::3MBIQCHANB?;FCAHG?HN
I@;G?FI>C=NOLHCHAJICHNQCNB;QIL><IOH>;LSCH>C=;N?><SNB?<F;=E>IN3B?N?RN?H=FIM?>CHMKO;L?
<L;=E?NM IHNB?\QIL>]NC?LMBIQMJL?=?>CHA;H>@IFFIQCHAJ;LNMI@NB?QIL>MHINM??HCHNB?>C;AL;G
-IN;NCIHI@NB?QIL>aŋˈmanamin IHNB?\M?AG?HN]NC?LMBIQMNB?>?F?NCIHI@NB?@CLMNMSFF;<F?=I>;ŋ;H>
NB?F?HCNCIHI@NB?@IFFIQCHA<CF;<C;FH;M;FNINB?=ILL?MJIH>CHAAFC>?
Figure 9. 3B?QIL>ˈŋ \(];MMOHA<S1?AAC?"IIJ?LCH;L?H>CNCIHI@\7;HAG;H;L;] )4@LIG
>P1::3
H?R;GJF?I@NBCMI==OLMCHNB?G?NLC=;FFSQ?;EMSFF;<F?MI@NB?L?>OJFC=;N?>@ILGaˈɽalpaˈɽalpa
%CAOL?@ILL?@?L?H=?3B?NQIJL?-L?NLI@F?RFIQPIQ?FMCHNBCMQIL>;L?=IGGIHFS=?HNL;FCT?>NIM=BQ;
IL>?F?N?>CHMJIE?H(Q;C>D;L?MOFNCHɡCHNB?P;LC;HNL?;FCT;NCIHM əˈɽalpəˈɽalpa ;H> ɽalpəˈɽalpa. (HNBCMMOHA
P?LMCIHNB?@CLMNJL?-L?NLI@F?RFIQPIQ?FB;M%;H>%P;FO?MI@'T;H>'TL?MJ?=NCP?FS
QBCFMNNB?M?=IH>CMMFCABNFSFIQ?L;H>@OLNB?L<;=EQCNBP;FO?MI@'T;H>'T(H<INB=;M?M
NB?H;H>CHMJCN?I@NB?@;=NNB;NNB?SB;P?MBILN>OL;NCIHMNB?PIQ?FM;L?L?;FCT?>;MNSJC=;F FIQ=?HNL;F
PIQ?FMMBIQCHAHIMCAHMI@=?HNL;FCT;NCIH
JLI<;<F?GINCP;NCIH@ILNB?>C@@?L?H=?MCHPIQ?FP;LC;NCIHN?H>?H=C?MCHMOHA;MIJJIM?>NIMJIE?H
(Q;C>D;CMNB?H??>NIG;RCGCT?PIC=?JLID?=NCIHQB?HMCHACHA3B?BCAB%P;FO?M@IL;FFPIQ?FM MOAA?MN
NB;NNB?D;QCMFIQ?L?>CH;FF=;M?M3BCMMOAA?MNMCHNOLHNB;N;MCHNB?6?MN?LH=F;MMC=;FNL;>CNCIHQB?L?
MCHA?LM;L?NL;CH?>NIGI>C@SPIQ?FMCHIL>?LNB;NNB?CLOH;GJFC@C?>PIC=?G;SJLID?=N;<IP?NB?F?P?FI@;H
IL=B?MNL;>OLCHAJ?L@ILG;H=?)OLN<CLLEMCHA?LM;>IJNMCGCF;LN?=BHCKO?MMINB;NNB?CLPIC=?=;H<?B?;L>
;<IP?;==IGJ;HSCHACHMNLOG?HNM;H>;G<C?HNJ;LNSHICM?'SJ?L;LNC=OF;N?>BCABPIQ?FMQCNBNB?CL
=IHMNLC=N?>GIL?=IHMIH;HN-FCE?;LNC=OF;NCIHM;L?@;L@LIGIJNCG;FCHN?LGMI@G;RCGCTCHAPIC=?JLID?=NCIH
;H>;L?NB?L?@IL?FCE?FSNI<?;PIC>?>CHMO=BM?NNCHAM
5.2. Grammar of Jurtbirrk songs
Jurtbirrk MIHAM ;L? MOHA CH IL>CH;LS F;HAO;A? >L;QCHA IH NB? @OFF LC=BH?MM I@ (Q;C>D; AL;GG;L (H>??>
MIG? AL;GG;NC=;F >?PC=?M ;L? ?GJFIS?> QCNB J;LNC=OF;L @L?KO?H=S MI GO=B MI NB;N IOL MNO>S I@ Jurtbirrk
B;M;>P;H=?>IOLOH>?LMN;H>CHAI@IH?=?HNL;FJ;LNI@(Q;C>D;AL;GG;L;MQ?>CM=OMMCHNBCMM?=NCIH
=B;L;=N?LCMNC=@?;NOL?I@(Q;C>D;AL;GG;LCMNB;N;FFP?L<MN;E?NB?CLJLIHIGCH;FJL?@CR@LIGIH?I@
NBL??directional setsH?ONL;FNIQ;L>M;H>;Q;S$R;GJF?M-CFFOMNL;N?NB?CLOM?
a-ra
JF-AI
\3B?SAINB?S;L?AICHA;FIHA]
ijb-ara
6 7JF-AI
\3B?SAINB?S;L?AICHA;Q;S]
ayuw-ara
3.6 1#2JF-AI
\3B?S=IG?;L?=IGCHA]
#CL?=NCIH;FM ;L? HIN ?MJ?=C;FFS OHOMO;F CH OMNL;FC;H F;HAO;A?M—@IL ?R;GJF? 6;LFJCLC JF;=?M NB?
>CL?=NCIH;FM -rni/-rnu \BCNB?L NIQ;L>M] ;H> -rra \NBCNB?L ;FIHA ;Q;S ;=LIMM] LCABN ;@N?L CNM P?L<M !ON
QB?L?;MCH6;LFJCLC;MCHAF?@ILG=;H<?=IG<CH?>GIL?ILF?MMOH=B;HA?>QCNB;FF
Figure 10: 3B?QIL>ɟumuŋ ;MMOHA<S1?AAC?"IIJ?LCH;L?H>CNCIHI@Yangmanara )4@LIG
>P1::3
MO<D?=NM;H>I<D?=NMCH(Q;C>D;NB?SA?NN;HAF?>OJCH;paradigm ILGOFNC>CG?HMCIH;F N;<F?QB?L?CNCMB;L>
IL CGJIMMC<F? NI M;S QBC=B MIOH>M =IHNLC<ON? QBC=B G?;HCHAM ,IL? JL?=CM?FS ?P?LS P?L< CH (Q;C>D;
N;E?M;JL?@CR?H=I>CHANB?@IFFIQCHAM?G;HNC=>CG?HMCIHM
2O<D?=NJ?LMIHRHOG<?LRA?H>?LDOMN@ILMA2O<D.<D
(@NL;HMCNCP?—.<D?=NJ?LMIHRHOG<?L
,II>CH>C=;NCP?P?LMOMCLL?;FCMP?LMOMCGJ?L;NCP?
#CL?=NCIHH?ONL;FP?LMOMNIQ;L>MP?LMOM;Q;S
%IL?R;GJF?NB?JL?@CRjarrubana- G?;HM\Q?CHNB?@ONOL?QCFF;=NIHBCGILB?LCH;H;Q;S>CL?=NCIH]2I
C@ SIO M;C> \Q? QCFF N;E? BCG IL B?L ;Q;S] SIO =IOF> M;S jarrubanawilimang, =IG<CHCHA CN QCNB NB? P?L<
wilimang \N;E?]
,OFNCJFSCHA NB? P;FO?M CH G?;HM NB;N ?;=B NL;HMCNCP? P?L< B;M BOH>L?>M I@ JIMMC<F? JL?@CR
=IG<CH;NCIHM NB;N ?MM?HNC;FFS H??> NI <? F?;LH?> <S B?;LN MCH=? SIO =;H]N DOMN JON NIA?NB?L ; MCHAF? <CN IL
\GILJB?G?] @IL ?;=B G?;HCHA 3;<F? =IGJ;L?M MIG? H?ONL;F ;H> ;Q;S @ILGM NB? LCABN B;H> =IFOGH
ACP?M NB? <?MN AO?MM ;<ION QB;N NB? \;Q;S] GILJB?G? CM <;M?> IH NB? >C@@?L?H=? <?NQ??H NB? NQI INB?L
@ILGM2CH=?NB?CHN?L;=NCIHM;L?=IGJF?R;H>HIH-JL?>C=N;<F?;F;LA?HOG<?LI@>CMNCH=N@ILGMH??>NI<?
F?;LH?>;H>>I=OG?HN?>;H>I<N;CHCHA;@OFFM?NI@J;L;>CAGMCMIH?I@NB?MFIQ=BIL?MI@>I=OG?HNCHA—IL
=IGJF?N?FSF?;LHCHA—;F;HAO;A?FCE?(Q;C>D;
3IG;E?G;NN?LMQILM?CN;JJ?;L?>OHNCFL?=?HNFSNB;N?CNB?LMIG?=IG<CH;NCIHMQ?L?MIOHH;NOL;F
NB;N CN Q;M CGJIMMC<F? NI G;E? OJ ; =IHN?RN QB?L? SIO =IOF> M?HMC<FS ;ME @IL ;H ?R;GJF? IL J?LB;JM NB;N
MIG?@ILGMDOMN>C>H]N?RCMN H>CNCMHINOHOMO;FNB;N;F;HAO;A?G;SHIN<INB?LNIB;P?@ILGM@ILP?LS
L;L?=IG<CH;NCIHM @N?L;FF=BCF>L?HIHFSF?;LH;F;HAO;A?<SB?;LCHACN;H>C@NB?SH?P?LB?;LL;L?@ILGM
BIQ QIOF> NB?S EHIQ QB;N NB?S ;L? 3B? INB?LQCM? KOCN? >?N;CF?> >?M=LCJNCIH I@ (Q;C>D; <S /SG +;LLCGIL?B;MA;JM@ILG;HS=IG<CH;NCIHM;FFNB?\;Q;S]@ILGMCHPIFPCHA;@CLMNILM?=IH>J?LMIH
I<D?=NNB;NCMI@NB?NSJ?\B?G?;Q;S(SIO;Q;S];H>MI@ILNB;H>;FFNB?\NIQ;L>M]@ILGMCHPIFPCHA
CHN?L;=NCIHM<?NQ??H@CLMN;H>M?=IH>J?LMIHM\(SIONIQ;L>M]\SIOGI<OMNIQ;L>M];H>MIIH!;M?>
IH NBL?? NI @IOL S?;LM I@ @C?F>QILE CH – ;H> NB?S MN;N?> /SG +;LLCGIL? J \ ==IL>CHA NI NB? JL?M?HN >;N; ; =IGJF?N? M?N I@ >CL?=NCIH;F-J?LMIH-HOG<?L JL?@CR?M CM HIN CH OM? QCNB NB?
NL;HMCNCP?P?L<.HFSNBIM?QCNBNBCL>J?LMIHI<D?=NM;L?CH=IGGIHOM?]
(HL?=?HNS?;LMNQII@OM$P;HM!CL=BNBIOABNQ?GCABNB;P?GIL?FO=E;H>;A;CHNLC?>?FC=CNCHA
MIG?I@NB?M?@ILGMNLSCHANIA?NJ?IJF?NI>?M=LC<?MCNO;NCIHMFCE?\SIOA;P?CN;Q;SNIG?]<INBCH(Q;C>D;
;H>NB?=FIM?FSL?F;N?>(FA;LHIQ?RNCH=N2J?;E?LMI@NB?M?F;HAO;A?MQIOF>DOMNM;S\SIOA;P?CNNIG?]
/?LB;JM Q? =IH=FO>?> NB?L? Q;M HI H??> NI ?RJL?MM NB? G?;HCHAM \NIQ;L>M] IL \;Q;S] CH CHN?L;=NCIHM
CHPIFPCHA NB? MJ?;E?L ;H> NB? B?;L?L MCH=? NB? >CL?=NCIH I@ NL;HM;=NCIH CM =F?;L ;HSQ;S 3I IOL F;HAO;A?
N?;=B?LM]L?FC?@Q?A;P?OJNLSCHANI?FC=CNNB?M?=?FFMI@NB?J;L;>CAG
'IQ?P?LIH=?Q?<?A;HL?=IL>CHA;H>;H;FSMCHAJurtbirrk MIHAMNB?L?Q;M;H?QNQCMN
MCNNOLHMIONJurtbirrk MIHAMG;E?CH=L?>C<FS@L?KO?HNOM?I@>CL?=NCIH;F@ILGMI@MIHAMCHNB?
=IFF?=NCIHB;P?;NF?;MNIH?>CL?=NCIH;F@ILGCH=FO>?;NF?;MNIH?\;Q;S]@ILG;H>CH=FO>?;NF?;MN
IH?\NIQ;L>M]@ILGIH?MIHAB;M<INB"IHMC>?LCHANB;NNB?G;DILNB?G?M;L?
Table 8: 3B?CLL?AOF;LCNSI@;Q;S@ILGM
neutral prefix away prefix
they
aCD<you (singular)
;HAS;HAyou mob, you plural EO>SOHAEO>I
HA;D;she > him,her,it
kaS;E;-
‘away’ morpheme
CD<-
SSOHAD;S;-
26
CHNCG;=SA?NNCHASIOLFIP?LNIQ;L>MSIO;H>;<;H>IHG?HNILFIHACHASIOLFIP?LB;MAIH?;Q;S@LIGSIO
ILSIO;L?FIHACHA@ILSIOLFIP?LQBICM;Q;SNB?<;MC=L?;MIHCM=F?;L2IG?NCG?MNB?>CL?=NCIH;FM;L?OM?>
CHNB?CLFCN?L;FG?;HCHAI@MJ;NC;FGIP?G?HN;H>MIG?NCG?MCHGIL?G?N;JBILC=;FM?HM?M(H@;=NNB?L;HA?
I@G?;HCHAMNB;N>CL?=NCIH;FM?RJL?MMCMGIL?HO;H=?>NB;HNBCM
;
<
=
>
?
GIPCHA;Q;SNIQ;L>
GIPCHA;FIHA;Q;S@ILG
=IHNCHOIOMILIHAICHA;=NCIH;Q;S@ILGFCE?$HAFCMBtalking away
;=NCIH=;LLC?>ION;N>CMN;H=?P?LMOM=FIM?@IL?R;GJF?=IIECHA;N>CMN;HNP?LMOM=FIM?@CL?
=IP?LCHA INB?L A;JM CH NB? J;L;>CAG QCNB P?L<M QBIM? I<D?=N CM @CFF?> <S MIG?NBCHA ?FM? @IL
?R;GJF?;NBCHAACP?HIL=IIE?>MINB;N\;Q;S]=;HMOAA?MN\NI@ILSIO];H>\NIQ;L>M]=;HMOAA?MN
\NI@ILG?]
'?L?;L?MIG?NL;HMF;N?>?R;GJF?M@LIGNB?Jurtbirrk =IFF?=NCIHCFFOMNL;NCHANB?M?P;LCIOMOM?M
3IQ;L>M
XMCHA?LGIPCHAtoward location I@MIHA*OFO>OE)4
X ;>>L?MM?? MBIOF> L?P?;F NBIOABNM to MJ?;E?L <?@IL? NB? GIIH =IG?M OJ towardM *OLL;H;
)4
XQ;LHCHANIM?=L?NFIP?LHINNI?HN?LtowardsCH=;M?INB?LMM??7CH;HA<CLN;)4
Q;S
!INB
Xloss I@MQ??NB?;L>NI;LCP;F SCS;E;HDCF>CHS)4
XJOLMOCNI@>?MCL?>QIG;Hgoing over NIFIP?L7;LLE<;H;E;)4 HAECDO)4
XCHN?L=?MMCIHI@@LC?H>going to N;FENI>?MCL?>QIG;H7;HAG;H;L;)4
X<I;NF?;HCHAover CHQCH>#;SC<;<O)4
XQ;HNCHANIAIto =IOHNLS<?CHAMNLO=E<SFCABNHCHA E;LN;FQ;H)4
XNBCHECHA;<IONabsent ;>>L?MM??-A;F>;FG;F>;HAE;D)4
XJOH=BCHAFIP?L away >OLCHA@CABN SCS;E;HDCF>CHS)4
XHINC=CHA<CL>MIHAQBCF?Q;FECHAalong *OFO>OE)4
XG;HQ;FECHAalongNB?HA?NMAL;<<?>IH=BCH;H>ECMM?><SQIG;H7;E;F>;><;LD;H)4
X =IG<CHA B;CL NI G;E? IH?M?F@ FIIE AII> QBCF? Q;FECHA off to NLSMNCHA JF;=? -A;H;S;FE<;LLEC
)4
XFI=;NCIHawayI@=O>>FCHAFIP?LM<?CHAI<M?LP?>1CF>;E<;F;G<;HA)4
XFIP?LFSCHAon side ;H>=;FFMMCHA?L]MH;G?#;HAE;LL;LH;E;)4
XFIP?LQBICMaway B;ME?JNMIG?NBCHA;M;G?G?HNII@;<M?HNJ?LMIH6OF;LLO>)4
XMCHA?LQ;Moff ;N<?;=B;H>GCMM?MG??NCHAQCNB;>>L?MM??7;HD;FG;HAOHA)4
X=IH=?LH@IL;<M?HNJ?LMIHQBIM? GCH>>LC@NMaway 6OLLOQ;LL)4
XFIIECHA<;=EIP?LMBIOF>?LQBCF?Q;FECHA along 7;HAEOQCF<;LLDCHS)4
XFIP?LAICHAon ;B?;>NI"B?LLS!?;=BNLSMNCHAJF;=?*;LN<CFDODO)4
X =IHNL;MN I@ @LC?H> E??J AO;L> @IL G?yuwukbanukan ;H> IONMC>?L PIS?OL J??JCHA ;N G? QBCF?
Q;MBCHAijuwumarludbang);QCH;)4
-INIHFS>INB?>CL?=NCIH;FMNOLHOJ@L?KO?HNFS<ONNB?Jurtbirrk =IFF?=NCIH;FMINBL?QOJ?R;GJF?MI@@ILGM
NB;N JL?PCIOM CHP?MNCA;NCIHM B;> MOAA?MN?> >C> HIN ?RCMN H ?R;GJF? =IG?M @LIG -A;F>;FG;F>;HAE;D
)4=IGJIM?><S#;PC>,CHSCG;E$R;GJF?
3B? JL?@CR yungkurrum-21 B?L? @CFFM ION IH? I@ NB? MOJJIM?> A;JM CH NB? J;L;>CAG '?L? CN G;E?M
=IGJF?N?M?HM?(;GNBCHECHA;<ION !2$-3SIO3BCMMOAA?MNMNB;NNB?L?;MIHNB;N/SG+;LLCGIL?
ngaran
duwa yungkurrumburrwung
nga-ldalmaldangkaj
MA-AI-/23
DOMN
6 7MA JF.-B;P?:CH:GCH>-/23
MA-@??F:MC=E
87IONQIQ?HN;Q;SSIO>C>H]N?P?HM;SAII><S?NIG?9
\(Q?HNIHNBCHECHA;<ION;<M?HNSIO(;GMC=EQCNBQILLS]
27
;H> IOLM?FP?M B;> HIN @IOH> NB? GCMMCHA =IG<CH;NCIHM Q;M NB;N Q? B;> <??H =IH=?HNL;NCHA IH NB? <;MC=
G?;HCHA\GIP?G?HN;Q;S]NLSCHAIONNB?=IG<CH;NCIHMQCNBP?L<MFCE?\N;E?]!ONC@Q?FIIE;NINB?LOM?M
I@NB?JL?@CR—MO=B;MNB?FI=;NCIH I@IH?J;LNC=CJ;HN;Q;S@LIGNB?B?L?-;H>-HIQ—NB?=IG<CH;NCIHG;E?M
M?HM? ;M CH NBCM MIHA 6? ;L? HIQ OMCHA NBCM CHMCABN NI >IO<F? <;=E ;H> NLS A?NNCHA NB? INB?L GCMMCHA
?F?G?HNMCHNB?J;L;>CAG
4.3 Lexicon of Jurtbirrk: intimate vocabulary
3B? JL?=?>CHA M?=NCIH MBIQ?> BIQ MIHA F;HAO;A? =;H B?FJ OM ?RJFIL? ;MJ?=NM I@ AL;GG;L Q? GCABN
INB?LQCM? B;P? GCMM?> 6? HIQ NOLH NI NB? lexicon IL PI=;<OF;LS ;H> ;A;CH Q? M?? BIQ MIHA F;HAO;A?
NBLIQMOJH?QPI=;<OF;LSCN?GMNB;N;L??;MCFSIP?LFIIE?>C@Q?DOMN@I=OMIHMJIE?HF;HAO;A?
#I=OG?HNCHA ; F;HAO;A? CM FCE? =;LLSCHA ION ; <CIFIAC=;F MOLP?S I@ @CMB IL <CL> MJ?=C?M "IGGIH
CN?GM ;L? ?;MS NI >?N?=N <ON ;M QCNB ;HS M;GJFCHA JLI=?>OL? L;L? CN?GM =;H ?;MCFS <? GCMM?> F;HAO;A?
>I=OG?HN;NCIHJLIAL;GCMOMO;FFS<;M?>IHDOMN;@L;=NCIHI@NB?HOG<?LI@BIOLM]?RJIMOL?NB;N;HILG;F
MJ?;E?L B;M NI NB? F;HAO;A? 6? G;S M;GJF? ?P?LS>;S AL??NCHAM ;H> MN;N?G?HNM IL JO<FC= H;LL;NCP?M <ON
QB;N;<IONNB?QIL>MJ?IJF?M;SNI?;=BINB?LCHJLCP;N?ILNINB?GM?FP?MCH NB?CLNBIOABNM'?L?Q?MBIQ
BIQJurtbirrk MIHAMACP?;J;LNC=OF;LFS=F?;LQCH>IQCHNINB?\CHNCG;N?]PI=;<OF;LSILCHN?LCILCNS;H>@??FCHA
NB;N=B;L;=N?LCM?MFIP?LM]F;HAO;A?
(H NB? (Q;C>D; MJIE?H MNILC?M NB;N Q? B;P? L?=IL>?> NB?L? ;L? I@ =IOLM? G;HS >?;FCHA QCNB FIP?
L?F;NCIHMBCJM(HN?L?MNCHAFSNBIOABNB?@I=OMCHNB?M?MJIE?HMNILC?MCMIHIONQ;L>?P?HNM;H>IHNB?MI=C;F
=IHM?KO?H=?M I@ NB?M? L?F;NCIHMBCJM IL BIQ J;LNC=OF;L @??FCHAM GINCP;N? ;=NCIH L;NB?L NB;H IH ; @CH?
>?JC=NCIHI@NB?@??FCHAMNB?GM?FP?M3BIOABNM—CHNB?L;L?MCNO;NCIHMQB?L?NB?S;L?G?HNCIH?>;N;FF—;L?
JL?M?HN?>;MMJ??=B#?MCL?M;L?IHFSG?HNCIH?>NINB??RN?HNNB;NNB?SCGJ;=NIH;=NCIHMJBSMC=;F@ILGM@IL
?R;GJF? =B;HACHA @LIG G;H CHNI MH;E? IL L?MOFN;HN MI=C;F L?F;NCIHM (H NB? Jurtbirrk MIHAM IH NB? INB?L
B;H> NB? @I=OM CM IH ; >?FC=;N? ;H> ?PI=;NCP? =B;L;=N?LCM;NCIH I@ JICAH;HN @??FCHAM ;H> IH PCAH?NN?M I@
CH>CPC>O;FFIP?L?F;NCIHMBCJM
+?NOM<?ACH<SFIIECHA;N;MJIE?HMNILSNB?MNILSI@7CLLQ;LN<;LNQBC=BB;M<??HL?=IL>?>@LIG
G;HS F;HAO;A?M ;H> ALIOJM CH 6?MN?LH LHB?G +;H> 3BCM MNILS =IH=?LHM NB? \?N?LH;F KO;>L;HAF?] I@ ;
SIOHAACLFB?LGINB?LQBIB;MJLIGCM?>B?LCHG;LLC;A?NB?OH;JJ?;FCHAIF>?LG;HMB?CMJLIGCM?>NI;H>
NB? ACLF]M B;H>MIG? SIOHA FIP?L 3BCM JFIN CGJFC?M ; <LI;> ;H> J;MMCIH;N? ?GINCIH;F L;HA?—FIP? FOMN
>CM;JJICHNG?HN D?;FIOMS =I?L=CIH >CM;JJICHNG?HN L?P?HA? !ON NB? IHFS ?R;GJF?M I@ ?GINCIH;F
?RJL?MMCIHMNB;NQ?B;P?L?=IL>?>;=LIMMM?P?L;FN?FFCHAMI@NBCMMNILSCHPIFP?
L;NB?L <LI;>-<LOMB A?H?LC= P?L<M @IL ?GINCIH IL NBIOABN IL P?L<M I@ MJ??=B FCE? abiny \B? M;C>>C>]
@L;GCHAL?JILN?>NBIOABN FF;L?KOCN?<;MC=;H>B;>;FL?;>S<??HL?=IL>?>G;HSNCG?M<?@IL?CHINB?L
=IHN?RNM5?LMCIHMI@NBCMMNILSNB;NQ?B;P?M??HCHINB?LF;HAO;A?MMO=B;M*OHQCHDEO;H> GOL>;E;L?
=IGJ;L;<F? 6? ?R?GJFC@S B?L? QCNB ; NSJC=;F J;MM;A? @LIG ; P?LMCIH I@ NBCM MNILS NIF> <S )IS 6CFFC;GM
6CFFC;GM,;FQ;A;A!CL=B?GINCIH;F?RJL?MMCIHMCH(Q;C>D;;H>$HAFCMB;L? CH<IF>
Jumung kukung wularrud kungmawiny, kukung ba warrkbi kamurtbang, karlu kamiyardmangung.
+IHA;AI;QIG;HJLIGCM?>B?L>;OABN?LNIB?LMIH-CH-F;Q<ONNB?ACLFQ;Mafraid I@AICHANIBCG
MB?>C>HNwant/like22 BCG;H>NB?L?@IL?>C>H]NAINIBCG
Barda abiny janad wiyu, nganduka nganamin? Kurldingka nganangijan ambij.
H>MINB?IF>G;Hsaid to himselfQB;N;G(AICHANI>I,;S<?(FF=B;HA?CHNI;MH;E?
2CGCF;L PI=;<OF;LS CN?GM =IG? ION >OLCHA >CM=OMMCIHM IL L?N?FFCHAM I@ NB?M? MNILC?M MO=B ;M NB? @IFFIQCHA
?R=?LJNM@LIG=IGG?HN;LS;H>J;LNC;FL?N?FFCHAMI@NBCMMNILS<S3CG,;GC><;
Ralarrikban manuk kayang mardarraj, Yirrwartbart kawudban kamiyardmang manuk.
6;N?L/SNBIHspoiled NBCHAMMB?@?FFCHFIP?QCNBBCG;H>took him as her loverMB?F?@N3;CJ;H
;H>IHFSwanted 6;N?L/SNBIH
(H NB? Jurtbirrk MIHAM NB?L? CM ; GO=B GIL? @CH?FS NOH?> ?GINCIH;F J;F?NN? @I=OMMCHA IH GIL? MO<NF?
?GINCIHM IL L?P?F;NCIHM I@ ?GINCIH;F MN;N? (H NL;HM=LC<CHA ;H> NL;HMF;NCHA NB? Jurtbirrk MIHAM Q?
?H=IOHN?L?> ; HOG<?L I@ ?RJL?MMCIHM JL?PCIOMFS OHEHIQH NI OM ;H> HIN CH=FO>?> CH /SG +;LLCGIL?]M
(Q;C>D;>C=NCIH;LS@CF?L?MOFNCHA@LIGNB?CLNBL??NI@IOLS?;LM]QILEIHNB?F;HAO;A?CHNB?M3B?M?
CH=FO>?>NB?@IFFIQCHA;FFN;E?H@LIGJurtbirrk =IGJIM?><S#;PC>,CHSCG;E
aldakani \G;E?MIG?IH?M;>G;E?MIG?IH?MILLS];MCH-A;H<;F>;E;HCHS)4
Malany maju nganbaldakaniny ngara baraka, ngaldalmalangkajangkaj.
6BSCMMB?NLSCHANImake G?sorry(G@??FCHAMC=ECHNB?MNIG;=B
ldalmaldangkaj \@??F=BOLH?>OJ@??FMC=ECHNB?MNIG;=BQCNBQILLSIL?GINCIH;FNOLGICF];MCHNB?
?R;GJF?<ON;FMICH-A;F>;FG;F>;HAE;D)4
Ngaran duwa yungkurrumburrwung, ngaldalmaldangkaj.
(Q?HNIHNBCHECHA;<ION SIONQIQBI;L?;Q;S(;GMC=EQCNBQILLS
angmarranguldi \<LCHA <;=E G?GILC?M CHMJCL? FIHACHAM @IL ;H ;<M?HN J?LMIH IL JF;=? J;LNC=OF;LFS
OM?>QB?HNB?G?GILC?M;L?NLCAA?L?><SMIG?G?N?ILIFIAC=;FJB?HIG?HIH@IL?R;GJF?;=B;HA?
CHNB?QCH>FCABNHCHAMNILGILMCGCF;L];MCH E;LN;FQ;H)4
Kanayanjing akartalwan Wungarndurl angmarranguldiny kirrimul baraka, janamirrakbun.
+IIE;NNB?FCABNHCHANB?MCABNI@NB?>CMN;HNMNILGfills G?with longing(GAICHA>IQH
NB?L?
ldakbalkba \L?P?;F IH?]M NBIOABNM M;S QB;N IH? CM NBCHECHA ;<ION QB;N CM IH IH?]M GCH>] ;M CH
*OLL;H;)4
Ardalbardalba yuwuldakbalkba, imalda arakbalmalkbang kurrana.
0OC=E tell G? what SIOL? thinking <?@IL? NB? GIIH =IG?M OJ NB? GIIH CM ;FL?;>S
=IGCHAOJ
3BCM QIL> CM G;>? OJ I@ ; LIIN ldak U dak NB;N I==OLM CH G;HS ?RJL?MMCIHM I@ =IGGOHC=;NCIH JFOM ;
P;LC;HN I@ NB? LIIN malkba \NI ;JJ?;L ?G?LA? =IG? OJ IL ION] 3BCM M;G? LIIN malkba L?=OLM F;N?L CH NB?
MIHA?G<?>>?>CHMC>?;HINB?LP?L<balmalkba \NI=IG?OJI@GIIH]2INB?=IGJIM?LM?NMOJ;HCGJFC=CN
J;L;FF?F <?NQ??H NB? ;>>L?MM?? I@ NB? NBIOABNM I@ NB? ;>>L?MM?? ;JJ?;LCHA IL <?CHA L?P?;F?> NI NB? MCHA?L
MJ?=C@C=;FFSQB?L?NB?S;L?NIG??N;H>NB?GIIH;JJ?;LCHACHNB?MES—QCNBimalda \;FL?;>S]=IHP?SCHA
NB? OLA?H=S NB;N IH=? NB? GIIH CM @OFFS OJ CN QCFF <? B;L> @IL NB?G NI G;E? NB?CL Q;S CH M?=L?N NI NB?
;JJICHN?>NLSMNCHAJF;=?
6. Conclusion
3B?QIL>ldakbalkba CMJ;LNC=OF;LFSMCAHC@C=;HN@ILOM;M>I=OG?HN?LMI@F;HAO;A?;H>GOMC=@;=?>QCNBNB?
=B;FF?HA? I@ =I;RCHA ION NB? EHIQF?>A? NB;N J?IJF? BIF> CH NB?CL GCH>M CHNI ; N;HAC<F? @ILG NB;N =;H
;MMOL?>FS <? MB;L?> QCNB @ONOL? A?H?L;NCIHM 2IHA ;M ; G?>COG ACP?M OM ; MJ?=C;F IJJILNOHCNS NI L?P?;F
MIG?I@NBCM@CH?=OFNOL;FEHIQF?>A?QBC=BCMCHNB?GCH>MI@F;HAO;A?MJ?;E?LM—<INB;MMIHAG?H;H>;M
\IL>CH;LS] MJ?;E?LM—<ON QBC=B G;S IHFS ;JJ?;L CH NB? L;L? GIG?HNM MI >?FC=;N?FS JILNL;S?> CH NBCM MIHA
A?HL?3B?GOFNCJF?@I=OM<LIOABN<SCHN?L>CM=CJFCH;LSQILE=;HCH=L?;M?IOLM?HMCNCPCNSNINB?LC=BH?MM;H>
FIAC=I@QB;NCMNB?L?!SCH=ILJIL;NCHA;HOG<?LI@NIJC=MNB;NGCABNI@N?H<?L?A;L>?>;MFSCHAMIG?QB?L?
<?NQ??HNB?>CM=CJFCH?MMO=B;MNB??RN?HNNIQBC=BNB?LB?NILC=;FMNLO=NOL?MI@MIHAN?RNM;L?MOJJILN?><S
NB?CLGOMC=;F M?NNCHANB?H;NOL?I@NB?GOMC=;F;H>G?NLC=;F=IHMNL;CHNMNB;NF?;>NIGI>C@C=;NCIHI@NB?MIHA
N?RNQB?HCNCMMOHA;MIJJIM?>NIMJIE?H;H>I<M?LP;NCIHMIHNB?JBIHIFIASI@NB?MIHAN?RNMCHNB?=IHN?RN
I@NB?F;LA?L=ILJOMI@MJIE?H(Q;C>D;Q?BIJ? NB;NIOL;LNC=F?B;MAIH?MIG?Q;SNIQ;L>MCHN?AL;NCHA<INB
J?LMJ?=NCP?M;H>JLIPC>CHA;=F?;L?LJC=NOL?I@NB?=ILJOM
NNB?M;G?NCG?NB?MB??LQ?;FNBI@GOMC=;FA?HL?M;H>F;HAO;A?MCHPIFP?>=IH@LIHNMOMQCNB;H
?HILGIOM =B;FF?HA? 3BIOAB Q? B;P? @I=OMM?> IH ; MCHAF? A?HL? Jurtbirrk MOHA CH ; MCHAF? F;HAO;A?
(Q;C>D; OH>?LMN;H>CHA NB? N?RNOL? I@ GOMC=;F FC@? CH 6?MN?LH LHB?G F;H> L?KOCL?M OM NI MNO>S NB? @OFF
N;J?MNLSI@>C@@?L?HNMIHAA?HL?M;H>NB?CL;MMI=C;N?>F;HAO;A?MJO<FC=J?L@ILG;H=?MOMO;FFS>L;QIH;QC>?
M?F?=NCIH @LIG NBCM LC=B A;GON NB? A?IAL;JBC=;F MSG<IFCMG I@ MJ?=C@C= J?L@ILG;H=? =BIC=?M @IL ?R;GJF?
=BIIMCHAM?;
MIHAM;MIJJIM?>NIMNIH?=IOHNLSMIHAM>L;QMIHNB?G;JJCHAI@NB?;MMI=C;N?>F;HAO;A?IHNI=F;HF;H>M
;H>MIHAMNSF?M;L?>?@CH?>QCNBL?MJ?=NNINB?QBIF?GOMC=;F;H>FCHAOCMNC=?=IFIASI@NB?L?ACIH,;HSI@
NB?>??J?LCMMO?MQ?B;P?L;CM?>CHNBCM;LNC=F?MO=B;MNB?CHN?L>?J?H>?H=?I@MIHA;H>MJ??=BCHA?H?L;NCHA
=OFNOL;F>CP?LMCNS;H>MJ?=C@C=FI=;FC>?HNCNC?MCHNB?L?ACIH=;HIHFS<?;>>L?MM?>JLIJ?LFSIH=?Q?B;P?;H
OH>?LMN;H>CHAI@NB??HNCL?LC=BJ;HIJFSI@GOMC=;FA?HL?MCH6?MN?LH LHB?G+;H>.OLAI;FCHNBCM;LNC=F?
B;M<??HNIMBIQBIQG;HS;HAF?MNB?;JJL?=C;NCIHI@?P?HIH?I@NB?GB;MNI<?;JJLI;=B?>@LIG
Acknowledgements
3B?L?M?;L=BIHQBC=BNBCM;LNC=F?CM<;M?>Q;M@OH>?><SNB?5IFEMQ;A?H%IOH>;NCIHM#I=OG?HN;NCIHI@
$H>;HA?L?> +;HAO;A?M #.!$2 JLIAL;GG? NBLIOAB NB? 4HCP?LMCNS I@ ,?F<IOLH? ;H> L?F?P;HN
>I=OG?HN;NCIH CM >?JIMCN?> CH NB? #.!$2 ;L=BCP? ,;R /F;H=E (HMNCNON? @IL /MS=BIFCHAOCMNC=M -CDG?A?H
-?NB?LF;H>M 3B;HE SIO NI NB? Jurtbirrk =IGJIM?LM #;PC> ,CHSCG;E 1?AAC? "IIJ?L ;H> 1IHHC?
6;H>CD;E ;H> ;FMI NI L=BC? !LIQH "B;LFC? ,;HAOF>; #C=E &;G?L;C>D ;H> NB? F;N? ! 7;G<CE<CE @IL
@OLNB?L CH@ILG;NCIH ;<ION MIHA NL;>CNCIHM ;N ,CHDCF;HA 6? QCMB NI ;=EHIQF?>A? NB? ;MMCMN;H=? I@ )IS
,;FQ;A;A6CFFC;GM,CHDCF;HA"LIE?L(MF;H>CHNB?NL;HM=LCJNCIH;H>NL;HMF;NCIHI@NB?MIHAN?RNM;H>I@
2;<CH?'I?HAJLI>O=NCIH=IIL>CH;NIL@ILNB?(Q;C>D;JO<FC=;NCIHJLID?=NQBIB;MF?HNJL;=NC=;F;H>GIL;F
MOJJILNNBLIOABIONNB?>I=OG?HN;NCIHJLID?=N
Appendix 1: Abbreviations
NL;HMCNCP?MO<D?=N
-& ;HA-=F;MM CHNL;HMCNCP? MO<D?=N IL I<D?=N
BCMNILC=;FFS;HIF>H?ON?L
#$,>?GIHMNL;NCP?
%43@ONOL?
(,/CGJ?L;NCP?
' !B;<CNO;F
(-"'CH=BI;NCP?
(3$1CN?L;NCP?
.I<D?=N
.!+I<FCKO?
./3IJN;NCP?
JFJFOL;F
//J;MNJ?L@?=NCP?
/23J;MN
MAMCHAOF;L
@CLMNM?=IH>NBCL>J?LMIH
\;=NMOJIH]@IL?R;GJF?JF .\NBCL>J?LMIH
JFOL;F MO<D?=N ;=NM OJIH NBCL> J?LMIH MCHAOF;L
I<D?=N]
Appendix 2: (Q;C>D;/L;=NC=;F.LNBIAL;JBS
"IHMIH;HNMCH(Q;C>D;
Bilabial
Stop
<p
Nasal
G
Approximant
w
Fricative
Alveolar
>t
H
Retroflex
LN
LH
L
Tap
Trill
LL
L>
Lateral
Flapped
Lateral
l
F>l
LF
LF>
Palatal
D
HS
SD
Velar
k
HAŋ
B 3B?=IHMIH;HNCHP?HNILSMB;L?MGO=BQCNBINB?L OMNL;FC;HF;HAO;A?MNB??R=?JNCIHM<?CHANB?P?F;L
@LC=;NCP?QBC=BCM;H;L?;F@?;NOL?;H>;H?RJ;H>?>M?NI@FCKOC>JBIH?G?MQB?L?;@F;JJ?>P?LMOMHIH@F;JJ?>=IHNL;MNCMMOJ?LCGJIM?>IH;FP?IF;L;H>L?NLI@F?RF;N?L;FM
3B?L?;L?@CP?JF;=?=IHNL;MNM@ILIL;F;H>H;M;FI<MNLO?HNM;H>@IOL@IL;JJLIRCG;HNM3B?L?;L?NQI
JF;=?=IHNL;MNM;FP?IF;L;H>L?NLI@F?R@ILN;JMF;N?L;FM;H>@F;JJ?>F;N?L;FM
(Q;C>D;B;M;NLC;HAOF;LNBL??-PIQ?FMSMN?G;CO
Appendix 2: Jurtbirrk MIHAN?RNMFCMNCHA
"LIMM-L?@?L?H=?>NIMIHA;H>NL;=EHOG<?LM@ILNB?Jurtbirrk "#!;LQC=E!CL=B6CFFC;GM%IL@OFF
MIHAN?RNMAFIMM?M;H>NL;HMF;NCIHMM??NB?"#<IIEF?N
ID
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
Title
*O>HOE;HA;LNOHA
);Q;HCDOE;H
7;HAG;H;L;
7;HD;FG;HAOHA
*OLL;H;
HAE;E<;F>OLOH
7CH;HA<CLN;
6OLLOQ;LL
Song and track number(s) on CD
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
-A;H<;F>;E;HCHS
*;LN<CLFDODO
!ODCE;>
1CQOD<;E<;
7;HAEOQCF<;LLDCHS
);QCH;
7;LLE<;H;E;
7;LCF>;LCEC
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
-A;><OLLCSCHOLLCSCHA
SOHG;HQCHA;FGO
*;H;HAOLLQO
HAECDO
#;SC<;<O
E;LN;FQ;H
-A;F>;FG;F>;HAE;D
SCS;E;HDCF>CHS
*OFO>OE
7;E;F>;><;LD;H
*O<OLLO<OLL
-A;H;S;FE<;LLEC
1CF>;E<;F;G<;HA
#;HAE;LL;LH;E;
6OF;LLO>
7;>H>;E<OFCQ;
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=E
2IHA NL;=E
2IHANL;=EM;H>
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
2IHANL;=E
Composer
#;PC> ,CHSCG;E
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
#;PC>,CHSCG;E;H>
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
1I<?LN "OHHCHAB;G
1I<?LN"OHHCHAB;G
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
1?AAC?"IIJ?L
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
1IHHC?6;H>CD;E
1IHHC?6;H>CD;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E>D
2;G-;G;LOE;
1IHHC?6;H>CD;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
1IHHC?6;H>CD;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
#;PC>,CHSCG;E
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,ISF? FC=? , Songs from the Northern Territory, volume 1 ( 2 OMNL;FC;H (HMNCNON? I@ <ILCACH;F ;H>
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